Academic literature on the topic 'Elementary Particles and Fields and String Theory'
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Journal articles on the topic "Elementary Particles and Fields and String Theory"
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Kitazawa, Noriaki. "Toward the stabilization of extra dimensions by brane dynamics." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 11 (April 16, 2015): 1550055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x15500554.
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All the models of elementary particles and their interactions derived from String Theory involve a compact six-dimensional internal space. Its volume and shape should be fixed or stabilized, since otherwise massless scalar fields (moduli) reflecting their deformations appear in our four-dimensional space–time, with sizable effects on known particles and fields. We propose a strategy toward stabilizing the compact space without fluxes of three-form fields from closed strings. Our main motivation and goal is to proceed insofar as possible within conventional string worldsheet theory. As we shall see, D-branes with magnetic flux ("magnetized D-branes") and the forces between them can be used to this end. We investigate here some necessary ingredients: open string one-loop vacuum amplitudes between magnetized D-branes, magnetized D-branes fixed at orbifold singularities, and potential energies among such D-branes in the compact space that result from tree-level closed string exchanges.
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Dekker, Hans. "Pointlike Electric Charge in Gravitational Field Theory." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 14, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 5611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v14i2.7596.
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The existence of charged elementary 'point particles' still is a basically unsolved puzzle in theoretical physics. The present work takes a fresh look at the problem by including gravity---without resorting to string theory. Using Einstein's equations for the gravitational fields in a general static isotropic metric with the full energy-momentum tensor (for the charged material mass and the electromagnetic fields) as the source term, a novel exact solution with a well-defined characteristic radius emerges where mass and charge accumulate: $r_{\rm c}{=}\sqrt{r_{\rm e}r_o/2}$---with $r_{\rm e}{=}Q^2\!/4\pi\epsilon_omc^2$ being the 'classical' radius associated with the total charge $Q$ and where $r_o{=}2mG/c^2$ is the Schwarzschild radius belonging to the observable mass $m$ (for the electron one has $r_{\rm e}{\approx}10^{-15}$m and $r_o{\approx}\,10^{-57}$m). The resulting 'Einstein-Maxwell' gravitational electron radius can also be written as $r_{\rm c}{=}\ell_{\rm P}\sqrt{\alpha_{\rm e}}$, where $\ell_{\rm P}{=}\sqrt{\hbar G/c^3}{\approx}10^{-35}$m is the fundamental Planck length and $\alpha_{\rm e}{=}e^2\!/4\pi\epsilon_o\hbar c{\approx}1/137$ the fine-structure constant, which yields $r_{\rm c}^{\rm electron}{=}1.38063{\times}10^{-36}$m.
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Arghirescu, Marius. "The cold genesis–a new scenario of particles forming." Physics & Astronomy International Journal 1, no. 5 (November 20, 2017): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/paij.2017.01.00026.
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There are presented briefly the main theoretic models of the theory developed by author in the book: “The cold Genesis of Matter and Fields” (Ed. Science PG, 2015), which argues the cold genesis of elementary particles in a very strong magnetic field, comparable to those of a magnetar or a gravistar. The elementary particles are explained by a quasi-crystalline model of quark , resulted as Bose-Einstein condensate of gammons considered as N pairs of quasi-electrons with diminished me -mass, e∗ -charge and μe∗(Γ∗μ) -magnetic moment. The nuclear force is explained as attraction of the nucleon’s impenetrable volume in the field of 2N- superposed magnetic moment vortices Γ∗μ(r) of another nucleon. The theory predicted the existence of a preon z0≈34 me with quasi-crystalline kernel, experimentally evidenced in 2015 but considered as X- boson of a fifth force, and the field-like nature of the dark energy.
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Vizgin, Vladimir P. "“Comedy of mistakes” and “drama of humans”: on the domestic contribution to the creation of The Standard Model of elemantary particle in physics." Science management: theory and practice 2, no. 3 (2020): 196–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2020.2.3.11.
