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Journal articles on the topic 'Elementary Particles and High Energy Physics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

SKRINSKY, A. N. "ACCELERATOR PROSPECTS FOR HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, no. 30 (December 10, 2007): 5585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x07038840.

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This talk is an attempt to present the current accelerator field status and assured prospects for elementary particle physics. The discussed subject is so rich that many interesting and important components of the picture are inevitably missing. The talk is updated version of my talk at HEP2005 International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics in Lisboa, Portugal.

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2

PERL, MARTIN L., ERIC R. LEE, and DINESH LOOMBA. "A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE SEARCH FOR ISOLATABLE FRACTIONAL CHARGE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES." Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 35 (November 20, 2004): 2595–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304016019.

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Since the initial measurements of the electron charge a century ago, experimenters have faced the persistent question as to whether elementary particles exist that have charges that are fractional multiples of the electron charge. In the standard model of particle physics the quarks are such particles, but it is assumed that quarks cannot be individually isolated, the quarks always being confined inside hadrons. This paper is a brief review of the present status of searches for isolatable fractional charge particles such as a lepton-like particle with fractional charge or an unconfined quark. There have been a very large number of searches but there is no confirmed evidence for existence of isolatable fractional charge particles. It may be that they do not exist, but it is also possible that they are very massive or that their production mechanisms are very small so that they have been missed by existing searches. Therefore the aim of this review is to urge (a) the invention of ways to substantially increase the range of known search methods and (b) to urge the invention of new search methods for isolatable fractional charge particles.

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MIRAMONTI, LINO, and VITO ANTONELLI. "ADVANCEMENTS IN SOLAR NEUTRINO PHYSICS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 22, no. 05 (May 2013): 1330009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301313300099.

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We review the results of solar neutrino physics, with particular attention to the data obtained and the analyses performed in the last decades, which were determinant to solve the solar neutrino problem (SNP), proving that neutrinos are massive and oscillating particles and contributing to refine the solar models. We also discuss the perspectives of the presently running experiments in this sector and of the ones planned for the near future and the impact they can have on elementary particle physics and astrophysics.

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4

SZCZEKOWSKI, MAREK. "DIQUARKS IN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 04, no. 16 (October 10, 1989): 3985–4035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x89001643.

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Many phenomena in elementary particle physics show indications of clustering of two quarks inside baryons. Although the existence of such diquark systems cannot be presently rigorously proven in quantum field theory of strong interactions, phenomenological models require some quark-quark binding to explain effects ranging from the baryon mass spectrum to large pT proton production in high energy pp collisions. This review confronts diquark models predictions with experimental results in low and high transverse momentum hadron-hadron collisions, lepton-nucleon scattering and e+e− annihilations. The recent data from the Split Field Magnet detector on high pT proton production in pp, dd and αα collisions at ISR energies are particularly emphasized.

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HA, YUAN K. "ARE BLACK HOLES ELEMENTARY PARTICLES?" International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 18n19 (July 30, 2009): 3577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09047223.

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Quantum black holes are the smallest and heaviest conceivable elementary particles. They have a microscopic size but a macroscopic mass. Several fundamental types have been constructed with some remarkable properties. Quantum black holes in the neighborhood of the Galaxy could resolve the paradox of ultra-high energy cosmic rays detected in Earth's atmosphere. They may also play a role as dark matter in cosmology.

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6

SHAH, G. N., and T. A. MIR. "PION AND MUON MASS DIFFERENCE: A DETERMINING FACTOR IN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE MASS DISTRIBUTION." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 01 (January 10, 2008): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308023797.

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The most fundamental to the elementary particles is the mass they possess and it would be of importance to explore a possible relationship amongst their masses. Here, an attempt is made to investigate this important aspect irrespective of their nature or scheme of classification. We show that there exists a striking tendency for successive mass differences between elementary particles to be close integral/half integral multiple of the mass difference between a neutral pion and a muon. Thus indicating discreteness in the nature of the mass occurring at the elementary particle level. Furthermore, this mass difference of 29.318 MeV is found to be common to the mass spectra of leptons and baryons, implying thereby existence of a basic mechanism linking elementary particles responding to different interactions.

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7

Talman, Richard. "Prospects for Electric Dipole Moment Measurement Using Electrostatic Accelerators." Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 10, no. 01 (August 2019): 267–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793626819300147.

