Journal articles on the topic 'Elevated landscapes'
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Ruban, Luidmila. "LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY OF THE NATIONAL DENDROLOGICAL PARK "SOFIYIVKA" OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 63 (April 14, 2022): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2022.63.87-99.
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The article reveals the landscape diversity of the historical garden and park landscape – the National Dendrological Park "Sofiyivka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in the city of Uman, Cherkasy region, founded in 1796-1800. In the classification of landscape gardening landscapes, developed by the Ukrainian landscape architect, doctor of biological sciences Rubtsov L.I., 6 types of landscapes are distinguished. The landscape of the NDP "Sofiyivka", as an object of landscape gardening art, belongs to the group of anthropogenic landscapes and is classified as a cultural, recreational, slightly modified landscape (historical core of the park) and modified landscape (Grekova and Lesnaya beams). On the territory of the arboretum, all types of landscape gardening landscapes are presented: forest, park, meadow, garden, regular, alpine landscapes. Most of the historical core of the park is occupied by the park landscape; the forest landscape has been preserved closer to the boundaries of the arboretum. The meadow landscape exists both at the bottom of the beams and in elevated places, such as on the Fungus lawn. The garden type of landscape is presented in the English Park, created in 1890 91 by Pashkevich V.V. and in a series of new monocultural gardens (of lilacs, magnolias, maples, chrysanthemums, dahlias, daylilies, hosts, etc.). The Kamyanka River is an alpine (or mountainous) type of garden and park landscape due to natural granite outcrops and shifted boulders. Examples of the regular landscape are the amphitheater, alleys, greenery protection strips, as well as the regularly planned area of the new entrance to the arboretum from the street Kyivskaya with a fountain and a rosary. These garden and park landscapes of the arboretum "Sofiyivka" are the most valuable natural ecosystem formations within the arboretum, which must be preserved and maintained accordance with the strategic principles of ecological unity and reproduction of natural resources.
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Graham, Cameron A., Martine Maron, and Clive A. McAlpine. "Influence of landscape structure on invasive predators: feral cats and red foxes in the brigalow landscapes, Queensland, Australia." Wildlife Research 39, no. 8 (2012): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12008.
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Context Invasive mammalian predators are often associated with fragmented landscapes, and can compound the impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation on native fauna. Knowledge of how invasive predators are influenced by different landscape structures can assist in the mitigation of their impacts. Aims The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of landscape structure and site-scale habitat attributes on the frequency of feral-cat and red-fox detections in fragmented agricultural landscapes. Methods Field surveys of the frequency of red-fox and feral-cat visitation at a site scale were stratified for six different habitat types in six study subregions. The habitat types were large remnant patch interior, large remnant patch edge, small remnant patch, roadside verge, regrowth patch and open agricultural land adjacent to a remnant patch. Sites were centred in a 1-km buffer area from which landscape composition and configuration were calculated. We applied a generalised linear model and an information-theoretic approach to determine the effect size and importance and rank of the explanatory variables on red-fox, feral-cat and pooled cat and fox detection rates. Key results The most important factors influencing detection rates had a positive effect and included: the dominance of cropping in the landscape (cat, fox, pooled cat and fox); and the density of vegetation at a site scale (fox, pooled cat and fox). The number of native habitat patches was also an important factor in the models of red foxes and pooled invasive predators. Conclusion Spatially heterogeneous cropping landscapes incur higher rates of invasive-predator detections than do intact native-woodland and pasture landscapes at the 1-km scale. At a site scale, elevated invasive-predator detections occurred at sites with dense vegetation, characteristic of narrow woodland and the edges of large woodland patches. Implications The research findings highlight that vertebrate pest management needs to target highly fragmented agricultural landscapes that are more likely to have elevated levels of invasive-predator activity. Landscape restoration efforts need to consider the redesign of landscapes to make them less suitable for predators and more hospitable for native wildlife.
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Sinha, Amita. "Slow landscapes of elevated linear parks: Bloomingdale Trail in Chicago." Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 34, no. 2 (October 15, 2013): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2013.830428.
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Bank, Claudia, Sebastian Matuszewski, Ryan T. Hietpas, and Jeffrey D. Jensen. "On the (un)predictability of a large intragenic fitness landscape." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 49 (November 18, 2016): 14085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612676113.
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The study of fitness landscapes, which aims at mapping genotypes to fitness, is receiving ever-increasing attention. Novel experimental approaches combined with next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods enable accurate and extensive studies of the fitness effects of mutations, allowing us to test theoretical predictions and improve our understanding of the shape of the true underlying fitness landscape and its implications for the predictability and repeatability of evolution. Here, we present a uniquely large multiallelic fitness landscape comprising 640 engineered mutants that represent all possible combinations of 13 amino acid-changing mutations at 6 sites in the heat-shock protein Hsp90 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under elevated salinity. Despite a prevalent pattern of negative epistasis in the landscape, we find that the global fitness peak is reached via four positively epistatic mutations. Combining traditional and extending recently proposed theoretical and statistical approaches, we quantify features of the global multiallelic fitness landscape. Using subsets of the data, we demonstrate that extrapolation beyond a known part of the landscape is difficult owing to both local ruggedness and amino acid-specific epistatic hotspots and that inference is additionally confounded by the nonrandom choice of mutations for experimental fitness landscapes.
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Chanchani, Pranav, Brian D. Gerber, and Barry R. Noon. "Elevated potential for intraspecific competition in territorial carnivores occupying fragmented landscapes." Biological Conservation 227 (November 2018): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.017.
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Shogelova, N. T., and S. A. Sartin. "APPLICATION OF LANDSCAPE-GEOCHEMICAL APPROACH IN THE STUDY OF THE TERRITORY OF THE NORTH KAZAKHSTAN REGION." Bulletin of Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Construction 82, no. 4 (December 14, 2021): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.51488/1680-080x/2021.4-02.
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The article discusses the issues of assessing the ecological condition of agricultural lands in the border territory of the North Kazakhstan region and identifying the necessary measures to optimize the existing structure of land use. The border area under study is located in the zone of dry-steppe and steppe landscapes, among which dry-steppe landscapes of relatively elevated plains predominate.
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Malinsky-Buller, Ariel, Philip Glauberman, Vincent Ollivier, Tobias Lauer, Rhys Timms, Ellery Frahm, Alexander Brittingham, et al. "Short-term occupations at high elevation during the Middle Paleolithic at Kalavan 2 (Republic of Armenia)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): e0245700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245700.
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The Armenian highlands encompasses rugged and environmentally diverse landscapes and is characterized by a mosaic of distinct ecological niches and large temperature gradients. Strong seasonal fluctuations in resource availability along topographic gradients likely prompted Pleistocene hominin groups to adapt by adjusting their mobility strategies. However, the role that elevated landscapes played in hunter-gatherer settlement systems during the Late Pleistocene (Middle Palaeolithic [MP]) remains poorly understood. At 1640 m above sea level, the MP site of Kalavan 2 (Armenia) is ideally positioned for testing hypotheses involving elevation-dependent seasonal mobility and subsistence strategies. Renewed excavations at Kalavan 2 exposed three main occupation horizons and ten additional low densities lithic and faunal assemblages. The results provide a new chronological, stratigraphical, and paleoenvironmental framework for hominin behaviors between ca. 60 to 45 ka. The evidence presented suggests that the stratified occupations at Kalavan 2 locale were repeated ephemerally most likely related to hunting in a high-elevation within the mountainous steppe landscape.
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Szczepaniec, Adrianna, and Michael Raupp. "Effects of Imidacloprid on Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) Abundance and Associated Injury to Boxwood (Buxus spp.)." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2012.007.
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Boxwoods are one of the most widely used woody shrubs in managed landscapes, but they suffer frequent attack by the boxwood leafminer (Monarthropalpus flavus). The neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid is highly efficacious in reducing the abundance of M. flavus when applied as a foliar spray or a soil drench. Recent reports of elevated populations of spider mites following applications of imidacloprid to other species of woody plants prompted an investigation to determine the effects of imidacloprid on abundance of a specialist spider mite, Eurytetranychus buxi, and the resultant damage it causes. Boxwoods treated with imidacloprid housed significantly more E. buxi and sustained more discoloration than untreated boxwoods. Moreover, there was a direct relationship between the abundance of E. buxi and the amount of associated injury. Arborists and landscape managers should be aware of the potential for elevated abundance of spider mites on boxwoods and greater levels of discoloration following applications of imidacloprid.