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The article explores domestic contribution to the creation of The Standard Model (SM). SM is a quantum field gauge theory of electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions, which is the basis of the modern theory of elementary particles. The process of its development covers a twenty-year period – from 1954 (the concept of non-Abelian Yang-Mills gauge fields) to the early 1970s, when the construction of renormalizable quantum chromodynamics and electroweak theory was completed. The reasons for the difficult perception of the Yang-Mills gauge field concept in the USSR are analyzed, associated primarily with the problem of “zero-charge” in quantum electrodynamics, and then in field theories of strong and weak interactions. This result, obtained by the leaders of the outstanding Russian scientific schools of theoretical physics, L. D. Landau, I. Ya. Pomeranchuk and their students, led to the rejection of the majority of Soviet physicists from field theory and to their transition to the position of a non-field phenomenological program (based on the S-matrix theory) in the construction of the theory of elementary particles.
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Vizgin, Vladimir. "On the Two Synthetic Programs of the Fundamental Physics in the XXth Century: to the Centenary of the Geometric Field Program and 60th Anniversary of the Discovery of Standard Model Symmetry in the Elementary Particles." Science Management: Theory and Practice 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 185–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2021.3.2.8.
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The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the geometric field program (GFP) and the 60th anniversary of the discovery of standard model symmetry in elementary particle physics. These events are related to two large-scale programs of building a unified field theory of fundamental interactions. The GFP originated on the basis of the general theory of relativity and the first unified geometric theories of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields of H.Weyl and T. Kaluza (1921). Soon its leader was A. Einstein, whose intense 30-year efforts never led to success, despite the mathematical depth of this program. Particles and their quantum properties within the GFP were to be obtained as solutions to non-linear equations of the unified field. This has also led to a critical Einstein’s relationship to the Copenhagenprobabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics. Despite its defeat, the GFP and the associatedEinsteinian critique of the foundations of quantum mechanics had an important heuristic significance for theoretical physics. The discovery of symmetries of strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions, made in 1961 by M. Gell-Mann, Y. Ne’eman, S. Glashaw and A.Salam, together with the concept of gauge fields proposed earlier by C. Yang and R. Mills (1954), formed the basis of the symmetry gauge quantum field program of building a unified theory of the three fundamental interactions in the elementary particles physics. It was within this program that all theoretical and experimental difficulties were overcome and triumphantly completed by the mid-1970s the construction of electroweak theory and quantum chromodynamics, in other words, the standard model. A firm belief in the beauty and power of the symmetry gauge program was the key to its success. The impact of the GFP on symmetry gauge program has been noted, in particular in relation of the «symmetry ergo dynamics» principle.
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Diamantini, Maria Cristina, and Carlo A. Trugenberger. "Superinsulators: An Emergent Realisation of Confinement." Universe 7, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7060201.
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Superinsulators (SI) are a new topological state of matter, predicted by our collaboration and experimentally observed in the critical vicinity of the superconductor-insulator transition (SIT). SI are dual to superconductors and realise electric-magnetic (S)-duality. The effective field theory that describes this topological phase of matter is governed by a compact Chern-Simons in (2+1) dimensions and a compact BF term in (3+1) dimensions. While in a superconductor the condensate of Cooper pairs generates the Meissner effect, which constricts the magnetic field lines penetrating a type II superconductor into Abrikosov vortices, in superinsulators Cooper pairs are linearly bound by electric fields squeezed into strings (dual Meissner effect) by a monopole condensate. Magnetic monopoles, while elusive as elementary particles, exist in certain materials in the form of emergent quasiparticle excitations. We demonstrate that at low temperatures magnetic monopoles can form a quantum Bose condensate (plasma in (2+1) dimensions) dual to the charge condensate in superconductors. The monopole Bose condensate manifests as a superinsulating state with infinite resistance, dual to superconductivity. The monopole supercurrents result in the electric analogue of the Meissner effect and lead to linear confinement of the Cooper pairs by Polyakov electric strings in analogy to quarks in hadrons. Superinsulators realise thus one of the mechanism proposed to explain confinement in QCD. Moreover, the string mechanism of confinement implies asymptotic freedom at the IR fixed point. We predict thus for superinsulators a metallic-like low temperature behaviour when samples are smaller than the string scale. This has been experimentally confirmed. We predict that an oblique version of SI is realised as the pseudogap state of high-TC superconductors.