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Electrostatic accelerators have played a glorious role in physics, especially for low energy atomic and nuclear physics and electron microscopy. But circular accelerators have depended almost exclusively on the far greater bending force possible with static magnetic, rather than electric, fields. There is a potential exception to this magnetic bending monopoly for experimental high energy elementary particle physics — it is the possibility of measuring the electric dipole moments (EDMs) of charged elementary particles, such as proton, deuteron, or electron, using an electrostatic storage ring. Any such non-zero EDM would demonstrate violation of both parity (P) and time-reversal (T) invariance. One way of understanding the preponderance of matter over anti-matter in the present-day universe pre-supposes the existence of violations of P and T substantially greater than are allowed by the “standard model” of elementary particle physics. This provides the leading motivation for measuring EDMs. Currently, only upper limits are known for these EDMs. The very same smallness that makes it important to determine them makes their measurement difficult. Accepting as obvious the particle physics motivation, this paper concentrates on the accelerator physics of the (not very) high energy electrostatic accelerators needed for EDM measurements. Developments already completed are emphasized. Impressive advances have been made in the diagnostic tools, spin control and polarimetry that will make EDM measurement possible. Ring design for minimizing spin decoherence and limiting systematic EDM errors is presented. There have, however, been worrisome indications from low energy rings, concerning beam current limitations. A prototype ring design is proposed for investigating and addressing this concern.

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8

Dappiaggi, Claudio. "Elementary particles, holography and the BMS group." Physics Letters B 615, no. 3-4 (June 2005): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2005.04.028.

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9

El Naschie, M. S. "The Cantorian interpretation of high energy physics and the mass spectrum of elementary particles." Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 17, no. 5 (August 2003): 989–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-0779(03)00006-7.

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10

MARANER, PAOLO. "ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND SPIN REPRESENTATIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 05 (February 20, 2004): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304013258.

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We emphasize that the group-theoretical considerations leading to SO (10) unification of electroweak and strong matter field components naturally extend to spacetime components, providing a truly unified description of all generation degrees of freedoms in terms of a single chiral spin representation of one of the groups SO (13,1), SO (9,5), SO (7,7) or SO (3,11). The realization of these groups as higher-dimensional spacetime symmetries produces unification of all fundamental fermions is a single spacetime spinor.

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11

VISSER, MATT. "HAWKING RADIATION: A PARTICLE PHYSICS PERSPECTIVE." Modern Physics Letters A 08, no. 18 (June 14, 1993): 1661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732393001409.

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It has recently become fashionable to regard black holes as elementary particles. By taking this suggestion reasonably seriously it is possible to cobble together an elementary particle physics based on estimate for the decay rate (black hole) i → (black hole) f+ (massless quantum) . This estimate of the spontaneous emission rate contains two free parameters which may be fixed by demanding that the high energy end of the spectrum of emitted quanta match a black body spectrum at the Hawking temperature. The calculation, though technically trivial, has important conceptual implications: (1) The existence of Hawking radiation from black holes seems ultimately dependent only on the fact that massless quanta (and all other forms of matter) couple to gravity. (2) The essentially thermal nature of the Hawking spectrum seems to depend only on the fact that the number of internal states of a large mass black hole is enormous. (3) Remarkably, the resulting formula for the decay rate gives meaningful answers even when extrapolated to low mass black holes. The analysis seems to support the scenario of complete evaporation as the end point of the Hawking radiation process (no naked singularity, no stable massive remnant).

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PERL, MARTIN L. "WHAT EINSTEIN DID NOT KNOW." International Journal of Modern Physics E 17, no. 05 (May 2008): 735–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301308010143.

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This public lecture is about 100 years of research on elementary particles and fundamental forces, beginning with the identification of the electron about 1900 and extending to the astonishing discovery of Dark Matter in the late 1900s. I talk about the elementary particle concept; the discoveries of leptons, quarks and force carrying particles; and some of the experimental technology used. I tell of my own research, our discovery of the tau lepton, our long, inconclusive search for fractional charged particles, and my new involvement in astronomical research on Dark Matter. I conclude by looking ahead to old unsolved puzzles and new questions on the fundamental nature of matter and force that face us in the 21st Century.

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WARD, B. F. L. "ARE MASSIVE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES BLACK HOLES?" Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 02 (January 20, 2004): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304012885.

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We use exact results in a new approach to quantum gravity to study the effect of quantum loop corrections on the behavior of the metric of spacetime near the Schwarzschild radius of a massive point particle in the standard model. We show that the classical conclusion that such a system is a black hole is obviated. Phenomenological implications are discussed.

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Carmona, J. M., J. L. Cortés, J. J. Relancio, and M. A. Reyes. "A New Perspective on Doubly Special Relativity." Universe 9, no. 3 (March 15, 2023): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe9030150.

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Doubly special relativity considers a deformation of the special relativistic kinematics parametrized by a high-energy scale, in such a way that it preserves a relativity principle. When this deformation is assumed to be applied to any interaction between particles, one faces some inconsistencies. In order to avoid them, we propose a new perspective where the deformation affects only the interactions between elementary particles. A consequence of this proposal is that the deformation cannot modify the special relativistic energy–momentum relation of a particle.

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15

Ejiri, H. "Nuclear Spin Responses for Neutrinos in Astroparticle Physics." International Journal of Modern Physics E 06, no. 01 (March 1997): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301397000020.