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Laurance, William F. "Forest-climate interactions in fragmented tropical landscapes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1443 (March 29, 2004): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1430.
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In the tropics, habitat fragmentation alters forest–climate interactions in diverse ways. On a local scale (less than 1 km), elevated desiccation and wind disturbance near fragment margins lead to sharply increased tree mortality, thus altering canopy–gap dynamics, plant community composition, biomass dynamics and carbon storage. Fragmented forests are also highly vulnerable to edge–related fires, especially in regions with periodic droughts or strong dry seasons. At landscape to regional scales (10–1000 km), habitat fragmentation may have complex effects on forest–climate interactions, with important consequences for atmospheric circulation, water cycling and precipitation. Positive feedbacks among deforestation, regional climate change and fire could pose a serious threat for some tropical forests, but the details of such interactions are poorly understood.
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Heavenrich, Hannah, and Sharon J. Hall. "Elevated soil nitrogen pools after conversion of turfgrass to water-efficient residential landscapes." Environmental Research Letters 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 084007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084007.
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Eriksson, Ove. "The importance of traditional agricultural landscapes for preventing species extinctions." Biodiversity and Conservation 30, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 1341–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02145-3.
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AbstractThe main paradigm for protection of biodiversity, focusing on maintaining or restoring conditions where humans leave no or little impact, risks overlooking anthropogenic landscapes harboring a rich native biodiversity. An example is northern European agricultural landscapes with traditionally managed semi-natural grasslands harboring an exceptional local richness of many taxa, such as plants, fungi and insects. During the last century these grasslands have declined by more than 95%, i.e. in the same magnitude as other, internationally more recognized declines of natural habitats. In this study, data from the Swedish Red List was used to calculate tentative extinction rates for vascular plants, insects (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera) and fungi, given a scenario where such landscapes would vanish. Conservative estimates suggest that abandonment of traditional management in these landscapes would result in elevated extinction rates in all these taxa, between two and three orders of magnitude higher than global background extinction rates. It is suggested that the species richness in these landscapes reflects a species pool from Pleistocene herbivore-structured environments, which, after the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna, was rescued by the introduction of pre-historic agriculture. Maintaining traditionally managed agricultural landscapes is of paramount importance to prevent species loss. There is no inherent conflict between preservation of anthropogenic landscapes and remaining ‘wild’ areas, but valuating also anthropogenic landscapes is essential for biodiversity conservation.
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Niu, Genhua, and Raul I. Cabrera. "Growth and Physiological Responses of Landscape Plants to Saline Water Irrigation: A Review." HortScience 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 1605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1605.
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Water shortages and poor water quality are critical issues in many areas of the world. With rapid increases in population and shortage of water supplies in urban areas, use of alternative water sources such as municipal reclaimed water and other sources of non-potable waters for irrigating landscapes is inevitable. A potential concern is the elevated salt levels in these alternative waters. This article briefly summarizes general information regarding alternative water sources and general responses of landscape plants to salinity stress. Methodology of screening and evaluating salt tolerance of landscape plants are discussed. Recent research results on salt tolerance of landscape plants and their physiological responses to salinity stress are reviewed. Like agricultural crops, a wide range of salt tolerance among landscape plants has been found. In addition to plant species, dominant salt type, substrate, irrigation method and management, and environmental conditions also affect plant responses to salinity stress. A number of mechanisms of salinity tolerance have been observed among landscape species, including restriction of ion uptake, selective ion uptake, and tolerance to high internal concentrations of sodium and/or chloride.
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Susko, Alexander Q., Timothy A. Rinehart, James M. Bradeen, and Stan C. Hokanson. "An Evaluation of Two Seedling Phenotyping Protocols to Assess pH Adaptability in Deciduous Azalea (Rhododendron sect. Pentanthera G. Don)." HortScience 53, no. 3 (March 2018): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12520-17.
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Deciduous azaleas are an important element of residential and commercial landscapes in the United States after substantial trait improvements to increase their market appeal. Despite progress in breeding for ornamental characteristics and cold hardiness, intolerance to elevated pH and calcareous soils continues to limit their use in managed landscapes. Therefore, we assessed the utility of in vitro and greenhouse phenotyping approaches to evaluate and select for improved soil pH tolerance to increase the efficiency of breeding for this important trait. The research presented offers an example for implementing image-based phenotyping to expedite cultivar development in woody ornamental crops.
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Oh, Kyu-Seon, Mahamat Babagana, Alicja Pacholewska, Sayantan Chakraborty, Jisu Ha, Songjoon Baek, and Myong-Hee Sung. "Age-related chromatin landscapes in mouse macrophages." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 69.21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.69.21.
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Abstract Aging is associated with changes in gene expression. Age-related changes in chromatin structure may contribute to alterations in gene expression and to aging phenotypes in human. Macrophages play essential roles in tissue homeostasis and repair. Macrophage activation by bacterial LPS leads to induction of a complex inflammatory gene program dependent on numerous transcription factor (TF) families. We previously showed that chromatin accessibility of macrophages is massively increased after LPS treatment. Similar programs may also contribute to the chronically elevated inflammatory state in aging. Therefore, it is important to understand how macrophages are epigenetically and functionally altered during aging. To address the age-associated differences in the transcriptome and chromatin landscape of macrophages, we have performed RNA-seq and ATAC-seq of tissue-resident macrophages in the presence or absence of LPS. Our results revealed that age effect in macrophages seems cell type-specific with the strongest effect in microglia. The majority of age-dependent TF footprints in macrophages showed reduced TF occupancy, but with either reduced or increased chromatin accessibility. We are investigating the functional relevance of the candidate TFs identified in our analysis. Our data highlight the tissue-specificity of aging features that occur in resident macrophages in vivo.
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Zeng, Xitong, Yongde Zhong, Lingfan Yang, Juan Wei, and Xianglong Tang. "Analysis of Forest Landscape Preferences and Emotional Features of Chinese Forest Recreationists Based on Deep Learning of Geotagged Photos." Forests 13, no. 6 (June 8, 2022): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13060892.
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Forest landscape preference studies have an important role and significance for forest landscape conservation, quality improvement and utilization. However, there are few studies on objective forest landscape preferences from the perspective of plants and using photos. This study relies on Deep Learning technology to select six case sites in China and uses geotagged photos of forest landscapes posted by the forest recreationists on the “2BULU” app as research objects. The preferences of eight forest landscape scenes, including look down landscape, look forward landscape, look up landscape, single-tree-composed landscape, detailed landscape, overall landscape, forest trail landscape and intra-forest landscape, were explored. It also uses Deepsentibank to perform sentiment analysis on forest landscape photos to better understand Chinese forest recreationists’ forest landscape preferences. The research results show that: (1) From the aesthetic spatial angle, people prefer the flat view, while the attention of the elevated view is relatively low. (2) From the perspective of forest scale and level, forest trail landscape has a high preference, implying that trail landscape plays an important role in forest landscape recreation. The landscape within the forest has a certain preference, while the preference of individual, detailed and overall landscape is low. (3) Although forest landscape photographs are extremely high in positive emotions and emotional states, there are also negative emotions, thus, illustrating that people’s preferences can be both positive and negative.
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Bajwa, P., A. Kaur, and N. S. Chauhan. "40P Trends of elevated cancer prevalence among inhabitants of agrarian landscapes in Punjab, Northwestern India." Annals of Oncology 31 (September 2020): S256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.192.
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Neogi, Sayantani, Charles A. I. French, Julie A. Durcan, Ravindra N. Singh, and Cameron A. Petrie. "Geoarchaeological insights into the location of Indus settlements on the plains of northwest India." Quaternary Research 94 (December 20, 2019): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2019.70.
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AbstractThis article presents a geomorphological and micromorphological study of the locational context of four Indus civilisation archaeological sites—Alamgirpur, Masudpur I and VII, and Burj—all situated on the Sutlej-Yamuna interfluve in northwest India. The analysis indicates a strong correlation between settlement foundation and particular landscape positions on an extensive alluvial floodplain. Each of the analysed sites was located on sandy levees and/or riverbank deposits associated with former channels. These landscape positions would have situated settlements above the level of seasonal floodwater resulting from the Indian summer monsoon. In addition, the sandy soils on the margins of these elevated landscape positions would have been seasonally replenished with water, silt, clay, and fine organic matter, considerably enhancing their capacity for water retention and fertility and making them particularly suitable for agriculture. These former landscapes are obscured by recent modification and extensive agricultural practices. These geoarchaeological evaluations indicate that there is a hidden landscape context for each Indus settlement. This specific type of interaction between humans and their local context is an important aspect of Indus cultural adaptations to diverse, variable, and changing environments.
