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1
Kitazawa, Noriaki. "Toward the stabilization of extra dimensions by brane dynamics." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 11 (April 16, 2015): 1550055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x15500554.
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All the models of elementary particles and their interactions derived from String Theory involve a compact six-dimensional internal space. Its volume and shape should be fixed or stabilized, since otherwise massless scalar fields (moduli) reflecting their deformations appear in our four-dimensional space–time, with sizable effects on known particles and fields. We propose a strategy toward stabilizing the compact space without fluxes of three-form fields from closed strings. Our main motivation and goal is to proceed insofar as possible within conventional string worldsheet theory. As we shall see, D-branes with magnetic flux ("magnetized D-branes") and the forces between them can be used to this end. We investigate here some necessary ingredients: open string one-loop vacuum amplitudes between magnetized D-branes, magnetized D-branes fixed at orbifold singularities, and potential energies among such D-branes in the compact space that result from tree-level closed string exchanges.
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Dekker, Hans. "Pointlike Electric Charge in Gravitational Field Theory." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 14, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 5611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v14i2.7596.
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The existence of charged elementary 'point particles' still is a basically unsolved puzzle in theoretical physics. The present work takes a fresh look at the problem by including gravity---without resorting to string theory. Using Einstein's equations for the gravitational fields in a general static isotropic metric with the full energy-momentum tensor (for the charged material mass and the electromagnetic fields) as the source term, a novel exact solution with a well-defined characteristic radius emerges where mass and charge accumulate: $r_{\rm c}{=}\sqrt{r_{\rm e}r_o/2}$---with $r_{\rm e}{=}Q^2\!/4\pi\epsilon_omc^2$ being the 'classical' radius associated with the total charge $Q$ and where $r_o{=}2mG/c^2$ is the Schwarzschild radius belonging to the observable mass $m$ (for the electron one has $r_{\rm e}{\approx}10^{-15}$m and $r_o{\approx}\,10^{-57}$m). The resulting 'Einstein-Maxwell' gravitational electron radius can also be written as $r_{\rm c}{=}\ell_{\rm P}\sqrt{\alpha_{\rm e}}$, where $\ell_{\rm P}{=}\sqrt{\hbar G/c^3}{\approx}10^{-35}$m is the fundamental Planck length and $\alpha_{\rm e}{=}e^2\!/4\pi\epsilon_o\hbar c{\approx}1/137$ the fine-structure constant, which yields $r_{\rm c}^{\rm electron}{=}1.38063{\times}10^{-36}$m.
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Arghirescu, Marius. "The cold genesis–a new scenario of particles forming." Physics & Astronomy International Journal 1, no. 5 (November 20, 2017): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/paij.2017.01.00026.
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There are presented briefly the main theoretic models of the theory developed by author in the book: “The cold Genesis of Matter and Fields” (Ed. Science PG, 2015), which argues the cold genesis of elementary particles in a very strong magnetic field, comparable to those of a magnetar or a gravistar. The elementary particles are explained by a quasi-crystalline model of quark , resulted as Bose-Einstein condensate of gammons considered as N pairs of quasi-electrons with diminished me -mass, e∗ -charge and μe∗(Γ∗μ) -magnetic moment. The nuclear force is explained as attraction of the nucleon’s impenetrable volume in the field of 2N- superposed magnetic moment vortices Γ∗μ(r) of another nucleon. The theory predicted the existence of a preon z0≈34 me with quasi-crystalline kernel, experimentally evidenced in 2015 but considered as X- boson of a fifth force, and the field-like nature of the dark energy.
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Vizgin, Vladimir P. "“Comedy of mistakes” and “drama of humans”: on the domestic contribution to the creation of The Standard Model of elemantary particle in physics." Science management: theory and practice 2, no. 3 (2020): 196–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2020.2.3.11.
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The article explores domestic contribution to the creation of The Standard Model (SM). SM is a quantum field gauge theory of electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions, which is the basis of the modern theory of elementary particles. The process of its development covers a twenty-year period – from 1954 (the concept of non-Abelian Yang-Mills gauge fields) to the early 1970s, when the construction of renormalizable quantum chromodynamics and electroweak theory was completed. The reasons for the difficult perception of the Yang-Mills gauge field concept in the USSR are analyzed, associated primarily with the problem of “zero-charge” in quantum electrodynamics, and then in field theories of strong and weak interactions. This result, obtained by the leaders of the outstanding Russian scientific schools of theoretical physics, L. D. Landau, I. Ya. Pomeranchuk and their students, led to the rejection of the majority of Soviet physicists from field theory and to their transition to the position of a non-field phenomenological program (based on the S-matrix theory) in the construction of the theory of elementary particles.
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Vizgin, Vladimir. "On the Two Synthetic Programs of the Fundamental Physics in the XXth Century: to the Centenary of the Geometric Field Program and 60th Anniversary of the Discovery of Standard Model Symmetry in the Elementary Particles." Science Management: Theory and Practice 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 185–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2021.3.2.8.
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The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the geometric field program (GFP) and the 60th anniversary of the discovery of standard model symmetry in elementary particle physics. These events are related to two large-scale programs of building a unified field theory of fundamental interactions. The GFP originated on the basis of the general theory of relativity and the first unified geometric theories of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields of H.Weyl and T. Kaluza (1921). Soon its leader was A. Einstein, whose intense 30-year efforts never led to success, despite the mathematical depth of this program. Particles and their quantum properties within the GFP were to be obtained as solutions to non-linear equations of the unified field. This has also led to a critical Einstein’s relationship to the Copenhagenprobabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics. Despite its defeat, the GFP and the associatedEinsteinian critique of the foundations of quantum mechanics had an important heuristic significance for theoretical physics. The discovery of symmetries of strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions, made in 1961 by M. Gell-Mann, Y. Ne’eman, S. Glashaw and A.Salam, together with the concept of gauge fields proposed earlier by C. Yang and R. Mills (1954), formed the basis of the symmetry gauge quantum field program of building a unified theory of the three fundamental interactions in the elementary particles physics. It was within this program that all theoretical and experimental difficulties were overcome and triumphantly completed by the mid-1970s the construction of electroweak theory and quantum chromodynamics, in other words, the standard model. A firm belief in the beauty and power of the symmetry gauge program was the key to its success. The impact of the GFP on symmetry gauge program has been noted, in particular in relation of the «symmetry ergo dynamics» principle.
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Diamantini, Maria Cristina, and Carlo A. Trugenberger. "Superinsulators: An Emergent Realisation of Confinement." Universe 7, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7060201.