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Nuclear spin responses are of vital importance for studies of neutrinos, weakly interacting particles and of weak interactions in nuclei. The physics objectives are concerned with lepton nuclear physics within and beyond the standard theory. Here nuclei, which consist of elementary particles in good quantum (eigen) states, are used as excellent micro-laboratories for studying fundamental particles and interactions. Subjects discussed include neutrinos(ν) and weak interactions, weakly interacting massive particles as candidates for dark matters (DM), and other related problems. Experimental studies of them are made by investigating ultra rare nuclear processes at low background underground laboratories. Nuclear responses relevant to electroweak processes, neutrinos, and weakly interacting massive particles are discussed. Nuclear spin isospin responses associated with axial charged weak currents are investigated by using charge-exchange spin flip nuclear reactions at the RCNP ring cyclotron laboratory.

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16

Jeong, Eue-Jin. "QCD QED Potentials, Quark Confinement." International Journal of Fundamental Physical Sciences 12, no. 3 (September 17, 2022): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14331/ijfps.2022.330153.

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One of the enduring puzzles in high energy particle physics is why quarks do not exist independently ‎despite their existence inside the hadron as quarks have never been found in isolation. This problem may ‎be solved by formulating a QCD potential for the entire range of interaction distances of the quarks. The ‎mystery could be related to the fundamental origin of the mass of elementary particles despite the success ‎of the quantum field theories to the highest level of accuracy. The renormalization program is an essential ‎part of the calculation of the scattering amplitudes, where the infinities of the calculated masses of the ‎elementary particles are subtracted for the progressive calculation of the higher-order perturbative terms. ‎The mathematical structure of the mass term from quantum field theories expressed in the form of infinities ‎suggests that there may exist a finite dynamical mass in the limit when the input mass parameter ‎approaches zero. The Lagrangian recovers symmetry at the same time as the input mass becomes zero, ‎whereas the self-energy diagrams acquire a finite dynamical mass in the 4-dimensional space when the ‎dimensional regularization method of renormalization is utilized. We report a new finding that using the ‎mathematical expression of the self-energy(mass) for photons and gluons calculated from this method, the ‎complex form of the QCD and QED interaction potentials can be obtained by replacing the fixed ‎interaction mediating particle’s mass and coupling constants in Yukawa potential with the scale-‎dependent running coupling constant and the corresponding dynamical mass. The derived QCD QED ‎potentials predict the behavior of the related elementary particles exactly as verified by experimental ‎observation.‎

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17

Dai, L. Y., M. Shi, G. Y. Tang, and H. Q. Zheng. "How to distinguish a molecule from an 'elementary' particle?" International Journal of Modern Physics E 23, no. 07 (July 2014): 1461002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301314610023.

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We discuss how to use Morgan's pole counting rule to distinguish a molecular state from an 'elementary' particle. As two examples we focus on X(3872) and f0(980) particles. A molecule may be generated from a meson loop bubble chain, and an 'elementary' particle is related to an explicit interaction field in the effective lagrangian and propagates with a Breit–Wigner propagator. For X(3872) it is found that the data favor the 'elementary' particle explanation. For f0(980) the study becomes much more difficult, since highly nonperturbative dynamics is involved. A unitarization model analysis suggests that f0(980)'s property is quite exotic. Unlike other light scalars, it does not behave like a [Formula: see text] state, and could be interpreted as a molecule.

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18

Mishra, Rakesh Kumar. "The Universe: Search for Neutrino on Earth." British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies 4, no. 1 (February 15, 2023): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/bjmas.2022.0114.

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Our planet is bombarded with trillions of particles, from Space from all direction called “Cosmic Rays”. The cosmic rays are made of tiny ‘elementary” particles such as photon, He, Neutrinos, Hydrogen and atomic nuclei have wide range of energies. Cosmic rays high energies suggest that they must be produced in the most energetic processes in the universe. As the cosmic rays particles have net electric charges they get deflected due to presence of geomagnetic fields during their travel and therefore do not travel in straight line. Cosmic rays particles can interact with matter and radiates at the sources to produced extremely particles called neutrino. Gamma rays radio Bursts of Electromagnetic energy in the form of gamma rays are the absolute, most energetic sources of energy known in the universe. The amount of energy that gamma ray bursts puts out in a few seconds is more than the Sun. every will in its entire life time.The neutrino, a fundamental elementary particles of nature, was born out of necessity to keep the conversvation of energy principle. In observed alpha,beta,and gamma decay. Although neutrinos are mot massless like photon of light, they have very special property. Neutrino are omnipresent in nature pass through every square centimeter of bodies without ever notice. Neutrino originate from events in the Universe such as Colloding of Black Holes,Gamma Ray Bursts from exploding stars and or violent event at core of distant Glaxies. A high energy of particles neutrino transform in to it’s particles lepton(electron,muon,ortauon).most accelerated Neutrino beam can also called muons , and few can create tauons. A detector which distinguished among these leptons can reveal the flavor of neutrino incident to charged particle current interaction because interaction involves the exchange of Boson the ‘target’ particle also change (e.g. neutron-proton).Netrinos detectors is a physics apparatus which is degined to study neutrinos, because neutrinos only weakly interact with other particles of matter, neutrino detector must very large to detect significant number of neutrinos. Confirmed extraterrestrial sources such as Sun,Super Nova1987A,

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19

CASADIO, ROBERTO. "CHARGED SHELLS AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, no. 18 (July 20, 2013): 1350088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13500887.

