Relevant bibliographies by topics / Elephant, asian

Academic literature on the topic 'Elephant, asian'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Elephant, asian"

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Papakonstantinidis, Leonidas A., and T. G. Supun Lahiru Prakash. "Analysis of Human-Elephant Conflict in Sri-Lanka by The Win-Win-Win Papakonstantinidis Model." International Journal of Economics, Business, and Entrepreneurship 2, no. 1 (August 13, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/ijebe.v2i1.44.

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Asian Elephants have been revered for centuries and playing an important role in the continent's culture and religion where they habitat. Sri Lanka plays an important role in Asian elephant conservation in accommodating more than 10% of the global Asian elephant population in less than 2% of global Asian elephant range. Human – Elephant conflict (HEC) is a significant component in Socio – economic development in Sri Lanka and conservation of free range elephnats. In this study we attempted to Analysis Human-elephant conflict in Sri-Lanka using the win-win-win Papakonstantinidis model.
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Santiapillai, Charles, and Bruce Read. "Would masking the smell of ripening paddy-fields help mitigate human–elephant conflict in Sri Lanka?" Oryx 44, no. 4 (October 2010): 509–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000906.

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AbstractDespite its small size and high human population Sri Lanka is home to c. 4,400 wild Asian elephants Elephas maximus. Human–elephant conflict around agriculture is severe, with > 100 elephants and c. 50 people killed annually. Elephants appear to be able to time their raiding of paddy-fields in Sri Lanka with the harvesting of the rice, as if they are responding to an olfactory trigger. It is the elephant’s sophisticated chemosensory system that may hold the key to resolving human–elephant conflict. Research is required to determine the odours associated with the various development stages of rice, using gas chromatography, and to find a suitable substance that could be used to mask the specific odour of ripening rice. The use of chemosensory-based methods, if feasible, will not be a universal panacea for the mitigation of human–elephant conflict but, in combination with other methods, could reduce conflict and make it easier for farmers to harvest their crops in safety. Such a combination of methods could be useful across the range of both Asian and African elephants.
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Su, Kaiwen, Jie Ren, Jie Yang, Yilei Hou, and Yali Wen. "Human-Elephant Conflicts and Villagers’ Attitudes and Knowledge in the Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 8910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238910.

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In this study, we analyzed the accidents associated with the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus Linnaeus) and issues pertaining to compensation in Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve from 2011 to 2018. We conducted interviews and a questionnaire survey with 217 villagers. The results show that: (1) the main Asian elephants damage is crop loss (more than 95% of the total damage), and the villagers suffer economic losses; (2) through the influence of traditional culture and natural education, the majority of local villagers still have a favorable impression of Asian elephants; (3) female respondents, those engaged in agricultural production, those who had experienced crop loss and those who had never seen Asian elephants had more negative attitudes toward Asian elephants; (4) most villagers believe that the Asian elephant population has increased in the past decade; and (5) the villagers are quite passive in the human–elephant conflict, and most of them do not take action. Finally, based on the research results, this paper discusses the causes of human elephant conflict and proposes targeted mitigation measures.
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Kitamura, Shumpei, Takakazu Yumoto, Pilai Poonswad, and Prawat Wohandee. "Frugivory and seed dispersal by Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, in a moist evergreen forest of Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 3 (April 24, 2007): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004026.

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The Asian elephant Elephas maximus is the only living species of the genus Elephas (Elephantidae) that evolved in Africa c. 5–6 million y ago and migrated into Eurasia (Sukumar 2003). The Asian elephant is one of the few remaining extant megafauna (Owen-Smith 1988) and has disappeared from c. 95% of its historical range (Sukumar 2006). Asian elephants eat fruit when it is available, defecating intact seeds, of which some later germinate in the dung (Lekagul & McNeely 1977, Ridley 1930). However, to date there has been no detailed study of frugivory and seed dispersal by Asian elephants (Corlett 1998). The only common feature of the fruit reported to be eaten by Asian elephants is their relatively large size, but there is no evidence that they are exclusive dispersers of any plant species (Corlett 1998), in contrast to the more frugivorous African forest elephants, Loxodonta africana cyclotis (Babweteera et al. 2007, Chapman et al. 1992, Cochrane 2003, Feer 1995).
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Palei, Nimain Charan, Himanshu Shekhar Palei, Bhakta Padarbinda Rath, and Chandra Sekhar Kar. "Mortality of the Endangered Asian elephant Elephas maximus by electrocution in Odisha, India." Oryx 48, no. 4 (July 18, 2014): 602–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060531400012x.

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AbstractElephants are threatened globally by habitat loss, poaching and accelerating levels of human–elephant conflict. In the state of Odisha, east India, electrocution by domestic electric power lines is causing mortality of the Asian elephant Elephas maximus. We collated data on elephant mortality from such electrocution in the villages surrounding elephant habitat for a period of 12 years (2001–2012). During this period 118 elephants were killed in 91 incidences. Most deaths (73.68%) were a result of accidental contact with electric power lines whilst elephants were moving into agricultural areas for crop raiding. The increasing human population, poor electrical infrastructure and ivory poaching pose serious threats to the continued survival of these elephants. To reduce elephant mortality from electrocution and to ensure the long-term survival of this population of elephants we recommend strengthening of the electrical infrastructure, minimizing habitat destruction, increasing public awareness of the problem, and stronger law enforcement.
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Tollis, Marc, Elliott Ferris, Michael S. Campbell, Valerie K. Harris, Shawn M. Rupp, Tara M. Harrison, Wendy K. Kiso, et al. "Elephant Genomes Reveal Accelerated Evolution in Mechanisms Underlying Disease Defenses." Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, no. 9 (May 3, 2021): 3606–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab127.