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Superinsulators (SI) are a new topological state of matter, predicted by our collaboration and experimentally observed in the critical vicinity of the superconductor-insulator transition (SIT). SI are dual to superconductors and realise electric-magnetic (S)-duality. The effective field theory that describes this topological phase of matter is governed by a compact Chern-Simons in (2+1) dimensions and a compact BF term in (3+1) dimensions. While in a superconductor the condensate of Cooper pairs generates the Meissner effect, which constricts the magnetic field lines penetrating a type II superconductor into Abrikosov vortices, in superinsulators Cooper pairs are linearly bound by electric fields squeezed into strings (dual Meissner effect) by a monopole condensate. Magnetic monopoles, while elusive as elementary particles, exist in certain materials in the form of emergent quasiparticle excitations. We demonstrate that at low temperatures magnetic monopoles can form a quantum Bose condensate (plasma in (2+1) dimensions) dual to the charge condensate in superconductors. The monopole Bose condensate manifests as a superinsulating state with infinite resistance, dual to superconductivity. The monopole supercurrents result in the electric analogue of the Meissner effect and lead to linear confinement of the Cooper pairs by Polyakov electric strings in analogy to quarks in hadrons. Superinsulators realise thus one of the mechanism proposed to explain confinement in QCD. Moreover, the string mechanism of confinement implies asymptotic freedom at the IR fixed point. We predict thus for superinsulators a metallic-like low temperature behaviour when samples are smaller than the string scale. This has been experimentally confirmed. We predict that an oblique version of SI is realised as the pseudogap state of high-TC superconductors.
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Vizgin, Vladimir P. "Socio-Cultural Aspects of the Standard Model in Elementary Particles Physics and the History of Its Creation." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 57, no. 3 (2020): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202057348.
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The article соnsiders the socio-cultural aspects of the standard model (SM) in elementary particle physics and history of its creation. SM is a quantum field gauge theory of electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions, which is the basis of the modern theory of elementary particles. The process of its elaboration covers a twenty-year period: from 1954 (the concept of gauge fields by C. Yang and R. Mills) to the early 1970s., when the construction of renormalized quantum chromodynamics and electroweak theory wеre completed. The socio-cultural aspects of SM are explored on the basis of a quasi-empirical approach, by studying the texts of its creators and participants in the relevant events. We note also the important role of such an “external” factor as large-scale state projects on the creation of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, which provided personnel and financial support for fundamental research in the field of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics (the implementation of thermonuclear projects took place just in the 1950s, and most of the theorists associated with the creation of SM were simultaneously the main developers of thermonuclear weapons, especially in the USSR). The formation of SM is considered as a competition between two research programs (paradigms) – gauge-field and phenomenological, associated with the rejection of the field concept. The split of the scientific community of physicists associated with this competition is going on during this period. It’s accompanied by a kind of “negotiations”, which in the early 1970s lead to the triumph of the gauge field program and the restoration of the unity of the scientific community. The norms and rules of the scientific ethos played the regulatory role in this process. The scientific-realistic position of the metaphysical attitudes of the majority of theorists and their negative attitude to the concepts of philosophical relativism and social construction of scientific knowledge are emphasized. Some features of the history of SM creation are also noted, such as the positive role of aesthetic judgments; “scientific-school” form of research (in the USSR), its pros and cons; a connection to historical-scientific “drama of ideas” with “dramas of people” who made a wrong choice and (or) “missed their opportunities”.
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Morrison, Margaret. "Reduction, Unity and the Nature of Science: Kant's Legacy?" Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 63 (October 2008): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246108000039.
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One of the hallmarks of Kantian philosophy, especially in connection with its characterization of scientific knowledge, is the importance of unity, a theme that is also the driving force behind a good deal of contemporary high energy physics. There are a variety of ways that unity figures in modern science—there is unity of method where the same kinds of mathematical techniques are used in different sciences, like physics and biology; the search for unified theories like the unification of electromagnetism and optics by Maxwell; and, more recently, the project of grand unification or the quest for a theory of everything which involves a reduction of the four fundamental forces (gravity, electromagnetism, weak and strong) under the umbrella of a single theory. In this latter case it is thought that when energies are high enough, the forces (interactions), while very different in strength, range and the types of particles on which they act, become one and the same force. The fact that these interactions are known to have many underlying mathematical features in common suggests that they can all be described by a unified field theory. Such a theory describes elementary particles in terms of force fields which further unifies all the interactions by treating particles and interactions in a technically and conceptually similar way. It is this theoretical framework that allows for the prediction that measurements made at a certain energy level will supposedly indicate that there is only one type of force. In other words, not only is there an ontological reduction of the forces themselves but the mathematical framework used to describe the fields associated with these forces facilitates their description in a unified theory. Specific types of symmetries serve an important function in establishing these kinds of unity, not only in the construction of quantum field theories but also in the classification of particles; classifications that can lead to new predictions and new ways of understanding properties like quantum numbers. Hence, in order to address issues about unification and reduction in contemporary physics we must also address the way that symmetries facilitate these processes.
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WILCZEK, FRANK. "LECTURES ON BLACK HOLE QUANTUM MECHANICS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 13, no. 31 (December 20, 1998): 5279–372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x98002420.
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The lectures that follow were originally given in 1992, and written up only slightly later. Since then there have been dramatic developments in the quantum theory of black holes, especially in the context of string theory. None of these are reflected here. The concept of quantum hair, which is discussed at length in the lectures, is certainly of permanent interest, and I continue to believe that in some generalized form it will prove central to the whole question of how information is stored in black holes. The discussion of scattering and emission modes from various classes of black holes could be substantially simplified using modern techniques, and from currently popular perspectives the choice of examples might look eccentric. On the other hand fashions have changed rapidly in the field, and the big questions as stated and addressed here, especially as formulated for "real" black holes (nonextremal, in four-dimensional, asymptotically flat space–time, with supersymmetry broken), remain pertinent even as the tools to address them may evolve. The four lectures I gave at the school were based on two lengthy papers that have now been published, "Black Holes as Elementary Particles," Nuclear PhysicsB380, 447 (1992) and "Quantum Hair on Black Holes," Nuclear PhysicsB378, 175 (1992). The unifying theme of this work is to help make plausible the possibility that black holes, although they are certainly unusual and extreme states of matter, may be susceptible to a description using concepts that are not fundamentally different from those we use in describing other sorts of quantum-mechanical matter. In the first two lectures I discussed dilaton black holes. The fact that apparently innocuous changes in the "matter" action can drastically change the properties of a black hole is already very significant: it indicates that the physical properties of small black holes cannot be discussed reliably in the abstract, but must be considered with due regard to the rest of physics. (The macroscopic properties of large black holes, in particular those of astrophysical interest, are presumably well described by the familiar Einstein–Maxwell action which governs the massless fields. Heavy fields will at most provide Yukawa tails to the field surrounding the hole.) I will show how perturbations may be set up and analyzed completely, and why doing this is crucial for understanding the semiclassical physics of the hole including the Hawking radiation quantitatively. It will emerge that there is a class of dilaton black holes which behave as rather straightforward elementary particles. In the other two lectures I discussed the issue of hair on black holes, in particular the existence of hair associated with discrete gauge charges and its physical consequences. This hair is particularly interesting to analyze because it is invisible classically and to all order in ℏ. Its existence shows that black holes can have some "internal" quantum numbers in addition to their traditional classification by mass, charge, and angular momentum. The text that follows, follows the original papers closely.
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Bernabeu, Jose. "Symmetries and Their Breaking in the Fundamental Laws of Physics." Symmetry 12, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12081316.
