Journal articles: 'ELICOS'

1

Fitriani, Suci, and Febria Sri Artika. "International Students’ Vocabulary Learning Strategies at the English Language Intensive Course for Overseas Students’ Program." Jurnal Educative: Journal of Educational Studies 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.30983/educative.v5i2.3518.

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The purpose of this research is to investigate the Vocabulary Learning Strategies (VLS) employed by international students who are studying English as a second language at the English Language Intensive Course for Overseas Students Program (ELICOS) of the University of Canberra College English Language Centre (UCCELC) in Australia. A qualitative design was used to gather information from six international students from different countries including Indonesia, China, Philippine, and Japan by using interviews. The results from the interview were then analyzed and presented by using the qualitative research procedures including coding, grouping, argument construction, and drafting. The finding of this research revealed that students at the ELICOS program employ various VLS including cognitive, metacognitive, memory, and social strategies. Cognitive strategies are identified as the most popular strategies used by the students, followed by metacognitive and memory strategies respectively and social strategies are recognized as the least popular. These findings have important implications in improving the quality of language teaching and learning process and enriching the research repertoire in the field of VLS. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi pembelajaran kosa kata yang digunakan oleh mahasiswa internasional yang sedang mempelajari bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa kedua di English Language Intensive Course for Foreign Students Program (ELICOS) di University of Canberra College English Language Centre (UCCELC) di Australia. Desain kualitatif digunakan untuk mengumpulkan informasi kepada enam siswa internasional dari berbagai negara termasuk Indonesia, Cina, Filipina, dan Jepang dengan menggunakan wawancara. Hasil wawancara kemudian dianalisis dan disajikan dengan menggunakan prosedur penelitian kualitatif meliputi pengkodean, pengelompokan, penyusunan argumen dan penyusunan. Temuan penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa siswa pada program ELICOS menerapkan berbagai strategi pembelajaran kosakata termasuk strategi kognitif, metakognitif, memori dan sosial. Strategi kognitif diidentifikasi sebagai strategi paling populer diikuti oleh strategi metakognitif dan memori masing-masing dan strategi sosial diakui sebagai yang paling tidak populer. Temuan ini memiliki implikasi penting dalam meningkatkan kualitas proses belajar mengajar bahasa dan memperkaya khasanah penelitian di bidang strategi pembelajaran kosa kata.

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2

Fitriani, Suci, and Febria Sri Artika. "International Students’ Vocabulary Learning Strategies at the English Language Intensive Course for Overseas Students’ Program." Jurnal Educative: Journal of Educational Studies 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.30983/educative.v5i2.3518.

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The purpose of this research is to investigate the Vocabulary Learning Strategies (VLS) employed by international students who are studying English as a second language at the English Language Intensive Course for Overseas Students Program (ELICOS) of the University of Canberra College English Language Centre (UCCELC) in Australia. A qualitative design was used to gather information from six international students from different countries including Indonesia, China, Philippine, and Japan by using interviews. The results from the interview were then analyzed and presented by using the qualitative research procedures including coding, grouping, argument construction, and drafting. The finding of this research revealed that students at the ELICOS program employ various VLS including cognitive, metacognitive, memory, and social strategies. Cognitive strategies are identified as the most popular strategies used by the students, followed by metacognitive and memory strategies respectively and social strategies are recognized as the least popular. These findings have important implications in improving the quality of language teaching and learning process and enriching the research repertoire in the field of VLS. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi pembelajaran kosa kata yang digunakan oleh mahasiswa internasional yang sedang mempelajari bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa kedua di English Language Intensive Course for Foreign Students Program (ELICOS) di University of Canberra College English Language Centre (UCCELC) di Australia. Desain kualitatif digunakan untuk mengumpulkan informasi kepada enam siswa internasional dari berbagai negara termasuk Indonesia, Cina, Filipina, dan Jepang dengan menggunakan wawancara. Hasil wawancara kemudian dianalisis dan disajikan dengan menggunakan prosedur penelitian kualitatif meliputi pengkodean, pengelompokan, penyusunan argumen dan penyusunan. Temuan penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa siswa pada program ELICOS menerapkan berbagai strategi pembelajaran kosakata termasuk strategi kognitif, metakognitif, memori dan sosial. Strategi kognitif diidentifikasi sebagai strategi paling populer diikuti oleh strategi metakognitif dan memori masing-masing dan strategi sosial diakui sebagai yang paling tidak populer. Temuan ini memiliki implikasi penting dalam meningkatkan kualitas proses belajar mengajar bahasa dan memperkaya khasanah penelitian di bidang strategi pembelajaran kosa kata.

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Jones, Janet, and Ian Bignall. "The use of video to develop language and learning strategies." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.15.1.08jon.

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Video in the classroom has been used mainly as source material for teacher and student exploitation. It is also used to a lesser extent as a medium for oral language development and self-evaluation where the content of the video is the learner’s own performance. This second use involves camera-work and providing feedback on learner performance. This paper, based on a video programme conducted in an ESP course for Thai Government Officers over 2 years at the ELICOS Centre University of Sydney, argues that video is still under-utilised and can play a more integral role in programme development. We discuss how a more systematic approach to using video can develop learner self-monitoring strategies and communicative competence in a range of contexts.

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Kashiwa, Mayumi. "Visualizing language learning environments beyond the classroom in study abroad." Study Abroad Research in Second Language Acquisition and International Education 7, no. 2 (October 3, 2022): 240–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sar.21003.kas.

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Abstract Employing an ecological framework, this study explores learners’ visual representation of their language learning practices and environments beyond the classroom in an Australian context. Specifically, this study’s aim is to better understand the features of individual language learning environments, the role of self-reflection, and the affordances involved in the construction of these environments. One hundred and seventy international students enrolled in English Language Intensive Courses for Overseas Students (ELICOS) in Sydney drew mind maps on “Activities to improve my English in Australia.” The mind maps were analyzed thematically using NVivo 11 software and subsequent themes were developed. Findings showed individual differences in features of language learning environments, learners’ perceptions of their affordances, and insight into the degree of learner agency as seen from the visualization. This article closes by discussing the implications for using such visual materials in second language pedagogy in order to understand student language learning beyond the classroom.

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Brennick, Cory A., Mariam M. George, Adam T. Hagymasi, Tatiana V. Shcheglova, Sahar Al Seesi, Ion I. Mandoiu, and Pramod K. Srivastava. "Unbiased testing of several hundred tumor-specific single nucleotide variants of a tumor for protective immunogenicity and CD8+ response reveals surprises." Journal of Immunology 200, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2018): 57.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.57.15.