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Abstract Disease susceptibility and resistance are important factors for the conservation of endangered species, including elephants. We analyzed pathology data from 26 zoos and report that Asian elephants have increased neoplasia and malignancy prevalence compared with African bush elephants. This is consistent with observed higher susceptibility to tuberculosis and elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) in Asian elephants. To investigate genetic mechanisms underlying disease resistance, including differential responses between species, among other elephant traits, we sequenced multiple elephant genomes. We report a draft assembly for an Asian elephant, and defined 862 and 1,017 conserved potential regulatory elements in Asian and African bush elephants, respectively. In the genomes of both elephant species, conserved elements were significantly enriched with genes differentially expressed between the species. In Asian elephants, these putative regulatory regions were involved in immunity pathways including tumor-necrosis factor, which plays an important role in EEHV response. Genomic sequences of African bush, forest, and Asian elephant genomes revealed extensive sequence conservation at TP53 retrogene loci across three species, which may be related to TP53 functionality in elephant cancer resistance. Positive selection scans revealed outlier genes related to additional elephant traits. Our study suggests that gene regulation plays an important role in the differential inflammatory response of Asian and African elephants, leading to increased infectious disease and cancer susceptibility in Asian elephants. These genomic discoveries can inform future functional and translational studies aimed at identifying effective treatment approaches for ill elephants, which may improve conservation.
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Ehlers, Bernhard, Güzin Dural, Manfred Marschall, Vera Schregel, Michael Goltz, and Jochen Hentschke. "Endotheliotropic elephant herpesvirus, the first betaherpesvirus with a thymidine kinase gene." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81977-0.

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Endotheliotropic elephant herpesvirus (elephantid herpesvirus 1; ElHV-1) is apathogenic for African elephants (Loxodonta africana), but causes fatal haemorrhagic disease in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). This is thought to occur through transmission from African elephants in places where both species are housed, such as zoological gardens. The virus has caused considerable losses in North American and European zoological gardens and thus severely impedes breeding of the endangered Asian elephant. Previously, the ultrastructural and genetic characterization of ElHV-1 from a male Asian elephant that died from the disease at the Berlin zoological gardens in 1998 have been reported. Here, a partial characterization of the ElHV-1 genome is presented. A 60 kbp locus, spanning 34 open reading frames, was analysed. Most of the detected genes were found to be conserved among the herpesviruses and showed an overall arrangement most similar to that of betaherpesviruses, in particular Human herpesvirus 6 and Human herpesvirus 7. Most importantly, in addition to a protein kinase gene that is homologous to the human cytomegalovirus UL97 gene, a thymidine kinase (TK) gene was found, which is generally missing in betaherpesvirus genomes. Thus, ElHV-1 is the only known betaherpesvirus to encode a TK gene. This peculiarity might contribute to the fulminant pathogenicity of ElHV-1, but also provide a crucial enzymic activity for developing an efficient antiviral therapy with currently available nucleoside analogues.
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Kongrit, Chalita. "Genetic Tools for the Conservation of Wild Asian Elephants." International Journal of Biology 9, no. 2 (January 3, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v9n2p1.

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The distribution of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) has been limited to the remaining discontinuous forests, mainly in the South and Southeast Asia. A global number of wild Asian elephants have been declining due to habitat loss, forest fragmentation, and anthropogenic disturbance. Acquiring information of wild populations is important for effective conservation and management plan. This article reviews the applications of noninvasive genetic method as a tool for studying wild Asian elephants. Noninvasive genetic method has been introduced to the field of wildlife conservation for more than two decades. The method provides reliable information of a population and facilitates investigation of genetic effects on small and fragmented populations. Various DNA markers for the Asian elephant, those include mitochondrial DNA, microsatellite DNA, and sex determination markers, have been developed and used to study wild elephant populations across the distribution range. Most of the studies revealed the issues of low genetic diversity in the small populations and interruption of gene flow among the fragmented populations. Tracking of ivory poaching has not yet been done in the Asian elephant. It could be carried out if a reference genetic database of the natural populations is available. Noninvasive genetic method has been proved to be a promising tool for conservation of the wild Asian elephants. Transboundary collaboration would give hope for a successful long-term conservation of this charismatic species in their natural habitats.
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SIPRIYADI, YANSEN, ARDEA BUJANA, ENI SURYANTI, MUHAMMAD CAHYADI, RICHI YULIAVIAN KUSMINANTO, CHOIRUL MUSLIM, TETI NAIBAHO, and MONICA ANGGRAINI. "GENETIC ANALYSIS OF SUMATRAN ELEPHANTS IN SEBLAT NATURAL ECOTOURISM PARK BASED ON PARTIAL OF MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOCHROME B GENE." Malaysian Applied Biology 51, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v51i3.2238.

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Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus Temminck, 1847) is one of the Asian elephant sub-species distributed in Sumatera Island and classified as endangered species due to hunting and high habitat fragmentation. This study aimed to analyze the genetic relationship of Sumatran elephants based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Cyt b). Blood samples were collected from 11 elephants in Seblat Natural Ecotourism Park. Based on mt-DNA Cytochrome b gene analysis, low genetic diversity was found in the Sumatran elephant population, indicated by 99-100% sequence similarity among elephant samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all elephants were in the same clade and has a close relationship with Borneo elephants. Additionally, the Median-joining network illustrated only two haplotypes in the Sumatran elephant population. The low genetic diversity of the Sumatran elephant indicates that a strategic breeding program should be seriously taken into account to prevent the Sumatran elephant from extinction.
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Miller, David, Bradford Jackson, Heidi S. Riddle, Christopher Stremme, Dennis Schmitt, and Thaddeus Miller. "Elephant (Elephas maximus) Health and Management in Asia: Variations in Veterinary Perspectives." Veterinary Medicine International 2015 (2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/614690.