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Makarowicz, P., J. Niebieszczański, M. Cwaliński, J. Romaniszyn, V. Rud, and I. Kochkin. "Barrows in action. Late Neolithic and Middle Bronze Age Barrow Landscapes in the Upper Dniester Basin, Ukraine." Praehistorische Zeitschrift 94, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 92–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pz-2019-0013.
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Abstract The aim of this article is to view the spatial distribution of Upper Dniester Basin’s (Western Ukraine) barrows and to interpret their location principles. These monuments were often situated on the flattened summits of watershed ridges or hills. It appeared also that some of them were located on upper parts of gentle slopes of not more than 8° of inclination. Mounds appear within linear and group-linear arrangements and were rarely observed as clusters, while more specific adjustments to their location were dependant on local terrain morphology. Barrow alignments run along the elevated ridges, while clustered groups were situated in places where erosive indentations or denudation cavities prevented barrows from stretching in a linear pattern. It can be noted that during the spatial development of barrow alignments, more attention was paid to the intervisibility between the mounds, than to their visibility from other places in the landscape. The potential of observing at least one of the following groups of tumuli from every embankment indicates the direction of movement within the framework of the barrow landscape, perhaps augmented in the past by the presence of paths or “roads”. Examples of analogous or similar, in a certain sense even universal, practices in shaping barrow landscapes were documented also from various parts of Eurasia. Therefore, it is argued these traits were shared by all “barrow societies” and their origins can be traced to the steppe zone. Specific and repeatable patterns of barrow arrangements are a manifestation of certain knowledge and skills, transmitted over generations and immortalized in the landscape that symbolized the incorporation of territory by “barrow societies”. Characteristic mound alignments became a cultural code or institution, as it were – an instrument of familiarising previously unknown landscapes, facilitating movement and simultaneously expressing continuity of kin-lineages.
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Niu, Genhua, Denise S. Rodriguez, and Mengmeng Gu. "Salinity Tolerance of Sophora secundiflora and Cercis canadensis var. mexicana." HortScience 45, no. 3 (March 2010): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.3.424.
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Use of reclaimed water to irrigate urban landscapes will likely increase because fresh water supply is diminishing and the population continues to grow in the semiarid southwestern United States. Salt tolerance of two native landscape woody ornamentals, Texas mountain laurel (Sophora secundiflora) and Mexican redbud (Cercis canadensis var. mexicana), was investigated in a greenhouse experiment. Seedlings of the two species were grown in two substrates mixed with composted mulch and a commercial potting mix at two ratios and irrigated with saline solutions at three salinity levels: 1.6 (control, nutrient solution), 3.0, or 6.0 dS·m−1 electrical conductivity (EC). There was no interaction between substrate and EC of irrigation water. Foliar salt damages such as leaf drop, leaf curl, and edge burn were observed in Mexican redbud when the plants were irrigated with solutions at EC of 3.0 and 6.0 dS·m−1. No symptoms were observed on Texas mountain laurel plants, although plants irrigated at EC of 3.0 and 6.0 dS·m−1 were smaller compared with controls. Shoot growth and elongation of both species were reduced by the elevated salinity of irrigation water, and the reduction in Mexican redbud was greater than Texas mountain laurel. Leaf photosynthesis rate and leaf stomatal conductance were also reduced in Texas mountain laurel by the elevated salinity of irrigation water. Tissue Na+ and Cl– concentrations were higher in Texas mountain laurel irrigated with water of elevated salinity.
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Xing, Haifeng, Julie Hershkowitz, Asmita Paudel, Youping Sun, Ji Jhong Chen, Xin Dai, and Matthew Chappell. "Morphological and Physiological Responses of Ornamental Grasses to Saline Water Irrigation." HortScience 56, no. 6 (June 2021): 678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15700-21.
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Reclaimed water provides a reliable and economical alternative source of irrigation water for landscape use but may have elevated levels of salts that are detrimental to sensitive landscape plants. Landscape professionals must use salt-tolerant plants in regions where reclaimed water is used. Ornamental grasses are commonly used as landscape plants in the Intermountain West of the United States due to low maintenance input, drought tolerance, and unique texture. Six ornamental grass species, including Acorus gramineus (Japanese rush), Andropogon ternarius (silver bluestem), Calamagrostis ×acutiflora (feather reed grass), Carex morrowii (Japanese sedge), Festuca glauca (blue fescue), and Sporobolus heterolepis (prairie dropseed), were evaluated for salinity tolerance. Plants were irrigated every 4 days with a fertilizer solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m–1 (control) or with a saline solution at an EC of 5.0 dS·m–1 (EC 5) or 10.0 dS·m–1 (EC 10). At 47 days, most species in EC 5 exhibited good visual quality with averaged visual scores greater than 4.6 (0 = dead, 5 = excellent). In EC 10, most A. gramineus plants died, but C. ×acutiflora, F. glauca, and S. heterolepis had no foliar salt damage. At 95 days, C. ×acutiflora, F. glauca, and S. heterolepis in EC 5 had good visual quality with averaged visual scores greater than 4.5. Acorus gramineus, A. ternarius, and C. morrowii showed foliar salt damage with averaged visual scores of 2.7, 3.2, and 3.4, respectively. In EC 10, A. gramineus died, and other grass species exhibited moderate to severe foliar salt damage, except C. ×acutiflora, which retained good visual quality. Plant height, leaf area, number of tillers, shoot dry weight, and/or gas exchange parameters also decreased depending on plant species, salinity level, and the duration of exposure to salinity stress. In conclusion, A. gramineus was the most salt-sensitive species, whereas C. ×acutiflora was the most salt-tolerant species. Festuca glauca and S. heterolepis were more tolerant to salinity than A. ternarius and C. morrowii. Calamagrostis ×acutiflora, F. glauca, and S. heterolepis appear to be more suitable for landscapes in which reclaimed water is used for irrigation. Plant responses to saline water irrigation in this research could also be applied to landscapes in salt-prone areas and coastal regions with saltwater intrusion into aquifers and landscapes affected by maritime salt spray.
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Green, Paul F., Karna Lidmar-Bergström, Peter Japsen, Johan M. Bonow, and James A. Chalmers. "Stratigraphic landscape analysis, thermochronology and the episodic development of elevated, passive continental margins." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 30 (December 30, 2013): 1–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v30.4673.
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The continental margin of West Greenland is similar in many respects to other elevated, passive continental margins (EPCMs) around the world. These margins are characterised by extensive regions of low relief at elevations of 1–2 kilometres above sea level sloping gently inland, with a much steeper, oceanward decline, often termed a 'Great Escarpment', terminating at a coastal plain. Recent studies, based on integration of geological, geomorphological and thermochronological evidence, have shown that the high topography of West Greenland was formed by differential uplift and dissection of an Oligo-Miocene peneplain since the late Miocene, many millions of years after continental break-up between Greenland and North America. In contrast, many studies of other EPCMs have proposed a different style of development in which the high plateaux and the steep, oceanward decline are regarded as a direct result of rifting and continental separation. Some studies assume that the elevated regions have remained high since break-up, with the high topography continuously renewed by isostasy. Others identify the elevated plains as remnants of pre-rift landscapes. Key to understanding the development of the West Greenland margin is a new approach to the study of landforms, stratigraphic landscape analysis, in which the low-relief, high-elevation plateaux at EPCMs are interpreted as uplifted peneplains: low-relief surfaces of large extent, cutting across bedrock of different age and resistance, and originally graded to sea level. Identification of different generations of peneplain (re-exposed and epigene) from regional mapping, combined with geological constraints and thermochronology, allows definition of the evolution leading to the formation of the modern-day topography. This approach is founded particularly on results from the South Swedish Dome, which document former sea levels as base levels for the formation of peneplains. These results support the view that peneplains grade towards base level, and that in the absence of other options (e.g. widespread resistant lithologies), the most likely base level is sea level. This is particularly so at continental margins due to their proximity to the adjacent ocean. Studies in which EPCMs are interpreted as related to rifting or break-up commonly favour histories involving continuous denudation of margins following rifting, and interpretation of thermochronology data in terms of monotonic cooling histories. However, in several regions, including southern Africa, south-east Australia and eastern Brazil, geological constraints demonstrate that such scenarios are inappropriate, and an episodic development involving post-breakup subsidence and burial followed later by uplift and denudation is more realistic. Such development is also indicated by the presence in sedimentary basins adjacent to many EPCMs of major erosional unconformities within the post-breakup sedimentary section which correlate with onshore denudation episodes. The nature of the processes responsible is not yet understood, but it seems likely that plate-scale forces are required in order to explain the regional extent of the effects involved. New geodynamic models are required to explain the episodic development of EPCMs, accommodating post-breakup subsidence and burial as well as subsequent uplift and denudation, long after break-up which created the characteristic, modern-day EPCM landscapes.
