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1
Jiang, Shou Zhong, Zhi Yi Wang, and Jian Jun Li. "Modeling & Field Test of Dwelling with Courtyard Summer Thermal Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 1061–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.1061.
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Chinese historical experience of constructing buildings merits attention. As the main and typical kind of Chinese traditional residential building, the dwelling with courtyard is “cool in summer”. However, less research on the thermal performance of dwelling with courtyard has been available in public literature. In this paper, based on the systematic analysis on various related elements, the physical and mathematical model of the air temperature distribution is set up. It is proved by the fieldwork measurement and computer simulation that the shielding effect of the aisle, side house and the long-narrow structure are the main reasons for the low temperature in courtyard.
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Vatamaniuk, Nataliia. "DEFINITION OF THE INTRA QUARTER SPACES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN THE PLANNING STRUCTURE OF HISTORICAL CITIES." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 58 (November 30, 2020): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2020.58.48-55.
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The article gives the definition of intra quarter spaces using the example of the historical city of Chernivtsi. The main functions of residential courtyards as elements of the urban planning structure are determined.
To define the concept of «intra quarter space», we can turn to several foreign and domestic researchers, architects, city planners. For example, the theorist and architect A. Gutnov characterized the yard as a clearly fixed, closed space. Courtyards were connected by arches or through passages, forming a complex system of intra quarter spaces, which in some cases penetrated large areas of the city [3].
Architect R. Krier in his works on the morphology of urban space defined the interior spaces of historic quarters as protected from the weather and the environment of the territory, which became the appropriate symbols of the private sphere of life [12].
Summarizing all the above statements, we can give a general definition for «intra quarter spaces», that it is an independent, complex-functional structure that provides communication: the house – the courtyard – urban areas.
Exploring the intra quarters of the city of Chernivtsi, we can identify the following functions of the courtyards:
insulating function, which serves as protection against unplanned intrusion of «strangers» or vehicles into the yard;
household function, which includes meeting the needs of residents of nearby houses;
trade function, is the creation in the volumes of the first floors of various commercial premises;
the function of communication, which plays a socio-psychological role of adaptation of residents to the urban environment;
sanitary and hygienic function, including landscaping, the need for insolation, wind and snow protection of the courtyard, etc.
aesthetic function that provides visual comfort from objects of small architectural forms, landscaping (lawns, flower beds), murals on empty walls, etc.
game function and sports and health function.
3
Meyza, Henryk. "Nea Paphos. Seasons 2012 and 2013." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXIV, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0086.
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Excavation at the site of the so-called Hellenistic House in Nea Paphos in 2012 and 2013 was focused on the main courtyard (1) and the southern portico (R.3). The architecture collapsed in an earthquake in the 2nd century AD. Blocks and architectural elements formed an oblong tumble extending across the courtyard, apparently already not in their original position save for some entablature blocks of the eastern peristyle, and two acroteria with symbols of Dioskouroi, a pilos with a superimposed star, and at least two column shafts belonging to the southern peristyle. The cistern under the southeastern part of the courtyard had two successive well-heads, one (the later one) uncovered earlier, the other 2.02 m to the northwest, the top of which collapsed into the cistern. The disturbed fill from the courtyard surface included a mold for sling bullets with decoration in the form of a scorpion in relief and fragments of “Nabatean” capitals belonging to a variant showing schematic volutes.
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Çeliker, Afet, Banu Tevfikler Çavuşoğlu, and Zehra Öngül. "Comparative Study of Courtyard Housing using Feng Shui." Open House International 39, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2014-b0005.
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Cosmology is of essence for the life of traditional man not only to live in a meaningful universe, but to bound himself with the universe to achieve well-being as well. Architecture is a way of creating spaces through generic forms and symbols to attain this unity of man and the universe. This article interprets the courtyard house which is a well known archetype of spiritual and celestial qualities and has symbolic generic forms through the perspective of theory and practice of feng shui which is an ancient Chinese philosophy, based on the understanding of physical configuration of geographical settings and application of its principles to the built environment. The courtyard houses represented for this article are chosen on a linear axis starting from Cyprus, passing through Syria, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and ending at China. In this article, principles of feng shui are selected and formulated to create an evaluation model showing entrance-courtyard relation, building shape, water element, room arrangement, and door alignment and circulation. Based on this evaluation model, the essential aspects of well-being have been revealed through the elements of architecture. In that sense, this article presents the opportunities and possibilies of an ideal plan layout by bringing an awareness to the cosmology and feng shui to achieve well-being.
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SMADYCH, I. "RESEARCH OF SOCIAL ACTIVITY OF INTERIOR SPACES IN ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSES." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 2 (August 23, 2021): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.270421.99.756.
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Formulation of the problem. Social activity in the adjacent areas of multi-apartment residential buildings is one of the key elements of life in the city and an indicator of successful architectural and planning solutions. Despite the active growth in the sphere of housing construction in Ukraine and the improvement in the quality of architectural solutions for the courtyards of multi-apartment residential buildings, there is a different social activity of residents within the local area. The purpose of the article is to determine the parameters that affect the social activity and comfort of people in the courtyards of apartment buildings and ways to take them into account in design solutions. Conclusions. In the course of the analysis of scientific research on the subject of house spaces and social activity of city residents, it is highlighted that the issues of social activity of residents is a multifactorial task that is influenced by a whole variety of both architectural-spatial and socio-psychological characteristics. By comparative analysis of the adjacent territories of Ivano-Frankivsk with similar architectural and spatial indicators and different levels of social activity, it was determined that these courtyards differ in the general indicator of the time a person spends on their territory and the dispersion of people across the site. To assess individual indicators and formulate recommendations for the socio-psychological comfort and attractiveness of the courtyard, the method of constructing the McKinsey / General Electric matrix was used, which was interpreted to solve architectural problems. The main vectors for constructing this matrix are “socio-psychological comfort” and “attractiveness of architectural and spatial solutions”. Using the method of expert assessments, the location of each of the studied courtyards was determined on the general field of the matrix, namely: the courtyard area of the Kalinova Sloboda residential complex is located in the field “Effective design solution”; residential complex “Lipki”, in the field “Architectural solution requires improvement at all stages”, which confirms the difference in social activity in the adjacent areas of these courtyards. Therefore, this research algorithm can be applied even at the design stage to check the social comfort and attractiveness of design solutions.
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Long, L., Z. Gan, D. Zhang, and G. Semprebon. "STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HMONG MINORITY'S VERNACULAR DWELLINGS AT HUAYUAN COUNTY IN XIANGXI AREA (CHINA)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-57-2020.
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Abstract. Hmong vernacular dwellings are an indispensable and essential branch of traditional Chinese architecture, which bears the profound history of the integration of minority culture and Han culture for thousands of years. As a typical representative of the Hmong settlement in China, the Hmong Village in Huayuan County, western Hunan Province, has the distinct characteristics of respecting nature and making good use of terrain in the construction of vernacular dwellings, which embodies the unique regional, historical, cultural and national character. Firstly, the article analyzes the influence of terrain, landform, climatic environment, historical culture, and social structure on the layout, shape, and materials of the rural homes of the Hmong people in Huayuan County. Secondly, by analyzing the elements of the courtyard space, the layout characteristics of the courtyard, and the organization mode of the courtyard group, the overall spatial characteristics of the residential courtyard are analyzed. At the same time, from the perspective of a single residential house, to sort out the characteristics of its type as well as the floor plan, building structure, material colour, and detailed decoration. Finally, it emphasizes that the Hmong vernacular dwellings in Huayuan County, embody the distinctive cultural connotation of the Hmong nationality, and show the unique aesthetic and romantic sentiment of the Hmong vernacular architecture to the world.