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There is a need to identify strategic investments in Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) health that will yield maximal benefits for overall elephant health and conservation. As an exploratory first step, a survey was administered to veterinarians from Asian elephant range countries at a workshop and via email to help prioritize health-related concerns that will mostly benefit elephants. Responses were received from 45 veterinarians from eight countries that had a range of experience with captive and wild elephants. The occurrence of medical conditions and responses to treatment varied among responses. However, injuries, parasitism, and gastrointestinal disease were reported as the most common syndromes responsible for elephant morbidity, whereas injury and infectious disease not due to parasitism were the most commonly reported sources of elephant mortality. Substandard nutrition, water quality and quantity deficiencies, and inadequate or absent shelter were among the factors listed as barriers to optimal elephant health. While this survey’s results do not support definitive conclusions, they can be used to identify where and how subsequent investigations should be directed. Rigorous assessment of the relative costs and benefits of available options is required to ensure that investments in individual and population health yield the maximal benefits for elephants.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Elephant, asian"

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Seilern-Moy, Katharina. "Pathogenic characteristics of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus infection in Asian elephants." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2017. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/814023/.

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Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHVs) are responsible for a highly fatal haemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD), threatening the overall sustainability of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population. The viruses were first reported in tissue sections of a fatal case of an Asian elephant in 1988. In recent years, there has been a gradual increase in our understanding of the viruses highlighted by decoding their complete genome sequences. However, lack of an animal model and a cell culture system has restricted studies on the pathogenesis of the viruses, assessing control measures, and development of a vaccine. This project therefore aimed to achieve a better understanding of the viruses’ pathogenesis studying several EEHV surviving and fatal cases, and to advise accordingly on the control measures. The results revealed coincidence of highest blood viral load with clinical signs, viruses’ shedding in trunk secretion during convalescence, complementary haematological tests to aid detection and clinical prognosis of EEHV infections and the inadequacy of famciclovir treatment to alter EEHV infections. Analysis of tissues from fatal cases detected viruses’ co-infections (EEHV-1 and 4) and widespread organ distribution with liver, heart, mesenteric lymph node, thymus, and tongue having the highest viral load, thereby highlighting implications for EEHV diagnosis and future in vitro isolation. Further, this study isolated elephant endothelial cells and PBMCs and used these established elephant cells alongside common laboratory cell lines to assess their suitability for EEHV-1A isolation. Despite indication of limited increase in EEHV-1 DNA in PBMCs and mouse embryo fibroblast supernatants, conclusive in vitro virus replication could not be demonstrated. In conclusion, the outcomes of this PhD study further advance our knowledge on pathogenesis of EEHV strains and provide new insights on their control to minimise their respective impact on the Asian elephant population.
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Bennett, Laura. "Epidemiology and molecular biology of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1 in the Asian elephant Elephas maximus." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51270/.

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Herpesviruses are ubiquitous and are found worldwide, most animal species can be infected with multiple herpesviruses. Some cause clinical disease and others remain symptomatic throughout life. Herpesviruses are found in both captive and wild animals including Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Elephant Endothelioltropic Herpesvirus (EEHV) has been reported in both captive and wild Asian elephants, with a number of cases being reported in North America, Europe and Asia. It has been suggested that EEHV is associated with haemorrhagic disease, which has been attributed to a number of Asian elephant deaths, affecting mostly juveniles and calves. Clinical signs can vary from weight loss, lethargy, depression, cyanosis of the tongue and sudden death. Molecular testing using qPCR has enabled the detection of individual variants of EEHV, this thesis investigates the EEHV1 variant. EEHV1 has been highlighted as the variant that is more frequently associated with deaths. This thesis includes five studies investigating different aspects of EEHV. Including, the relationship between pregnancy and EEHV viral shedding, the use of an amended human protocol for culturing endothelial cells, EEHV tissue tropism, a potential genetic or familial link between EEHV associated deaths and the detection of potential co-pathogens. The main findings from this thesis include: 1) the use of a longitudinal study investigating a potential link between the physiological stress of pregnancy and EEHV viral shedding. This study suggested there was no link between pregnancy and EEHV viral shedding however other stressors may be involved. 2) Using an amended human umbilical vein endothelial cell protocol, the culture of Asian elephant endothelial cells was successful. The cells from this study may be used in subsequent drug testing and vaccine development. 3) Quantitative PCR was used to determine EEHV1 tropism in tissues from two deaths associated with the virus. Tropism appeared to be for the heart and liver. 4) This thesis provides results from a preliminary study into a potential link between EEHV associated deaths. The data from an Asian elephant genogram shows there is the possibility of a genetic or familial link, which requires further investigation. 5) A number of tissues from deaths associated with EEHV and or death from other causes were investigated for the presence of potential co-pathogens, including the presence of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), using microarray technology. The results indicated there were no co-pathogens present in the tissues. This thesis adds to the current published data, and includes the first known preliminary study investigating a potential genetic link between elephant deaths due to EEHV.
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Bischof, Laura Louise. "DNA fingerprinting analysis of captive Asian elephants, Elephas maximas." PDXScholar, 1990. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3966.