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Aas, Kjetil S., Léo Martin, Jan Nitzbon, Moritz Langer, Julia Boike, Hanna Lee, Terje K. Berntsen, and Sebastian Westermann. "Thaw processes in ice-rich permafrost landscapes represented with laterally coupled tiles in a land surface model." Cryosphere 13, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 591–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-591-2019.
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Abstract. Earth system models (ESMs) are our primary tool for projecting future climate change, but their ability to represent small-scale land surface processes is currently limited. This is especially true for permafrost landscapes in which melting of excess ground ice and subsequent subsidence affect lateral processes which can substantially alter soil conditions and fluxes of heat, water, and carbon to the atmosphere. Here we demonstrate that dynamically changing microtopography and related lateral fluxes of snow, water, and heat can be represented through a tiling approach suitable for implementation in large-scale models, and we investigate which of these lateral processes are important to reproduce observed landscape evolution. Combining existing methods for representing excess ground ice, snow redistribution, and lateral water and energy fluxes in two coupled tiles, we show that the model approach can simulate observed degradation processes in two very different permafrost landscapes. We are able to simulate the transition from low-centered to high-centered polygons, when applied to polygonal tundra in the cold, continuous permafrost zone, which results in (i) a more realistic representation of soil conditions through drying of elevated features and wetting of lowered features with related changes in energy fluxes, (ii) up to 2 ∘C reduced average permafrost temperatures in the current (2000–2009) climate, (iii) delayed permafrost degradation in the future RCP4.5 scenario by several decades, and (iv) more rapid degradation through snow and soil water feedback mechanisms once subsidence starts. Applied to peat plateaus in the sporadic permafrost zone, the same two-tile system can represent an elevated peat plateau underlain by permafrost in a surrounding permafrost-free fen and its degradation in the future following a moderate warming scenario. These results demonstrate the importance of representing lateral fluxes to realistically simulate both the current permafrost state and its degradation trajectories as the climate continues to warm. Implementing laterally coupled tiles in ESMs could improve the representation of a range of permafrost processes, which is likely to impact the simulated magnitude and timing of the permafrost–carbon feedback.
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Vasić, Filip, Carsten Paul, Veronika Strauss, and Katharina Helming. "Ecosystem Services of Kettle Holes in Agricultural Landscapes." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091326.
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Kettle holes are small water bodies of glacial origin which mostly occur in agricultural landscapes. They provide numerous ecosystem services (ES), but their supply may be negatively affected by agricultural management. We conducted a literature review to identify which ES are supplied by kettle holes and to analyze feedbacks with agricultural management. Taking Germany as a test case, we also analyzed how kettle holes are addressed in policy documents and for which ES they are regulated. This was done to identify the societal value officially associated with kettle holes. The literature review found eight ES attributed to kettle holes, of which hydrological cycle and flood control, chemical condition of freshwaters, nursery populations and habitats and biotic remediation of wastes were addressed most often. In contrast, only the provision of habitat service was addressed in German policy documents related to kettle holes. We identified types of agricultural management that negatively affected the supply of ES by kettle holes, in particular artificial drainage, high levels of pesticide and fertilizer application, and management where tillage and erosion result in elevated sediment inputs. Additionally, climate change may lead to an increased drying up of kettle holes. Based on our finding, we conclude that the intensity of agricultural management around kettle holes threatens the supply of all ES while only the service of providing habitats for biodiversity is addressed in German policy regulations. Further regulation is required to induce agricultural management change towards a conservation of all ES supplied by kettle holes.
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Vourlitis, George L., Emma Lousie van der Veen, Sebastian Cangahuala, Garrett Jaeger, Colin Jensen, Cinzia Fissore, Eric M. Wood, et al. "Examining Decomposition and Nitrogen Mineralization in Five Common Urban Habitat Types across Southern California to Inform Sustainable Landscaping." Urban Science 6, no. 3 (September 13, 2022): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci6030061.
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Urban landscaping conversions can alter decomposition processes and soil respiration, making it difficult to forecast regional CO2 emissions. Here we explore rates of initial mass loss and net nitrogen (N) mineralization in natural and four common urban land covers (waterwise, waterwise with mulch, shrub, and lawn) from sites across seven colleges in southern California. We found that rates of decomposition and net N mineralization were faster for high-N leaf substrates, and natural habitats exhibited slower rates of decomposition and mineralization than managed urban landcovers, especially lawns and areas with added mulch. These results were consistent across college campuses, suggesting that our findings are robust and can predict decomposition rates across southern California. While mechanisms driving differences in decomposition rates among habitats in the cool-wet spring were difficult to identify, elevated decomposition in urban habitats highlights that conversion of natural areas to urban landscapes enhances greenhouse gas emissions. While perceived as sustainable, elevated decomposition rates in areas with added mulch mean that while these transformations may reduce water inputs, they increase soil carbon (C) flux. Mimicking natural landscapes by reducing water and nutrient (mulch) inputs and planting drought-tolerant native vegetation with recalcitrant litter can slow decomposition and reduce regional C emissions.
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Shechner, Moshe, Alex Guenther, Robert Rhew, Asher Wishkerman, Qian Li, Donald Blake, Gil Lerner, and Eran Tas. "Emission of volatile halogenated organic compounds over various Dead Sea landscapes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 11 (June 7, 2019): 7667–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7667-2019.
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Abstract. Volatile halogenated organic compounds (VHOCs), such as methyl halides (CH3X; X is Br, Cl and I) and very short-lived halogenated substances (VSLSs; bromoform – CHBr3, dibromomethane – CH2Br2, bromodichloromethane – CHBrCl2, trichloroethylene – C2HCl3, chloroform – CHCl3 – and dibromochloromethane – CHBr2Cl) are well known for their significant influence on ozone concentrations and oxidation capacity of the troposphere and stratosphere and for their key role in aerosol formation. Insufficient characterization of the sources and the emission rate of VHOCs limits our ability to understand and assess their impact in both the troposphere and stratosphere. Over the last two decades, several natural terrestrial sources for VHOCs, including soil and vegetation, have been identified, but our knowledge of emission rates from these sources and their responses to changes in ambient conditions remains limited. Here we report measurements of the mixing ratios and fluxes of several chlorinated and brominated VHOCs from different landscapes and natural and agricultural vegetated sites at the Dead Sea during different seasons. Fluxes were generally positive (emission into the atmosphere), corresponding to elevated mixing ratios, but were highly variable. Fluxes (and mixing ratios) for the investigated VHOCs ranged as follows: CHBr3 from −79 to 187 nmol m−2 d−1 (1.9 to 22.6 pptv), CH2Br2 from −55 to 71 nmol m−2 d−1 (0.7 to 19 pptv), CHBr2Cl from −408 to 768 nmol m−2 d−1 (0.4 to 11 pptv), CHBrCl2 from −29 to 45 nmol m−2 d−1 (0.5 to 9.6 pptv), CHCl3 from −577 to 883 nmol m−2 d−1 (15 to 57 pptv), C2HCl3 from −74 to 884 nmol m−2 d−1 (0.4 to 11 pptv), methyl chloride (CH3Cl) from -5300 to 10,800 nmol m−2 d−1 (530 to 730 pptv), methyl bromide (CH3Br) from −111 to 118 nmol m−2 d−1 (7.5 to 14 pptv) and methyl iodide (CH3I) from −25 to 17 nmol m−2 d−1 (0.4 to 2.8 pptv). Taking into account statistical uncertainties, the coastal sites (particularly those where soil is mixed with salt deposits) were identified as sources of all VHOCs, but this was not statistically significant for CHCl3. Further away from the coastal area, the bare soil sites were sources for CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl, CHCl3, and probably also for CH2Br2 and CH3I, and the agricultural sites were sources for CHBr3, CHBr2Cl and CHBrCl2. In contrast to previous reports, we also observed emissions of brominated trihalomethanes, with net molar fluxes ordered as follows: CHBr2Cl > CHCl3 > CHBr3 > CHBrCl2 and lowest positive flux incidence for CHCl3 among all trihalomethanes; this finding can be explained by the soil's enrichment with Br. Correlation analysis, in agreement with recent studies, indicated common controls for the emission of CHBr2Cl and CHBrCl2 and likely also for CHBr3. There were no indications for correlation of the brominated trihalomethanes with CHCl3. Also in line with previous reports, we observed elevated emissions of CHCl3 and C2HCl3 from mixtures of soil and different salt-deposited structures; the flux correlations between these compounds and methyl halides (particularly CH3I) suggested that at least CH3I is also emitted via similar mechanisms or is subjected to similar controls. Overall, our results indicate elevated emission of VHOCs from bare soil under semiarid conditions. Along with other recent studies, our findings point to the strong emission potential of a suite of VHOCs from saline soils and salt lakes and call for additional studies of emission rates and mechanisms of VHOCs from saline soils and salt lakes.