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Bąkowska-Czerner, Grażyna, and Rafał Czerner. "House H9 from Marina el-Alamein – a Research Summary." Światowit, no. 58 (September 14, 2020): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/0082-044x.swiatowit.58.5.
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Studies on the relics of the Hellenistic-Roman town at the site of Marina el-Alamein in Egypt have been carried out since 1986. House H9 was one of the first buildings to be excavated, investigated, and preserved through conservation. Successive research has supplemented the previous studies. The house is one of the largest and earliest features at the site. In the context of Marina, it is more firmly embedded in the Greek-Hellenistic tradition, yet also refers to Roman solutions. It is a house of the oikos type, featuring a courtyard with two porticoes situated asymmetrically perpendicular to each other. Elements referring to the Greek systems of prostas and pastas can be discerned in the layout. The research focused on domestic cult as well as elements and character of the decor, including painted interior decoration. Architecture and home furnishings document civilisational changes at the cultural touchpoint between the Greek and Roman traditions.
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Farzaneh, A. "HOW TO COPE WITH HEAT AND COMBINED WITH HOT AND DRY CLIMATE IN CHAHAR-SOFE (FOUR-SIDED) HOUSES OF THE ZOROASTRIAN VILLAGE OF MAZRAEH KALANTAR, YAZD, IRAN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-219-2020.
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Abstract. The body of every village like Mazraeh Kalantar village was formed based on geographical, economic and cultural factors. The geographic factor itself consists of two categories, namely artificial geography and natural geography. Many factors can be classified under the heading of natural geography. In the field of physical architecture, the focus is mostly on climate factors, such as water, wind, cold, heat, humidity, sunlight, shape and the substances of the land. The Zoroastrian Village of Mazraeh Kalantar is located in the Meybod city (Yazd, Iran) and a hot and dry area. There are Chahar-Sofe (four-sided) houses in this village and various methods and considerations have been proposed to prevent the sunlight in these houses; therefore, in this study, in order to find the solutions for coping with heat and Combined with dry and hot climate in Chahar-Sofe houses of the Mazraeh Kalantar village, five houses have been investigated. Some of these solutions include: selecting the right geographical location, creating sofe (porch), Creating shadows, choosing a suitable type, colour, and size for the building materials, choosing the right type of roof covering, central courtyard, having the suitable architectural body and mass for houses, etc. These items show how much environmental factors, especially the climate of a village, can affect every aspect of a house, including: the type of home materials, the physics and shape of the house, elements of the home, how the house is Geographic orientation and the spaces inside it, etc.
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Feng, Huichao, and Jieling Xiao. "Dynamic Authenticity: Understanding and Conserving Mosuo Dwellings in China in Transitions." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010143.
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Mosuo dwellings are distinctive vernacular architecture forms that are shaped by the unique matriarchal society of Mosuo in Southwest China. They have undergone dramatic transformations during the 21st century as a result of modernization and tourism. There is a lack of theoretical and empirical studies regarding the impact on the authenticity. This paper aims to fill this gap and develops a theoretical framework—cultural architectural assets—to understand and interpret the transitions of Mosuo dwellings and their authenticity in transitions. Adopting an anthropological methodology approach, this article examines the changes and continuities of Mosuo dwellings during the last thirty years. Fieldwork was conducted in nine Mosuo villages in Yongning Township through a range of qualitative methods, including participatory observations, photographic survey and photo elicitation interviews. The investigation results revealed cultural-architectural elements that are continued in the transitions include the courtyard form, the sacred chamber and the grandmother’s house; cultural-architectural elements that are changing include the flower house and grass house; cultural-architectural elements that are disappearing include the back room (Dupan) and the upper hearth in the grandmother’s house as well as the wooden shingle roof. As a result, the study constructs a conservation approach for sustainable development in three dimensions: living culture, building culture and values and beliefs. This analytical framework can be adapted to be applied to different contexts as a sustainable approach for the conservation and development of vernacular architecture in transitions.
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Sušanj Protić, Tea. "Renesansna kuća Moise u Cresu - rezultati konzervatorskih istraživanja 2011. godne." Ars Adriatica, no. 4 (January 1, 2014): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.501.
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The Renaissance residential architecture in the town of Cres is represented by a small number of preserved houses (palazzetti) of the local nobility which are attributed to the established stone-cutting workshop grouped around master Francesco Marangonich, a Lombard stone-cutter who arrived at Cres from the building sites of Venice and introduced Renaissance stylistic elements on the Quarnero islands. The best-known Renaissance residential building at Cres is the Marcello-Petris house which was built in the 1510s for the Minister Provincial and Bishop, Friar Antun Marcello-Petris. The Renaissance houses of the Cres nobility are characterized by their relatively large size, ashlar masonry, and the strict rhythm of the decorated openings on the representative facades. One of such buildings is the Moise house, situated in the medieval centre of the town, at a prominent site where the two main streets of the time crossed. Documents from the archive of the Franciscan monastery at Cres witness that in 1441, “Ser Andrea Moisenich” exchanged a garden for the house of “Nobilis Ser Stefano de Petris”, who had the Petris palace built before 1405, meaning that the present-day Moise house might be identified with the old Petris palace. It features the coats of arms of these two families from the same period, and, therefore, it could have functioned as a shared residence of both families, which was frequently the case in Venice, for example, when it came to large palaces with two residential floors and two courtyards, which are both elements of the Moise house. The Moise house is the largest residential building of Renaissance Cres and, through its size, it can be compared to prominent examples of large palaces in Dalmatian towns. It has not been the subject of scholarly and expert research because of its many alterations, the relatively poor preservation of its original features, and the loss of its representative appearance, all of which means that its basic characteristics remained unknown. Conservation works revealed the layout of its ground plan and established that it was conceived as an emulation of the Venetian model, with a central hall and four lateral chambers. These features set the Moise house apart from other Renaissance residential buildings at Cres as the only one which adopted and displayed the high Renaissance symmetry of ground plan, which is also reflected on the representative facade. Analysis of the plaster samples taken from the walls has resulted in their stratigraphy, which confirms the hypothesis that all the walls of the central salone were painted a secco in the seventeenth century.The conservation works carried out on the representative facade unveiled the position of the Renaissance windows, which indicates that the articulating rhythm was two single-light windows – a double-light window – two single-light windows, which was corroborated by the discovery of the dressed inner window splays. Such an arrangement was common practice in Venetian Gothic residential architecture but, in the territory of present-day Croatia, it gained prominence only in the Renaissance, and the Moise house is the only example of this at Cres. The second floor of the Moise house repeated the plan of the first, which implies that originally there would have been two sumptuous storeys. The vaulted rooms on the ground floor did not communicate with one another but formed separate units in a direct relationship with the street or courtyards and it is likely that they had a utilitarian function as shops or storage spaces, having no vertical communication inside the house with the residential floors, which were connected by means of a single flight staircase. The building had two representative courtyards; the west one gave way to subsequent additions but it was recorded in the Land Registry as early as 1821. On the ground floor, the courtyard had a porch with two arches above which was a gallery with a balustrade, traces of which were discovered through test-probes in the floor. In the small east courtyard, the remains of the Renaissance porch, supported by the excellently carved pillars have been preserved, while in the floor under the staircase vault, a circular, finely-dressed stone opening belonging to a well was found; its well head is today located on the ground floor of the house. The two representative courtyards are an exception in the densely-knit urban texture of Cres, which places the Moise house in a wider context of Renaissance residential architecture in the Adriatic. Its local variety would be the positioning of the well under the vault of the staircase, which is characteristic of the vernacular architecture in medieval Cres. In comparison to other similar buildings at Cres, the Moise house is unique in that it is the only Renaissance house of the nobility with a regular plan; other Renaissance houses are of a mostly irregular quadrangular plan, including the most representative example of the palazzetto of the Cres nobility, the Marcello-Petris house. The Moise house is also the only building to have a symmetrical interior layout, which resonates with the symmetrical articulation of the representative facade, while in the case of the Marcello-Petris house, the consistent rhythm of the richly decorated windows in the south facade are a screen of sorts placed before the asymmetrically-arranged interior space.The construction of such a large building, at a dominant position in the medieval core can be explained by the role of the original commissioners, the Petris family, as the most prominent noble family at Cres, while the credit for the contemporary Renaissance organization of the interior – with the only extant example of a central representative hall in the Renaissance residential architecture at Cres – belongs to the builders, who had already demonstrated knowledge of contemporary Venetian models on the well-known portal of the collegiate church at Cres.The Moise house was marginalized in previous overviews of the Renaissance residential architecture because of the modest state of preservation of its Renaissance stone sculpture. The results of the conservation works, and the analysis of the spatial organization, ground plan, and location of this building, but also the analysis of historical records, should contribute to a clearer perception of the Moise house in the context of the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century residential architecture on the east Adriatic coast, and to a re-assessment of its diminished representative importance, the value which is hidden in the architectural structure, concept and context, within the frame of the urban texture of medieval Cres.