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We review the General Relativistic model of a (quasi-)pointlike particle represented by a massive shell of electrically charged matter, which displays an ADM mass M equal to the electric charge |Q| in the small-volume limit. We employ the Israel–Darboux's junction equations to explicitly derive this result, and then study the modifications introduced by the existence of a minimum length scale λ. For λ of the order of the Planck length (or larger), we find that the ADM mass becomes equal to the bare mass m0 of the shell, like it occurs for the neutral case.

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SIKLÉR, FERENC. "LOW pT HADRONIC PHYSICS WITH CMS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 07n08 (August 2007): 1819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307007052.

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The pixel detector of CMS can be used to reconstruct very low pT charged particles down to about 0.1 GeV /c. This can be achieved with high efficiency, good resolution and a negligible fake rate for elementary collisions. In the case of central PbPb collisions the fake rate can be kept low for pT > 0.4 GeV /c. In addition, the detector can be employed for identification of neutral hadrons (V0s) and converted photons.

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21

WARD, B. F. L. "MASSIVE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND BLACK HOLE PHYSICS IN RESUMMED QUANTUM GRAVITY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 14 (June 10, 2005): 3128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05025930.

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22

Tikhomirov, Viktor V. "Incoherent ultrarelativistic particle scattering by nuclei at planar channeling." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Physics, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-2243-2020-1-83-94.

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The problem of high-energy charged particle motion in the field of atomic planes of oriented crystals, essential for particle beam manipulation, intensive gamma-radiation generation and prepared measurements of short-living elementary particle properties, such as magnetic and electric dipole momenta, is considered. A rigorously evaluated instant change of transverse channeling motion energy under the scattering by an atomic core is applied to deduce an expression for the average transverse energy growth rate, which takes into consideration both the quantum effects and sharp particle density variation inside an inter-plane channel. The latter makes it possible for the first time to describe numerically the key limitations of multiple applications of the channeling effects in high-energy physics, not involving the parameters, introduces earlier through the arbitrary qualitative considerations. Also, the expressions of both the large angle scattering cross section and average square of small scattering angles are obtained, making possible to formulate a consistent simulation method of both positively and negatively charged particles propagation both in and out of the channeling conditions, taking into consideration both quantum nature of incoherent and classical one of the coherent scattering of ultra-relativistic particles by crystal plane atoms.

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23

Bjorken, James D. "“Why Do We Do Physics? Because Physics Is Fun!”." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 70, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023359.

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In this informal memoir, the author describes his passage through a golden age of elementary particle physics. It includes not only his career trajectory as a theoretical physicist but also his excursions into experimental physics and particle accelerator theory. While his successes are highlighted, some unsuccessful efforts are included in the narrative as well. Those “losers” were arguably as pleasurable as the less-frequent “winners.” Since retirement, the author has become interested in gravitation theory and cosmology—a new golden age. This activity is also briefly described.

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Ivanov, V. A., and R. O. Zaitsev. "THE ELECTRONS KINEMATIC INTERACTION AND HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN TRANSITION METALS COMPOUNDS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 02, no. 05 (October 1988): 689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979288000524.

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In the strong short-ranged repulsion conditions the scattering picture of excitations is equivalent to the scattering of identical Fermi particles. In the wave lengths, large in comparison with the elementary cell dimensions (in Γ-point), the physical situation corresponds to the scattering of slow particles. For the latest case the scattering amplitude is positive always. With the energy increasing the scattering amplitude is decreases and changes his sign for momenta of order of inverse scattering centre dimension. In the crystal lattice the elementary cell dimension is the representative dimension. Hence we conclude that with energy increasing from Γ-point to the Brillouin zone boundary the scattering amplitude can to change the sign at the momentum of order of reciprical lattice vector . The negative sign of the scattering amplitude on the Fermi energy surface results to the normal state instability and the superconductivity condencate prescipitation. Therefore in the filling of lower Hubbard band the superconductivity begins from the some electrons finite concentration, corresponding to the amplitude sign change of the Fermi level.

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25

Horváth, Dezső. "Twenty years of searching for the Higgs boson: Exclusion at LEP, discovery at LHC." Modern Physics Letters A 29, no. 04 (February 10, 2014): 1430004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732314300043.

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The 40 years old Standard Model, the theory of particle physics, seems to describe all experimental data very well. All of its elementary particles were identified and studied apart from the Higgs boson until 2012. For decades, many experiments were built and operated searching for it, and finally, the two main experiments of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, CMS and ATLAS, in 2012 observed a new particle with properties close to those predicted for the Higgs boson. In this paper, we outline the search story: the exclusion of the Higgs boson at the Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider, and its observation at LHC.