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Abstract Somatic mutations in cancer cells can give rise to new MHC epitopes referred to as neoepitopes. Neoepitopes have been clearly demonstrated to elicit an antigen specific T cell response, which are capable of mediating targeted killing of cancer cells. Despite recent advancements, exactly what criteria make a good neoepitope for personalized therapy is currently unknown. Here, using a syngeneic tumor of C57BL/6 mice, named FABF, we present results of an exhaustive and exhausting study where we have tested hundreds of long peptides each containing a single nucleotide variant (SNV) (with the mutation in the center of the peptide) for their ability to elicit tumor rejection and independently, CD8+ T cell response. We observe that (i) about 2% of all SNVs lead to generation of peptides that can mediate tumor rejection to any significant degree; (ii) each peptide alone elicits a modest protection, and a combination elicits stronger protective immunity, (iii) all the neoepitopes that elicit tumor rejection have poor binding affinity for MHC I, and have positive values for Differential Agretopic Index (1). (iv) Even though the protective responses are CD8-mediated, there is no correlation between a neoepitope’s ability to elicit a CD8 response and tumor rejection. Some of these observations are inconsistent with some aspects of the current consensus about the defining characteristics of good neoepitopes.

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Maamary, Jad, Taia T. Wang, Gene S. Tan, Peter Palese, and Jeffrey V. Ravetch. "Increasing the breadth and potency of response to the seasonal influenza virus vaccine by immune complex immunization." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 38 (September 5, 2017): 10172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707950114.

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The main barrier to reduction of morbidity caused by influenza is the absence of a vaccine that elicits broad protection against different virus strains. Studies in preclinical models of influenza virus infections have shown that antibodies alone are sufficient to provide broad protection against divergent virus strains in vivo. Here, we address the challenge of identifying an immunogen that can elicit potent, broadly protective, antiinfluenza antibodies by demonstrating that immune complexes composed of sialylated antihemagglutinin antibodies and seasonal inactivated flu vaccine (TIV) can elicit broadly protective antihemagglutinin antibodies. Further, we found that an Fc-modified, bispecific monoclonal antibody against conserved epitopes of the hemagglutinin can be combined with TIV to elicit broad protection, thus setting the stage for a universal influenza virus vaccine.

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Küçüktığlı, Mücahit Sami. "Siyasal Elitler ve Yerel Siyasal Hayat Konya’da 1980 Sonrası Yerel Siyasal Elitler Üzerine Bir İnceleme." Journal of Humanity and Society (İnsan & Toplum Dergisi) 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12658/m0320.

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Escolano, Amelia, Pia Dosenovic, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. "Progress toward active or passive HIV-1 vaccination." Journal of Experimental Medicine 214, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20161765.

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AIDS is a preventable disease. Nevertheless, according to UNAIDS, 2.1 million individuals were infected with HIV-1 in 2015 worldwide. An effective vaccine is highly desirable. Most vaccines in clinical use today prevent infection because they elicit antibodies that block pathogen entry. Consistent with this general rule, studies in experimental animals have shown that broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 can prevent infection, suggesting that a vaccine that elicits such antibodies would be protective. However, despite significant efforts over the last 30 years, attempts to elicit broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies by vaccination failed until recent experiments in genetically engineered mice were finally successful. Here, we review the key breakthroughs and remaining obstacles to the development of active and passive HIV-1 vaccines.

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Brüss, Carina. "Elinas." Lebensmittel Zeitung 73, no. 26 (2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/0947-7527-2021-26-072-1.

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de Almeida, Patrícia Maria Duarte, Ana Isabel Correia Matos de Ferreira Vieira, Nádia Isabel Silva Canário, Miguel Castelo-Branco, and Alexandre Lemos de Castro Caldas. "Brain Activity during Lower-Limb Movement with Manual Facilitation: An fMRI Study." Neurology Research International 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/701452.

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Brain activity knowledge of healthy subjects is an important reference in the context of motor control and reeducation. While the normal brain behavior for upper-limb motor control has been widely explored, the same is not true for lower-limb control. Also the effects that different stimuli can evoke on movement and respective brain activity are important in the context of motor potentialization and reeducation. For a better understanding of these processes, a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to collect data of 10 healthy subjects performing lower-limb multijoint functional movement under three stimuli: verbal stimulus, manual facilitation, and verbal + manual facilitation. Results showed that, with verbal stimulus, both lower limbs elicit bilateral cortical brain activation; with manual facilitation, only the left lower limb (LLL) elicits bilateral activation while the right lower limb (RLL) elicits contralateral activation; verbal + manual facilitation elicits bilateral activation for the LLL and contralateral activation for the RLL. Manual facilitation also elicits subcortical activation in white matter, the thalamus, pons, and cerebellum. Deactivations were also found for lower-limb movement. Manual facilitation is stimulus capable of generating brain activity in healthy subjects. Stimuli need to be specific for bilateral activation and regarding which brain areas we aim to activate.

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Klahr, Ashlea M., Katherine M. Thomas, Christopher J. Hopwood, Kelly L. Klump, and S. Alexandra Burt. "Evocative gene–environment correlation in the mother–child relationship: A twin study of interpersonal processes." Development and Psychopathology 25, no. 1 (February 2013): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412000934.

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AbstractThe behavior genetic literature suggests that genetically influenced characteristics of the child elicit specific behaviors from the parent. However, little is known about the processes by which genetically influenced child characteristics evoke parental responses. Interpersonal theory provides a useful framework for identifying reciprocal behavioral processes between children and mothers. The theory posits that, at any given moment, interpersonal behavior varies along the orthogonal dimensions of warmth and control and that the interpersonal behavior of one individual tends to elicit corresponding or contrasting behavior from the other (i.e., warmth elicits warmth, whereas control elicits submission). The current study thus examined these dimensions of interpersonal behavior as they relate to the parent–child relationship in 546 twin families. A computer joystick was used to rate videos of mother–child interactions in real time, yielding information on mother and child levels of warmth and control throughout the interaction. Analyses indicated that maternal control, but not maternal warmth, was influenced by evocative gene–environment correlational processes, such that genetic influences on maternal control and child control were largely overlapping. Moreover, these common genetic influences were present both cross-sectionally and over the course of the interaction. Such findings not only confirm the presence of evocative gene–environment correlational processes in the mother–child relationship but also illuminate at least one of the specific interpersonal behaviors that underlie this evocative process.

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Basha, Saleem, Staci Hazenfeld, Rebecca Brady, and Ramu Subbramanian. "Domain-specific variation in hemagglutinin-specific T-cell responses elicited by licensed seasonal influenza vaccines (106.11)." Journal of Immunology 186, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2011): 106.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.106.11.