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Wong, Ching-On, and Kartik Venkatachalam. "Motor neurons from ALS patients with mutations in C9ORF72 and SOD1 exhibit distinct transcriptional landscapes." Human Molecular Genetics 28, no. 16 (May 20, 2019): 2799–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddz104.
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Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neuron disease that culminates in paralysis and death. Here, we present our analyses of publicly available multiOMIC data sets generated using motor neurons from ALS patients and control cohorts. Functional annotation of differentially expressed genes in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived motor neurons generated from patients with mutations in C9ORF72 (C9-ALS) suggests elevated expression of genes that pertain to extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell adhesion, inflammation and TGFβ targets. On the other end of the continuum, we detected diminished expression of genes repressed by quiescence-promoting E2F4/DREAM complex. Proteins whose abundance was significantly altered in C9-ALS neurons faithfully recapitulated the transcriptional aberrations. Importantly, patterns of gene expression in spinal motor neurons dissected from C9-ALS or sporadic ALS patients were highly concordant with each other and with the C9-ALS iPSC neurons. In contrast, motor neurons from patients with mutations in SOD1 exhibited dramatically different signatures. Elevated expression of gene sets such as ECM and cell adhesion genes occurs in C9 and sporadic ALS but not SOD1-ALS. These analyses indicate that despite the similarities in outward manifestations, transcriptional and proteomic signatures in ALS motor neurons can vary significantly depending on the identity of the causal mutations.
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Brendel, Conrad, and Michelle Soupir. "Relating Watershed Characteristics to Elevated Stream Escherichia coli Levels in Agriculturally Dominated Landscapes: An Iowa Case Study." Water 9, no. 3 (February 23, 2017): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w9030154.
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Pagan, H. J. T., J. Macas, P. Novak, E. S. McCulloch, R. D. Stevens, and D. A. Ray. "Survey Sequencing Reveals Elevated DNA Transposon Activity, Novel Elements, and Variation in Repetitive Landscapes among Vesper Bats." Genome Biology and Evolution 4, no. 4 (April 4, 2012): 575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evs038.
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Hope, A. S., J. B. Fleming, G. Vourlitis, D. A. Stow, W. C. Oechel, and T. Hack. "Relating CO2 fluxes to spectral vegetation indices in tundra landscapes: importance of footprint definition." Polar Record 31, no. 177 (April 1995): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400013747.
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AbstractCarbon flux measurements made at an elevated point are associated with an effective upwind area or ‘footprint.’ Since Arctic tundra landscapes can exhibit substantial heterogeneity within the footprint of an eddy correlation tower, it may be necessary to determine the relative point source contributions to the observed flux if landscape properties are to be related to the flux. This study evaluates the potential importance of representing footprint source contributions in relationships that are developed between tower observations of net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (NEE) and a remotely sensed spectral vegetation index. Satellite data collected over the foothills region of the North Slope of Alaska are used to determine spatial patterns of a spectral vegetation index in the calculated footprints of 30 randomly selected tower locations. A previously developed relationship between NEE and the vegetation index is used to calculate NEE at each tower location using two techniques, one that explicitly considers the footprint pattern of relative contributions to tower fluxes and another that ignores these patterns. The results indicate that if carbon fluxes measured at a tower are to be related to remotely sensed spectral vegetation indices, then it is necessary to consider the relative flux contributions from within the tower footprints for sites on the North Slope of Alaska.
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D'Angelo, Sammya A., Ana C. S. Andrade, Susan G. Laurance, William F. Laurance, and Rita C. G. Mesquita. "Inferred causes of tree mortality in fragmented and intact Amazonian forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 2 (March 2004): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403001032.
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In fragmented tropical landscapes, among the most pervasive causes of ecological change are edge effects – diverse ecological alterations associated with the abrupt, artificial boundaries of forest fragments (Laurance & Bierregaard 1997, Lovejoy et al. 1986, Turner 1996). A striking edge effect in fragmented Amazonian forests is chronically elevated tree mortality (Ferreira & Laurance 1997, Laurance et al. 1998a). Large (> 60 cm diameter) trees are especially vulnerable to fragmentation, dying three times faster within 300 m of edges than in forest interiors (Laurance et al. 2000). Elevated tree mortality alters canopy-gap dynamics, promotes a proliferation of disturbance-adapted successional species (Laurance et al. 1998b), reduces above-ground biomass (Laurance et al. 1997), and accelerates litter production (Didham & Lawton 1999, Sizer et al. 2000) and carbon cycling (Nascimento & Laurance, in press).
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Arendt, Carli A., Jeffrey M. Heikoop, Brent D. Newman, Cathy J. Wilson, Haruko Wainwright, Jitendra Kumar, Christian G. Andersen, et al. "Increased Arctic NO3− Availability as a Hydrogeomorphic Consequence of Permafrost Degradation and Landscape Drying." Nitrogen 3, no. 2 (May 21, 2022): 314–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3020021.
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Climate-driven permafrost thaw alters the strongly coupled carbon and nitrogen cycles within the Arctic tundra, influencing the availability of limiting nutrients including nitrate (NO3−). Researchers have identified two primary mechanisms that increase nitrogen and NO3− availability within permafrost soils: (1) the ‘frozen feast’, where previously frozen organic material becomes available as it thaws, and (2) ‘shrubification’, where expansion of nitrogen-fixing shrubs promotes increased soil nitrogen. Through the synthesis of original and previously published observational data, and the application of multiple geospatial approaches, this study investigates and highlights a third mechanism that increases NO3− availability: the hydrogeomorphic evolution of polygonal permafrost landscapes. Permafrost thaw drives changes in microtopography, increasing the drainage of topographic highs, thus increasing oxic conditions that promote NO3− production and accumulation. We extrapolate relationships between NO3− and soil moisture in elevated topographic features within our study area and the broader Alaskan Coastal Plain and investigate potential changes in NO3− availability in response to possible hydrogeomorphic evolution scenarios of permafrost landscapes. These approximations indicate that such changes could increase Arctic tundra NO3− availability by ~250–1000%. Thus, hydrogeomorphic changes that accompany continued permafrost degradation in polygonal permafrost landscapes will substantially increase soil pore water NO3− availability and boost future fertilization and productivity in the Arctic.
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Alburaki, Mohamed, Deniz Chen, John Skinner, William Meikle, David Tarpy, John Adamczyk, and Scott Stewart. "Honey Bee Survival and Pathogen Prevalence: From the Perspective of Landscape and Exposure to Pesticides." Insects 9, no. 2 (June 13, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9020065.
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In order to study the in situ effects of the agricultural landscape and exposure to pesticides on honey bee health, sixteen honey bee colonies were placed in four different agricultural landscapes. Those landscapes were three agricultural areas with varying levels of agricultural intensity (AG areas) and one non-agricultural area (NAG area). Colonies were monitored for different pathogen prevalence and pesticide residues over a period of one year. RT-qPCR was used to study the prevalence of seven different honey bee viruses as well as Nosema sp. in colonies located in different agricultural systems with various intensities of soybean, corn, sorghum, and cotton production. Populations of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor were also extensively monitored. Comprehensive MS-LC pesticide residue analyses were performed on samples of wax, honey, foragers, winter bees, dead bees, and crop flowers for each apiary and location. A significantly higher level of varroa loads were recorded in colonies of the AG areas, but this at least partly correlated with increased colony size and did not necessarily result from exposure to pesticides. Infections of two viruses (deformed wing virus genotype a (DWVa) and acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV)) and Nosema sp. varied among the four studied locations. The urban location significantly elevated colony pathogen loads, while AG locations significantly benefited and increased the colony weight gain. Cotton and sorghum flowers contained high concentrations of insecticide including neonicotinoids, while soybean and corn had less pesticide residues. Several events of pesticide toxicity were recorded in the AG areas, and high concentrations of neonicotinoid insecticides were detected in dead bees.
