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Academic literature on the topic 'Éléphants de mer – Kerguelen, Îles (Terres australes et antarctiques françaises)'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Éléphants de mer – Kerguelen, Îles (Terres australes et antarctiques françaises)"
Bailleul, Frédéric. "Deux mille mètres sous les mers : stratégies d'acquisition des ressources et réponses comportementales des éléphants de mer de Kerguelen aux structures physiques de l'Océan Austral." La Rochelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LAROS176.
Full textUnderstanding how organisms exploit the resources of their environment is a central topic in ecology. At first, this work describes the foraging strategies of the Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) from Kerguelen Islands. Then, it investigates the relationships between foraging behaviour of this species and the environmental parameters and the physical structures of the Southern Ocean. The elephant seals from Kerguelen have exhibited a large distribution in the Southern Ocean but they have concentred their foraging activity within specific areas. Close to the Antarctic continent or within the polar frontal zone, their behaviour was influenced by sea ice. And eddies, respectively. Resources distribution and predictability were not necessary the unique parameter to explain behavioural adjustments of seals. This study takes place in a global project, which compare, on the one hand, the foraging behaviour of the three principal populations of elephant seals of the Southern Ocean, to contribute for understanding their demography and, on the other hand, to acquire oceanographic data in this part of the world
Mestre, Julie. "Entre variabilité interannuelle et stratégies individuelles : effets des paramètres environnementaux sur l’écologie alimentaire et le succès reproducteur des éléphants de mer de l’archipel de Kerguelen." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS228.
Full textBecause time-series relative to foraging ecology, environmental parameters and population trends are scarce, few studies focused on the mechanisms linking oceanographic variables with the foraging behaviour and breeding success in marine top predators. This PhD thesis aims to assess the effects of inter-annual environmental conditions and individual strategies on the foraging ecology and breeding success of the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), a key species of the Southern Ocean. The simultaneous analysis of stable isotopes and tracking-diving time-series highlighted that the foraging habitats, as well as the diving- and foraging behaviour of female seals, remained stable over the last fourteen years. This thesis also revealed a consistency in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic foraging strategies, and a decrease in the body condition of females exploiting the latter habitat. The weaning mass of their pups, considered as a proxy of the breeding success, decreased too. A difference in habitat quality was detected between the area located east and west of the Kerguelen archipelago, with the area located west providing a higher foraging success. Moreover, a spatial structuration of foraging strategies was highlighted between two breeding sites located at Kerguelen Island. Despite consistency in the behaviour of seals, an overall increase in body condition was assessed over the study period. Combined with a global decrease in δ13C values, this result suggests that some modifications are occurring in the food web of the Southern Ocean
Labrousse, Sara. "Beneath the sea ice : exploring elephant seal foraging strategy in Earth's extreme Antarctic polar environment." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066542.
Full textUnderstanding how physical properties of the environment underpin habitat selection of large marine vertebrates is crucial in identifying how and where animals acquire resources necessary for locomotion, growth and reproduction and ultimately their fitness. The Southern Ocean harbors one of the largest and most dynamic marine ecosystems on our planet which arises from the presence of two majors physical features, (i) the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and (ii) the seasonal sea ice cover region. In the Antarctic, marine predators are exposed to climate-induced shifts in atmospheric circulation and sea ice. However, because these shifts vary regionally, and because much remains to be understood about how individual animals use their environment, it has been difficult to make predictions on how animals may respond to climate variability. Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) are a major consumer of Southern Ocean resources and use two main large scale foraging strategies, (i) feeding in the frontal zone of the Southern Ocean, or (ii) feeding in the seasonal sea ice region. In the present thesis I examined the winter post-moulting foraging strategies of 46 male and female Kerguelen southern elephant seals which utilized the second strategy. Using an eleven year time-series of tracking, diving, and seal-collected hydrographic data (from 2004-2014) I assessed their movements and foraging performance in relation to in situ hydrographic and sea ice conditions. The influence of both the spatio-temporal and inter-annual variability of sea ice around seal locations was investigated, and an investigation on the role of polynya for male elephant seal during winter conducted
Labrousse, Sara. "Beneath the sea ice : exploring elephant seal foraging strategy in Earth's extreme Antarctic polar environment." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066542/document.
Full textUnderstanding how physical properties of the environment underpin habitat selection of large marine vertebrates is crucial in identifying how and where animals acquire resources necessary for locomotion, growth and reproduction and ultimately their fitness. The Southern Ocean harbors one of the largest and most dynamic marine ecosystems on our planet which arises from the presence of two majors physical features, (i) the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and (ii) the seasonal sea ice cover region. In the Antarctic, marine predators are exposed to climate-induced shifts in atmospheric circulation and sea ice. However, because these shifts vary regionally, and because much remains to be understood about how individual animals use their environment, it has been difficult to make predictions on how animals may respond to climate variability. Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) are a major consumer of Southern Ocean resources and use two main large scale foraging strategies, (i) feeding in the frontal zone of the Southern Ocean, or (ii) feeding in the seasonal sea ice region. In the present thesis I examined the winter post-moulting foraging strategies of 46 male and female Kerguelen southern elephant seals which utilized the second strategy. Using an eleven year time-series of tracking, diving, and seal-collected hydrographic data (from 2004-2014) I assessed their movements and foraging performance in relation to in situ hydrographic and sea ice conditions. The influence of both the spatio-temporal and inter-annual variability of sea ice around seal locations was investigated, and an investigation on the role of polynya for male elephant seal during winter conducted
Cook, Timothée. "Ecologie des oiseaux plongeurs (Phalacrocorax spp. ) : réponses écophysiologiques, comportementales et sexuelles aux variations de l'environnement." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS230.