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Abstract Persistent antigenic drift in influenza hemagglutinin (HA) results in the emergence of serologically novel influenza viruses that result in seasonal epidemics globally. While the globular domain of the HA antigen is the primary repository of drift mutations, the viral-fusion domain is highly conserved. T cells are being increasingly recognized as a significant component of influenza immunity in humans and may target variant regions of HA that are not effectively targeted by type-specific antibodies. While a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) and a live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) are now licensed for use in humans, their comparative ability to elicit T cell responses against influenza HA is not well understood: specifically, the relative magnitude of T cell responses elicited by TIV and LAIV and their domain-specificity toward HA regions is unknown. In this study, we systematically compare immune responses elicited by TIV and LAIV in a cohort of healthy adults (18 to 49 years old) against the rapidly evolving H3N2 HA antigen. Data suggests TIV elicits higher geometric mean antibody titers than LAIV; whereas, LAIV elicits superior T cell responses. Importantly, the two vaccines vary significantly in their ability to elicit T cell responses targeting the variant and conserved regions of HA. These results have important implications for the deployment of influenza vaccines in years of antigenic mismatch and shift.

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Keller, H. U., V. Niggli, A. Zimmermann, and R. Portmann. "The protein kinase C inhibitor H-7 activates human neutrophils: effect on shape, actin polymerization, fluid pinocytosis and locomotion." Journal of Cell Science 96, no. 1 (May 1, 1990): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.96.1.99.

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The present study demonstrates new properties of H-7. The protein kinase inhibitor H-7 is a potent activator of several neutrophil functions. Stimulation of initially spherical nonmotile neutrophils elicits vigorous shape changes within a few seconds, increases in cytoskeletal actin, altered F-actin distribution, increased adhesiveness and a relatively small increase in pinocytic activity. H-7 has also chemokinetic activities. Depending on the experimental condition, H-7 may elicit or inhibit neutrophil locomotion. It failed to induce chemotaxis. Thus, the response pattern elicited by H-7 is different from that of other leukocyte activators such as chemotactic peptides, PMA or diacylglycerols. The finding that H-7 can elicit shape changes, actin polymerization and pinocytosis suggests that these events can occur without activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PMA-induced shape changes and stimulation of pinocytosis were not inhibited by H-7.

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Tauber, E., and M. P. Pener. "Song recognition in female bushcrickets Phaneroptera nana." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.3.597.

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Unlike most acoustic systems evolved for pair formation, in which only males signal, in many species of phaneropterine bushcrickets both sexes sing, producing a duet. We used the duetting species Phaneroptera nana as a model to explore the cues in the male's song that elicit the female's phonoresponse. Different synthetic male songs (chirps containing 2–6 pulses) were presented to Ph. nana females, and their acoustic responses were recorded. The threshold of the female response is lowest at 16 kHz (best frequency), coinciding with the dominant frequency of the male song. The specific amplitude pattern of consecutive pulses in the song of the male is not a critical factor in his signal. That is, songs with both a normal and a reversed order of pulses equally elicit a female response. By systematically deleting pulses from the synthetic male chirp, we found that at least two pulses are needed to elicit a female reply. Under no-choice conditions, increasing the number of pulses did not result in a higher probability of response and did not change the latency of the response; i.e. two pulses are necessary and sufficient to elicit a female response. The range of pulse duration that elicits a female response is 0.2-25 ms, and the inter-pulse silent interval ranges from 5 to 30 ms.

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Le Crosnier, Hervé. "Elinor Ostrom." Hermès 64, no. 3 (2012): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/48422.

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Goetze, David. "Elinor Ostrom." Politics and the Life Sciences 31, no. 1-2 (2012): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400014325.

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On June 12, 2012 Elinor Ostrom died. She was Distinguished Professor, Arthur F. Bentley Professor of Political Science, and founder of the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University (now renamed in honor of her and her husband Vincent, who also passed away this year). Lin served as the President of the American Political Science Association and the Public Choice Society and was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics (2009). She was an enthusiastic contributor to APLS Annual Meetings—she organized panels, served as a plenary speaker at our 2006 meeting on the IU campus, and gave the keynote address at the 2010 meeting in Bloomington.

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Goetze, David. "Elinor Ostrom." Politics and the Life Sciences 31, no. 1-2 (2012): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2990/31_1-2_107.

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On June 12, 2012 Elinor Ostrom died. She was Distinguished Professor, Arthur F. Bentley Professor of Political Science, and founder of the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University (now renamed in honor of her and her husband Vincent, who also passed away this year). Lin served as the President of the American Political Science Association and the Public Choice Society and was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics (2009). She was an enthusiastic contributor to APLS Annual Meetings—she organized panels, served as a plenary speaker at our 2006 meeting on the IU campus, and gave the keynote address at the 2010 meeting in Bloomington.

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Madara, J. L., J. Stafford, D. Barenberg, and S. Carlson. "Functional coupling of tight junctions and microfilaments in T84 monolayers." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 254, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): G416—G423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1988.254.3.g416.

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The actin-binding agent cytochalasin D (CD) in intact intestinal epithelium appears to elicit segmentation and contraction of a perijunctional ring of actomyosin and, consequently, to diminish tight junction resistance. We determined if an intestinal epithelial model composed of T84 cells also displayed such a perijunctional cytoskeletal specialization and, if so, whether exposure to CD also affected the tight junction barrier. We find T84 cells display a prominent perijunctional microfilament ring that is actin rich. CD elicits large decreases in transepithelial resistance due specifically to perturbed tight junction permeability as determined with dual Na+-mannitol flux analysis. Transepithelial mannitol and insulin fluxes also increase after CD exposure, but these molecules remain differentially restricted in accordance with their sizes, indicating that gross disruption of the monolayer has not occurred. Structurally, CD elicits segmentation and condensation of the perijunctional ring into actin-rich plaques. These features have similarity to those seen in native intestinal epithelia. This system may represent a simple model for studies of cytoskeletal-tight junction relationships.

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Erkes, Dan A., and Senthamil R. Selvan. "Hapten-Induced Contact Hypersensitivity, Autoimmune Reactions, and Tumor Regression: Plausibility of Mediating Antitumor Immunity." Journal of Immunology Research 2014 (2014): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/175265.

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Haptens are small molecule irritants that bind to proteins and elicit an immune response. Haptens have been commonly used to study allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) using animal contact hypersensitivity (CHS) models. However, extensive research into contact hypersensitivity has offered a confusing and intriguing mechanism of allergic reactions occurring in the skin. The abilities of haptens to induce such reactions have been frequently utilized to study the mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to induce autoimmune-like responses such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and to elicit viral wart and tumor regression. Hapten-induced tumor regression has been studied since the mid-1900s and relies on four major concepts: (1)ex vivohaptenation, (2)in situhaptenation, (3) epifocal hapten application, and (4) antigen-hapten conjugate injection. Each of these approaches elicits unique responses in mice and humans. The present review attempts to provide a critical appraisal of the hapten-mediated tumor treatments and offers insights for future development of the field.