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Andreani, L., and R. Gloaguen. "Geomorphic analysis of transient landscapes in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Maya Mountains (northern Central America): implications for the North American–Caribbean–Cocos plate boundary." Earth Surface Dynamics 4, no. 1 (January 21, 2016): 71–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-71-2016.
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Abstract. We use a geomorphic approach in order to unravel the recent evolution of the diffuse triple junction between the North American, Caribbean, and Cocos plates in northern Central America. We intend to characterize and understand the complex tectonic setting that produced an intricate pattern of landscapes using tectonic geomorphology, as well as available geological and geophysical data. We classify regions with specific relief characteristics and highlight uplifted relict landscapes in northern Central America. We also analyze the drainage network from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Maya Mountains in order to extract information about potential vertical displacements. Our results suggest that most of the landscapes of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Maya Mountains are in a transient stage. Topographic profiles and morphometric maps highlight elevated relict surfaces that are characterized by a low-amplitude relief. The river longitudinal profiles display upper reaches witnessing these relict landscapes. Lower reaches adjust to new base-level conditions and are characterized by multiple knickpoints. These results backed by published GPS and seismotectonic data allow us to refine and extend existing geodynamic models of the triple junction. Relict landscapes are delimited by faults and thus result from a tectonic control. The topography of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas evolved as the result of (1) the inland migration of deformation related to the coupling between the Chiapas Massif and the Cocos forearc sliver and (2) the compression along the northern tip of the Central American volcanic arc. Although most of the shortening between the Cocos forearc sliver and the North American Plate is accommodated within the Sierra de Chiapas and Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, a small part may be still transmitted to the Maya Mountains and the Belize margin through a "rigid" Petén Basin.
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Andreani, L., and R. Gloaguen. "Geomorphic analysis of transient landscapes from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Maya Mountains (northern Central America): implications for the North American–Caribbean–Cocos plate boundary." Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 941–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurfd-3-941-2015.
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Abstract. We use a geomorphic approach in order to unravel the recent evolution of the diffuse triple junction between the North American, Caribbean, and Cocos plates in northern Central America. The complex tectonic setting produced an intricate pattern of landscapes that we try to systemize using remote sensing tectonic geomorphology and available geological and geophysical data. We classify regions with specific relief characteristics and highlight uplifted relict landscapes in northern Central America. We also analyze the drainage network from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Maya Mountains in order to extract information about potential vertical displacements. Our results suggest that most of the landscapes of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Maya Mountains are in transient stage. Topographic profiles and morphometric maps highlight elevated relict surfaces that are characterized by a low amplitude relief. The river longitudinal profiles display upper reaches witnessing these relict landscapes while lower segments characterized by multiple knickpoints, that adjust to new base-level conditions. These results backed by published GPS and seismotectonic data allow us to refine and extend existing geodynamic models of the triple junction. Relict landscapes are delimited by faults and thus result from a tectonic control. The topography of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas evolved as the result of (1) the inland migration of deformation related to the coupling between the Chiapas Massif and the Cocos fore-arc sliver, and (2) the compression along the northern tip of the Central America Volcanic Arc. Although most of the shortening between the Cocos fore-arc sliver and the North American plate is accommodated within the Sierra de Chiapas and Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, a small part may be still transmitted to the Maya Mountains and the Belize margin through a "rigid" Petén basin.
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Gomes-Filho, José Vicente, Michael Daume, and Lennart Randau. "Unique Archaeal Small RNAs." Annual Review of Genetics 52, no. 1 (November 23, 2018): 465–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-120417-031300.
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Advances in genome-wide sequence technologies allow for detailed insights into the complexity of RNA landscapes of organisms from all three domains of life. Recent analyses of archaeal transcriptomes identified interaction and regulation networks of noncoding RNAs in this understudied domain. Here, we review current knowledge of small, noncoding RNAs with important functions for the archaeal lifestyle, which often requires adaptation to extreme environments. One focus is RNA metabolism at elevated temperatures in hyperthermophilic archaea, which reveals elevated amounts of RNA-guided RNA modification and virus defense strategies. Genome rearrangement events result in unique fragmentation patterns of noncoding RNA genes that require elaborate maturation pathways to yield functional transcripts. RNA-binding proteins, e.g., L7Ae and LSm, are important for many posttranscriptional control functions of RNA molecules in archaeal cells. We also discuss recent insights into the regulatory potential of their noncoding RNA partners.
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Van Dyke, Ruth M., R. Kyle Bocinsky, Thomas C. Windes, and Tucker J. Robinson. "Great Houses, Shrines, and High Places: Intervisibility in the Chacoan World." American Antiquity 81, no. 2 (April 2016): 205–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.81.2.205.
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AbstractPhenomenological archaeologists and GIS scholars have turned much attention to visibility—who can see whom, and what can be seen—across ancient landscapes. Visible connections can be relatively easy to identify, but they present challenges to interpretation. Ancient peoples created intervisible connections among sites for purposes that included surveillance, defense, symbolism, shared identity, and communication. In the American Southwest, many high places are intervisible by virtue of the elevated topography and the open skies. The Chaco phenomenon, centered in northwestern New Mexico between A.D. 850 and 1140, presents an ideal situation for visibility research. In this study, we use GIS-generated viewsheds and viewnets to investigate intervisible connections among great houses, shrines, and related features across the Chacoan landscape. We demonstrate that a Chacoan shrine network, likely established during the mid-eleventh century, facilitated intervisibility between outlier communities and Chaco Canyon. It is most likely that the Chacoans created this network to enable meaningful connections for communication and identity. We conclude that the boundaries of the Chaco phenomenon are defined in some sense by intervisibility.
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Sinner, Alejandro G., and Joan Ferrer i Jané. "Rock Sanctuaries, Sacred Landscapes, and the Making of the Iberian Pantheon." Religions 13, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13080722.
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Sanctuaries are common spaces of interaction between humankind and the gods. In many religious systems, mountains and other elevated topographical features are known to have formed part of these privileged spaces of communication. It is not surprising that open-air and, in many cases, rock sanctuaries are the cultic spaces par excellence among the pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula. In this article, we offer a more nuanced picture of these architectonically humble but culturally rich sacred spaces by studying the Palaeohispanic inscriptions recorded in rock sanctuaries located in the territories of the Iberian peoples (fourth–first centuries BCE). Special attention will be paid to the corpus of inscriptions in Cerdanya (Pyrénées-Orientales and Catalonia), where more than 150 texts have so far been identified. After a brief introduction contextualizing the Rock Sanctuaries, the Iberian language, and the epigraphic habit of its speakers, the first section of our article analyses the characteristics that enable us to interpret most of these inscriptions as religious and votive formulations. The second half of the paper discusses what these inscriptions can reveal about the Iberian pantheon and how these rock sanctuaries formed a consolidated religious landscape that was to survive the Roman conquest. The reinterpretation of the Celtiberian sanctuary of Peñalba de Villastar will be fundamental to put forward the hypothesis that, while Iberian and Celtiberian places of worship and pantheons had points of contact, they were mostly dissociated from each other prior to the Roman arrival.
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King, Lydia, Andrew Flaus, Emma Holian, and Aaron Golden. "Survival outcomes are associated with genomic instability in luminal breast cancers." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): e0245042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245042.
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Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death among women. Breast cancers are generally diagnosed and treated based on clinical and histopathological features, along with subtype classification determined by the Prosigna Breast Cancer Prognostic Gene Signature Assay (also known as PAM50). Currently the copy number alteration (CNA) landscape of the tumour is not considered. We set out to examine the role of genomic instability (GI) in breast cancer survival since CNAs reflect GI and correlate with survival in other cancers. We focused on the 70% of breast cancers classified as luminal and carried out a comprehensive survival and association analysis using Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) data to determine whether CNA Score Quartiles derived from absolute CNA counts are associated with survival. Analysis revealed that patients diagnosed with luminal A breast cancer have a CNA landscape associated with disease specific survival, suggesting that CNA Score can provide a statistically robust prognostic factor. Furthermore, stratification of patients into subtypes based on gene expression has shown that luminal A and B cases overlap, and it is in this region we largely observe luminal A cases with reduced survival outlook. Therefore, luminal A breast cancer patients with quantitatively elevated CNA counts may benefit from more aggressive therapy. This demonstrates how individual genomic landscapes can facilitate personalisation of therapeutic interventions to optimise survival outcomes.