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This thesis examined the effectiveness of DNA fingerprinting analysis for paternity ascertainment and the establishment of relatedness of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximas). Eighteen Asian elephants from three North .American zoos were examined. Thirteen of these elephants were wild caught. Relationships between these elephants and the remaining elephants born in captivity were known.
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Sripiboon, S. "Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Infection in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in Thailand: Implications for Conservation and Health Management." Thesis, Sripiboon, S. (2017) Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Infection in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in Thailand: Implications for Conservation and Health Management. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/36692/.

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Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV) infection is of conservation concern to endangered Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), causing severe, acute, often fatal haemorrhagic disease in young elephants. This thesis investigates the epidemiological status of clinical and subclinical EEHV infection in Thailand, through a retrospective, a cross-sectional, and a longitudinal study in captive elephants. Novel diagnostic tools were developed and recommendations discussed, with a particular focus on practical recommendations to manage EEHV infection in Thailand, where logistical and management constraints can hamper disease diagnosis and timely treatment. The retrospective study revealed at least 18 EEHV clinical cases in Thailand (2006–2014), with only two cases surviving following intensive treatment. Viral samples from each case were not identical based on multiple gene analysis; suggesting the disease is likely to be sporadic. The findings also suggest that EEHV1A and EEHV1B are likely endogenous pathogens in Asian elephants. A novel SYBR green I-based real-time PCR assay was developed to identify subclinical infection, diagnose early infection, and monitor disease progression. This technique provided sufficient data, with appropriate detection limits to differentiate at least three types of EEHV (EEHV1A, 1B, and 4). Applying this technology to the cross-sectional study, conducted between 2013–2015, revealed a 5.5% prevalence of asymptomatic EEHV1 infection during this study period in captive Asian elephants in Thailand. Cross-sectional analysis did not find an association between EEHV infection and sex, location, or contact history with other EEHV-positive elephants; however, EEHV was more likely to be detected in juveniles than other age classes (OR = 4.46; 95%CI: 1.60–12.45; p = 0.05). The study also monitored EEHV shedding patterns longitudinally in an EEHV-positive herd. Frequency of EEHV detection varied within and between individuals, but was significantly higher in elephants which had survived previous clinical EEHV infection (OR = 4.85; 95%CI: 0.88–26.74; p = 0.05). Concurrent monitoring of faecal corticosterone metabolites demonstrated that EEHV activated and reactivated spontaneously and shed sporadically, despite lack of obvious stress. This thesis describes the first intensive EEHV study in an Asian elephant range country. The thesis assesses the novel real-time PCR protocol and current diagnostic tools, and recommends practical management and disease preparedness strategies to minimise the impacts of EEHV on wild and captive populations, both locally and internationally.
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Glaeser, Sharon Stuart. "Analysis and Classification of Sounds Produced by Asian Elephants (Elephas Maximus)." PDXScholar, 2009. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4066.

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Relatively little is known about the vocal repertoire of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), and a categorization of basic call types and modifications of these call types by quantitative acoustic parameters is needed to examine acoustic variability within and among call types, to examine individuality, to determine communicative function of calls via playback, to compare species and populations, and to develop rigorous call recognition algorithms for monitoring populations. This study defines an acoustic repertoire of Asian elephants based on acoustic parameters, compares repertoire usage among groups and individuals, and validates structural distinction among call types through comparison of manual and automated classification methods. Recordings were made of captive elephants at the Oregon Zoo in Portland, OR, USA, and of domesticated elephants in Thailand. Acoustic and behavioral data were collected in a variety of social contexts and environmental noise conditions. Calls were classified using perceptual aural cues plus visual inspection of spectrograms, then acoustic features were measured, then automated classification was run. The final repertoire was defined by six basic call types (Bark, Roar, Rumble, Bark, Squeal, Squeal, and Trumpet), five call combinations and modifications with these basic calls forming their constituent parts (Roar-Rumble, Squeal-Squeak, Squeak train, Squeak-Bark, and Trumpet-Roar), and the Blow. Given the consistency of classifications results for calls from geographically and socially disparate subject groups, it seems possible that automated call detection algorithms could be developed for acoustic monitoring of Asian elephants.
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Rizvanovic, Alisa. "Olfactory discrimination performance and longterm odor memory in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-78026.

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Behavioral evidence suggests that Asian elephants strongly rely on their sense of smell in a variety of contexts including foraging and social communication. Using a food-rewarded two-alternative operant conditioning procedure, three female Asian elephants were tested on their olfactory discrimination ability with 1-aliphatic alcohols, n-aldehydes, 2-ketones, n-carboxylic acids and with a set of twelve enantiomeric odor pairs. When presented with pairs of structurally related aliphatic odorants, the discrimination performance of the elephants increased with decreasing structural similarity of the odorants. Nevertheless, the animals successfully discriminated between all aliphatic odorants even when these only differed by one carbon atom. The elephants were also able to discriminate between all twelve enantiomeric odor pairs tested. Additionally, the elephants showed an excellent long-term odor memory and remembered the reward value of previously learned odor pairs after three weeks and one year of recess. Compared to other species tested previously on the same sets of odorants, the Asian elephants performed at least as good as mice and clearly better than human subjects, South African fur seals, squirrel monkeys, pigtail macaques, and honeybees. Taken together, these results support the notion that the sense of smell may play an important role in regulating the behavior of Asian elephants.
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Arvidsson, Josefin. "Development and application of an olfactory discrimination paradigm for Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70373.