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BOCANCEA, Sorin. "The Governmental Elites in Post-Communist Romania." Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty: Economical and Administrative Sciences II, no. 1 (December 16, 2015): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumeneas.2015.0201.06.

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Lehner, T., A. Mehlert, J. Avery, T. Jones, and J. Caldwell. "The helper and suppressor functions of primate T cells elicited by a 185K streptococcal antigen, as compared with the helper function elicited by a 4K streptococcal antigen." Journal of Immunology 135, no. 2 (August 1, 1985): 1437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.135.2.1437.

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Abstract Helper and suppressor functions of human T lymphocytes that act on antibody-forming B cells were elicited by a large 185K streptococcal cell wall antigen. However, a small 4K streptococcal peptide elicited helper but no suppressor function. These differences in the functional activities of the large and small m.w. streptococcal antigens (SA) were confirmed by direct immunisation of rhesus monkeys with the 185K-SA and 4K-SA. Sequential studies have shown that whereas the 185K-SA elicits dose-dependent helper and suppressor activities, the 4K-SA elicits only helper function. Cell-depletion studies with human cells suggest that removal of T8+ cells by killing with OK.T8 and complement leads to a loss of suppressor and a broadening in the concentration of 185K-SA, which elicits helper activity. Because the 4K-SA does not elicit suppression, removal of T8+ cells does not affect this function. However, similar depletion of T4+ cells results in loss of the helper activities, both with the 185K-SA and 4K-SA, and again a broadening in the concentration of the 185K-SA, which elicits suppression. Direct comparison by autoradiography between 125I-labeled 185K-SA and 4K-SA suggests that both antigens can bind directly to monocytes or T8+ VV+ cells. Furthermore, both antigens can induce helper function if T4+ cells are reconstituted with either monocytes or T8+ VV+ cells. Attempts will now be made to sequence the amino acid determinants of the 185K-SA, so as to define the epitopes responsible for the two major regulating functions elicited by this antigen.

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Lindahl, Gunnar, Margaretha Stålhammar-Carlemalm, and Thomas Areschoug. "Surface Proteins of Streptococcus agalactiae and Related Proteins in Other Bacterial Pathogens." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 18, no. 1 (January 2005): 102–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.18.1.102-127.2005.

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SUMMARY Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) is the major cause of invasive bacterial disease, including meningitis, in the neonatal period. Although prophylactic measures have contributed to a substantial reduction in the number of infections, development of a vaccine remains an important goal. While much work in this field has focused on the S. agalactiae polysaccharide capsule, which is an important virulence factor that elicits protective immunity, surface proteins have received increasing attention as potential virulence factors and vaccine components. Here, we summarize current knowledge about S. agalactiae surface proteins, with emphasis on proteins that have been characterized immunochemically and/or elicit protective immunity in animal models. These surface proteins have been implicated in interactions with human epithelial cells, binding to extracellular matrix components, and/or evasion of host immunity. Of note, several S. agalactiae surface proteins are related to surface proteins identified in other bacterial pathogens, emphasizing the general interest of the S. agalactiae proteins. Because some S. agalactiae surface proteins elicit protective immunity, they hold promise as components in a vaccine based only on proteins or as carriers in polysaccharide conjugate vaccines.

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Kerman, I. A., and B. J. Yates. "Patterning of somatosympathetic reflexes." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 277, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): R716—R724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.3.r716.

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In a previous study, we reported that vestibular nerve stimulation in the cat elicits a specific pattern of sympathetic nerve activation, such that responses are particularly large in the renal nerve. This patterning of vestibulosympathetic reflexes was the same in anesthetized and decerebrate preparations. In the present study, we report that inputs from skin and muscle also elicit a specific patterning of sympathetic outflow, which is distinct from that produced by vestibular stimulation. Renal, superior mesenteric, and lumbar colonic nerves respond most strongly to forelimb and hindlimb nerve stimulation (∼60% of maximal nerve activation), whereas external carotid and hypogastric nerves were least sensitive to these inputs (∼20% of maximal nerve activation). In contrast to vestibulosympathetic reflexes, the expression of responses to skin and muscle afferent activation differs in decerebrate and anesthetized animals. In baroreceptor-intact animals, somatosympathetic responses were strongly attenuated (to <20% of control in every nerve) by increasing blood pressure levels to >150 mmHg. These findings demonstrate that different types of somatic inputs elicit specific patterns of sympathetic nerve activation, presumably generated through distinct neural circuits.

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Javaherian, K., A. J. Langlois, C. McDanal, K. L. Ross, L. I. Eckler, C. L. Jellis, A. T. Profy, J. R. Rusche, D. P. Bolognesi, and S. D. Putney. "Principal neutralizing domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 86, no. 17 (September 1989): 6768–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.17.6768.

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The principal neutralizing determinant of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is located in the external envelope protein, gp120, and has previously been mapped to a 24-amino acid-long sequence (denoted RP135). We show here that deletion of this sequence renders the envelope unable to elicit neutralizing antibodies. In addition, using synthetic peptide fragments of RP135, we have mapped the neutralizing determinant to 8 amino acids and found that a peptide of this size elicits neutralizing antibodies. This sequence contains a central Gly-Pro-Gly that is generally conserved between different HIV-1 isolates and is flanked by amino acids that differ from isolate to isolate. Antibodies elicited by peptides from one isolate do not neutralize two different isolates, and a hybrid peptide, consisting of amino acid sequences from two isolates, elicits neutralizing antibodies to both isolates. By using a mixture of peptides of this domain or a mixture of such hybrid peptides the type-specificity of the neutralizing antibody response to this determinant can perhaps be overcome.

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Brennick, Cory, Fei Duan, and Pramod Srivastava. "Distinct immunological activities of four variants of one mutation-generated neoepitope of a mouse fibrosarcoma (TUM10P.1023)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2015): 211.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.211.4.