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Khatibi, Maryam. "Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, Iran." International Journal of Environmental Science & Sustainable Development 4, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/essd.v4i3.677.
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The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies in terms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential shortcomings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country.
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Smadych, Ivan, and Viktoriya Kapelist. "BORDER SPACE OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AS AN ELEMENT OF SOCIOPSYCHOLOGICAL COMFORT OF PEOPLE: FEATURES OF FORMATION, CHARACTERISTICS, SIGNS." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 60 (April 26, 2021): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.60.152-165.
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In this publication, a study of the border space of the city is carried out as a conditional zone of direct contact of various social groups near multi-storey residential buildings. Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign scientific works on this topic, the characteristic features of the terms socially active boundary space and the space of the courtyard are clarified, general and distinctive features of their identification on the territory are highlighted. In accordance with the analysis of scientific works on this topic, the structure of the city's border spaces has been adjusted, which includes the following levels:
macrolevel of the placement of border spaces in the city;
meso-level geometrical and functional characteristics of boundary spaces;
micro-level of the structure of the boundary space in the context of social activity.
By analyzing the world and domestic experience of designing socially active boundary spaces, the hierarchy of their structural elements is highlighted. The main types of border spaces of the city are public, private and mixed border spaces. For example, the primary elements of the formation of any boundary space are the building itself, the street space and the inner courtyard space, which can be characterized by functional and geometric indicators. In the structure of the public boundary space, the planning and volumetric-spatial structure of the house and belonging to the transit or communicative component of the street space are distinguished. In a private and mixed boundary space, the second macro-level includes the spatial division of the courtyard into a buffer, transit and communication function. The last hierarchical level of this model is the level of structural elements that provide social activity in boundary spaces. At the planning level of the building, this is an exploited roof, a developed entrance group of elements, a system of the first floors of a residential building outside the main volume. At the level of volumetric-spatial solutions, the social activity of the boundary spaces is provided by interesting solutions of facades, low or medium storeys, the arrangement of loggias and balconies. In private border spaces at this level, such elements are niches and bay windows, terraced facades, and others. This model, due to the presence of many means of increasing social activity in the border spaces of a residential building, allows one to continue research on the allocation of architectural and spatial techniques for the implementation of projects of socially active border spaces of the city.
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Weismann, Stephanie. "Scents and Sensibilities: Interwar Lublin's Courtyards." Contemporary European History 30, no. 3 (April 16, 2021): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777320000648.
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From horse dung to garlic, olfactory debates raged in interwar Poland. Smells are ubiquitous and substantially influence how we perceive the atmosphere of a given place. This article focuses on ‘smell affairs’ and olfactory sensibilities that were emerging in the city of Lublin in Poland after 1918. In particular, it addresses what Lublin's courtyard smells tell us about the condition, development and mindset of a Polish city at that time. On their way into the ‘modern’ era, Lublin's citizens began to complain about rural elements interfering with the ‘metropolitan’ character of Lublin as well as how ‘ethnic smells’ of fellow Jewish citizens would intrude upon the air of ‘their’ ‘Polish’ city. Poking one's nose into the air and the ‘smellscapes’ of the urban courtyard, one can observe what was regarded as a part, or not, of a modern city in independent Poland.
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Tastan, Hassan. "The Role of Climate on Residential Architecture and Living Culture: an Example of Gaziantep." Academic Research Community publication 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v3i2.498.
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In architectural literature, researchers argue that there are many factors that affect architecture. Culture, local materials, climate, socio-economic conditions, and topography are the most influential factors in the formation of the architecture of a region. The climate of the place is one of the most important factors in the construction of the built environment for communities throughout history. In a certain region, the living spaces that receive the original form with the influence of the climate and the cultures influence the daily lives of the people living there over time and change the way of life. In this context, it can be said that there is an interaction between traditional architecture, climate and culture.Gaziantep is an important city in the south-east of Turkey. Gaziantep is located to the north of Mesopotamia where the first civilizations originated and settled. And has hosted many civilizations that have been important trade centers throughout history. Throughout history, housing areas within and around the castle have been included in the city. The city is characterized by an urban texture suitable for hot and arid climatic conditions. In Gaziantep, houses are built around a courtyard completely separated from the street, in accordance with the Mesopotamian tradition. Traditional Gaziantep residences which lined up around narrow streets stand out with its materials, building elements and unique details.The aim of this study is to reveal the construction techniques, ecological design principles of the houses which produced by Greek, Turkish and Armenian masters in accordance with the warm climate conditions and to discuss its applicability today. In this context, the traditional Gaziantep dwellings have been evaluated with six criteria for the ecological evaluation of traditional houses and the use of the obtained data in a new design. These are Settlement Texture and Streets, Building Form and Orientation, Spatial organization, Construction System and Materials, Physical Properties of Building Façade. In addition to the stone materials used in Gaziantep houses, building elements such as courtyard, water element, bird windows have positive effects on the building biology, and some of the findings that have ecological advantages of vine-like plants and gardening. In the conclusion of the study, an ecological and environmentally compatible project experiment was carried out which carried the findings and the basic principles of the traditional architecture.
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Martinelli, Patrizio M. "House, Street, City: Le Corbusier’s Research Towards a New Urban Interior." Interiority 2, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/in.v2i2.57.