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GURALNIK, GERALD S. "GAUGE INVARIANCE AND THE GOLDSTONE THEOREM." Modern Physics Letters A 26, no. 19 (June 21, 2011): 1381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732311036188.

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This paper was originally created for and printed in the "Proceedings of seminar on unified theories of elementary particles" held in Feldafing, Germany from July 5 to 16, 1965 under the auspices of the Max-Planck-Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in Munich. It details and expands upon the 1964 Guralnik, Hagen, and Kibble paper demonstrating that the Goldstone theorem does not require physical zero mass particles in gauge theories.

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27

Adams, Corey, and Marco del Tutto. "TITUS: Visualization of Neutrino Events in Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers." Instruments 4, no. 4 (October 21, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments4040031.

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The amount and complexity of data recorded by high energy physics experiments are rapidly growing, and with these grow the difficulties in visualizing such data. To study the physics of neutrinos, a type of elementary particle, scientists use liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) detectors, among other technologies. LArTPCs have a very high spatial resolution and resolve many of the elementary particles that come out of a neutrino interacting within the argon in the detector. Visualizing these neutrino interactions is of fundamental importance to understanding the properties of neutrinos, but also monitoring and checking on the detector conditions and operations. From these ideas, we have developed TITUS, an event display that shows images recorded by these neutrino detectors. TITUS is a piece of software that reads data coming from LArTPC detectors (as well as the corresponding simulation) and allows users to explore such data in multiple ways. TITUS is flexible to enable fast prototyping and customization.

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Gaines, Irwin, and Thomas Nash. "Use of New Computer Technologies in Elementary Particle Physics." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 37, no. 1 (December 1987): 177–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ns.37.120187.001141.

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Grib, A. A., and Yu V. Pavlov. "On the limiting energy of the collision of elementary particles close to horizon of the rotating black hole." Modern Physics Letters A 35, no. 31 (August 17, 2020): 2050262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732320502624.

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Arguments are given for the conclusion that the energy of collision of two ultrarelativistic elementary particles due to gravitational radiation cannot exceed the Planck value. Comparison of the gravitational and electromagnetic radiation for charged particles close to the horizon of Kerr black hole is made. If for trans-Planckian energy the black hole can arise it is shown that the energy growth used in scattering for interaction of particles is still limited.

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LIU, YING, and CHI XIE. "IMAGE RECOVERY OF TRANSIENT VOLTAGE BASED ON REAL-TIME MONITORING." Modern Physics Letters B 22, no. 05 (February 20, 2008): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984908014821.

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In modern high-energy physics, a powerful electromagnetic field must be supplied for some elementary particles to be accelerated by passing through the region of high-energy physics fields. The electric current and high voltage producing the powerful electromagnetic field are very important to high-energy accelerators, but the insulation of electromagnetic coils in the accelerators suffers from electric damage under powerful electricity. Epecially, it may be stricken by transient overvoltage from the a.c. generator or electric network at any time. For the insulation problem of electromagnetic coils in the accelerator stricken by transient overvoltage, based on real-time monitoring and virtual image technique, the image recovery of transient voltage and the insulation safety of electromagnetic coils in the accelerator can be analyzed and predicted on-line.

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BHATTACHARYA, KAUSHIK. "GAUGE INVARIANCE OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PROCESSES IN THE PRESENCE OF A BACKGROUND MAGNETIC FIELD." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 15 (June 20, 2006): 3151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06031594.

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Elementary particle scatterings and decays in the presence of a background magnetic field are very common in physics, especially after the observation that the core of the neutron stars can sustain a magnetic field of the order of 1013 G. The important point about these calculations is that they are done in a background of a gauge field and as a result the calculations are prone to gauge arbitrariness. In this work we will investigate how this gauge arbitrariness is eradicated in processes where the initial and final particles taking part in the interactions are electrically neutral. Some comments on those processes where the initial or final state consists of electrically charged particles is presented at the end of the paper.

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Besprosvany, J. "Standard-Model Coupling Constants from Compositeness." Modern Physics Letters A 18, no. 27 (September 7, 2003): 1877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732303011642.

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A coupling-constant definition is given based on the compositeness property of some particle states with respect to the elementary states of other particles. It is applied in the context of the vector-spin-1/2-particle interaction vertices of a field theory, and the standard model. The definition reproduces Weinberg's angle in a grand-unified theory. One obtains coupling values close to the experimental ones for appropriate configurations of the standard-model vector particles, at the unification scale within grand-unified models, and at the electroweak breaking scale.

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FINKELSTEIN, ROBERT J. "THE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AS QUANTUM KNOTS IN ELECTROWEAK THEORY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, no. 24 (September 30, 2007): 4467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0703707x.