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The sense of smell plays an important role in regulating the behavior of Asian elephants but until now, no behavioral test to systematically assess the olfactory capabilities of this species existed. Using a voluntary, food-rewarded two-alternative operant conditioning procedure, three female Asian elephants were successfully taught to discriminate between rewarded and unrewarded odors and also succeeded in intramodal stimulus transfer tasks in which either the rewarded odor, or the unrewarded odor, or both odors were exchanged simultaneously for new odors. The animals readily mastered the initial task within only 120 stimulus contacts, demonstrating rapid olfactory learning and performing at least as good as rodents and dogs and even better than other species, including nonhuman primates, tested in similar studies before. When presented with pairs of structurally related odorants, the discrimination performance of the elephants decreased with increasing structural similarity of the odorants, but the animals still significantly discriminated between aliphatic acetic esters even when they only differed by one carbon chain length. The elephants also demonstrated an excellent long-term odor memory and successfully remembered the reward value of previously learned odor stimuli after two, four, eight and even 16 weeks of recess in testing. The paradigm developed and applied in the present study proved to be useful to assess the olfactory capabilities in Asian elephants.
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Velonis, Heather Kelly. "Predicting Parturition in a Long-Gestating Species: Behavioral and Hormonal Indicators in the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus)." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4021.

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Captive populations of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in North America are not self-sustaining, and increasing reproductive success within captive populations is a high priority. The ability to accurately predict parturition can have a direct impact on elephant welfare. Elephants in captivity often require significant preparation and management throughout the birthing process, and complications during labor and delivery can necessitate immediate intervention, including stillbirth, protracted labor, maternal aggression towards a newborn calf, and dystocia. Being able to predict when parturition will commence can ensure appropriate staff is available and adequate monitoring is performed. Routine endocrine sampling can be used to predict parturition in Asian elephants, with a drop in progesterone (P4) to baseline levels signaling parturition in 2-5 days. However, we determined this method is not without limitations, and it is not used in all institutions that house elephants. As changes in hormones regulate and alter behaviors, we investigated behavioral indicators as an additional management tool for predicting parturition, a time of drastic hormone changes. We conducted a study of five pregnancies in Asian elephants at the Oregon Zoo, U.S.A, and Taronga Zoo, Australia, between 2008 and 2012. In Chapter 2, I evaluated progesterone (P4) and cortisol levels across three time periods: Baseline; Pre, (the week preceding the drop in P4); and Post, (the period after the P4 drop). Levels of P4 were significantly lower, and levels of cortisol were significantly higher in the days just prior to parturition. I found considerable intra- and inter-individual variation in both endocrine profiles, which can make endocrine assessments difficult to interpret in real time. In Chapter 3, I investigated whether behaviors in the preparturition period could be predictive of impending parturition in the Asian elephant. ANOVA results indicated a significant difference in the amount of time that elephants spent walking backwards across three time periods (F(2) = 3.723, p = 0.033), with the behavior increasing as parturition approached. These results were supported by a non-parametric Kruskal- Wallis. Using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), I found that as P4 levels decrease, walking backwards behavior significantly increases. In Chapter 4, I evaluated investigative trunk behaviors, or "trunk checks", directed towards the temporal gland near the ear, mammary glands, vulva and anus of the pregnant dam. Investigative behaviors included both self-directed behaviors and those sent from herd mates towards the pregnant dam. Self-directed behaviors are most likely associated with physical changes in the pregnant dam, such as using the trunk to pull on swollen teats. Other-directed behaviors may stem from chemo-sensory signaling or other types of communication between herd mates, such as detecting changes in progesterone or cortisol. I ran GLMM and found that four trunk-check behaviors varied significantly with P4 and/or cortisol profiles. These were: self-checks of mammary glands increased with decreasing P4 levels; herd-mate-checks of mammary glands increased with decreasing P4 levels; self-checks of vulva increased with decreasing P4 levels and increasing cortisol levels; herd-mate-checks of anus increased with increasing cortisol levels. In Chapter 5, I evaluated activity budget behaviors in the pregnant elephants. Generalized comparisons were made to published activity budgets of typical captive Asian elephants. I report that activity budgets are within the range of normal activity, though I note a high level of inter-individual variation. In addition, I compared two sampling techniques, including one-zero and instantaneous sampling, that were used for activity budget data collection. I discuss the different results obtained by each sampling technique. These results are a very promising indication that behaviors, including walking backwards and multiple trunk-check behaviors, are changing over time or with parturition-related hormone profiles. We recommend that keepers, veterinary staff, and other observers that are familiar with the regular behavioral repertoire of a pregnant female should pay close attention to these highlighted behaviors. Keeping track of these behaviors, especially in conjunction with P4 and cortisol tracking, can help staff refine existing windows of expected parturition.
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Cuasay, R. Peter L. "Time borders and elephant margins among the Kuay of South Isan, Thailand /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6462.

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Holdgate, Matthew Robert. "Applying GPS and Accelerometers to the Study of African Savanna (Loxodonta africana) and Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Welfare in Zoos." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2234.