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Le Corbusier’s investigations, conducted between the 1910s and the 1930s, were focused on a new relationship between street and building. This research started from texts about the city, in particular, the writings of Eugène Hénard’s. These essays, dating back to 1903-1909, dealt with the necessity of a renewed strategy for the urban street, breaking down the monotony and the problems related to the sequence of buildings and creating a series of places as squares, gardens, and open courtyards: actual urban rooms between streets an buildings. Learning from those texts, Le Corbusier worked on a series of polemical writings about the rue corridor, collected in particular in The City of Tomorrow, Precisions and The Radiant City. A series of projects explored to the extreme consequences the topic: the Dom-ino building principle used for collective housing evolved to the redent, detached from the infrastructure, and the immeuble villa, with its inhabited façades. Finally, the curved redent for the Plan Obus in Algiers transformed the street itself into a "building as city" flowing in the landscape. The essay follows how Le Corbusier transforms the street and its traditional urban components in interior elements inside the buildings.
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Anisimov, Alexander V. "The New Theatrical Buildings of Moscow in XXI Century (on the Hidden Theatres)." Scientific journal “ACADEMIA. ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION”, no. 3 (September 27, 2018): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2077-9038-2018-3-55-65.
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Over the past three decades, the number of theater groups in Moscow has increased several times compared to the Soviet era. In the past, the theaters were only state and strictly divided into all-union, republican, Moscow and departmental. And now they are born and die, but still multiply, their number is even difficult to determine - it's about two hundred. The quantitative boom is accompanied by an active search for new forms of performing art, for which halls of a new type with unprecedented stage equipment are needed. Prosperous theaters tend to have their own new houses with original architecture and modern sophisticated technology. Far from everyone succeed at this. The financial problem occurs everywhere, and there are also difficulties in finding a suitable site on the territory of the capital. Many talented teams are forced to look for original ways of financing for construction or at least finishing their interiors and acquiring stage equipment. The situation is saved by cooperation with sponsors and investors, who include theaters in their large facilities under certain conditions, which are dictated by the city's authorities for the allocation of a favorable site. The article discusses three new theatrical objects that appeared in Moscow over thelast decade. Two of them (drama theaters) are built as parts oflarge multifunctional complexes. They arelocated on thelargest highway - the Garden Ring (Malaya Sukharevskaya Square) opposite each other. The third - the Helikon Opera house in the very center of the capital - uses the historic restored rooms of the old city manor and the newly created hall on the site of the former courtyard with the preservation of the old architecture elements. All three theaters have an original architectural appearance of their interiors, modern technological equipment of different levels and variously transformable scenes and halls. The author's search for original design and constructive solutions of the main premises is of great interest. Famous Moscow architects participated in the development of the buildings.
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Smith, George, R. I. Macphail, S. A. Mays, J. Nowakowski, P. Rose, R. G. Scaife, A. Sharpe, D. J. Tomalin, and D. F. Williams. "Archaeology and Environment of a Bronze Age Cairn and Prehistoric and Romano-British Field System at Chysauster, Gulval, near Penzance, Cornwall." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 62 (1996): 167–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00002784.
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The project involved the survey and selective excavation of an area of field system adjoining the Romano-British ‘courtyard house’ settlement of Chysauster, near Penzance, Cornwall, supported by soil and pollen studies and by the extensive landscape surveys. The excavation had two main elements: study of the rectilinear field system and excavation of a Bronze Age funerary cairn incorporated in one of the field boundaries. The earliest field system, probably with origins in the 2nd millennium BC, was largely modified by a more irregular and strongly lynchetted field pattern, probably associated with more intensive Iron Age and Romano-British agriculture. There was also some medieval or post-medieval reuse and modification. The cairn pre-dated a boundary bank of one of the early fields and was the focus for a number of cremation burials. Six of these were accompanied by pots which, together with their radiocarbon dates, provide a significant group of the middle phase of the Trevisker variant of the British Food Urn ceramic tradition. Excavation of field boundaries showed evidence of long periods of modification and lynchet accumulation but lacked good artefactual or radiocarbon dating evidence. Soil and pollen analysis produced significant new evidence for this region, showing the former existence of a brown soil under open oak/hazel woodland, with some cereal cultivation taking place, prior to the construction of the Bronze Age cairn. Later cultivation techniques led to deterioration in soil status and to soil erosion. Some field boundaries may have been constructed at this time to conserve soil or as dumps for clearance stone. The changes, through deforestation, cultivation, and erosion influenced the plant communities in the nearby valley where pollen analysis of a peat section suggested three phases of human activity.
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Hinrichs, Craig. "Courtyard Penthouses: High-rise Courtyard House." International Journal of the Constructed Environment 8, no. 1 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2154-8587/cgp/v08i01/1-16.
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Colombo, Luciana Fornari. "The Miesian courtyard house." Architectural Research Quarterly 19, no. 2 (June 2015): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135515000378.
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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's idea of a modern courtyard house is explored in this article considering three aspects: context stimuli, development, and practical applications. In this manner, this article provides significant contributions to the understanding of Mies's courtyard house idea. In fact, so far the stimuli and motivations behind his studies on this house type have been insufficiently explored. This obscurity has facilitated hypotheses such as that some of the courtyard house projects that Mies attributed to himself were not designed by him, but by his students and assistants. This article offers an alternative view of this issue that supports the architect's original claims by clarifying his teaching approach, creative process, and historical context. This article also clarifies the development of Mies's courtyard house idea through several projects that he designed on this theme, including the Courtyard House with Round Skylight (1934), which has been little explored in previous literature. Ultimately, this article examines the practical applications of Mies's courtyard house idea, both as a motif of student exercise and as an architectural solution for low dwellings, showing that this idea has maintained its relevance throughout the decades.
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Chen, Ming Dong. "Optimization Design of Courtyard Sunspace Passive Solar House." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.33.
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Courtyard sunspace passive solar house is designed according to architecture structure characteristics of rural courtyard, which is a composite of direct absorption, collected wall and attached greenhouse solar house. Architectural optimization design is carried out in order to improve energy saving effect of courtyard sunspace passive solar house, and evaluation standard of thermal performance test and energy consumption of building test is determined to analyze indoor thermal environment of courtyard sunspace passive solar house. It will provide theoretical foundation to construct courtyard sunspace passive solar house in rural area.
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Uniek Praptiningrum, W. "Roof Fruit and Vegetable Garden, is Accurate as the Element Eco Green Settlement, Housing in the City Today? Case Study: House Live in Downtown Surabaya Indonesia." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.774.