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We explore a knot model of the elementary particles that is compatible with electroweak physics. The knots are quantized and their kinematic states are labeled by [Formula: see text], irreducible representations of SU q(2), where j = N/2, m = w/2, m′ = (r+1)/2 and (N, w, r) designate respectively the number of crossings, the writhe, and the rotation of the knot. The knot quantum numbers (N, w, r) are related to the standard isotopic spin quantum numbers (t, t3, t0) by (t = N/6, t3 = -w/6, t0 = -(r+1)/6), where t0 is the hypercharge. In this model the elementary fermions are low lying states of the quantum trefoil (N = 3) and the gauge bosons are ditrefoils (N = 6). The fermionic knots interact by the emission and absorption of bosonic knots.

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34

SIDHARTH, B. G. "THE PION MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics E 20, no. 06 (June 2011): 1527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301311018514.

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We revisit the problem of a mechanism that generates the mass spectrum of elementary particles. This has vexed physicists for several decades now. In this connection, we deduce a formula that gives the masses of all known elementary particles, even though other quantum numbers are suppressed. These considerations become important in view of the Large Hadron Collider which is expected to attain 14 TeV by 2013.

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35

Recami, Erasmo, and Waldyr A. Rodrigues. "Tachyons: may they have a role in elementary particle physics?" Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics 15 (January 1985): 499–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6410(85)90081-x.

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36

SHIMA, KAZUNARI, MOTOMU TSUDA, and MANABU SAWAGUCHI. "A NEW EINSTEIN–HILBERT-TYPE ACTION AND A SUPERON-GRAVITON MODEL (SGM) OF NATURE." International Journal of Modern Physics E 13, no. 03 (June 2004): 539–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301304002326.

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A nonlinear supersymmetric (NLSUSY) Einstein–Hilbert (EH)-type new action for the unity of nature is obtained by performing Einstein gravity analogue geometrical arguments in high symmetry spacetime inspired by NLSUSY. The new action is unstable and breaks down spontaneously into the EH action with matter in ordinary Riemann spacetime. All elementary particles except the graviton are composed of the fundamental fermion "superon" (the Nambu–Goldstone (NG) fermion of NLSUSY) and regarded as the eigenstates of SO(10) super-Poincaré (SP) algebra, called the superon-graviton model (SGM) of nature. Some phenomenological implications for low energy particle physics and cosmology are discussed. The linearization of NLSUSY including N=1 SGM action is attempted explicitly to obtain the linear SUSY local field theory, which is equivalent and renormalizable.

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37

Jenni, Peter. "Early physics results." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1961 (February 28, 2012): 933–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0463.

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For the past year, experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have started exploring physics at the high-energy frontier. Thanks to the superb turn-on of the LHC, a rich harvest of initial physics results have already been obtained by the two general-purpose experiments A Toroidal LHC Apparatus (ATLAS) and the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), which are the subject of this report. The initial data have allowed a test, at the highest collision energies ever reached in a laboratory, of the Standard Model (SM) of elementary particles, and to make early searches Beyond the Standard Model (BSM). Significant results have already been obtained in the search for the Higgs boson, which would establish the postulated electro-weak symmetry breaking mechanism in the SM, as well as for BSM physics such as Supersymmetry (SUSY), heavy new particles, quark compositeness and others. The important, and successful, SM physics measurements are giving confidence that the experiments are in good shape for their journey into the uncharted territory of new physics anticipated at the LHC.

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38

Belotsky, K., S. Rubin, and I. Svadkovsky. "Extended micro objects as dark matter particles." Modern Physics Letters A 32, no. 15 (April 25, 2017): 1740008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317400089.

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Models of various forms of composite dark matter (DM) predicted by particle theory and the DM constituents formed by gravity that are not reduced to new elementary particle candidates are discussed. Main attention is paid to a gravitational origin of the DM. The influence of extended mass spectrum of primordial black holes on observational limits is considered. It is shown that non-uniformly deformed extra space can be considered as point-like masses which possess only gravitational interaction with each other and with the ordinary particles. The recently discussed six-dimensional stable wormholes could contribute to the DM. The contribution of dark atoms is also considered.

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39

Stumpf, H. "Formfactors of Relativistic Composite Particle Interactions in Unified Nonlinear Spinorfield Models." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 752–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-0717.

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Unified nonlinear spinorfield models are self-regularizing quantum field theories in which all observable (elementary and non-elementary) particles are assumed to be bound states of fermionic preon fields. Due to their large masses the preons themselves are confined and below the threshold of preon production the effective dynamics of the model is only concerned with bound state reactions. In preceding papers a functional energy representation, the statistical interpretation and the dynamical equations were derived and the effective dynamics for preon-antipreon boson states and three preon-fermion states (with corresponding anti-fermions) was studied in the low energy limit. The transformation of the functional energy representation of the spinorfield into composite particle functional operators produced a hierarchy of effective interactions at the composite particle level, the leading terms of which are identical with the functional energy representation of a phenomenological boson-fermion coupling theory. In this paper these calculations are extended into the high energy range. This leads to formfactors for the composite particle interaction terms which are calculated in a rough approximation and which in principle are observable. In addition, the mathematical and physical interpretation of nonlocal quantum field theories and the meaning of the mapping procedure, its relativistic invariance etc. are discussed.