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African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) are a focus of welfare research in zoos due to their high intelligence, complex social structure, and sheer size. Due to these challenges, some argue that zoos are inherently incapable of providing appropriate care for elephants, while others believe that zoos can fulfill the needs of these species with improved husbandry. There is a general consensus from both within and outside of zoos, however, that zoos must improve their elephant programs or cease exhibiting these animals altogether. Now more than ever, applied research on zoo elephant welfare is needed to provide context for this debate. Researchers are interested in how far zoo elephants walk due to the potential health and welfare benefits of walking in these highly mobile species. Zoo researchers recently adopted GPS technology to study elephant walking, and preliminary evidence suggests that African elephants in large zoo exhibits walk distances that correspond with wild elephants under non-extreme conditions. However, data are limited from Asian elephants and from elephants in more typically-sized exhibits. In Chapter Two, I discuss important methodological considerations of utilizing GPS in a zoo environment, including an introduction to the technology, sources of error and mitigation, methods to improve GPS performance, and possible effects of GPS device attachment on animal behavior. This review shows GPS performance is adequate for tracking zoo elephant walking when proper methodological techniques are applied, and should serve as a useful reference for zoo researchers considering using GPS. In Chapter Three, I used GPS anklets to measure outdoor daily walking distance in 56 adult female African (n = 33) and Asian (n = 23) elephants housed in 30 zoos. I collected 259 days of data and found that elephants walked an average of 5.34 km/day with no significant difference between species. Multivariate regression models predicted that elephants with more dynamic feeding regimens (more diverse feeding types and frequencies; unscheduled feeding times) will walk more. Distance walked was also predicted to be higher in elephants that spend time in a greater number of different social groups. Distance walked was predicted to decline with age. Finally, I found a significant negative correlation between distance walked and nighttime space experience. The results of the analysis suggest that zoos that want to increase walking in their elephants need not rely solely on larger exhibits, but can increase walking by adding quality and complexity to exhibits. However, my results failed to establish a definitive link between walking distance and other validated measures of elephant welfare. Thus, the direct health and welfare benefits of walking in zoo elephants remain unresolved. Resting behaviors are an essential component of animal welfare, but have received little attention in zoological research. In Chapter Four, I used accelerometers in anklets to complete the first large-scale multi-species investigation of zoo elephant recumbence. I collected 344 days of data from 72 adult female African (n = 44) and Asian (n = 28) elephants at 40 zoos. I found that African elephants are recumbent an average of 2.14 hours/day, which is significantly less than Asian elephants at 3.22 hours/day. Multivariate regression models predicted that African elephant recumbence increases when they experience more space at night, and Asian elephant recumbence increases when they spend time housed alone. Both species showed a similar response to substrate, such that African elephants spending time on all-hard substrates are predicted to be recumbent less, while Asian elephants spending time on all-soft substrates are predicted to be recumbent more. The discovery that occasional non-recumbence is a common behavior in zoo elephants also introduces a new area of research that may have important animal welfare consequences. Finally, this study established that zoos should continue their efforts to replace hard substrate with soft substrate in order to provide zoo elephants with environments that facilitate recumbence. Overall, this work assessed walking and recumbence in zoo elephants, which will allow zoos to gauge the prevalence of these behaviors in their elephants as compared to the sub-population studied here. A variety of factors that are associated with these behaviors were also identified. With this information, zoos can prioritize modifications to their facilities and animal management programs to create an environment that encourages zoo elephants to express walking and recumbence behavior, should they choose to do so. This work is one component of the Elephant Welfare Project, the largest zoo animal welfare project ever undertaken, and is unprecedented in both scope and scale. The project was funded by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), an independent, U.S., federal, grant-making agency that supports libraries, museums, and zoos. At the time of this writing, the first manuscripts from this project are being submitted to academic journals. These papers will describe the prevalence and distribution of a variety of elephant behaviors and welfare indicators, serve as a benchmark for future elephant welfare studies, and aid in decision making with regard to best practices in elephant management.
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Books on the topic "Elephant, asian"

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Spilsbury, Louise. Save the Asian elephant. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2006.

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Eisenberg, John Frederick. Asian elephants. Edited by McKay George M, Seidensticker John, and Lumpkin Susan. Washington, D.C: Friends of the National Zoo, 1990.

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Sukumar, R. The Asian elephant: Ecology and management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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The Asian elephant: Ecology and management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

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Nagaland (India). Department of Forest, Ecology, Environment, and Wildlife. Wildlife Wing. The Asian Elephant: (Elephas Maximus) of Nagaland : landscape & human-elephant conflict management. Dimapur: Wildlife Wing, Department of Forests, Ecology, Environment, and Wildlife, Government of Nagaland, 2011.

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Asian Elephants. [King of Prussia, Pa.]: American Reading Co., 2008.

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US GOVERNMENT. Asian Elephant Conservation Act of 1997. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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Santiapillai, Charles. The Asian elephant: An action plan for its conservation. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 1990.

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Sarma, Kushal Konwar. Musth in Asian elephant: A monograph. New Delhi: Central Zoo Authority, 2001.

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The Asian elephant: A natural history. Dehra Dun: Natraj Publishers, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Elephant, asian"

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Baker, Liv, Sarah Blaine, and Rebecca Winkler. "Community collaboration, elephant conservation and protection." In The elephant tourism business, 123–33. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245868.0010.

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Abstract Mahouts Elephant Foundation (MEF) is a UK charity and Thai-registered foundation that works on the ground to develop sustainable, welfare-focused tourist experiences to support the needs and livelihoods of traditional mahouts, their families and local communities, together with the needs of Asian elephants. MEF's mission is to shift the existing attitude within elephant tourism, away from one of captivity and exploitation, and towards a practice that facilitates the return of captive, working elephants to protected forest habitats. This chapter outlines how the MEF model of elephant ecotourism works to overcome the constraints and problems facing the management of elephants in Thailand.
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Laws, Eric. "Managing the Anantara Golden Triangle Elephant Camp: Eric Laws interviews John Roberts." In The elephant tourism business, 19–31. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245868.0001.

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Abstract This chapter is a record of interviews with John Roberts, director of the Golden Triangle Asian Elephant Foundation, previously the director of elephants at the Anantara Golden Triangle Resort. The two major topics explored were, first, how John become interested in elephant welfare issues, and, second, the origins and development of the Anantara Golden Triangle Elephant Camp and related activities.
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Turner, Daniel, and Naut Kusters. "The paradox of elephant-friendly tourism." In The elephant tourism business, 259–68. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245868.0021.