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To implement an architecture work, such as residential , residential houses and the like , atmosphere and a healthy environment has a very important role . To be categorized as a good architecture work , the building should be : interesting in terms of the appearance, comfortable to occupied, beautiful views , safety in construction , have the local wisdom and friendly to nature and the environment . In the era of globalization , these values began to shift , especially residential buildings , residential on the center of the city. For examples, narrow courtyard, the dominance of concrete and glass building material , and barren surrounding environments , green plants are very minimal . The selection of building materials , such as air conditioning with its CFC content , electronic equipment within the building that are not environmentally friendly , the complement of air pollution both within and outside the residential buildings This happens due to the high price of land in urban area , community and individualism are more viscous , the long-term health awareness that less attention , and prioritizing practicality in activities and maintenance of their home . In Surabaya, Eco Green to meet the government regulation has been established and implemented for green space solutions. And impact of global warming have already exceeded the 30 % required . But the percentage of RTH Private relative still small. also RTH option is needed in order more efficient in land and comsution,provide more benefits such value . Fruit and Vegetable Roof Garden , has not been widely applied , particularly for the residential in the city's center such as Surabaya . The purpose of the assessment is to analyze the results of several researchers who have collected additional benefits obtained on the utilization of natural resources including the application of roof greening fruit and vegetable garden at home, if applicable accurate to a big city like Surabaya . .The method used in this study is to do with the spaciousness survey , study references , browsing through the internet , collect some data from studies that have been done by some competent source , then perform the analysis . While the results obtained are not significantly appear on the application of the RTH Privat, even trend looks to be making investments that material's large profit-oriented , ease of maintenance and trends , compared with consideration would preserve local knowledge , and friendliness to the environment and natural healthy . It can be seen from the increasing number of existing homes , both of the simple type , medium and luxury using modern building materials , with a fairly large area of the building and the lack of balance in an open area for reforestation , especially with the application
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Wesołowski SVD, Zbigniew. "A COURTYARD HOUSE – SIHEYUAN 四合院 AS THE DWELLING PLACE OF THE TRADITIONAL CHINESE FAMILY." Forum Teologiczne, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/ft.6096.
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A Chinese courtyard house, called in Chinese siheyuan, equipped with a single entrance and with one or more open courtyards encompassed by one-storey buildings, represents traditional house dwelling in China. Throughout Chinese history, courtyard dwelling was the basic architectural pattern used for building governmental (palaces and offices) and family residences, and religious compounds (temples and monasteries). In this short contribution, the author depicts a standard traditional Beijing court house from the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) which would normally host an extended family of three and four generations. The physical construction and spatial structure of the traditional Chinese courtyard house were deeply rooted in ancient Chinese philosophical thought. The Chinese used fengshui (wind and water) principles to harmonize themselves with their environment in order to secure prosperity, longevity, and family blessings. From the viewpoint of fengshui, a basic courtyard house compound was not only a dwelling place, but also a structured and complicated vision of the cosmos that should function as an ideal container of qi (life energy). The fundamental north-south axis which rhythmically and continuously guarantee the vital flow of qi and the square shape of a courtyard house which means near to the earth, should promise health, prosperity, and the growth of the family. The fengshui system (nowadays mostly associated with Daoism) in the context of a Chinese courtyard house was intimately combined with China’s strict social and family system (Confucianism). The structure of the Chinese traditional family – and the author calls it “Confucian familism” – i.e., the Confucian conviction of family as a model for the whole state. This rigid and hierarchically structured family system, which had been the basis of Chinese society in imperial China for over two thousand years, has been reflected in courtyard house compounds. At the end of this contribution, the author mentions the efforts of present-day architects to find a way to revive traditional courtyard housing for modern times.
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Chen, Ming Dong. "Ventilation Quantity Analysis on Different Ventilation Opening Area of Courtyard Sunspace." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2617.
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The courtyard sunspace was built up according to courtyard characteristics of rural residence in Qingdao, A mathematical model was established for courtyard sunspace solar house based on its heat transfer mechanism, and the relationships of sunspace ventilation opening area, courtyard sunspace temperature and indoor ventilation quantity was analyzed. The results showed that temperature of courtyard sunspace will decease with increasing ventilation opening area of courtyard sunspace and lead to decrease the indoor ventilation quantity, which will provide theoretical basis for ventilation opening design of courtyard sunspace.
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ZHOU, Nan, Masao AOKI, and Sigeru KAMIWADA. "A STUDY ON CHINESE TRADITIONAL COURTYARD HOUSE WITH FOUR BUILDINGS : The type and the distribution of the courtyard house." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 64, no. 518 (1999): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.64.181_1.
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Kuzović, Duško. "Museum of Vernacular Architecture of Western Serbia and Eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina: Courtyards of Mountain Villages and Villages of the Lower Course of the Rivers." АГРОЗНАЊЕ 20, no. 1 (September 9, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agren1901001k.
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The aim of the paper is the Museum of Vernacular Architecture of the Central Balkans. The paper presents two units in the Museum. In this paper, a courtyard of mountain villages, and a courtyard of villages in the valley of the river basin, is shown. The presented structures illustrate the development of the construction and organization of buildings. The courtyard of the mountain villages consists of a house, two vajats, two magaza, two kačara, a car canopy, the furnace, and the barn. Courtyard villages of the lower course of the river are illustrated by a house, three vajats, two magaza, two kačara, a furnace, a canopy for cars, a plum drier and a furnace. Each of the buildings is described through the organization, structure, method of construction and the role of the facility in the functioning of the rural family.
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Meyza, Henryk, Marcin M. Romaniuk, Monika Więch, and Dorota Mazanek-Somerlik. "Nea Paphos. Seasons 2014 and 2016 Appendix 1: Note on the pottery from circular basin S.1/16 Appendix 2: Glass." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 399–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1797.
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Excavation below the ancient ground surface of the main courtyard (1) of the “Hellenistic” House in Nea Paphos proved its construction to be later than the beginning of the 2nd century AD. A large rectangular basin and a smaller circular one were found under the western part of the courtyard and east of it. The larger basin had two phases, the first phase being more than a meter deeper than the second one. Strata under the floors of corridor A and room B were shown to belong to the Late Classical and incipient Hellenistic periods. Exploration also continued of a cistern in the southeastern part of the courtyard and of a well in the northeastern corner of the corridor. The building sequence of the porticoes in the main courtyard was investigated in a probe dug in the southwestern corner of the court, whereas the relation between the large reception hall with mosaic floor (10) and the so-called Roman House was tested in a trench dug in corridor 29. Further fragments of “Nabatean” capitals and other decorated blocks were found in pits that had been cut in the courtyard surface in antiquity. Finally, minor excavation at the southwestern corner of the House of Aion revealed a sequence of floors against the southern elevation of a building uncovered under the late Roman street B.
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Tahseen, Fariha. "TRADITIONAL VALUES VERSUS MODEM CONVENIENCES: AN ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL COURTYARD AND CONTEMPORARY HOUSE DESIGN TRENDS IN LAHORE." Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning 28, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53700/jrap2812020_3.
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Courtyard house, as one of oldest forms of housing tradition, is a remarkable form of residential architecture due to its attributes of naturally climate controlled spaces, spaces of peace and seclusion and as a central nucleus (a social space) around which domestic life revolves. In Lahore, visible transformation of housing trends has continued after independence (1947) with several emerging issues of growing population, rapid densification and exponentially rising land value. By 1960s and 70s, bungalow style of housing with a flavor of modernism inspired middle and upper middle income people to adopt modern life style. All these facts impelled courtyard style of housing into complete disuse. Researchers and designers are certainly aware of the need to cope with local climatic and energy crisis problems in residential architecture to enhance physical comfort of inhabitants which needs to analyze design and performance patterns of traditional courtyard houses, in comparison to modern detached houses. This research paper, through analysis of two local case studies in Lahore, explores how a courtyard house can be revived with minimal interventions to achieve climatically responsive houses that would be address adequately the climatic concerns. Findings on evolution and aspects of housing typologies (courtyard house, detached and semidetached houses), followed by comparative case studies analysis, and field investigation through questionnaire and interviews supplement research methodology for this paper.