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Symmetries in the Physical Laws of Nature lead to observable effects. Beyond the regularities and conserved magnitudes, the last few decades in particle physics have seen the identification of symmetries, and their well-defined breaking, as the guiding principle for the elementary constituents of matter and their interactions. Flavour SU(3) symmetry of hadrons led to the Quark Model and the antisymmetric requirement under exchange of identical fermions led to the colour degree of freedom. Colour became the generating charge for flavour-independent strong interactions of quarks and gluons in the exact colour SU(3) local gauge symmetry. Parity Violation in weak interactions led us to consider the chiral fields of fermions as the objects with definite transformation properties under the weak isospin SU(2) gauge group of the Unifying Electro-Weak SU(2) × U(1) symmetry, which predicted novel weak neutral current interactions. CP-Violation led to three families of quarks opening the field of Flavour Physics. Time-reversal violation has recently been observed with entangled neutral mesons, compatible with CPT-invariance. The cancellation of gauge anomalies, which would invalidate the gauge symmetry of the quantum field theory, led to Quark–Lepton Symmetry. Neutrinos were postulated in order to save the conservation laws of energy and angular momentum in nuclear beta decay. After the ups and downs of their mass, neutrino oscillations were discovered in 1998, opening a new era about their origin of mass, mixing, discrete symmetries and the possibility of global lepton-number violation through Majorana mass terms and Leptogenesis as the source of the matter–antimatter asymmetry in the universe. The experimental discovery of quarks and leptons and the mediators of their interactions, with physical observables in spectacular agreement with this Standard Theory, is the triumph of Symmetries. The gauge symmetry is exact only when the particles are massless. One needs a subtle breaking of the symmetry, providing the origin of mass without affecting the excellent description of the interactions. This is the Brout–Englert–Higgs Mechanism, which produces the Higgs Boson as a remnant, discovered at CERN in 2012. Open present problems are addressed with by searching the New Physics Beyond-the-Standard-Model.
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Chung, Ding-Yu. "The Periodic Table of Elementary Particles Based on String Theory." Journal of Modern Physics 05, no. 14 (2014): 1234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2014.514123.
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SEN, ASHOKE. "MAGNETIC MONOPOLES, BOGOMOL’NYI BOUND AND SL(2, ℤ) INVARIANCE IN STRING THEORY." Modern Physics Letters A 08, no. 21 (July 10, 1993): 2023–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732393001732.
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We show that in heterotic string theory compactified on a six-dimensional torus, the lower bound (Bogomol’nyi bound) on the dyon mass is invariant under the SL (2, ℤ) transformation that interchanges strong and weak coupling limits of the theory. Elementary string excitations are also shown to satisfy this lower bound. Finally, we identify specific monopole solutions that are related via the strong-weak coupling duality transformation to some of the elementary particles saturating the Bogomol’nyi bound, and these monopoles are shown to have the same mass and degeneracy of states as the corresponding elementary particles.
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Sato, Matsuo. "String geometry and nonperturbative formulation of string theory." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 23 (August 20, 2019): 1950126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19501264.
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We define string geometry: spaces of superstrings including the interactions, their topologies, charts, and metrics. Trajectories in asymptotic processes on a space of strings reproduce the right moduli space of the super-Riemann surfaces in a target manifold. Based on the string geometry, we define Einstein–Hilbert action coupled with gauge fields, and formulate superstring theory nonperturbatively by summing over metrics and the gauge fields on the spaces of strings. This theory does not depend on backgrounds. The theory has a supersymmetry as a part of the diffeomorphisms symmetry on the superstring manifolds. We derive the all-order perturbative scattering amplitudes that possess the super moduli in type IIA, type IIB and SO(32) type I superstring theories from the single theory, by considering fluctuations around fixed backgrounds representing type IIA, type IIB and SO(32) type I perturbative vacua, respectively. The theory predicts that we can see a string if we microscopically observe not only a particle but also a point in the space–time. That is, this theory unifies particles and the space–time. This paper is a summary version of Ref. 1.
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GUENDELMAN, E. I. "GAUGE CONDENSATES AND GAUGE DYNAMICS, THE COSMOLOGICAL AND STRONG CP PROBLEMS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 14, no. 22 (September 10, 1999): 3497–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x99001627.
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Some evidence for gauge field condensation in gauge theories is reviewed. The gravitational effects of gauge field condensates, in particular those associated with four-index field strengths are analyzed, paying special attention to their effect on the cosmological constant problem (CCP) and on the matching of different phases of the theory. Gauge fields composed of elementary scalars and their role in the CCP are studied. In particular such gauge fields can define a composite measure of integration which is a total derivative leading to the invariance under changes in the Lagrangian density L, L→L+ constant . In such models, when gravity is formulated in the first order formalism, gauge field condensates define and control particle physics dynamics and drive inflation while the true vacuum of the theory is one with zero cosmological constant. It is also shown that models of gauge fields composed of elementary scalars, like the "No Scale Nonlinear σ Model" can produce a new geometrical-type solution of the strong CP problem, which is possible when a condensate of a composite gauge field is present. It is shown that the theory without the cosmological constant problem explained here has a scale invariance, spontaneously broken by the expectation value of a four-index field strength. However, no massless "dilaton" appears as a result of this SSB.
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Kane, Gordon L., and Malcolm J. Perry. "What is a quark?" International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 01 (January 9, 2015): 1530006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x15300069.
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We are used to thinking of quarks as fundamental particles in the same way we think of the electron, or gauge bosons, neutrinos, leptons. In strong theory, these objects are unified with gravitation and the physics of spacetime into what is hoped to be an ultimate theory, string/M theory. The string/M theory paradigm completely changes the way we think of the so-called elementary particles in quantum field theory.
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SEN, ASHOKE. "STRONG–WEAK COUPLING DUALITY IN FOUR-DIMENSIONAL STRING THEORY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 09, no. 21 (August 20, 1994): 3707–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x94001497.
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We present several pieces of evidence for strong–weak coupling duality symmetry in the heterotic string theory, compactified on a six-dimensional torus. They include symmetry of the (1) low energy effective action, (2) allowed spectrum of electric and magnetic charges in the theory, (3) allowed mass spectrum of particles saturating the Bogomol'nyi bound, and (4) Yukawa couplings between massless neutral particles and massive charged particles saturating the Bogomol'nyi bound. This duality transformation exchanges the electrically charged elementary string excitations with the magnetically charged soliton states in the theory. It is shown that the existence of a strong–weak coupling duality symmetry in four-dimensional string theory makes definite predictions about the existence of new stable monopole and dyon states in the theory with specific degeneracies, including certain supersymmetric bound states of monopoles and dyons. The relationship between strong–weak coupling duality transformation in string theory and target space duality transformation in the five-brane theory is also discussed.
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Sharman, P. H., and F. I. Cooperstock. "A nonlinear gauge-invariant field theory of elementary particles." Canadian Journal of Physics 68, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p90-081.