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Abstract Passenger mutations in cancer cells can give rise to mutant MHC Class I restricted epitopes, also referred to as neoepitopes. One such neoepitope, Tnpo3 (SYMLQALCI), has been described for the BALB/c Meth A fibrosarcoma, by our laboratory1. Immunization with a peptide corresponding to the Tnpo3 neoepitope elicits antigen specific CD8+ T cells, which are capable of mediating specific rejection of Meth A. Interrogating the site of mutation within the Tnpo3 neoepitope with NetMHC predicts three other variants of Tnpo3 having the same amino terminus but different carboxyl termini. Of these four Tnpo3 variants, three elicit functional CD8+ T cells upon immunization, and of these, only one elicits tumor rejection. Here, the structural and cellular immunological aspects of the differential activities of these four neoepitopes are investigated. 1Duan F, Duitama J, Al Seesi S, Ayres CM, Corcelli SA, Pawashe AP, Blanchard T, McMahon D, Sidney J, Sette A, Baker BM, Mandoiu II, Srivastava PK. Genomic and Bioinformatic Profiling of Mutational Neoepitopes Reveals New Rules to Predict Anticancer Immunogenicity." J Exp Med. 211 (2014): 2231-248. PMID: 25245761

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Yoo, Yeon-Jee, A. Reum Kim, Hiran Perinpanayagam, Seung Hyun Han, and Kee-Yeon Kum. "Candida albicans Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity for Endodontic Infections." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091300.

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Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the fungus most frequently isolated from endodontic root canal infections. Although recognized by dental pulp and periradicular tissue cells that elicit immune responses, it eludes host defenses and elicits cell death. Then, C. albicans binds tooth dentin, forms biofilms, and invades dentinal tubules to resist intracanal disinfectants and endodontic treatments. Insensitive to most common medicaments, it survives sequestered within biofilms and intratubular dentin. Thus, C. albicans has been associated with cases of persistent or refractory root canal infections. Its treatment strategies may require alternative intracanal irrigants, intracanal medicaments such as chlorhexidine gel or human beta defensin-3 (HBD3), Ca-Si-based obturating materials, and microsurgical procedures.

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Duan, Y. P., A. Castañeda, G. Zhao, G. Erdos, and D. W. Gabriel. "Expression of a Single, Host-Specific, Bacterial Pathogenicity Gene in Plant Cells Elicits Division, Enlargement, and Cell Death." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 12, no. 6 (June 1999): 556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.6.556.

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A fundamental question about microbial pathogens is how they elicit host-specific symptoms. We report here that expression of a single gene from a plant-pathogenic bacterium in plant cells elicits host-specific symptoms diagnostic of the disease caused by the pathogen. Expression of pthA from Xanthomonas citri in citrus cells is sufficient to cause division, enlargement, and death of host cells. Since elicitation of these symptoms depends on a functional type III protein secretion system in X. citri, we deduce that the PthA protein is a specific plant signal, its site of action is inside the plant cell, and it is a major determinant of host range.

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HATANO, Yutaka. "Dr. Peter M. Elias." Nishi Nihon Hifuka 72, no. 5 (2010): 543–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2336/nishinihonhifu.72.543.

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Wright, John R. "Elinor Ostrom Prize." Journal of Theoretical Politics 23, no. 4 (October 2011): 559–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951629811412126.

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Clough, Stan. "... elicits constructive contributions." Physics World 5, no. 1 (January 1992): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/5/1/17.

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Reichardt, Dosia. "Elinor James (review)." Parergon 23, no. 1 (2006): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2006.0093.

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Shepsle, Kenneth A. "Elinor Ostrom: uncommon." Public Choice 143, no. 3-4 (February 6, 2010): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-010-9610-0.

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Cai, Fangping, Wei-Hung Chen, Weimin Wu, Julia A. Jones, Misook Choe, Neelakshi Gohain, Xiaoying Shen, et al. "Structural and genetic convergence of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated non-human primates." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): e1009624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009624.

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A primary goal of HIV-1 vaccine development is the consistent elicitation of protective, neutralizing antibodies. While highly similar neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have been isolated from multiple HIV-infected individuals, it is unclear whether vaccination can consistently elicit highly similar nAbs in genetically diverse primates. Here, we show in three outbred rhesus macaques that immunization with Env elicits a genotypically and phenotypically conserved nAb response. From these vaccinated macaques, we isolated four antibody lineages that had commonalities in immunoglobulin variable, diversity, and joining gene segment usage. Atomic-level structures of the antigen binding fragments of the two most similar antibodies showed nearly identical paratopes. The Env binding modes of each of the four vaccine-induced nAbs were distinct from previously known monoclonal HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies, but were nearly identical to each other. The similarities of these antibodies show that the immune system in outbred primates can respond to HIV-1 Env vaccination with a similar structural and genotypic solution for recognizing a particular neutralizing epitope. These results support rational vaccine design for HIV-1 that aims to reproducibly elicit, in genetically diverse primates, nAbs with specific paratope structures capable of binding conserved epitopes.

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Aoki, Toshiki, Katsunobu Takenaka, Satoshi Suzuki, Neal F. Kassell, Oren Sagher, and Kevin S. Lee. "The role of hemolysate in the facilitation of oxyhemoglobin-induced contraction in rabbit basilar arteries." Journal of Neurosurgery 81, no. 2 (August 1994): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1994.81.2.0261.

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✓ The importance of factors within hemolysate in modulating oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb)-induced contraction was examined in an in vitro model of rabbit basilar arteries. When the basilar arteries were exposed to purified oxyHb alone, the contractile response observed was significantly weaker than that seen in arteries exposed to hemolysate containing an equal concentration of oxyHb. In order to delineate the nature of the factors within hemolysate that facilitate contraction, hemolysate was fractionated, and various components were tested individually for their ability to elicit this effect. A low-molecular-weight fraction of hemolysate, ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 kD, elicited only a mild contraction. However, when this fraction was combined with purified oxyHb, the contractile response was comparable in magnitude to that of unfractionated hemolysate. These studies confirm that purified oxyHb is capable of inducing contraction in vitro. The data also demonstrate that oxyHb elicits a significantly weaker contraction than does hemolysate. In addition, the results suggest that low-molecular-weight components in hemolysate (in the 0.5- to 2.0-kD range), while incapable of inducing a potent contraction alone, may act in concert with oxyHb to elicit the vasoconstriction seen following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

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Lang, Annie, Samuel D. Bradley, Edward F. Schneider, Sojung C. Kim, and Sharon Mayell. "Killing Is Positive!" Journal of Media Psychology 24, no. 4 (January 2012): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000075.

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This paper reports a study designed to investigate whether playing violent video games elicits the psychological conditions theoretically required for media use to cause aggressive behavior. Specifically, the study was designed to examine whether these games elicit desensitization, facilitation, and disinhibition. Thus, does physiological arousal in response to violent activity decrease over time during game play, and is there a difference between novice and experienced game players (as would be expected if desensitization had occurred)? Do players experience positive emotional states when actively engaged in virtual violent behavior (fighting and killing opponents) – a necessary condition for disinhibition? Do game players frame their motivations in terms of self-defense and game success, as would be necessary for facilitation to occur? The results showed that playing first-person shooters did elicit these requisite patterns of cognitive, physiological, and emotional states. Violent game play is a positive, arousing, present, dominant experience, as required for disinhibition and facilitation. Experienced game players are less aroused than less experienced game players (as required for desensitization). Further, during a game-playing session, exploring and searching for enemies become less arousing, while fighting and killing become more arousing over time (as required by desensitization and facilitation).