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40

SEN, ASHOKE. "MAGNETIC MONOPOLES, BOGOMOL’NYI BOUND AND SL(2, ℤ) INVARIANCE IN STRING THEORY." Modern Physics Letters A 08, no. 21 (July 10, 1993): 2023–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732393001732.

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We show that in heterotic string theory compactified on a six-dimensional torus, the lower bound (Bogomol’nyi bound) on the dyon mass is invariant under the SL (2, ℤ) transformation that interchanges strong and weak coupling limits of the theory. Elementary string excitations are also shown to satisfy this lower bound. Finally, we identify specific monopole solutions that are related via the strong-weak coupling duality transformation to some of the elementary particles saturating the Bogomol’nyi bound, and these monopoles are shown to have the same mass and degeneracy of states as the corresponding elementary particles.

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Baru, V., J. Haidenbauer, C. Hanhart, Yu Kalashnikova, and A. Kudryavtsev. "Evidence that the a0(980) and f0(980) are not elementary particles." Physics Letters B 586, no. 1-2 (April 2004): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2004.01.088.

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42

PERL, MARTIN L., PETER C. KIM, VALERIE HALYO, ERIC R. LEE, IRWIN T. LEE, DINESH LOOMBA, and KLAUS S. LACKNER. "THE SEARCH FOR STABLE, MASSIVE, ELEMENTARY PARTICLES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, no. 12 (May 10, 2001): 2137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01003548.

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In this paper we review the experimental and observational searches for stable, massive, elementary particles other than the electron and proton. The particles may be neutral, may have unit charge or may have fractional charge. They may interact through the strong, electromagnetic, weak or gravitational forces or through some unknown force. The purpose of this review is to provide a guide for future searches — what is known, what is not known, and what appear to be the most fruitful areas for new searches. A variety of experimental and observational methods such as accelerator experiments, cosmic ray studies, searches for exotic particles in bulk matter and searches using astrophysical observations is included in this review.

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Faraggi, Alon E. "The Equivalence Postulate of Quantum Mechanics, Dark Energy, and the Intrinsic Curvature of Elementary Particles." Advances in High Energy Physics 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/957394.

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The equivalence postulate of quantum mechanics offers an axiomatic approach to quantum field theories and quantum gravity. The equivalence hypothesis can be viewed as adaptation of the classical Hamilton-Jacobi formalism to quantum mechanics. The construction reveals two key identities that underlie the formalism in Euclidean or Minkowski spaces. The first is a cocycle condition, which is invariant underD-dimensional Möbius transformations with Euclidean or Minkowski metrics. The second is a quadratic identity which is a representation of theD-dimensional quantum Hamilton-Jacobi equation. In this approach, the solutions of the associated Schrödinger equation are used to solve the nonlinear quantum Hamilton-Jacobi equation. A basic property of the construction is that the two solutions of the corresponding Schrödinger equation must be retained. The quantum potential, which arises in the formalism, can be interpreted as a curvature term. The author proposes that the quantum potential, which is always nontrivial and is an intrinsic energy term characterising a particle, can be interpreted as dark energy. Numerical estimates of its magnitude show that it is extremely suppressed. In the multiparticle case the quantum potential, as well as the mass, is cumulative.

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Jaffe, Robert, and Raymond Jeanloz. "Sidney David Drell (September 13, 1926–December 21, 2016): A Biographical Memoir." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 69, no. 1 (October 19, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-020619-120837.

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Sidney David Drell, professor emeritus at Stanford University and senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, died shortly after his 90th birthday in Palo Alto, California. In a career spanning nearly 70 years, Sid—as he was universally known—achieved prominence as a theoretical physicist, public servant, and humanitarian. Sid contributed incisively to our understanding of the electromagnetic properties of matter. He created the theory group at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and led it through the most creative period in elementary particle physics. The Drell-Yan mechanism is the process through which many particles of the Standard Model, including the famous Higgs boson, were discovered. Sid advised Presidents and Cabinet Members on matters ranging from nuclear weapons to intelligence, speaking truth to power but with keen insight for offering politically effective advice. His special friendships with Wolfgang (Pief) Panofsky, Andrei Sakharov, and George Shultz highlighted his work at the interface between science and human affairs. He advocated widely for the intellectual freedom of scientists and in his later years campaigned tirelessly to rid the world of nuclear weapons.

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45

Goldhaber, Maurice. "Amending the Standard Model of Particle Physics." International Journal of Modern Physics A 19, supp01 (February 2004): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x04018683.