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Afram, S. O., and David Korboe. "Continuity, Utility and Change: The Urban Compound House in Ghana." Open House International 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2009-b0005.
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Since the fifteenth century when Europeans first established a credible presence in Ghana, colonial values have played a significant role in shaping lifestyles in the country. Despite these imported influences, the courtyard house remains the predominant house form in rural and urban areas alike. It is somewhat surprising, therefore, that there is relatively little appreciation within academic and policy-making circles of its versatility. In this paper, the authors focus on the built form of the urban courtyard house and examine its utilitarian qualities from a predominantly architectural viewpoint. Finally, an attempt is made at predicting the medium-term future of this house type.
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Sabzevar, Hadi Bagheri, Mohd Hamdan Ahmad, and Alireza Gharakhani. "Courtyard Geometry on Solar Heat Gain in Hot-Dry Region." Advanced Materials Research 935 (May 2014): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.935.76.
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This paper attempts to show the geometric effects of a courtyard under the force of hot and dry climates. A courtyard house is an internal open space around which all the habitable rooms are clustered. The main objective is to review the effects of courtyard geometry on changing the energy consumption of courtyard buildings in order to decrease the emissions of CO2.Literature review on courtyard in hot and dry climate suggest various type of the evaluation of previous results proves that the orientation and the proportions are two important factors for the amount of acquired solar energy in courtyard buildings in order to reduce energy consumption in hot-dry regions. They should be considered in the design stage where the designers can take full advantage. Future, can also be established guidelines for efficient courtyard design in Yazd to reduce energy consumption.
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Bluestone, Daniel. "Framing Landscape While Building Density:." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 76, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 506–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2017.76.4.506.
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In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Chicago developers, architects, and residents defined a new residential vernacular: brick courtyard apartments, which massed units in low-rise buildings around landscaped courtyards, often open to the street. These buildings accommodated higher levels of residential density and seemingly did the opposite as well—preserved and cultivated nature. The Chicago courtyard apartment creatively negotiated the social and cultural tension between reverence for the iconic single-family house and an urban society increasingly occupying multiple-unit dwellings. The designs drew upon the interest in sunlight, air circulation, and natural landscape that influenced contemporary tenement house reform, urban hospital design, the small park and playground movement, and the rethinking of the dimensions and possibilities of residential lawns and gardens. In Framing Landscape While Building Density: Chicago Courtyard Apartments, 1891–1929, Daniel Bluestone looks closely at specific Chicago courtyard apartments, unpacking the design and cultural logic at play in their construction.
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El Harrouni, Khalid, Mouhcine Ben Aicha, and Rime El Harrouni. "Parametric Modelling and Traditional Architecture: Improving the thermal comfort of the traditional courtyard house in Morocco." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 02051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902051.
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The traditional courtyard house of the Mediterranean Basin has been viewed as a complex regulating system that creates a microclimate which historically worked, and still works, in a passive way to provide acceptable thermal comfort in summer. The internal courtyard is generally described as a positive factor that can moderate extreme outdoor climatic conditions. However, some researches have shown that the courtyard could become a negative factor from the energy efficiency point of view. For this purpose, this paper is based on a research study exploring sustainable characteristics of Moroccan traditional housing and its climatic adaptation, delving into the Rabat-Salé case study. A traditional courtyard model is used as a case study to analyze the indoor thermal comfort without using mechanical heating and cooling systems. The thermal behavior of the rooms surrounding the courtyard is analyzed under a temperate and humid climate of Rabat-Salé medina. The simulation modelling is carried out to analyze the effectiveness of different parameters to improve the indoor climate during summer and winter, including the façade orientation, the air infiltration, the surroundings, the ceiling height, the walls and roof/ceiling insulation and the shading devices. Tools for climatic design, Mahoney’s tables, Givoni and Szokolay bio climatic diagrams have been also used to improve design strategies in terms of thermal comfort.
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Li, Jie, and Donald A. Cameron. "Case Study of Courtyard House Damaged by Expansive Soils." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 16, no. 4 (November 2002): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(2002)16:4(169).
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Cosh, Stephen R. "Bramdean Roman Villa: a Note on Plans of its Buildings." Hampshire Studies 75, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24202/hs2020002.
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A plan of Bramdean Roman villa, dating to the 1820s, has given new data on the layout of the buildings and the villa courtyard. John Lickman (1774–1844), a schoolmaster based near Andover, made the plan and associated paintings of the mosaics, copies of which are now held at Stourhead and Lydney Park. This paper discusses the plan, reconciles it with other plans made of the site, and proposes that Bramdean was a typical winged-corridor house within a rectangular courtyard, with an aisled building at right-angles to it at the other end of the courtyard.
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Zhang, Donia. "JUER HUTONG NEW COURTYARD HOUSING IN BEIJING: A REVIEW FROM THE RESIDENTS’ PERSPECTIVE." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 10, no. 2 (July 29, 2016): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v10i2.963.
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Set within the theoretical framework of cultural sustainability, this in-depth case study examines the Juer Hutong new courtyard housing prototype built in the inner city of Beijing, China, whose phase one was completed in 1990 and phase two in 1994. Juer Hutong (Chrysanthemum Lane) is located in the area of the celebrated Nanluogu Xiang (Gong and Drum Lane South), in proximity to the historic Drum and Bell Towers. It was a typically decayed traditional courtyard house neighborhood that urgently needed remodeling. After a decade of research and design led by Professor Wu Liangyong, and a group of students at the School of Architecture of Tsinghua/ Qinghua University, phase one of the project has won six awards, including the 1992 World Habitat Award. However, its proposed phases three and four were suspended from construction. This study elucidates the residents’ views of the completed two phases and offers four lessons and two new courtyard garden house design models for discussion and future practice.
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Zolfagharkhani, Mina, and Michael J. Ostwald. "The Spatial Structure of Yazd Courtyard Houses: A Space Syntax Analysis of the Topological Characteristics of the Courtyard." Buildings 11, no. 6 (June 19, 2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11060262.
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An important “architectural type” in Iranian history is the Yazd courtyard house. This historic building type features a walled boundary that contains a complex pattern of open (to the sky), semi-enclosed and enclosed spaces. The planning of the courtyard in these houses has typically been interpreted as either a response to changing socio-cultural values or to local climatic conditions. Such theories about the planning of these houses are based on a series of assumptions about (i) the numbers of courtyards and rooms they contain, (ii) their unchanging nature over time and (iii) a topological pattern existing in the relationship between the courtyard and the rest of the plan. Yet, these assumptions, all of which have an impact on the socio-cultural or climatic interpretation of this famous architectural type, have never been tested. In response, this paper uses a computational and mathematical method drawn from Space Syntax to measure the spatial topology of 37 plans of Yazd’s most significant courtyard houses. These houses, which are classified by the Yazd Cultural Heritage Organization, were constructed between the 11th and 20th CE centuries and are all exemplars of this type. This paper develops three hypotheses around the assumptions found in past research about the characteristic planning of the Yazd courtyard house. Then, using quantitative measures derived from plan graph analysis, the paper develops a series of longitudinal trends to test the hypotheses and explore changes that have occurred in this architectural type over time.