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Abstract The welfare and protection of captive Asian elephants are pressing issues for global tourism businesses. Finding a viable solution that will protect the integrity of the destination and business, the welfare of elephants and the livelihoods of mahouts is a priority, but, until now, initiatives have failed to make a meaningful difference. This chapter considers the current tourism interactions with captive elephants, the challenges encountered by stakeholders and, importantly, presents an alternative, elephant-friendly approach.
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‘Bets’ Rasmussen, L. E. L., David R. Greenwood, Thomas E. Goodwin, and Bruce A. Schulte. "Asian Elephant Reflections: Chirality Counts." In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 13, 229–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22026-0_17.

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Strödeck, Ramona, and Nicole Häusler. "Elephant visitor preferences and experiences in Sri Lanka." In The elephant tourism business, 85–96. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245868.0007.

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Abstract This chapter discusses the results of a study concerning visitors' preferences and experiences at four major elephant tourism attractions in Sri Lanka. First, a detailed summary is provided of the current discourse on elephant tourism in this South Asian country, followed by a description of the sites under study. Using a mixed-method approach, the study was able to gain insights into the visitors' profiles, preferences and experiences by focusing on each site's educational value.
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Sato, Y., T. Tharasanit, N. Tiptanavattana, A. Sudsukh, P. Phakdeedindan, C. Somgird, C. Thitaram, et al. "HSP90A May Control Spermatogenesis of Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Cryptorchid Testes." In XIIIth International Symposium on Spermatology, 365–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66292-9_49.

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Raha, Paramaa, Mousumi Poddar-Sarkar, Utpal K. Nag, Radhaballabh Bhar, and Ratan L. Brahmachary. "Ultrastructure and Chemical Composition of Elephant Hair in the Context of Chemical Signals in the Asian Elephant Elephas maximus." In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 12, 227–34. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5927-9_18.

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Stoeger, Angela S., and Shermin de Silva. "African and Asian Elephant Vocal Communication: A Cross-Species Comparison." In Biocommunication of Animals, 21–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7414-8_3.

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Ramkumar, Kalyanasundaram, Balasundaram Ramakrishnan, and R. Saravanamuthu. "Human-Elephant (Elephas maximus) Conflict in Southern India: Spatial Movement Pattern of Asian Elephants Outside Reserved Forests of Coimbatore Forest Division." In Indian Hotspots, 359–76. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6605-4_18.

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Baskaran, Nagarajan, R. Kanakasabai, and Ajay A. Desai. "Ranging and Spacing Behaviour of Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus Linnaeus) in the Tropical Forests of Southern India." In Indian Hotspots, 295–315. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6605-4_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Elephant, asian"

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Wijesooriya, Priyanwada Nimesha, AM Harsha S. Abeykoon, Lanka Udawatta, Amal Punchihewa, and Thrishantha Nanayakkara. "Gait pattern analysis of an Asian elephant." In 2012 IEEE 6th International Conference on Information and Automation for Sustainability (ICIAfS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciafs.2012.6419908.

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Crawley, Jennie, Martin Seltmann, Mirkka Lahdenperä, Khyne U Mar, Virpi Lummaa, and Diogo Santos. "Managing elephants in the modern world: the impact of changes in traditional handling on semi-captive Asian elephant welfare." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/108055.

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K, ABEYSINGHE, BAMUNUARACHCHIGE T, RANDIMA G, and VANDERCONE R. "Screening Of Asian Elephants Elephas Maximus In Captivity At Elephant Orphanage Pinnawala And Eth Udawalawe For Mycobacterium Tuberculosis And Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpes Virus Type1 Eehv 1 Using Direct Amplification Of Pathogen Dna From Trunk W." In Fourth International Conference on Advances in Bio-Informatics, Bio-Technology and Environmental Engineering - ABBE 2016. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-091-0-07.

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Babu, Satish, and Tarsh Thekaekara. "A crowd-sourced approach for monitoring Asian elephants outside protected areas." In 2013 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ghtc.2013.6713715.

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Weerasinghe, Gagana, Kasun Karunanayaka, Prabhash Kumarasinghe, Dushani Perera, Carlos Trenado, Kasun De Zoysa, and Chamath Keppitiyagama. "Identification of Previously Unseen Asian Elephants using Visual Data and Semi-Supervised Learning." In 2022 22nd International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icter58063.2022.10024068.

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Perera, Kithsiri, and Ryutaro Tateishi. "Supporting elephant conservation in Sri Lanka through MODIS imagery." In SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing, edited by Dara Entekhabi, Yoshiaki Honda, Haruo Sawada, Jiancheng Shi, and Taikan Oki. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.979382.

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Afaq, Muhammad, Shafqat Ur Rehman, and Wang-Cheol Song. "Visualization of elephant flows and QoS provisioning in SDN-based networks." In 2015 17th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apnoms.2015.7275384.

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Anjali, P., and Deepak N. Subramani. "Inter and Intra-Annual Spatio-Temporal Variability of Habitat Suitability for Asian Elephants in India: A Random Forest Model-based Analysis." In 2021 IEEE International India Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (InGARSS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ingarss51564.2021.9792132.

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Huang, Yuan-Hao, Wen-Yueh Shih, and Jiun-Long Huang. "A classification-based elephant flow detection method using application round on SDN environments." In 2017 19th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apnoms.2017.8094140.

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Abd Rahman Sabri, Harris. "The Transformation Journey and Key Critical Success Factors of Turbomachinery Digital Remote Monitoring." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31342-ms.