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Vizgin, Vladimir P. "Socio-Cultural Aspects of the Standard Model in Elementary Particles Physics and the History of Its Creation." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 57, no. 3 (2020): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202057348.
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The article соnsiders the socio-cultural aspects of the standard model (SM) in elementary particle physics and history of its creation. SM is a quantum field gauge theory of electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions, which is the basis of the modern theory of elementary particles. The process of its elaboration covers a twenty-year period: from 1954 (the concept of gauge fields by C. Yang and R. Mills) to the early 1970s., when the construction of renormalized quantum chromodynamics and electroweak theory wеre completed. The socio-cultural aspects of SM are explored on the basis of a quasi-empirical approach, by studying the texts of its creators and participants in the relevant events. We note also the important role of such an “external” factor as large-scale state projects on the creation of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, which provided personnel and financial support for fundamental research in the field of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics (the implementation of thermonuclear projects took place just in the 1950s, and most of the theorists associated with the creation of SM were simultaneously the main developers of thermonuclear weapons, especially in the USSR). The formation of SM is considered as a competition between two research programs (paradigms) – gauge-field and phenomenological, associated with the rejection of the field concept. The split of the scientific community of physicists associated with this competition is going on during this period. It’s accompanied by a kind of “negotiations”, which in the early 1970s lead to the triumph of the gauge field program and the restoration of the unity of the scientific community. The norms and rules of the scientific ethos played the regulatory role in this process. The scientific-realistic position of the metaphysical attitudes of the majority of theorists and their negative attitude to the concepts of philosophical relativism and social construction of scientific knowledge are emphasized. Some features of the history of SM creation are also noted, such as the positive role of aesthetic judgments; “scientific-school” form of research (in the USSR), its pros and cons; a connection to historical-scientific “drama of ideas” with “dramas of people” who made a wrong choice and (or) “missed their opportunities”.
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Morrison, Margaret. "Reduction, Unity and the Nature of Science: Kant's Legacy?" Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 63 (October 2008): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246108000039.
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One of the hallmarks of Kantian philosophy, especially in connection with its characterization of scientific knowledge, is the importance of unity, a theme that is also the driving force behind a good deal of contemporary high energy physics. There are a variety of ways that unity figures in modern science—there is unity of method where the same kinds of mathematical techniques are used in different sciences, like physics and biology; the search for unified theories like the unification of electromagnetism and optics by Maxwell; and, more recently, the project of grand unification or the quest for a theory of everything which involves a reduction of the four fundamental forces (gravity, electromagnetism, weak and strong) under the umbrella of a single theory. In this latter case it is thought that when energies are high enough, the forces (interactions), while very different in strength, range and the types of particles on which they act, become one and the same force. The fact that these interactions are known to have many underlying mathematical features in common suggests that they can all be described by a unified field theory. Such a theory describes elementary particles in terms of force fields which further unifies all the interactions by treating particles and interactions in a technically and conceptually similar way. It is this theoretical framework that allows for the prediction that measurements made at a certain energy level will supposedly indicate that there is only one type of force. In other words, not only is there an ontological reduction of the forces themselves but the mathematical framework used to describe the fields associated with these forces facilitates their description in a unified theory. Specific types of symmetries serve an important function in establishing these kinds of unity, not only in the construction of quantum field theories but also in the classification of particles; classifications that can lead to new predictions and new ways of understanding properties like quantum numbers. Hence, in order to address issues about unification and reduction in contemporary physics we must also address the way that symmetries facilitate these processes.
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WILCZEK, FRANK. "LECTURES ON BLACK HOLE QUANTUM MECHANICS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 13, no. 31 (December 20, 1998): 5279–372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x98002420.