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Das, Vallabh E., Seiji Ono, Ronald J. Tusa, and Michael J. Mustari. "Conjugate Adaptation of Saccadic Gain in Non-Human Primates With Strabismus." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 2 (February 2004): 1078–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00205.2003.

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In this study, we have used the double-step paradigm to test saccadic gain adaptation during monocular viewing in one normal monkey, two monkeys with exotropia, and one monkey with esotropia. In this paradigm, the target for the saccade is displaced during the saccade, resulting in a consistent visual error. Studies in normal humans and monkeys have shown that the brain responds to this consistent visual error by gradually changing saccade gain. Using this technique, we were able to elicit adaptation in both the viewing eye and the nonviewing eye in the normal monkey and in monkeys with strabismus. The rate of adaptation was not significantly different in the viewing and nonviewing eyes in the normal and strabismic monkeys. The magnitude of adaptation as calculated by a percentage change in gain was also not significantly different in the viewing and the nonviewing eyes in the normal and strabismic monkeys. Our data show that animals with strabismus retain the ability to elicit a conjugate adaptation of saccades using this mechanism. We also suggest that the double-step paradigm elicits a conjugate adaptation of saccades whether the animal is viewing monocularly (our studies) or binocularly (data published in literature).

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Dieter, P., P. Ambs, E. Fitzke, H. Hidaka, R. Hoffmann, and H. Schwende. "Comparative studies of cytotoxicity and the release of TNF-alpha, nitric oxide, and eicosanoids of liver macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide and liposome-encapsulated MTP-PE." Journal of Immunology 155, no. 5 (September 1, 1995): 2595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.155.5.2595.

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Abstract LPS and liposome-encapsulated MTP-PE induce liver macrophages cytotoxicity against tumor target cells and a release of TNF-alpha, nitric oxide, and eicosanoids but not a generation of superoxide anions. Neither agent elicits a formation of inositol phosphates, a change in intracellular free calcium, or a translation of protein kinase C-beta. Inhibition or down-regulation of protein kinase C does not inhibit the release of TNF-alpha and nitric oxide but inhibits the formation of prostanoids. In contrast to LPS, liposome -encapsulated MTP-PE induces an elevation of diacylglycerol mass and an enhanced expression of protein kinase C-delta. LPS, but not liposome-encapsulated MTP-PE, elicits an enhanced expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and a predominant formation of PGE2. Both agents elicit different responses when given to cells pretreated with one of the immunomodulators, with dexamethasone, or with PGE2. In contrast, to liposome-encapsulated MTP-PE, LPS induces only cytotoxicity when added to liver macrophages simultaneously or a maximum of 2 h before the addition of tumor target cells. The observed differences might reflect partly differences in the potencies of LPS and some liposome-encapsulated MTP-PE as immunomodulators.

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Cain, Derek, Pilar Snowden, Gregory Sempowski, and Garnett Kelsoe. "Neutrophil density in bone marrow controls granulopoiesis by feedback inhibition (36.21)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2010): 36.21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.36.21.

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Abstract Normally, neutrophil pools are maintained by “steady-state” granulopoiesis. Inflammation, however, is thought to elicit growth factors that accelerate neutrophil production through a distinct developmental program known as “emergency” granulopoiesis. In IL-1RI-/- mice, adjuvant-induced emergency granulopoiesis is defective due to impaired progenitor proliferation. Interestingly, this hematopoietic defect is associated with impaired neutrophil mobilization from bone marrow (BM), raising the possibility that increased proliferation by hematopoietic progenitors is a response to reduced BM neutrophil density rather than pro-inflammatory signals. Consistent with this potential feedback mechanism, non-inflammatory depletions of mature BM neutrophils by passive antibody elicit emergency granulopoietic responses similar to those induced by adjuvant, and progenitor proliferation fluctuates inversely with BM neutrophil numbers. Furthermore, mice bearing a genetic defect in neutrophil survival exhibit constitutive emergency granulopoiesis. Whereas adjuvant potently induces serum G-CSF, a neutrophil growth and mobilization factor, neutrophil depletion elicits equally robust granulopoietic responses with substantially reduced levels of G-CSF. These observations suggest that other - perhaps unknown - factors mediate accelerated granulopoiesis, and we propose a common model for the feedback regulation of both steady-state and emergency granulopoiesis.

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Jiang, Li, and Lorna W. Role. "Facilitation of Cortico–Amygdala Synapses by Nicotine: Activity-Dependent Modulation of Glutamatergic Transmission." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 4 (April 2008): 1988–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00933.2007.

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The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) receives cholinergic innervation from the basal forebrain and nicotine, via activation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), can improve performance in amygdala-based learning tasks. We tested the hypothesis that acute and prenatal nicotine exposure modulates cortico–amygdala synaptic transmission. We found that low-dose, single-trial exposures to nicotine can elicit lasting facilitation, the extent of which is dependent on the level of stimulation of the cortical inputs to the BLA. In addition, sustained facilitation is ablated by prenatal exposure to nicotine. This study examined synaptic transmission in 238 patch-clamp recordings from BLA neurons in acute slice from mouse brain. Pharmacological studies in wild-type and nAChR subunit knock-out mice reveal that activation of presynaptic α7, containing (α7*) and non-α7* nAChRs, facilitates glutamatergic transmission in an activity-dependent manner. Without prior stimulation, application of nicotine elicits modest and transient facilitation of glutamatergic postsynaptic currents (PSCs) in about 40% of BLA neurons. With low-frequency stimulation of cortical inputs nicotine elicits robust facilitation of transmission at about 60% of cortico–BLA synapses and synaptic strength remains elevated at about 40% of these connections for >15 min after nicotine washout. Following paired-pulse stimulation nicotine elicits long-lasting facilitation of glutamatergic transmission at about 70% of cortico–BLA connections. Nicotine reduces the threshold for activation of long-term potentiation of cortico–BLA synapses evoked by patterned stimulation. Prenatal exposure to nicotine reduced subsequent modulatory responses to acute nicotine application.

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Heile, Jens M., Yiu-Lian Fong, Domenico Rosa, Kim Berger, Giulietta Saletti, Susanna Campagnoli, Giuliano Bensi, et al. "Evaluation of Hepatitis C Virus Glycoprotein E2 for Vaccine Design: an Endoplasmic Reticulum-Retained Recombinant Protein Is Superior to Secreted Recombinant Protein and DNA-Based Vaccine Candidates." Journal of Virology 74, no. 15 (August 1, 2000): 6885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.15.6885-6892.2000.