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Zhang, Dongxu, Chunxiao Kong, Mei Zhang, and Qi Meng. "Courtyard Sound Field Characteristics by Bell Sounds in Han Chinese Buddhist Temples." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041279.
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The acoustic environments of Han Chinese Buddhist temples have long played an important role in the development of Buddhism. This study explored the effects of layouts and spatial elements of Han Chinese Buddhist temples on courtyard sound fields. First, sound fields of three traditional Han Chinese courtyards were measured, and results were compared with sound field simulations to determine the appropriate acoustic and software parameter setting for ancient building materials in the context of sound field simulation. Next, a sound field model for standard forms of Han Chinese Buddhist temples was built and analysed. Results indicate that in traditional Buddhist temples, spatial elements—such as the height and sound absorption coefficient of temple courtyard walls, position of courtyard partition walls, and the position and height of bell towers—could significantly affect the sound pressure level (SPL), reverberation time (RT), and musical clarity (C80) of each courtyard. However, enclosure materials, such as those used in roofs, on the ground, and in windows of Han Chinese Buddhist temples, had relatively small effects on temple courtyard sound fields.
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Hao, Shimeng, Changming Yu, Yuejia Xu, and Yehao Song. "The Effects of Courtyards on the Thermal Performance of a Vernacular House in a Hot-Summer and Cold-Winter Climate." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061042.
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Achieving comfort in hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) climate zones can be challenging, since the climate is characterized by high temperatures in the summer and relatively colder temperatures in the winter. Courtyards, along with other semi-open spaces such as verandas and overhangs, play an important role in mitigating outdoor climate fluctuations. In this research, the effects of courtyards on the thermal performance of vernacular houses in HSCW climate zones were studied via field measurements and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. The selected courtyard house was a representative vernacular timber dwelling situated in the southeast of Chongqing, China. The indoor and outdoor air temperature measurements revealed that the courtyard did play an active role as a climatic buffer and significantly reduced the temperature’s peak value in the summer, while during the winter, the courtyard prevented the surrounding rooms from receiving direct solar radiation, and thus to some extent acted as a heat barrier. The contributions of thermal mass are quite limited in this area, due to insufficient solar radiation in winter and general building operations. The natural ventilation mechanism of courtyard houses in HSCW zones was further studied through CFD simulations. The selected opened courtyard was compared to an enclosed structure with similar building configurations. The airflow patterns driven by wind and buoyancy effects were first simulated separately, and then together, to illustrate the ventilation mechanisms. The simulation results show that the courtyard’s natural ventilation behavior benefited from the proper openings on ground level.
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Widiastuti, Indah. "TYPOLOGY STUDY OF VERNACULAR COURTYARD-HOUSE IN KERALA, SOUTH INDIA." Jurnal Sosioteknologi 17, no. 3 (December 30, 2018): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/sostek.itbj.2018.17.3.4.
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Gunn, S. J., and P. G. Lindley. "Charles Brandon's Westhorpe: an Early Tudor Courtyard House in Suffolk." Archaeological Journal 145, no. 1 (January 1988): 272–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1988.11077852.
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Nugroho, Agung Murti, Andika Citraningrum, Wasiska Iyati, and Mohd Hamdan Ahmad. "Courtyard as Tropical Hot Humid Passive Design Strategy: Case Study of Indonesian Contemporary Houses in Surabaya Indonesia." Journal of Design and Built Environment 20, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jdbe.vol20no2.1.
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Courtyard in building contributes to indoor thermal environment. Courtyard element is commonly applied as passive cooling strategy in the design of boarding house in Indonesia. Courtyard has a potential aspect of being micro climate-modifier to reduce indoor air temperature during the day. This paper discusses the effects of courtyards on indoor thermal environment in Indonesian contemporary boarding houses using field measurement. This paper focuses on the indoor air temperature reduction of 5 courtyard houses design of the contemporary boarding house in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. The field experiment method was used for two physical environmental variables: the air temperature and relative humidity. Each sensor was shaded with a paper cups wrapped with the aluminum foil to prevent the effect of direct thermal radiation. Measurement was taken for approximately 23 days continuously in each building. The results of the measurement exposed that the form and enclosure element is pivotal in its thermal environment design consideration for tropical climate. Meanwhile, utilizing ventilation blocks as the primary enclosure also help reduce air temperature in hot-humid climates. The results showed that the indoor air temperatures in the courtyard and surrounding room were approximately 0.3-1.7°C lower than the outdoor air temperature during daytime. During night-time, indoor air temperatures inside swing to 0.8-1.9°C higher than the outdoor. The results of the thermal environment evaluation revealed that indoor air temperatures can be categorized as a neutral temperature of the measurement period. Therefore, the application of courtyards in contemporary boarding houses have proven as possible means of achieving sufficient cooling effects through full-day ventilation strategy, and showed improved performance when combined with ventilated blocks.
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Sedighi, Mohamad, and Dick van Gameren. "UNVEILING IRANIAN COURTYARD HOUSE: THE EXAMPLE OF KUY-E CHAHARSAD-DASTGAH (1946–1950)." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 43, no. 1 (July 4, 2019): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jau.2019.6046.
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This article discusses the transformation of the traditional Iranian courtyard house type and neighbourhood structure in the early 20th century Iran, and focuses on the design of public housing in the country’s early years of modernisation, after the second World War. It explores how (urban) legislations by Iranian reformists and modernists, and the compulsory unveiling law implemented between 1936 and 1943 contributed to change the image of urban areas and the everyday life of Iranians, particularly in Tehran. While this article provides a short overview of these transformations, it discusses how Iranian architects, educated in Europe, attempted to reconceptualise the ideal form of living, the courtyard-garden house (Khaneh-Bagh), for large-scale housing production, in the country. This article shows how the transformation of this house type became an instrument of accommodating both change and resistance in terms of local customs and habits, in Kuy-e Chaharsad-Dastgah, built between 1946 and 1950 in Tehran. To illustrate these, the design and development of this experimental housing project is analysed in details. It is also demonstrated how this project was developed based on a “planning document” revised by a group of modernist Iranian architects, who intended to improve the hygiene condition of living environments and to accommodate a large number of low-income civil servants in post-World War II, Tehran. It is argued that dual characteristics of the Iranian courtyard house allowed for both incorporating imported models, and simultaneously resisting universalising tendencies towards homogenisation, in the case of Chaharsad-Dastgah.
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Nejadriahi, Halleh, and Ozgur Dincyurek. "Identifying Privacy Concerns on the Formation of Courtyards." Open House International 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2015-b0004.
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Rapid changes due to the globalization process, cause in disappearance of traditional values and identity in the new architectural designs, particularly in the historical settlements. Presence of courtyard in the houses of Middle Eastern and Mediterranean countries dates back to nearly six thousand years ago. Privacy is one of the fundamental notions in the spatial organization of the traditional houses in this region and courtyard is the main component that assists achieving privacy in such houses. Kashan as one of the ancient cities of Iran possessing a considerable number of distinctive traditional courtyard houses, is crucial to be interrogated in terms of its traditional architecture to maintain its values and to sustain identity of the city. Space syntax as an effective method to clarify the spatial pattern of buildings and the degree of privacy in the interior spaces is applied in this study to identify privacy concerns on the formation of courtyards in the spatial organization of the traditional houses of Kashan. This paper may contribute in providing an approach for distribution of spaces in the house according to their level of privacy and its relationship in the process of current house layout design
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Czerner, Rafał, and Grażyna Bąkowska-Czerner. "House H10 from Marina el-Alamein on the northwest coast of Egypt." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, no. 29/2 (December 31, 2020): 319–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam29.2.14.