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Petrie, Cameron, Hector Orengo, Adam Green, Joanna Walker, Arnau Garcia, Francesc Conesa, J. Knox, and Ravindra Singh. "Mapping Archaeology While Mapping an Empire: Using Historical Maps to Reconstruct Ancient Settlement Landscapes in Modern India and Pakistan." Geosciences 9, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9010011.
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A range of data sources are now used to support the process of archaeological prospection, including remote sensed imagery, spy satellite photographs and aerial photographs. This paper advocates the value and importance of a hitherto under-utilised historical mapping resource—the Survey of India 1” to 1-mile map series, which was based on surveys started in the mid–late nineteenth century, and published progressively from the early twentieth century AD. These maps present a systematic documentation of the topography of the British dominions in the South Asian Subcontinent. Incidentally, they also documented the locations, the height and area of thousands of elevated mounds that were visible in the landscape at the time that the surveys were carried out, but have typically since been either damaged or destroyed by the expansion of irrigation agriculture and urbanism. Subsequent reanalysis has revealed that many of these mounds were actually the remains of ancient settlements. The digitisation and analysis of these historic maps thus creates a unique opportunity for gaining insight into the landscape archaeology of South Asia. This paper reviews the context within which these historical maps were created, presents a method for georeferencing them, and reviews the symbology that was used to represent elevated mound features that have the potential to be archaeological sites. This paper should be read in conjunction with the paper by Arnau Garcia et al. in the same issue of Geosciences, which implements a research programme combining historical maps and a range of remote sensing approaches to reconstruct historical landscape dynamics in the Indus River Basin.
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Whitaker, Darroch M., Allan L. Carroll, and William A. Montevecchi. "Elevated numbers of flying insects and insectivorous birds in riparian buffer strips." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 740–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-254.
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We compared the abundances of flying insects along undisturbed lakeshores and riparian buffer strips in balsam fir (Abies balsamea) forests in western Newfoundland. Insects were collected in pan traps placed on the forest floor and tanglefoot (sticky) traps suspended within the live canopy. Significantly greater numbers of insects were captured in riparian buffer strips than in undisturbed shorelines for four of five size classes in the canopy and two of five size classes in the understory. Collections were dominated by adult Diptera and Hymenoptera. Mean capture rates along buffer strips were 120-200% of the mean capture rates along undisturbed shorelines. This increase was greatest for large-bodied insects. A likely explanation for our observations is that buffer strips act as windbreaks, collecting airborne insects blown in from adjacent clearcuts and lakes. This phenomenon has been widely documented in agricultural landscapes. Understory wind speed was generally greater along buffer strips than controls, which is a reflection of increased exposure caused by clear-cutting. A concurrent parallel study conducted at the same sites investigated the effects of riparian buffering on breeding bird assemblages. Ubiquitous insectivorous birds, including the yellow-rumped warbler (Dendroica coronata) and blackpoll warbler (Dendroica striata), were more abundant along buffer strips than undisturbed shorelines, possibly in response to increased prey availability. Increased food availability may in part explain the high numbers of insectivorous birds typically observed in riparian buffer strips in boreal forests.
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Kalev, Stefan, and Gurpal S. Toor. "Concentrations and Loads of Dissolved and Particulate Organic Carbon in Urban Stormwater Runoff." Water 12, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041031.
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Urban landscapes are significant contributors of organic carbon (OC) in receiving waters, where elevated levels of OC limit the light availability, increase the transport of pollutants, and result in high costs of potable water treatment. Our objective in this study was to investigate the concentrations, fractions (dissolved and particulate), and loads of OC in a residential catchment (3.89 ha drainage area) located in Florida, United States. The outlet of the stormwater pipe draining the residential catchment was instrumented with an automated sampler, a flowmeter, and a rain gauge. The rainfall and runoff samples collected over 25 storm events during the 2016 wet season (June to September) were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total organic carbon (TOC), with particulate OC (POC) calculated as the difference between TOC and DOC. Mean concentration of DOC was 2.3 ± 1.7 mg L−1 and POC was 0.3 ± 0.3 mg L−1 in the rainfall, whereas DOC was 10.5 ± 6.20 mg L−1 and POC was 2.00 ± 4.05 mg L−1 in the stormwater runoff. Concentrations of DOC were higher during the rising limb of the hydrograph in 15 out of 25 storm events, suggesting flushing of DOC, with an increase in the amount of runoff, from the landscape sources in the residential catchment. The estimated total export of OC during the 2016 wet season was 66.0 kg ha−1, of which DOC was 56.9 kg ha−1 (86.2% of TOC), and POC was 9.1 kg ha−1 (13.8% of TOC). High concentrations and loads of OC, especially DOC, in the stormwater runoff imply that residential catchments in urban watersheds are hot-spots of DOC influx to water bodies. Reducing DOC transport in the urban landscapes is complex and require identifying the origin of DOC and then using site-specific targeted approaches to mitigate DOC loss.
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de Jong, Irene. "THE VIEW FROM THE MOUNTAIN (OROSKOPIA) IN GREEK AND LATIN LITERATURE." Cambridge Classical Journal 64 (April 18, 2018): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1750270518000015.
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This paper argues for the existence of the topos oforoskopiain Greek and Latin literature. Gods and mortals are positioned on mountains to watch events or landscapes below. The view from above symbolises power (in the case of the gods) or an attempt at control or desire for power (in the case of mortals). It may also suggest an agreeable and relaxed spectatorship with no active involvement in the events watched, which may metaphorically morph into a historian's objectivity or a philosopher's emotional tranquillity. The elevated position may also have a temporal aspect, gods looking into the future or mortals looking back on their life.
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Lange-Athinodorou, Eva. "Implications of geoarchaeological investigations for the contextualization of sacred landscapes in the Nile Delta." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 70, no. 1 (February 12, 2021): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-73-2021.
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Abstract. Key elements of sacred landscapes of the Nile Delta were lakes, canals and artificial basins connected to temples, which were built on elevated terrain. In the case of temples of goddesses of an ambivalent, even dangerous, nature, i.e. lioness goddesses and all female deities who could appear as such, the purpose of sacred lakes and canals exceeded their function as a water resource for basic practical and religious needs. Their pleasing coolness was believed to calm the goddess' fiery nature, and during important religious festivals, the barques of the goddesses were rowed on those waters. As archaeological evidence was very rare in the past, the study of those sacred waters was mainly confined to textual sources. Recently applied geoarchaeological methods, however, have changed this situation dramatically: they allow in-depth investigations and reconstructions of these deltaic sacred landscapes. Exploring these newly available data, the paper presented here focuses on the sites of Buto, Sais and Bubastis, by investigating the characteristics of their sacred lakes, canals and marshes with respect to their hydrogeographical and geomorphological context and to their role in ancient Egyptian religion and mythology as well.
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Hysa, Artan, Velibor Spalevic, Branislav Dudic, Sanda Roșca, Alban Kuriqi, Ștefan Bilașco, and Paul Sestras. "Utilizing the Available Open-Source Remotely Sensed Data in Assessing the Wildfire Ignition and Spread Capacities of Vegetated Surfaces in Romania." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 2737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142737.
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We bring a practical and comprehensive GIS-based framework to utilize freely available remotely sensed datasets to assess wildfire ignition probability and spreading capacities of vegetated landscapes. The study area consists of the country-level scale of the Romanian territory, characterized by a diversity of vegetated landscapes threatened by climate change. We utilize the Wildfire Ignition Probability/Wildfire Spreading Capacity Index (WIPI/WSCI). WIPI/WSCI models rely on a multi-criteria data mining procedure assessing the study area’s social, environmental, geophysical, and fuel properties based on open access remotely sensed data. We utilized the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis to weigh each indexing criterion’s impact factor and assess the model’s overall sensitivity. Introducing ROC analysis at an earlier stage of the workflow elevated the final Area Under the Curve (AUC) of WIPI from 0.705 to 0.778 and WSCI from 0.586 to 0.802. The modeling results enable discussion on the vulnerability of protected areas and the exposure of man-made structures to wildfire risk. Our study shows that within the wildland–urban interface of Bucharest’s metropolitan area, there is a remarkable building stock of healthcare, residential and educational functions, which are significantly exposed and vulnerable to wildfire spreading risk.