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The lectures that follow were originally given in 1992, and written up only slightly later. Since then there have been dramatic developments in the quantum theory of black holes, especially in the context of string theory. None of these are reflected here. The concept of quantum hair, which is discussed at length in the lectures, is certainly of permanent interest, and I continue to believe that in some generalized form it will prove central to the whole question of how information is stored in black holes. The discussion of scattering and emission modes from various classes of black holes could be substantially simplified using modern techniques, and from currently popular perspectives the choice of examples might look eccentric. On the other hand fashions have changed rapidly in the field, and the big questions as stated and addressed here, especially as formulated for "real" black holes (nonextremal, in four-dimensional, asymptotically flat space–time, with supersymmetry broken), remain pertinent even as the tools to address them may evolve. The four lectures I gave at the school were based on two lengthy papers that have now been published, "Black Holes as Elementary Particles," Nuclear PhysicsB380, 447 (1992) and "Quantum Hair on Black Holes," Nuclear PhysicsB378, 175 (1992). The unifying theme of this work is to help make plausible the possibility that black holes, although they are certainly unusual and extreme states of matter, may be susceptible to a description using concepts that are not fundamentally different from those we use in describing other sorts of quantum-mechanical matter. In the first two lectures I discussed dilaton black holes. The fact that apparently innocuous changes in the "matter" action can drastically change the properties of a black hole is already very significant: it indicates that the physical properties of small black holes cannot be discussed reliably in the abstract, but must be considered with due regard to the rest of physics. (The macroscopic properties of large black holes, in particular those of astrophysical interest, are presumably well described by the familiar Einstein–Maxwell action which governs the massless fields. Heavy fields will at most provide Yukawa tails to the field surrounding the hole.) I will show how perturbations may be set up and analyzed completely, and why doing this is crucial for understanding the semiclassical physics of the hole including the Hawking radiation quantitatively. It will emerge that there is a class of dilaton black holes which behave as rather straightforward elementary particles. In the other two lectures I discussed the issue of hair on black holes, in particular the existence of hair associated with discrete gauge charges and its physical consequences. This hair is particularly interesting to analyze because it is invisible classically and to all order in ℏ. Its existence shows that black holes can have some "internal" quantum numbers in addition to their traditional classification by mass, charge, and angular momentum. The text that follows, follows the original papers closely.
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Bernabeu, Jose. "Symmetries and Their Breaking in the Fundamental Laws of Physics." Symmetry 12, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12081316.
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Symmetries in the Physical Laws of Nature lead to observable effects. Beyond the regularities and conserved magnitudes, the last few decades in particle physics have seen the identification of symmetries, and their well-defined breaking, as the guiding principle for the elementary constituents of matter and their interactions. Flavour SU(3) symmetry of hadrons led to the Quark Model and the antisymmetric requirement under exchange of identical fermions led to the colour degree of freedom. Colour became the generating charge for flavour-independent strong interactions of quarks and gluons in the exact colour SU(3) local gauge symmetry. Parity Violation in weak interactions led us to consider the chiral fields of fermions as the objects with definite transformation properties under the weak isospin SU(2) gauge group of the Unifying Electro-Weak SU(2) × U(1) symmetry, which predicted novel weak neutral current interactions. CP-Violation led to three families of quarks opening the field of Flavour Physics. Time-reversal violation has recently been observed with entangled neutral mesons, compatible with CPT-invariance. The cancellation of gauge anomalies, which would invalidate the gauge symmetry of the quantum field theory, led to Quark–Lepton Symmetry. Neutrinos were postulated in order to save the conservation laws of energy and angular momentum in nuclear beta decay. After the ups and downs of their mass, neutrino oscillations were discovered in 1998, opening a new era about their origin of mass, mixing, discrete symmetries and the possibility of global lepton-number violation through Majorana mass terms and Leptogenesis as the source of the matter–antimatter asymmetry in the universe. The experimental discovery of quarks and leptons and the mediators of their interactions, with physical observables in spectacular agreement with this Standard Theory, is the triumph of Symmetries. The gauge symmetry is exact only when the particles are massless. One needs a subtle breaking of the symmetry, providing the origin of mass without affecting the excellent description of the interactions. This is the Brout–Englert–Higgs Mechanism, which produces the Higgs Boson as a remnant, discovered at CERN in 2012. Open present problems are addressed with by searching the New Physics Beyond-the-Standard-Model.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Elementary Particles and Fields and String Theory"
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King, Nicholas T. "T-Duality and Double Field Theory." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4643.