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The field theory of Cooperstock and Rosen (Int. J. Theor. Phys. 28, 423 (1989)), which modelled leptons, is enlarged to encompass the two known quark families. The singularity-free field theory constructs the particles in solitonlike structures via the nonlinear interaction of three scalar fields and the electromagnetic field. The theory predicts particle sizes that are consistent with experiment.
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POLYAKOV, DIMITRI. "GRAVITATIONAL COUPLINGS OF HIGHER SPINS FROM STRING THEORY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, no. 24 (September 30, 2010): 4623–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x1005041x.
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We calculate the interaction 3-vertex of two massless spin-3 particles with a graviton using vertex operators for spin-3 fields in open string theory, constructed in our previous work. The massless spin-3 fields are shown to interact with the graviton through the linearized Weyl tensor, reproducing the result by Boulanger, Leclercq and Sundell. This is consistent with the general structure of the non-Abelian 2-s-s couplings, implying that the minimal number of space–time derivatives in the interaction vertices of two spin-s and one spin-2 particle is equal to 2s-2.
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HOLTEN, J. W. VAN. "BRST FIELD THEORY OF RELATIVISTIC PARTICLES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 07, no. 28 (November 10, 1992): 7119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x92003276.
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A generalization of BRST field theory is presented, based on wave operators for the fields constructed out of, but different from the BRST operator. We discuss their quantization, gauge fixing and the derivation of propagators. We show, that the generalized theories are relevant to relativistic particle theories in the Brink-Di Vecchia-Howe-Polyakov (BDHP) formulation, and argue that the same phenomenon holds in string theories. In particular it is shown, that the naive BRST formulation of the BDHP theory leads to trivial quantum field theories with vanishing correlation functions.
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Cavalcanti, R. T., and Roldão da Rocha. "Dark Spinors Hawking Radiation in String Theory Black Holes." Advances in High Energy Physics 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4681902.
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The Hawking radiation spectrum of Kerr-Sen axion-dilaton black holes is derived, in the context of dark spinors tunnelling across the horizon. Since a black hole has a well defined temperature, it should radiate in principle all the standard model particles, similar to a black body at that temperature. We investigate the tunnelling of mass dimension one spin-1/2 dark fermions, which are beyond the standard model and are prime candidates to the dark matter. Their interactions with the standard model matter and gauge fields are suppressed by at least one power of unification scale, being restricted just to the Higgs field and to the graviton likewise. The tunnelling method for the emission and absorption of mass dimension one particles across the event horizon of Kerr-Sen axion-dilaton black holes is shown here to provide further evidence for the universality of black hole radiation, further encompassing particles beyond the standard model.
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Winterberg, F. "Substratum Approach to a Unified Theory of Elementary Particles." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 43, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 1131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1988-1219.
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If special relativity is a dynamic symmetry caused by true physical deformations of bodies in absolute motion through a substratum or ether, the question if all interactions and elementary particles arc excitations of this ether must be raised. The ether being the cause of all the observed relativistic effects should then obey an exactly nonrelativistic law of motion, and which permits it to consist of positive and negative masses. The fundamental constants of nature, which according to Planck are 1) Newton's constant (G), 2) the velocity of light (c) and 3) Planck’s constant (ћ), suggest that the ether is made up of densely packed positive and negative Planck masses (Planckions), each with a diameter equaling the Planck length. Symmetry demands that the number of positive and negative Planck masses should be equal, making the cosmological constant equal to zero. Because the Planckions are nonrelativistic spin-zero bosons, the ether would therefore consist of two superfluids, one for the positive mass Planckions, and the other one for the negative mass Planckions. By spontaneous symmetry breaking this superfluid ether can in its ground state form a lattice of small vortex rings, with the vortex core radius equaling the Planck length. Force fields of massless vector gauge bosons can be interpreted as quantized transverse vortex waves propagating through this lattice. Because the smallest wave length would be about equal the ring radius of the circular vortices, the ring radius would assume the role of a unification scale. The ring radius is estimated to be about 103 times the Planck length, in fairly good agreement with the empirical evidence for the value of the grand unification scale of the standard model.Charge is explained by the zero point fluctuations of the Planckions attached to the vortex rings, wrhich thereby become the source of virtual phonons. Charge quantization is explained as the result of circulation quantization. Spinors result from bound states of the positive and negative masses of the substratum, and special relativity as a dynamic symmetry would be valid for all those objects. Quantum electrodynamics is derived as a low energy approximationIf spinors are made up from the positive and negative masses of the vortex ring resonance energy, whereby the spinors would assume the character of excitons, the spinor mass can be computed in terms of the Planck mass. Vice versa, with the lowest quark mass m given, a value for the gravitational constant in terms of m, ћ, and c can be obtained. The existence of different particle families can be understood by internal excitations of the spinors, and parity violation may find its explanation in a small nonzero vorticity of the ether. Bacause of its simple fundamental symmetry the theory is unique, it is always finite and has no anomalies.In the proposed theory all fields and interactions are explained in a completely mechanistic way by the Planck masses and their contact interactions. With special relativity as a derived dynamic symmetry and space remaining euclidean, the proposed approach can be seen as an alternative to Einstein’s program to explain all fields and their interactions by symmetries and singularities of a noneuclidean spacetime manifold.In Part I, the fundamental equation for the substratum, which has the form of a nonrelativistic nonlinear Heisenberg equation, is formulated. It is shown how it leads to a Maxwell-type set of equations for the gauge bosons. In Part II, Dirac-type spinors and quantum electrodynamics are derived. These results are then applied to obtain the lowest quark mass in terms of the Planck mass.
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NESBET, ROBERT K. "COSMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CONFORMAL FIELD THEORY." Modern Physics Letters A 26, no. 12 (April 20, 2011): 893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732311035389.
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Requiring all massless elementary fields to have conformal scaling symmetry removes the conflict between gravitational theory and the quantum theory of elementary particles and fields. Extending this postulate to the scalar field of the Higgs model, dynamical breaking of both gauge and conformal symmetries determines parameters for the interacting fields. In uniform isotropic geometry a modified Friedmann cosmic evolution equation is derived with nonvanishing cosmological constant. Parameters determined by numerical solution are consistent with empirical data for redshifts z ≤ z* = 1090, including luminosity distances for observed type Ia supernovae and peak structure ratios in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The theory does not require dark matter.
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MARSHAKOV, A. V., and A. V. ZABRODIN. "NEW P-ADIC STRING AMPLITUDES." Modern Physics Letters A 05, no. 04 (February 10, 1990): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732390000317.
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It is shown that the branching multiplicative characters (corresponding to certain quadratic extensions) of the p-adic number fields can be used to construct the tree amplitudes in the p-adic string theory. In particular, the p-adic analogues of the tachyon amplitudes in the Neveu-Schwarz sector of the superstring and the p-adic amplitudes of the emission of the massless vector particles for the bosonic non-archimedean string are obtained.
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BAAQUIE, BELAL E., and L. C. KWEK. "SUPERSTRINGS, GAUGE FIELDS AND BLACK HOLES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, no. 15 (June 20, 2001): 2605–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01004268.