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Abstract Turbomachinery is recognized as one of the most important equipment in oil and gas facilities. Major issues identified are the monitoring of turbomachinery health condition; recognizing equipment failure patterns; reducing unplanned repair costs; ensuring uninterrupted production and avoiding unscheduled downtime. Thus, there is a need of innovative digital solution to address the highlighted issues. This paper will explain the transformation journey that has been endured by PETRONAS Upstream in crafting the journey in digitalizing the remote monitoring and operations for turbomachinery and major rotating equipment. The transformation journey started back in 2014 where the upstream assets were deploying various Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) remote monitoring solutions, which require additional hardware installation at site, significant capital expenditure and monthly subscription for each OEMThe strategy hit a setback when oil price went down which requires significant cost cutting measures. Applying the mantra of "Do More With Less", the asset collaborated with the Centre of Operational Excellence (CoE) to develop their own solution which was branded as Prescriptive Rotating Equipment Analytics (PROTEAN), which eventually replaced all OEM solutions in the long run. Defying the norm, all changed when the PETRONAS Upstream Operational Excellence team decided to embark on the digital journey by developing an in-house predictive analytics tool which is capable to identify anomalies trends, highlight potential incipient failures and identify opportunities for reliability improvement of the turbomachinery equipment. The pilot implementation was conducted in 2017 via implementation on 2 units of supercritical turbomachinery equipment. Following the the successful implementation, PROTEAN was upscaled and expanded to cover more than 200 units of major rotating equipment located at 23 offshore platforms, 6 onshore terminals located within Malaysia, International Assets as well as the world first Floating Liquified Natural Gas i.e. PETRONAS PFLNG Satu. PROTEAN+ provides a niche edge in supporting data driven maintenance, understanding the machinery deteroriation rate and justifying the extension of Mean Time Between Overhaul (MTBO). PROTEAN+ also provides the prescriptive analytics based on the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) of each specific rotating equipment. To date; PROTEAN has generated more than 700 alerts since 2017 resulting in USD50 Million of cost avoidance from unplanned production deferment and unplanned repair cost. The journey also covers the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) process which is vital in order to gain the confidence level from end users. As a conclusion, the paper will highlight the critical success factors and key lessons learned in a transformation journey for turbomachinery digital remote monitoring and operation. This paper shares the experience from the transformation journey on how the overall operating expenditure can be further optimised without sacrificing the technical functionality as well as sustaining the technical capability building. By understanding the key critical success factors in implementing the digital solution, it is a real life example on how to build your own business case when it comes to digitalisation and to avoid from creating another white elephant solution.
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Reports on the topic "Elephant, asian"

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Ament, Rob, Sandeep Kumar Tiwari, Melissa Butynski, Becky Shu Chen, Norris Dodd, Aditya Gangadharan, Nilanga Jayasinghe, et al. Protecting Asian Elephants from Linear Transport Infrastructure: The Asian Elephant Transport Working Group’s Introduction to the Challenges and Solutions. Asian Elephant Transport Working Group, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53847/vywn4174.

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Asian elephants are endangered across their remaining home ranges in South and Southeast Asia. According to recent estimates, fewer than 52,000 individuals remain in the wild across 13 range states. Ongoing loss and fragmentation of habitat, increasingly caused by the development and operation of linear transport infrastructure (LTI) - such as roads, railways, and highways - is now exacerbating these threats. The Asian Elephant Transport Working Group (AsETWG) began collaboration in early 2019 to focus its efforts on developing solutions for conserving core habitats and decreasing mortality and barriers to Asian elephant movement. This publication marks a first milestone in AsETWG's work. It highlights the impacts that LTI has on Asian elephants and their habitats, addresses existing frameworks for reducing elephant-transport conflicts, provides seven case studies and a focus on emerging technologies, and makes general recommendations for inspiring urgent and practical actions.
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Eberle, Caitlyn, Oscar Higuera Roa, Amy Newsom, and Samara Polwatta. Technical Report: Wandering elephants. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/iemf6334.

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From March 2020 to September 2021, a herd of approximately 15 Asian elephants left their home in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve. Along their journey, the herd broke into homes, damaged buildings and infrastructure, and destroyed crops, totaling estimated damage of over $1 million. The migration coincided with a severe drought in the region, indicating that the elephant’s habitat was likely unable to support them. As elephant populations have grown in southern China, habitat size and suitability has been reduced, increasing the likelihood of human-elephant conflict. As pressures such as climate change and population growth further push people and wildlife into shared spaces, management approaches must be tailored to the concept of coexistence. This technical background report for the 2021/2022 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the wandering elephants through a forensic analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.
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Velonis, Heather. Predicting Parturition in a Long-Gestating Species: Behavioral and Hormonal Indicators in the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus). Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5905.

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Hulten, Charles, and Sylaja Srinivasan. Indian Manufacturing Industry: Elephant or Tiger? New Evidence on the Asian Miracle. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7441.

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Holdgate, Matthew. Applying GPS and Accelerometers to the Study of African Savanna (Loxodonta africana) and Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Welfare in Zoos. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2232.

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Bischof, Laura. DNA fingerprinting analysis of captive Asian elephants, Elephas maximas. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5850.

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Glaeser, Sharon. Analysis and Classification of Sounds Produced by Asian Elephants (Elephas Maximus). Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5951.

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Glaeser, Sharon. Assessing Well-being of Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Through Major Events and Transitions, with Development and Aging, and Husbandry Changes. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.7419.

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Tierra Smiley Evans, Tierra Smiley Evans. Development of non-invasive diagnostics for endotheliotropic herpesvirus in free-ranging Asian elephants. Experiment, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/11525.

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Evaluation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) transmission from Asian elephants to zoo employees. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshhhe201902683380.

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