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ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading causative agent of blood-borne chronic hepatitis and is the target of intensive vaccine research. The virus genome encodes a number of structural and nonstructural antigens which could be used in a subunit vaccine. The HCV envelope glycoprotein E2 has recently been shown to bind CD81 on human cells and therefore is a prime candidate for inclusion in any such vaccine. The experiments presented here assessed the optimal form of HCV E2 antigen from the perspective of antibody generation. The quality of recombinant E2 protein was evaluated by both the capacity to bind its putative receptor CD81 on human cells and the ability to elicit antibodies that inhibited this binding (NOB antibodies). We show that truncated E2 proteins expressed in mammalian cells bind with high efficiency to human cells and elicit NOB antibodies in guinea pigs only when purified from the core-glycosylated intracellular fraction, whereas the complex-glycosylated secreted fraction does not bind and elicits no NOB antibodies. We also show that carbohydrate moieties are not necessary for E2 binding to human cells and that only the monomeric nonaggregated fraction can bind to CD81. Moreover, comparing recombinant intracellular E2 protein to several E2-encoding DNA vaccines in mice, we found that protein immunization is superior to DNA in both the quantity and quality of the antibody response elicited. Together, our data suggest that to elicit antibodies aimed at blocking HCV binding to CD81 on human cells, the antigen of choice is a mammalian cell-expressed, monomeric E2 protein purified from the intracellular fraction.

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IJzerman, Hans, Angela K. y. Leung, and Lay See Ong. "Perceptual symbols of creativity: Coldness elicits referential, warmth elicits relational creativity." Acta Psychologica 148 (May 2014): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.01.013.

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Vogel, F. R., and N. Sarver. "Nucleic acid vaccines." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 8, no. 3 (July 1995): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.8.3.406.

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The use of nucleic acid-based vaccines is a novel approach to immunization that elicits immune responses similar to those induced by live, attenuated vaccines. Administration of nucleic acid vaccines results in the endogenous generation of viral proteins with native conformation, glycosylation profiles, and other posttranslational modifications that mimic antigen produced during natural viral infection. Nucleic acid vaccines have been shown to elicit both antibody and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to diverse protein antigens. Advantages of nucleic acid-based vaccines include the simplicity of the vector, the ease of delivery, the duration of expression, and, to date, the lack of evidence of integration. Further studies are needed to assess the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of this new and promising technology.

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Ramos, Lavoisier S., Jonathan Hale Zippin, Margarita Kamenetsky, Jochen Buck, and Lonny R. Levin. "Glucose and GLP-1 Stimulate cAMP Production via Distinct Adenylyl Cyclases in INS-1E Insulinoma Cells." Journal of General Physiology 132, no. 3 (August 11, 2008): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200810044.

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In β cells, both glucose and hormones, such as GLP-1, stimulate production of the second messenger cAMP, but glucose and GLP-1 elicit distinct cellular responses. We now show in INS-1E insulinoma cells that glucose and GLP-1 produce cAMP with distinct kinetics via different adenylyl cyclases. GLP-1 induces a rapid cAMP signal mediated by G protein–responsive transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmAC). In contrast, glucose elicits a delayed cAMP rise mediated by bicarbonate, calcium, and ATP-sensitive soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). This glucose-induced, sAC-dependent cAMP rise is dependent upon calcium influx and is responsible for the glucose-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. These results demonstrate that sAC-generated and tmAC-generated cAMP define distinct signaling cascades.

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44

Landini, Tatiana Savoia, and Andréa Borges Leão. "INDIVÍDUO E INDIVIDUALISMO EM NORBERT ELIAS." Sociologia & Antropologia 11, no. 3 (December 2021): 891–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2238-38752021v1137.

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Resumo O ensaio, de cunho teórico, discute os conceitos de indivíduo e individualismo em Norbert Elias. Para tanto, três objetivos são perseguidos: - partindo das obras A sociedade de corte, O processo civilizador e A sociedade dos indivíduos, discutimos o conceito de figuração, solução conceitual eliasiana para o par antitético indivíduo e sociedade; - Mozart, sociologia de um gênio é utilizado como estudo de caso em que o gênio é visto em suas figurações, relações de interdependência e constrangimentos sociais; - por fim, pensando com e a partir de Elias, colocamos à frente o entendimento do individualismo como habitus individual e social, formulação que indica a radicalidade do conceito de figuração, a qual afirma a sociedade como formação de indivíduos interdependentes, a despeito da percepção individual ou social de uma possível autonomia, constituindo a interdependência questão empírica e ontológica.

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45

Langeslag, Sandra J. E. "Electrophysiological Correlates of Romantic Love: A Review of EEG and ERP Studies with Beloved-Related Stimuli." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050551.

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Science is starting to unravel the neural basis of romantic love. The goal of this literature review was to identify and interpret the electrophysiological correlates of romantic love. Electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potential (ERP) studies with a design that elicits romantic love feelings were included. The methods of previous EEG studies are too heterogeneous to draw conclusions. Multiple ERP studies, however, have shown that beloved stimuli elicit an enhanced late positive potential (LPP/P3/P300), which is not due to familiarity, positive valence, or objective beauty. This effect occurs in Western and Eastern cultures and for pictorial and verbal information, and results from bottom-up rather than top-down factors. Studies have also shown that beloved stimuli elicit an early posterior negativity (EPN), which also does not seem to be due to familiarity or positive valence. Data on earlier ERP components (P1, N1, P2, N170/VPP, N2) is scarce and mixed. Of course, the enhanced LPP and EPN are not specific to romantic love. Instead, they suggest that the beloved captures early attention, within 200–300 ms after stimulus onset that is relatively resource-independent, and subsequently receives sustained motivated attention. Future research would benefit from employing cognitive tasks and testing participants who are in love regardless of relationship status.

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46

Langeslag, Sandra J. E. "Electrophysiological Correlates of Romantic Love: A Review of EEG and ERP Studies with Beloved-Related Stimuli." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050551.

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Science is starting to unravel the neural basis of romantic love. The goal of this literature review was to identify and interpret the electrophysiological correlates of romantic love. Electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potential (ERP) studies with a design that elicits romantic love feelings were included. The methods of previous EEG studies are too heterogeneous to draw conclusions. Multiple ERP studies, however, have shown that beloved stimuli elicit an enhanced late positive potential (LPP/P3/P300), which is not due to familiarity, positive valence, or objective beauty. This effect occurs in Western and Eastern cultures and for pictorial and verbal information, and results from bottom-up rather than top-down factors. Studies have also shown that beloved stimuli elicit an early posterior negativity (EPN), which also does not seem to be due to familiarity or positive valence. Data on earlier ERP components (P1, N1, P2, N170/VPP, N2) is scarce and mixed. Of course, the enhanced LPP and EPN are not specific to romantic love. Instead, they suggest that the beloved captures early attention, within 200–300 ms after stimulus onset that is relatively resource-independent, and subsequently receives sustained motivated attention. Future research would benefit from employing cognitive tasks and testing participants who are in love regardless of relationship status.