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There has been spectacular progress in the development of string and superstring theories since its inception thirty years ago. Development in this area has never been impeded by the lack of experimental confirmation. Indeed, numerous bold and imaginative strides have been taken and the sheer elegance and logical consistency of the arguments have served as a primary motivation for string theorists to push their formulations ahead. In fact the development in this area has been so rapid that new ideas quickly become obsolete. On the other hand, this rapid development has proved to be the greatest hindrance for novices interested in this area. These notes serve as a gentle introduction to this topic. In these elementary notes, we briefly review the RNS formulation of superstring theory, GSO projection, D-branes, bosonic strings, dualities, dynamics of D-branes and the microscopic description of Bekenstein entropy of a black hole.
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Lee, Taejin. "Quons in a quantum dissipative system." International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, no. 08 (March 14, 2016): 1650033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x16500330.
Full textAbstract:
String theory proves to be an imperative tool to explore the critical behavior of the quantum dissipative system. We discuss the quantum particles moving in two dimensions, in the presence of a uniform magnetic field, subject to a periodic potential and a dissipative force, which are described by the dissipative Wannier–Azbel–Hofstadter (DWAH) model. Using string theory formulation of the model, we find that the elementary excitations of the system at the generic points of the off-critical regions, in the zero temperature limit are quons, which satisfy [Formula: see text]-deformed statistics.
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MATSUKI, TAKAYUKI, and MASASHI SHIOTANI. "EFFECTIVE COUPLINGS OF DYNAMICAL NAMBU–GOLDSTONE BOSONS WITH ELEMENTARY FERMIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 15, no. 10 (March 28, 2000): 709–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732300000694.
Full textAbstract:
Assuming dynamical spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry for massless gauge theory without scalar fields, we find a method to construct an effective action of the dynamical Nambu–Goldstone bosons and elementary fermions by using auxiliary fields. Here dynamical particles are assumed to be composed of elementary fermions. Various quantities including decay constants are calculated from this effective action.
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Asselmeyer-Maluga, Torsten. "Braids, 3-Manifolds, Elementary Particles: Number Theory and Symmetry in Particle Physics." Symmetry 11, no. 10 (October 15, 2019): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11101298.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we will describe a topological model for elementary particles based on 3-manifolds. Here, we will use Thurston’s geometrization theorem to get a simple picture: fermions as hyperbolic knot complements (a complement C ( K ) = S 3 \ ( K × D 2 ) of a knot K carrying a hyperbolic geometry) and bosons as torus bundles. In particular, hyperbolic 3-manifolds have a close connection to number theory (Bloch group, algebraic K-theory, quaternionic trace fields), which will be used in the description of fermions. Here, we choose the description of 3-manifolds by branched covers. Every 3-manifold can be described by a 3-fold branched cover of S 3 branched along a knot. In case of knot complements, one will obtain a 3-fold branched cover of the 3-disk D 3 branched along a 3-braid or 3-braids describing fermions. The whole approach will uncover new symmetries as induced by quantum and discrete groups. Using the Drinfeld–Turaev quantization, we will also construct a quantization so that quantum states correspond to knots. Particle properties like the electric charge must be expressed by topology, and we will obtain the right spectrum of possible values. Finally, we will get a connection to recent models of Furey, Stoica and Gresnigt using octonionic and quaternionic algebras with relations to 3-braids (Bilson–Thompson model).
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Aditya, Y., and D. R. K. Reddy. "Locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi type-I string cosmological models in f(R) theory of gravity." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 15, no. 09 (August 8, 2018): 1850156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887818501566.
Full textAbstract:
This study deals with spatially homogeneous and anisotropic locally rotationally symmetric (LRS) Bianchi type-I universe with cosmic string source in the framework of [Formula: see text] theory of gravity [S. Capozziello, S. Carloni and A. Troisi, Quintessence without scalar fields, Recent Res. Dev. Astron. Astrophys. 1 (2003), 625; S. Nojiri and S. D. Odintsov, Modified gravity with negative and positive powers of curvature: Unification of inflation and cosmic acceleration, Phys. Rev. D 68 (2003) 123512]. Solving the field equations using (i) relation between metric potentials, (ii) power law relation between [Formula: see text] and average scale factor [Formula: see text] and (iii) equations of state for string models we have presented Takabayasi [T. Takabayasi, Quantum Mechanics Determinism, Causality, and Particles (Springer, Berlin, 1976)], Nambu [P. S. Letelier, String cosmologies, Phys. Rev. D 28 (1983) 2414–2419] and Reddy [D. R. K. Reddy, A string cosmological model in a scalar–Tensor theory of gravitation, Astrophys. Space Sci. 286 (2003) 359–363] string cosmological models. The dynamical parameters of our models are determined and their physical behavior is discussed. The most interesting result about the models is that the anisotropic effects are wiped out at late times.
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SAVVIDY, G. K. "TENSIONLESS STRINGS: PHYSICAL FOCK SPACE AND HIGHER SPIN FIELDS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 19, no. 19 (July 30, 2004): 3171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x04018312.
Full textAbstract:
We study the physical Fock space of the tensionless string theory with perimeter action, exploring its new gauge symmetry algebra. The cancellation of conformal anomaly requires the space–time to be 13-dimensional. All particles are massless and there are no tachyon states in the spectrum. The zero mode conformal operator defines the levels of the physical Fock space. All levels can be classified by the highest Casimir operator W of the little group E(11) for massless particles in 11-dimensions. The ground state is infinitely degenerated and contains massless gauge fields of arbitrary large integer spin, realizing the irreducible representations of E(11) of fixed helicity. The excitation levels realize CSR representations of little group E(11) with an infinite number of helicities. After inspection of the first excitation level, which, as we prove, is a physical null state, we conjecture that all excitation levels are physical null states. In this theory the tensor field of the second rank does not play any distinctive role and therefore one can suggest that in this model there is no gravity.
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Antoniadis, I. "Quarks and a unified theory of Nature fundamental forces." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 02 (January 20, 2015): 1530015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x1530015x.
Full textAbstract:
Quarks were introduced 50 years ago opening the road towards our understanding of the elementary constituents of matter and their fundamental interactions. Since then, a spectacular progress has been made with important discoveries that led to the establishment of the Standard Theory that describes accurately the basic constituents of the observable matter, namely quarks and leptons, interacting with the exchange of three fundamental forces, the weak, electromagnetic and strong force. Particle physics is now entering a new era driven by the quest of understanding of the composition of our Universe such as the unobservable (dark) matter, the hierarchy of masses and forces, the unification of all fundamental interactions with gravity in a consistent quantum framework, and several other important questions. A candidate theory providing answers to many of these questions is string theory that replaces the notion of point particles by extended objects, such as closed and open strings. In this short note, I will give a brief overview of string unification, describe in particular how quarks and leptons can emerge and discuss what are possible predictions for particle physics and cosmology that could test these ideas.
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Mankoč Borštnik, Norma Susana. "Spin-charge-family theory is offering next step in understanding elementary particles and fields and correspondingly universe." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 845 (May 2017): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/845/1/012017.