Full textThe first goal of this thesis was to understand what are the ecophysiological and behavioural adaptations of diving birds to the constraints of diving, by studying the blue-eyed shags from Crozet (Phalacrocorax melanogenis) and Kerguelen (P. Verrucosus). Both species made the longest and the deepest dives in the cormorant family, while foraging in a 3 - 7°c seawater for daily periods lasting 5 - 10 hours. It is likely that these performances are possible because of the use of a hypometabolism. When resource distribution allowed it, these shags used diving strategies close to optimality, submerging for periods facilitating a rapid surface reloading of oxygen reserves. Eventually, the study of the depth of neutral buoyancy showed these birds probably adjusted their respiratory air volumes to dive depth, as a mean for saving oxygen. The second goal of this thesis was to study the possible links between blue-eyed shag sexual dimorphism (smaller females) and the ecology. An important sexual segregation was found (females diving to a shallower depth compared to males and catching smaller fish), probably related to the sexual dimorphism. The intensity of the sexual dimorphism varied from one colony to the next and increased locally when the difference in mean dive depth between the sexes increased. This plasticity of the sexual dimorphism could help the species to adjust to the distribution of resource, while reducing intraspecific competition
Bon, Cécile. "Stratégies de recherche alimentaire d'un prédateur plongeur en période de reproduction : le Gorfou Macaroni des îles Crozet et Kerguelen." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS004/document.
Full textThe Austral Ocean still hosts a great population of marine predators (i.e. penguins, albatross, and seals). Despite well studied, the functional approach investigating the relationship between prey and predators in the marine ecosystem is still poorly known. Knowledge on habitat selection and use of marine species is essential to better understand their ecology and behaviour. The knowledge about the ecology of key species is essential to characterise and identify the areas to protect and to predict the future of populations that may be affected by global changes. This is particularly true in an area where the natural ecosystems are more and more perturbed by anthropogenic activities (i.e. over-fishing, pollution, and climate change). The Macaroni penguin is the most abundant penguin species in the Austral Ocean (> 6 millions pairs). It is also the biggest consumer of secondary resources, in terms of biomass, in the world. Over the past 30 years the Macaroni penguin populations situated in South Georgia and Marion Island suffered of 30% population decline. At the moment, Kerguelen and Crozet Islands (French Southern Territories) still host more than 50% of their global population, however the foraging behaviour of this species is still poorly known. The objective of this research is to study the different foraging behaviour strategies of a pelagic seabird : the Macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysoplophus during its whole breeding cycle (incubation, brood, crèche). The populations’object of study breed in different oceanographic conditions : the Kerguelen and Crozet archipelagos. The variation in foraging behaviour driven by energetic constraints, which is associated to the reproduction and to the biological production, has been studied in details. Telemetry data (i e. trajectories and diving behaviour) combined with environmental data obtained by remote sensing allowed determining that : 1) Foraging strategies of Macaroni penguin breeding in two different locations differ in terms of movement, foraging effort and foraging niche during their breeding cycle in response to reproduction constraints. In incubation, both sexes carried out long journeys and targeted large oceanographic structures such as fronts, eddy and transport fronts. During the brooding phase, the females foraged closer to the colony adjusting their foraging behaviour based on their offspring needs, targeting the shelf and the slope. When crèche started, males targeted large scale structures whereas females still foraged on the slope. At this time, a shift in the diet composition was observed. 2) The comparative approach between Kerguelen and Crozet allowed to highlighting differences in foraging strategies, in response to local environmental conditions. However, greater than expected variations in foraging areas were observed inter-site and inter-sex. These results have pointed out an unexpected phenotypic flexibility for a pelagic marine predator. This research investigated the entire breeding cycle of a penguin, a fact still rare in ecology. The observed degree of behavioural variability reiterates the imperative to take into account an entire cycle to better understand and define the foraging strategies of a species
Aulus-Giacosa, Lucie. "Spatio-temporal evolution of life history traits related to dispersal. Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) colonization of the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands." Thesis, Pau, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PAUU3003.
Full textIt is an ongoing issue to better understand colonization process, adaptation potential to new environments, and invasiveness of a species. The sub Antarctic Kerguelen Islands are a perfect model to model population dynamics in an invasion context, because it represents a simplified case of invasion by brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), a facultative anadromous fish. Introduced in the 1950s, and thanks to its dispersive and adaptive capacities, the brown trout provides a unique study model for understanding the causes and mechanisms underlying biological invasions. Understanding dispersal mechanisms, through the study of life history traits related to migration (e.g. growth, age at migration) and their temporal evolution in shifting expansion range population, is the core of this thesis work. Through the study of scales collected in this unique framework, the life histories of nearly 5000 fish have been rebuilt. This work demonstrates the importance of the methodology to determine accurate estimates of individual life history traits. Modelling the evolution of freshwater growth, body size at age and age at first migration demonstrates that evolutionary processes are at work according to the time since colonization. In particular, the decrease in growth rate over time and the decrease in body size at age over time and space suggest that the dispersal capacity is decreasing in populations located at the margins. The evolution of the threshold size at first migration confirms this results, and illustrates the importance of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation in the choice of migratory tactics. However, the approach taken in this manuscript focuses on the evolution of migration, and would benefit from the study of the joint evolution of traits involved in fitness (costs-benefits balance), such as reproduction, or growth at sea