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House H10 was one of the buildings located in a Hellenistic-Roman city at the Marina el-Alamein site in Egypt, whose relics were the first to be discovered. Successive research, conducted since 1997 along with initial conservation work, has provided a comprehensive overview. The house is one of the largest and most extensive of this site. Its spatial design is a showcase for the technology typical of houses from Marina. The house is embedded in both Greco-Hellenic and Roman traditions. It is an oikos house with a courtyard with two columned porticoes situated symmetrically on either side parallel to the main axis. A third, perpendicular portico, complementing the layout of the incomplete peristyle, is imitated by the architectural decoration of the courtyard elevation, organised by semi-columns. The layout includes two main rooms located opposite each other on two sides of the peristyle. The house was rebuilt several times, which made for a complicated layout. The studies conducted have cast light on domestic religious practice and the distinctive character of the architectural and artistic interior design, including exceptional examples of figural painting. The architecture and décor of the house document the changes occurring at the intersection of Hellenistic and Roman traditions.
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Almhafdy, Abdulbasit, Norhati Ibrahim, Sabarinah Sh. Ahmad, and Josmin Yahya. "Courtyards Design Variants and Its Functions in Malaysian Hospitals." Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v1i1.15.
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The courtyard becomes a vital element that commonly applied in tropical buildings for its environmental, social and therapeutic potentials. However, effort to examine its usage and design variants is limited. This paper focuses on the application of courtyards in the context of Malaysian hospitals. Thirty-two courtyards were inventoried. Besides the courtyard functions, design variants were recorded in terms of its form and aspect ratio, courtyard orientation and physical features. The results revealed that the courtyards in the Malaysian hospitals buildings are creatively manipulated. The paper concludes with an outline of means to optimize a courtyard’s microclimatic and healing performances.2398-4295 © 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Courtyard function; design variants; hospitals; environmental aspect
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Mat Idris, Madihah, Magda Sibley, and Karim Hadjri. "Investigating Space Use Patterns in a Malaysian Hospital Courtyard Garden: Lessons from real-time observation of patients, staff and visitors." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 3, no. 8 (June 28, 2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v3i8.1413.
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This paper examines the behaviour of users of a large central courtyard in a hospital with the aim to develop an understanding of the activities and the space use patterns of patients, staff and visitors. Video-based and direct observation, as well as behaviour mapping, were employed to investigate how different types of users interact with the courtyard garden. This study reveals that significant differences existed in the way different user groups utilised the courtyard garden on a daily basis and this was found to be highly influenced by the physical environment, the hospital opening hours and the courtyard micro-climate.eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v3i8.1413
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Zhang, Xue Yan, Bin Chen, Yan Qing Liu, and Xv Liang Han. "Analysis on the Relationship between Typical House Mode and Heating Energy Consumption in Cold Rural Areas of Eastern China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.607.
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In cold rural areas of Eastern China, heating energy consumption was increased year by year, affected by some factors such as building materials, different courtyard layouts and residential constructions. Based on field measurements and multiple perspectives analysis of typical houses, the heat of cold air infiltration in one house could be reduced by 18.3 %, while the courtyard design was adapted to local climatic conditions. Heating energy consumption could be reduced by 15% for reasonable energy utilization, and which could be reduced by 50% for rational design of building layout and correct selection of materials for building envelope.
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Rajapaksha, Indrika, Hisaya Nagai, and Masaya Okumiya. "Indoor Thermal Modification of a Ventilated Courtyard House in the Tropics." Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 1, no. 1 (March 2002): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.1.87.
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Darwish, Mahmoud Ahmed. "ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING OF MINIA MOSQUES." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 4, no. 8 (August 31, 2016): 108–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol4.iss8.580.
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Minia maintains twenty-four archaeological mosques adopt several models follows: the local architectural planning between the courtyard and open riwaqs, and planning with naves without courtyard.
There are four mosques take planning component of the courtyard and riwaqs ranging in date from the Fatimid age, and twenty mosques planning to take the naves and overdraft without a courtyard ranging in date from the Fatimid and Muhammad Ali ages includes one mosque with five naves, eleven mosques with four naves, five mosques of three naves and three Mosques of two naves.
The objective of this study to highlight the evolution of the architectural planning of the mosques in Minia governorate, which was one of the most important provinces in Upper Egypt, in the architectural heritage,
The variables of comparison where mosques have been established since the Arab conquest of Egypt has maintained were noted in the planning and architectural elements, while in the mosques of the renovation and reconstruction in many periods, it retained Architectural assets, which was mostly to the Fatimid age, also found that the mosque has seen the upswing in the Mamluk and Ottoman ages.
Whether the planning with open Riwaqs around the courtyard or naves without courtyard, and the development of the architectural elements which include facades and entrances, minarets and arches.
The research, in the methodology followed, based on the identification of the architectural planning stages of the development of the mosques on:
1. The descriptive approach through the study of architectural planning and follows this through different ages.
2. The analytical and comparative approach by the various characteristics of the models and patterns of architectural planning and comparative study with a number of mosques.
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Galán-Marín, Carmen, Victoria Patricia López-Cabeza, Carlos Rivera-Gómez, and Juan Manuel Rojas-Fernández. "On the Influence of Shade in Improving Thermal Comfort in Courtyards." Proceedings 2, no. 22 (October 30, 2018): 1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2221390.
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This study analyzes the thermal performance of courtyards in traditional buildings in the city center of Córdoba (South of Spain), one of them displaying a shading component, to determine the influence of this precise element. The courtyards have been monitored simultaneously during a summer period when temperatures during the day reached over 45 °C. The obtained data was contrasted, and we confirmed that the shading element provided an improvement of the thermal performance of the courtyard which doubled the thermal leap between outdoor and inside the courtyard temperatures when the shading element was installed, in comparison to the courtyard without shade. Therefore, the tempering effect of courtyards can be significantly improved by means of using these simple elements.
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Bougdah, Hocine. "The Courtyard House: Can a Sustainable Future Learn from a Context Relevant Past." International Journal of Environmental Science & Sustainable Development. 1, no. 1 (December 14, 2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/essd.v1i1.17.
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This paper looks at the courtyard house as a traditional urban dwellings of yesteryears with a view to explore its potential in informing the housing developments of the future. In order to address the question, the paper starts with a historical overview of this built form as an urban dwellings that fulfilled its functional and spatial requirements in times gone by. It then goes on to highlight the inadequcy of post colonial housing solutions in Algeria and to look into two important aspects of this traditional housing typology; its socio-cultural relevance and environmental performance. The analysis is carried out using both secondary research in the form of three examples from the literature. and primary research carried out as field work in the form of temperature measurements inside a house, during the hot season, in Boussaada (Algeria). The discussion and concluding remarks attempts to make an arguments for re-considering what could be learned from such traditional housing typology to inform future urban development that would subscribe to the values of sustainable development.  Courtyard house, urabn development, typology, cultural relevance, environmental performance, traditional architecture, sustainable development