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KITAZAWA, NORIAKI. "DYNAMICAL ELECTROWEAK SYMMETRY BREAKING IN STRING MODELS WITH D-BRANES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, no. 13 (May 20, 2010): 2679–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x10048469.
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The possibility of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking by strong coupling gauge interaction in models with D-branes in String Theory is examined. Instead of elementary scalar Higgs doublet fields, the gauge symmetry with strong coupling (technicolor) is introduced. As the first step of this direction, a toy model, which is not fully realistic, is concretely analyzed in some detail. The model consists of D-branes and anti-D-branes at orbifold singularities in (T2 × T2 × T2)/Z3 which preserves supersymmetry. Supersymmetry is broken through the brane supersymmetry breaking. It is pointed out that the problem of large S parameter in dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking scenario may be solved by natural existence of kinetic term mixings between hypercharge U(1) gauge boson and massive anomalous U(1) gauge bosons. The problems to be solved toward constructing more realistic models are clarified in the analysis.
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Nakatsugawa, Keiji, Motoo Ohaga, Toshiyuki Fujii, Toyoki Matsuyama, and Satoshi Tanda. "The Nakano–Nishijima–Gell-Mann Formula from Discrete Galois Fields." Symmetry 12, no. 10 (September 26, 2020): 1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12101603.
Full textAbstract:
The well known Nakano–Nishijima–Gell-Mann (NNG) formula relates certain quantum numbers of elementary particles to their charge number. This equation, which phenomenologically introduces the quantum numbers Iz (isospin), S (strangeness), etc., is constructed using group theory with real numbers R. But, using a discrete Galois field Fp instead of R and assuring the fundamental invariance laws such as unitarity, Lorentz invariance, and gauge invariance, we derive the NNG formula deductively from Meson (two quarks) and Baryon (three quarks) representations in a unified way. Moreover, we show that quark confinement ascribes to the inevitable fractionality caused by coprimeness between half-integer (1/2) of isospin and number of composite particles (e.g., three).
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POLLOCK, M. D. "GOLDSTONE FIELDS IN THE SUPERSTRING THEORY." International Journal of Modern Physics D 17, no. 01 (January 2008): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271808011882.
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If global supersymmetry is broken by gaugino condensation in the hidden sector of the [Formula: see text] heterotic superstring theory after compactification, then the auxiliary field FB of the modulus B ≡ (B r , B i ) attains a finite value, while that of the dilaton A ≡ (A r , A i ) vanishes, FA = 0, the Goldstone fermion being the modulino [Formula: see text], the spin-½ component of the complex chiral supermultiplet [Formula: see text]. The Goldstone boson of the scale symmetry that is broken when the radius of the internal space is fixed at a constant value is B r , which is determined from the goldstino Lagrangian, compared term by term with the superstring Lagrangian, including higher-derivative gravitational terms [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], after linking the space–time curvature to the energy–momentum tensor of the goldstino via the Einstein equations. This non-linear formulation of supersymmetry, due to Volkov and Akulov, is expressed in terms of the goldstino alone, whose Lagrangian contains a negative cosmological constant, which can be cancelled by the super-Higgs mechanism of Deser and Zumino to make the gravitino massive and break supersymmetry at the level [Formula: see text] GeV, while [Formula: see text]. Here, the modulus has been scaled to the Hagedorn value for the heterotic superstring theory, [Formula: see text], and A r , identified with the inverse square of the tree-level gauge coupling, has been scaled to the calculation in the minimal supersymmetric standard model due to Weinberg, that g-2 = 1.39 at the unification mass MX = 2.2 × 1016 GeV, assuming three generations of elementary particles and two Higgs doublets. In the presence of gravitino condensation in the internal space, however, there is an arbitrary additional contribution to the cosmological constant, facilitating reduction of m s to ~ 100 TeV, say, and m3/2 to ~ 1 eV.
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Wong, B. T. T. "Generalized abelian gauge field theory under rotor model." Modern Physics Letters A 36, no. 27 (September 7, 2021): 2150194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732321501947.
Full textAbstract:
Gauge field theory with rank-one field [Formula: see text] is a quantum field theory that describes the interaction of elementary spin-1 particles, of which being massless to preserve gauge symmetry. In this paper, we give a generalized, extended study of abelian gauge field theory under successive rotor model in general [Formula: see text]-dimensional flat spacetime for spin-1 particles in the context of higher-order derivatives. We establish a theorem that [Formula: see text] rotor contributes to the [Formula: see text] fields in the integration-by-parts formalism of the action. This corresponds to the transformation of gauge field [Formula: see text] and gauge field strength [Formula: see text] in the action. The [Formula: see text] case restores back to the standard abelian gauge field theory. The equation of motion and Noether’s conserved current of the theory are also studied.
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BANKS, TOM. "HOLOGRAPHIC SPACETIME." International Journal of Modern Physics D 21, no. 11 (October 2012): 1241004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271812410040.
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The theory of holographic spacetime (HST) generalizes both string theory and quantum field theory (QFT). It provides a geometric rationale for supersymmetry (SUSY) and a formalism in which super-Poincare invariance follows from Poincare invariance. HST unifies particles and black holes, realizing both as excitations of noncommutative geometrical variables on a holographic screen. Compact extra dimensions are interpreted as finite-dimensional unitary representations of super-algebras, and have no moduli. Full field theoretic Fock spaces, and continuous moduli are both emergent phenomena of super-Poincare invariant limits in which the number of holographic degrees of freedom goes to infinity. Finite radius de Sitter (dS) spaces have no moduli, and break SUSY with a gravitino mass scaling like Λ1/4. In regimes where the Covariant Entropy Bound is saturated, QFT is not a good description in HST, and inflation is such a regime. Following ideas of Jacobson, the gravitational and inflaton fields are emergent classical variables, describing the geometry of an underlying HST model, rather than "fields associated with a microscopic string theory". The phrase in quotes is meaningless in the HST formalism, except in asymptotically flat and AdS spacetimes, and some relatives of these.
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DAVIES, P. C. W. "MULTIVERSE COSMOLOGICAL MODELS." Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 10 (March 28, 2004): 727–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773230401357x.
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Recent advances in string theory and inflationary cosmology have led to a surge of interest in the possible existence of an ensemble of cosmic regions, or "universes", among the members of which key physical parameters, such as the masses of elementary particles and the coupling constants, might assume different values. The observed values in our cosmic region are then attributed to an observer selection effect (the so-called anthropic principle). The assemblage of universes has been dubbed "the multiverse". In this paper we review the multiverse concept and the criticisms that have been advanced against it on both scientific and philosophical grounds.
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Baurov, Yu A. "Next Lepton." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 20 (October 2013): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.20.41.
Full textAbstract:
The physics of lepton masses nature is shown on the base of theory of byuons, the theory of "life" of special unobservable discrete objects – byuons from which the surrounding space and the world of elementary particles are formed. An essential distinction of that theory from the modern models in the classical and quantum field theories is that the potentials of physical fields (gravitational, electromagnetic, asf.) gain exactly fixable, measurable values. The theory of byuons predicts the existence of a next lepton (80,4GeV.) which mass is very same with W-boson mass.