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Kaiser, Sonja, Mathias Göckede, Karel Castro-Morales, Christian Knoblauch, Altug Ekici, Thomas Kleinen, Sebastian Zubrzycki, Torsten Sachs, Christian Wille, and Christian Beer. "Process-based modelling of the methane balance in periglacial landscapes (JSBACH-methane)." Geoscientific Model Development 10, no. 1 (January 24, 2017): 333–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-333-2017.
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Abstract. A detailed process-based methane module for a global land surface scheme has been developed which is general enough to be applied in permafrost regions as well as wetlands outside permafrost areas. Methane production, oxidation and transport by ebullition, diffusion and plants are represented. In this model, oxygen has been explicitly incorporated into diffusion, transport by plants and two oxidation processes, of which one uses soil oxygen, while the other uses oxygen that is available via roots. Permafrost and wetland soils show special behaviour, such as variable soil pore space due to freezing and thawing or water table depths due to changing soil water content. This has been integrated directly into the methane-related processes. A detailed application at the Samoylov polygonal tundra site, Lena River Delta, Russia, is used for evaluation purposes. The application at Samoylov also shows differences in the importance of the several transport processes and in the methane dynamics under varying soil moisture, ice and temperature conditions during different seasons and on different microsites. These microsites are the elevated moist polygonal rim and the depressed wet polygonal centre. The evaluation shows sufficiently good agreement with field observations despite the fact that the module has not been specifically calibrated to these data. This methane module is designed such that the advanced land surface scheme is able to model recent and future methane fluxes from periglacial landscapes across scales. In addition, the methane contribution to carbon cycle–climate feedback mechanisms can be quantified when running coupled to an atmospheric model.
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Smith, Douglas F., and John A. Litvaitis. "Foraging strategies of sympatric lagomorphs: implications for differential success in fragmented landscapes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 2134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-160.
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In recent decades, the distribution of New England cottontails (Sylvilagus transitionalis) has declined substantially in response to forest maturation and fragmentation. Populations of eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus) have expanded into the range of S. transitionalis, since they are apparently less affected by the consequences of habitat modifications. We suspected that S. floridanus was able to exploit small patches of habitat where S. transitionalis was vulnerable to intense predation and we evaluated this explanation using large enclosures within which we manipulated the quality and distribution of food in relation to escape cover. In trials with low-quality food in cover and high-quality food in open areas, S. transitionalis sacrificed food quality for safety by remaining in close proximity to cover. Sylvilagus floridanus avoided low-quality food in cover and foraged at sites containing high-quality food away from cover. When food was removed from cover, S. transitionalis was reluctant to forage in the open and lost a greater proportion of body mass and succumbed to higher rates of predation than did S. floridanus. We applied these results to patterns of foraging by free-ranging rabbits in a fragmented landscape and estimated that S. transitionalis could successfully exploit only 32% of the available habitat without experiencing elevated rates of predation, whereas S. floridanus could exploit 99% of the habitat. Thus, the consequences of habitat fragmentation (especially higher predation risk) may not be as detrimental to S. floridanus, and this species will likely persist, whereas populations of S. transitionalis will continue to decline.
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Peterson, Anna C., Himanshu Sharma, Arvind Kumar, Bruno M. Ghersi, Scott J. Emrich, Kurt J. Vandegrift, Amit Kapoor, and Michael J. Blum. "Rodent Virus Diversity and Differentiation across Post-Katrina New Orleans." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 8034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13148034.
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Concern about elevated disease risk following disasters has been growing with the progression of global trends in urbanization and climate, in part because shifts in socioecological conditions can promote greater human contact with pathogen reservoirs in cities. Remarkably little is known, however, about the diversity and distributions of pathogens carried by commensal reservoirs across disaster-affected urban landscapes. To address this deficit, we characterized the assemblage structure of viruses in the serum of three widespread commensal rodents (Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus, and Mus musculus) that were trapped in New Orleans (LA, USA) following Hurricane Katrina. We assessed virus diversity and differentiation according to host species identity, co-occurrence and abundance, as well as prevailing landscape features known to shape urban rodent assemblages. We detected ≥34 viruses in total, including several pathogens of concern, through metagenomic analysis of serum taken from ≥149 individuals of each host species. We found that virus richness as well as assemblage composition and spatial differentiation differed by host species. Notably, we detected associations with host species co-occurrence and abundance, and while we found that assemblage structure varied by study area, we did not detect strong associations with landscape features known to influence rodent hosts. Evidence that virus diversity and assemblage structure reflect host identity more so than other factors indicates that biotic benchmarks might serve as prognostic indicators of post-disaster pathogen exposure risk in cities worldwide.
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Trentin, Summer. "REALITY, ARTIFICE, AND CHANGING LANDSCAPES IN THE HOUSE OF MARCUS LUCRETIUS IN POMPEII." Greece and Rome 66, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383518000323.
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In the 1855 edition of his guide to Pompeii, the French artist and archaeologist Ernest Breton begins a chapter on the city's houses and shops with a print showing tourists in a grand Pompeian residence (figure 1). At the rear of an atrium with an enormous impluvium, a man contemplates a raised garden while a well-dressed couple approaches from the right. Behind them, in the roofless remains of the house, the garden's ancient sculptural display remains in situ; animals and deities inhabit a landscape dominated by a shrine-like niche, a pool, and pillars painted with trees. Deep shadows and encroaching vegetation set a romantic, melancholic mood. This is the House of Marcus Lucretius (IX.3.5), excavated less than a decade prior and, at the time, one of the ancient city's most famous sights. As is typical of nineteenth-century illustrations of Pompeii, the size of the house is exaggerated: while the decorative scheme and arrangement of the rooms is accurate, the garden is too highly elevated and too large in proportion to the figures. The atrium's disproportionate impluvium is a complete fabrication, the actual impluvium having been dismantled in antiquity. Despite the artistic licence, Breton and his imagined tourists follow the same path as ancient visitors to the house, drawn toward the garden and its sculptures by the manipulation of space and decoration.
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Jäckle, Holger, Michael Rudner, and Ulrich Deil. "Density, Spatial Pattern and Relief Features of Sacred Sites in Northern Morocco." Landscape Online 32 (February 27, 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.201332.
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Sacred sites are of conservation value because of their spiritual meaning, as cultural heritage and as remnants of near-natural biotopes in landscapes strongly transformed by man. The vegetation of sacred sites in Morocco was studied recently. Information about their number, spatial pattern or relief position is fragmentary. However, these parameters are important to evaluate their role as refuge for organisms and their representativeness of potential natural vegetation. Therefore, density and spatial pattern of sacred sites on the Tangier Peninsula in NW Morocco were studied based on records on topographic maps and by ground check. Their relief position was examined calculating a logistic regression model based on site-presences and random pseudo-absences. A ground check showed that around 67% of the existing sacred sites are documented in the topographic maps. They occur in the whole study area but are agglomerated around settlements. Although sacred sites occur with preference at elevated sites they can be found in almost all relief positions, thus offering the potential of supporting different types of climax vegetation (climatic climax and pedoclimax). Because of their abundance (around 29 sacred sites / 100 km2) and their distribution pattern they could serve as elements of a biotope network in degraded landscapes.
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Zaripova, Sokhiba. "INTERPRETATION OF ST TION OF STYLISTIC DEVICES AND ME YLISTIC DEVICES AND METHODS IN THODS IN ''THE HOBBIT''." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 5, no. 2 (May 24, 2021): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2021/5/2/16.
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Background. The origin, popularity and importance of high fiction in English literature are directly linked to Tolkien's work. Tolkien’s novels were the reasons for the critical rise of English fiction to some extent. His “Hobbit” achieved great success at that time and it was the most popular work among readers. When L. Baum created examples of the fantasy genre, detailed historical events, settings and landscapes were considered as the part of the such genre. On the contrary, Tolkien, refined and elevated these concepts. Tolkien set out to associate the roots of his ideas, which embodied location and time, in the field of fiction. Methods. In this article there have been drawn some views related to the analysis of stylistic devices in the novel of “Hobbit”.