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47

Mardani, Fatemeh, Wael Saad, Nehme El-Hachem, Jean-Pierre Bikorimana, Mazen Kurdi, Riam Shammaa, Sebastien Talbot, and Moutih Rafei. "LSD1 Inhibition Enhances the Immunogenicity of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells by Eliciting a dsRNA Stress Response." Cells 11, no. 11 (June 1, 2022): 1816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11111816.

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Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are commonly known for their immune-suppressive abilities. However, our group provided evidence that it is possible to convert MSCs into potent antigen presenting cells (APCs) using either genetic engineering or pharmacological means. Given the capacity of UM171a to trigger APC-like function in MSCs, and the recent finding that this drug may modulate the epigenome by inhibiting the lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), we explored whether the direct pharmacological inhibition of LSD1 could instill APC-like functions in MSCs akin to UM171a. The treatment of MSCs with the LSD1 inhibitor tranylcypromine (TC) elicits a double-stranded (ds)RNA stress response along with its associated responsive elements, including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), Type-I interferon (IFN), and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The net outcome culminates in the enhanced expression of H2-Kb, and an increased stability of the cell surface peptide: MHCI complexes. As a result, TC-treated MSCs stimulate CD8 T-cell activation efficiently, and elicit potent anti-tumoral responses against the EG.7 T-cell lymphoma in the context of prophylactic vaccination. Altogether, our findings reveal a new pharmacological protocol whereby targeting LSD1 in MSCs elicits APC-like capabilities that could be easily exploited in the design of future MSC-based anti-cancer vaccines.

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48

Saenz, Steven A., Mark C. Siracusa, Laurel A. Monticelli, Carly G. K. Ziegler, Brian S. Kim, Jonathan R. Brestoff, Lance W. Peterson, et al. "IL-25 simultaneously elicits distinct populations of innate lymphoid cells and multipotent progenitor type 2 (MPPtype2) cells." Journal of Experimental Medicine 210, no. 9 (August 19, 2013): 1823–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20122332.

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The predominantly epithelial cell–derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) can promote CD4+ Th2 cell–dependent immunity, inflammation, and tissue repair at barrier surfaces through the induction of multiple innate immune cell populations. IL-25 and IL-33 were previously shown to elicit four innate cell populations, named natural helper cells, nuocytes, innate type 2 helper cells, and multipotent progenitor type 2 (MPPtype2) cells, now collectively termed group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). In contrast to other types of ILC2, MPPtype2 cells exhibit multipotent potential and do not express T1/ST2 or IL-7Rα, suggesting that MPPtype2 cells may be a distinct population. Here, we show that IL-33 elicits robust ILC2 responses, whereas IL-25 predominantly promotes MPPtype2 cell responses at multiple tissue sites with limited effects on ILC2 responses. MPPtype2 cells were distinguished from ILC2 by their differential developmental requirements for specific transcription factors, distinct genome-wide transcriptional profile, and functional potential. Furthermore, IL-25–induced MPPtype2 cells promoted Th2 cytokine–associated inflammation after depletion of ILC2. These findings indicate that IL-25 simultaneously elicits phenotypically and functionally distinct innate lymphoid– and nonlymphoid-associated cell populations and implicate IL-25–elicited MPPtype2 cells and extramedullary hematopoiesis in the promotion of Th2 cytokine responses at mucosal surfaces.

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McMullen, Michael K., Julie M. Whitehouse, and Anthony Towell. "Bitters: Time for a New Paradigm." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/670504.

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In plant-based medical systems, bitter tasting plants play a key role in managing dyspepsia. Yet when it comes to defining their mechanism of activity, herbalists and pharmacologists are split between two theories: one involves cephalic elicited vagal responses while the other comprises purely local responses. Recent studies indicate that bitters elicit a range of cephalic responses which alter postprandial gastric phase haemodynamics. Caffeine and regular coffee (Coffea arabica semen, L.) increase heart rate whereas gentian (Gentiana lutea radix, L.) and wormwood (Artemisia absinthium herbaL.) increase tonus in the vascular resistance vessels. Following meals increased cardiac activity acts to support postprandial hyperaemia and maintain systemic blood pressure. The increased vascular tonus acts in parallel with the increased cardiac activity and in normal adults this additional pressor effect results in a reduced cardiac workload. The vascular response is a sympathetic reflex, evident after 5 minutes and dose dependent. Thus gentian and wormwood elicit cephalic responses which facilitate rather than stimulate digestive activity when postprandial hyperaemia is inadequate. Encapsulated caffeine elicits cardiovascular responses indicating that gastrointestinal bitter receptors are functionally active in humans. However, neither encapsulated gentian nor wormwood elicited cardiovascular responses during the gastric phase. These findings provide the platform for a new evidence-based paradigm.

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50

Sutherland, Claire L., Brian Rabinovich, N. Jan Chalupny, Pierre Brawand, Robert Miller, and David Cosman. "ULBPs, human ligands of the NKG2D receptor, stimulate tumor immunity with enhancement by IL-15." Blood 108, no. 4 (August 15, 2006): 1313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-11-011320.

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Abstract ULBPs are human ligands for NKG2D, an activating receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells, NK1.1+ T cells, and T cells. ULBPs are expressed by a variety of leukemias, carcinomas, melanomas, and tumor cell lines. ULBP expression correlates with improved survival in cancer patients, however, the nature of the immune response that ULBPs elicit is not well understood. We report that ectopic expression of ULBP1 or ULBP2 on murine EL4 or RMA tumor cells elicits potent antitumor responses in syngeneic C57BL/6 and SCID mice. Although binding of ULBP3 to murine NKG2D could not be demonstrated in vitro, ULBP3 can also stimulate antitumor responses, suggesting that ULBP3 binds to murine NKG2D or possibly another receptor in vivo. ULBP expression was found to recruit NK cells, NK1.1+ T cells, and T cells to the tumor. IL-15 was found to strongly enhance the immune response directed against ULBP-expressing tumors. Tumors can evade NKG2D immunity by down-regulating expression of NKG2D. Our data suggest that IL-15 may be useful for overcoming this tumor-evasion strategy. Together, these results demonstrate that ULBP expression can elicit a potent immune response and suggest that ULBPs, alone or in combination with IL-15, can be exploited for antitumor therapy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'ELICOS'

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