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HERNÁNDEZ, EVA, and ALFREDO MACÍAS. "INDUCED MASSES AND SPIN SELF-INTERACTION FROM FIVE-DIMENSIONAL EINSTEIN–CARTAN–DIRAC THEORY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 13, no. 01 (January 10, 1998): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x98000056.
Full textAbstract:
The Einstein–Cartan theory with a dilaton field coupling arising from five-dimensional principal fiber bundle structure of the metric is investigated. A Dirac type spinor field is coupled to the metric and to translational gauge fields. After the dimensional reduction, the theory introduces a gravitational spin–spin contact interaction coming from the translational degrees of freedom, which is repulsive between Dirac particles whose spins are aligned and attractive when spins are opposed. A classically stable ground state for the dilaton field exists, which is infinitely degenerate with respect to a rescaling of the metric. The induced mass term in the Dirac equation can be interpreted, e.g. as the bare electron mass, as long as we regard this theory as an effective "medium" energy model coming from finite string field theories.
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Barak, Shlomo. "The Essence of the Elementary Charge and the Derivation and Calculation of the Electron Inertial Mass." Applied Physics Research 11, no. 5 (September 30, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v11n5p26.
Full textAbstract:
We consider Electric Charge (Barak, 2019) as merely a space deformation. Positive charge is a contracted zone of space and negative charge - a dilated zone. The field of the electric charge is a smooth continuation from this zone to infinity, of a diminishing contraction or dilation of space. This consideration enables us to derive theoretically, with no phenomenology, the Maxwell theory of electrostatics. Together with the Lorentz Transformation we derive (a known derivation procedure) Maxwell’s theory in its entirety.
Our geometry of deformed zones of space (Barak, 2019), rather than Riemannian geometry of bent manifolds, enables us to attribute positive curvature to a contracted zone of space, i.e., to a positive charge, and negative curvature to a negative charge. This enables us to apply General Relativity (GR) in our derivations, and show that the positive elementary charge can be considered a kind of black hole, whereas the negative elementary charge - a white hole.
Based on the above we construct a model of the Electron (and other elementary particles) and derive and calculate its attributes, including inertial mass and spin. Neither the Standard Model nor String Theory has provided such results.
The equations for these masses contain only the constants G, c, ℏ and α (the fine structure constant). Our calculated results comply with CODATA 2014.
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Stumpf, H. "Gravitation as a Composite Particle Effect in a Unified Spinor-Isospinor Preon Field Model I." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 43, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1988-0410.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The model is defined by a selfregularizing nonlinear preon field equation, and all observable (elementary and non-elementary) particles are assumed to be bound (quantum) states of fermionic preon fields. Electroweak gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, gluons as preon composites and their effective dynamics etc. were studied in preceding papers. In this paper gravitons are introduced as four-preon composites and their effective interactions are discussed. This discussion is performed by the application of functional quantum theory to the model under consideration and subsequent evaluation of a weak mapping procedure, both introduced in preceding papers. In the low energy limit it is demonstrated that the effective graviton dynamics lead to the complete homogeneous Einstein equations in tetrad formulation.
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Kawai, Daisuke, Yoshiki Sato, and Kentaroh Yoshida. "A holographic description of the Schwinger effect in a confining gauge theory." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 11 (April 16, 2015): 1530026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x15300264.
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This is a review of the recent progress on a holographic description of the Schwinger effect. In 2011, Semenoff and Zarembo proposed a scenario to study the Schwinger effect in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence. The production rate of quark–antiquark pairs was computed in the Coulomb phase. In particular, it provided the critical value of external electric field, above which particles are freely created and the vacuum decays catastrophically. Then the potential analysis in the holographic approach was invented and it enabled us to study the Schwinger effect in the confining phase as well. A remarkable feature of the Schwinger effect in the confining phase is to exhibit another kind of the critical value, below which the pair production cannot occur and the vacuum of the system is nonperturbatively stable. The critical value is tantamount to the confining string tension. We computed the pair production rate numerically and introduced new exponents associated with the critical electric fields.
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Mil, Alexander, Torsten V. Zache, Apoorva Hegde, Andy Xia, Rohit P. Bhatt, Markus K. Oberthaler, Philipp Hauke, Jürgen Berges, and Fred Jendrzejewski. "A scalable realization of local U(1) gauge invariance in cold atomic mixtures." Science 367, no. 6482 (March 5, 2020): 1128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz5312.
Full textAbstract:
In the fundamental laws of physics, gauge fields mediate the interaction between charged particles. An example is the quantum theory of electrons interacting with the electromagnetic field, based on U(1) gauge symmetry. Solving such gauge theories is in general a hard problem for classical computational techniques. Although quantum computers suggest a way forward, large-scale digital quantum devices for complex simulations are difficult to build. We propose a scalable analog quantum simulator of a U(1) gauge theory in one spatial dimension. Using interspecies spin-changing collisions in an atomic mixture, we achieve gauge-invariant interactions between matter and gauge fields with spin- and species-independent trapping potentials. We experimentally realize the elementary building block as a key step toward a platform for quantum simulations of continuous gauge theories.
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Bitsadze, Lamara. "The Neumann Type Boundary Value Problem in the Theory of Thermoelasticity with Microtemperatures for a Plane with Circular Hole." Journal of Nature, Science & Technology 1, no. 3 (April 16, 2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/janset.2021.003.003.
Full textAbstract:
This paper studies the linear theory of thermoelastic materials with inner structure whose particles,in addition to the classical displacement and temperature fields, possess microtemperatures. The present work considers the 2D equilibrium theory of thermoelasticity for solids with microtemperatures. This paper is devoted to the explicit solution of the Neumann type boundary value problem for an elastic plane, with microtemperatures having a circular hole. Special representations of the regular solutions of the considered equations are constructed by means of the elementary (harmonic, bi-harmonic and meta-harmonic) functions. Using the Fourier method, we presented the solution of the Neumann type boundary value problem for the plane with circular hole in the explicit form.
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Stumpf, H. "Effective Interactions of Relativistic Composite Particles in Unified Nonlinear Spinor-Field Models. I." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-0105.
Full textAbstract:
Unified nonlinear spinor field models are selfregularizing quantum field theories in which all observable (elementary and non-elementary) particles are assumed to be bound states of fermionic preon fields. Due to their large masses the preons themselves are confined. In preceding papers a functional energy representation, the statistical interpretation and the dynamical equations were derived. In this paper the dynamics of composite particles is discussed. The composite particles are defined to be eigensolutions of the diagonal part of the energy representation. Corresponding calculations are in preparation, but in the present paper a suitable composite particle spectrum is assumed. It consists of preon-antipreon boson states and threepreon- fermion states with corresponding antifermions and contains bound states as well as preon scattering states. The state functional is expanded in terms of these composite particle states with inclusion of preon scattering states. The transformation of the functional energy representation of the spinor field into composite particle functional operators produces a hierarchy of effective interactions at the composite particle level, the leading terms of which are identical with the functional energy representation of a phenomenological boson-fermion coupling theory. This representation is valid as long as the processes are assumed to be below the energetic threshold for preon production or preon break-up reactions, respectively. From this it can be concluded that below the threshold the effective interactions of composite particles in a unified spinor field model lead to phenomenological coupling theories which depend in their properties on the bound state spectrum of the self-regularizing spinor theory.