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Some of my earlier arguments, suggesting modifications of the Standard Model of Particle Physics (see ref. 1), are elaborated and extended. Rules deduced from the known properties of elementary fermions are sharpened and extended in the first part. Conclusions drawn from the rules in the second part are also honed and expanded and an estimate of the neutrino mass eigenstates is added. In the third part, a tentative explanation of the rules is discussed. In my earlier paper, I suggested replacing the point-sources postulated by the Standard Model for each generation by finite 'source-shapes', equal for all elementary fermions of a generation and systematically decreasing in volume from the first to the third generation, thus increasing the effect of self-interactions. According to the rules a correlation exists between the mass of an elementary fermion and the strength of its self-interaction, thus an increase in self-interactions would resolve the problem of the hierarchical masses. A possible connection between the existence of only three generations and the three-dimensionality of space also is discussed. In the epilogue the question is explored whether finite source-shapes for the elementary fermions can be reconciled with fundamental theoretical tenets.

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TANNENBAUM, M. J. "TRANSVERSE ENERGY PRODUCTION IN LIGHT AND HEAVY ION INTERACTIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 04, no. 14 (August 20, 1989): 3377–476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x89001382.

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Transverse energy distributions have proved to be useful in the understanding of reaction mechanisms of relativistic heavy ion interactions. The development of the subject is traced from its roots in elementary particle physics. A review and analysis of the data from recent measurements in high energy heavy ion beams at CERN and Brookhaven is presented.

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47

Pitrelli, Nico. "No reserved communication lanes for high energy." Journal of Science Communication 05, no. 02 (June 21, 2006): E. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.05020501.

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The American particle physics community is in jeopardy and may end up drowning in a boundless sea trying to grasp at non-existing funds, dragging US physics and science as a whole to the bottom. This is a price the most powerful and high-tech country of the world cannot afford, as warned by the editors of a report published in late April by the National Academy of Sciences1. Behind so much alarm is the International Linear Collider (ILC) – a large particle accelerator facility which, according to the report, should be built on American territory, if research on the elementary constituents of nature is to survive in the United States. The ILC will probably cost a total of five hundred million dollars in the first five years, whereas billions will have to be invested in the subsequent seven years. Hardly impressive, however, if compared with the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), the biggest and costliest machine ever conceived in the history of science. Devised to describe the first instants of the universe, as many will recall, the SSC project was severely hampered by political and bureaucratic plots in 1993, when the Clinton administration decided to halt work on the accelerator, after ten years and approximately two billion dollars already spent.

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48

MATSUKI, TAKAYUKI, and MASASHI SHIOTANI. "EFFECTIVE COUPLINGS OF DYNAMICAL NAMBU–GOLDSTONE BOSONS WITH ELEMENTARY FERMIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 15, no. 10 (March 28, 2000): 709–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732300000694.

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Assuming dynamical spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry for massless gauge theory without scalar fields, we find a method to construct an effective action of the dynamical Nambu–Goldstone bosons and elementary fermions by using auxiliary fields. Here dynamical particles are assumed to be composed of elementary fermions. Various quantities including decay constants are calculated from this effective action.

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THUAN, VO VAN. "REVEALING EXTRADIMENSIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 18n19 (July 30, 2009): 3545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0904717x.

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In the framework of a proposed space-time symmetric model of elementary particles, a simplified semi-classical geometrical dynamics leads to the quantum mechanical equations, which may shed light on the physical reality of an individual micro-particle. As a result, the precise P -odd effects would be made explicit in those equations.

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Galanti, Giorgio, Fabrizio Tavecchio, and Marco Landoni. "Fundamental physics with blazar spectra: a critical appraisal." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 491, no. 4 (December 23, 2019): 5268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3411.

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ABSTRACT Very-high-energy (VHE) BL Lacertae (BL Lac) spectra extending above $10 \, \rm TeV$ provide a unique opportunity for testing physics beyond the standard model of elementary particle and alternative blazar emission models. We consider the hadron beam scenario, the conversion of photons to axion-like particles (ALPs) and the Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) by analysing their consequences and induced modifications to BL Lac spectra. In particular, we consider how different processes can provide similar spectral features (e.g. hard tails) and we discuss the ways they can be disentangled. We use data from High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy (HEGRA) of a high state of Markarian 501 and the High-Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) spectrum of the extreme BL Lac (EHBL) 1ES 0229+200. In addition, we consider two hypothetical EHBLs similar to 1ES 0229+200 located at redshifts z = 0.3 and z = 0.5. We observe that both the hadron beam and the photon–ALP oscillations predict a hard tail extending to energies larger than those possible in the standard scenario. Photon–ALP interaction predicts a peak in the spectra of distant BL Lacs at about $20\rm {-}30 \, \rm TeV$, while LIV produces a strong peak in all BL Lac spectra around $\sim 100 \, \rm TeV$. The peculiar feature of the photon–ALP conversion model is the production of oscillations in the spectral energy distribution, so that its detection/absence can be exploited to distinguish between the considered models. The above-mentioned features of the three models might be detected by the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array. Thus, future observations of BL Lac spectra could eventually shed light on new physics and alternative blazar emission models, driving fundamental research towards a specific direction.

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