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Stumpf, H. "Effective Interactions of Relativisic Composite Particles in Unified Nonlinear Spinor-Field Models. II." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-0213.
Full textAbstract:
Unified nonlinear spinor field models are selfregularizing quantum field theories in which all observable (elementary and non-elementary) particles are assumed to be bound states of fermionic preon fields. Due to their large masses the preons themselves are confined. In preceding papers a functional energy representation, the statistical interpretation and the dynamical equations were derived. In this paper the dynamics of composite particles is discussed. The composite particles are defined to be eigensolutions of the diagonal part of the energy representation. Corresponding calculations are in preparation, but in the present paper a suitable composite particle spectrum is assumed. It consists of preon-antipreon boson states and threepreon- fermion states with corresponding antifermions and contains bound states as well as preon scattering states. The state functional is expanded in terms of these composite particle states with inclusion of preon scattering states. The transformation of the functional energy representation of the spinor field into composite particle functional operators produces a hierarchy of effective interactions at the composite particle level, the leading terms of which are identical with the functional energy representation of a phenomenological boson-fermion coupling theory. This representation is valid as long as the processes are assumed to be below the energetic threshold for preon production or preon break-up reactions, respectively. From this it can be concluded that below the threshold the effective interactions of composite particles in a unified spinor field model lead to phenomenological coupling theories which depend in their properties on the bound state spectrum of the self-regularizing spinor theory.
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Stumpf, H. "Effective Interactions of Relativistic Composite Particles in Unified Nonlinear Spinor-Field Models. III." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-0315.
Full textAbstract:
Unified nonlinear spinor field models are selfregularizing quantum field theories in which all observable (elementary and non-elementary) particles are assumed to be bound states of fermionic preon fields. Due to their large masses the preons themselves are confined. In preceding papers a functional energy representation, the statistical interpretation and the dynamic equations were derived. In this paper the dynamics of composite particles is discussed. The composite particles are defined to be eigensolutions of the diagonal part of the energy representation. Corresponding calculations are in preparation, but in the present paper a suitable composite particle spectrum is assumed. It consists of preon-antipreon boson states and threepreon- fermion states with corresponding antifermions and contains bound states as well as preon scattering states. The state functional is expanded in terms of these composite particle states with inclusion of preon scattering states. The transformation of the functional energy representation of the spinor field into composite particle functional operators produces a hierarchy of effective interactions at the composite particle level, the leading terms of which are identical with the functional energy representation of a phenomenological boson-fermion coupling theory. This representation is valid as long as the processes are assumed to be below the energetic threshold for preon production or preon break-up reactions, respectively. From this it can be concluded that below the threshold the effective interactions of composite particles in a unified spinor field model lead to phenomenological coupling theories which depend in their properties on the bound state spectrum of the self-regularizing spinor theory.
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Stumpf, H. "Yang-Mills Dynamics as Effective Nonlinear Field Theory of Composite Vector Bosons in Unified Spinorfield Models." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 41, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 683–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1986-0501.
Full textAbstract:
Unified nonlinear spinorfield models are self-regularizing quantum field theories in which all observable (elementary and non-elementary) particles are assumed to be bound states of fermionic preon fields. Due to their large masses the preons themselves are confined and below the threshold of preon production the effective dynamics of the model is only concerned with bound state reactions. In preceding papers a functional energy representation, the statistical interpretation and the dynamical equations were derived and the effective dynamics for preonantipreon scalar boson states and three-preon fermion (and anti-fermion) states was studied in the low energy as well as in the high energy limit, leading to a functional energy representation of an effective Yukawa theory (with high energy form-factors). In this paper the effective dynamics of two-preon composite vector bosons is studied. The weak mapping of the functional energy representation of the spinorfield on to the functional energy representation for the effective vector boson dynamics (with interactions) produces a non-abelian SU (2) local gauge theory (Yang-Mills theory) for a triplet of mass-zero vector bosons in the temporal and Coulomb gauge. This special gauge is enforced by the use of the energy representation and is compatible with the nonlinear Yang-Mills dynamics (and quantization). Apart from the non-abelian Gauss-law all other field laws and constraints directly follow from the mapping procedure. The non-abelian Gauss-law is a consequence of the relativistic invariance of the effective dynamics. PACS 11.10 Field theory PACS 12.10 Unified field theories and models PACS 12.35 Composite models of particles
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Stumpf, H. "Composite Gluons and Effective Nonabelian Gluon Dynamics in a Unified Spinor-Isospinor Preon Field Model." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 42, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1987-0301.
Full textAbstract:
The model is defined by a selfregularizing nonlinear preon field equation and all observable (elementary and non-elementary) particles are assumed to be bound (quantum) states of the fermionic preon fields. In particular electroweak gauge bosons are two-particle composites, leptons and quarks are three-particle composites, and gluons are six-particle composites. Electroweak gauge bosons, leptons and quarks and their effective interactions etc. were studied in preceding papers. In this paper gluons and their effective dynamics are discussed. Due to the complications of a six-particle bound state dynamics the formation of gluons is performed in two steps: First the effective dynamics of three-particle composites (quarks) is derived, and secondly gluons are fusioned from two quarks respectively. The resulting effective gluon dynamics is a non-abelian SU(3) dynamics, i.e. this local gauge dynamics is produced by the properties of the composites and need not be introduced in the original preon field equation. Mathematically these results are achieved by the application of functional quantum theory to the model under consideration and subsequent evaluation of weak mapping procedures, both introduced in preceding papers. PACS 11.10 Field theory. PACS 12.10 Unified field theories and models. PACS 12.35 Composite models of particles.
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van Holten, Jan-Willem. "Conformal Symmetry and Supersymmetry in Rindler Space." Universe 6, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe6090144.
Full textAbstract:
This paper addresses the fate of extended space-time symmetries, in particular conformal symmetry and supersymmetry, in two-dimensional Rindler space-time appropriate to a uniformly accelerated non-inertial frame in flat 1+1-dimensional space-time. Generically, in addition to a conformal co-ordinate transformation, the transformation of fields from Minkowski to Rindler space is accompanied by local conformal and Lorentz transformations of the components, which also affect the Bogoliubov transformations between the associated Fock spaces. I construct these transformations for massless scalars and spinors, as well as for the ghost and super-ghost fields necessary in theories with local conformal and supersymmetries, as arising from coupling to two-dimensional (2-D) gravity or supergravity. Cancellation of the anomalies in Minkowski and in Rindler space requires theories with the well-known critical spectrum of particles that arise in string theory in the limit of infinite strings, and it is relevant for the equivalence of Minkowski and Rindler frame theories.