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The purpose of this thesis is to study a symmetry of string theory known as T-duality. We focus on a particular example establishing the equivalence between a quantized string moving in a circular space of radius R and a dual string moving in a similar space of radius 1/R . We will show that this duality implies that the momentum of the string in one picture becomes the number of times the string is wound around the circle in the dual picture. We present two proofs of T-duality. The first reflects the standard interpretation of T-duality as an isomorphism of quantum theories. The second approach is based on Hull's Double Field Theory.
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Driver, Nicholas A. S. "Warp Drive Spacetimes." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5412.
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The concept of faster than light travel in general relativity is examined, starting with a review of the Alcubierre metric. This spacetime, although incredible in its implications, has certain unavoidable problems which are discussed in detail. It is demonstrated that in order to describe faster than light travel without any ambiguities, a coordinate independent description is much more convenient. An alternative method of describing superluminal travel is then proposed, which has similarities to the Krasnikov tube.
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Oh, Jae-Hyuk. "GAUGE-GRAVITY DUALITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO COSMOLOGY AND FLUID DYNAMICS." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/178.
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This thesis is devoted to the study of two important applications of gauge-gravity duality: the cosmological singularity problem and conformal fluid dynamics. Gauge-gravity duality is a concrete dual relationship between a gauge theory (such as electromagnetism, the theories of weak and strong interactions), and a theory of strings which contains gravity. The most concrete application of this duality is the AdS/CFT correspondence, where the theory containing gravity lives in the bulk of an asymptotically anti-de-Sitter space-time, while the dual gauge theory is a deformation of a conformal field theory which lives on the boundary of anti-de-Sitter space-time(AdS).
Our first application of gauge-gravity duality is to the cosmological singularity problem in string gravity. A cosmological singularity is defined as a spacelike region of space-time which is highly curved so that Einstein’s gravity theory can be no longer applied. In our setup the bulk space-time has low curvature in the far past and the physics is well described by supergravity (which is an extension of standard Einstein gravity). The cosmological singularity is driven by a time dependent string coupling in the bulk theory. The rate of change of the coupling is slow, but the net change of the coupling can be large. The dual description of this is a time dependent coupling of the boundary gauge theory. The coupling has a profile which is a constant in the far past and future and attains a small but finite value at intermediate times. We construct the supergravity solution, with the initial condition that the bulk space-time is pure AdS in the far past and show that the solution remains smooth in a derivative expansion without formation of black holes. However when the intermediate value of the string coupling becomes weak enough, space-time becomes highly curved and the supergravity approximation breaks down, mimicking a spacelike singularity. The resulting dynamics is analyzed in the dual gauge theory with a time dependent coupling constant which varies slowly. We develop an appropriate adiabatic expansion in the gauge theory in terms of coherent states and show that the time evolution continues to be smooth. We cannot, however, arrive at a definitive conclusion about the fate of the system at very late times when the coupling has again risen and supergravity again applies. One possibility is that the energy which has been supplied to the universe is simply extracted out and the space-time goes back to its initial state. This could provide a model for a bouncing cosmology. A second possibility is that dissipation leads to a thermal state at late time. If this possibility holds, we show that such a thermal state will be described either by a gas of strings or by a small black hole, but not by a big black hole. This means that in either case, the future space-time is close to AdS.
We then apply gauge-gravity duality to conformal fluid dynamics. The long wavelength behavior of any strongly coupled system with a finite mean free path is described by an appropriate fluid dynamics. The bulk dual of a fluid flow in the boundary theory is a black hole with a slowly varying horizon. In this work we consider certain fluid flows which become supersonic in some regions. It is well known that such flows present acoustic analogs of ergoregions and horizons, where acoustic waves cannot propagate in certain directions. Such acoustic horizons are expected to exhibit thermal radiation of acoustic waves with temperature essentially given by the gradient of the velocity at the acoustic horizon. We find acoustic analogs of black holes in charged conformal fluids and use gauge-gravity duality to construct dual gravity solutions. A certain class of gravitational quasinormal wave modes around these gravitational backgrounds perceives a horizon. Upon quantization, this implies that these gravitational modes should have a thermal spectrum.
The final issue that we study is fluid-gravity duality at zero temperature. The usual way of constructing gravity duals of fluid flows is by means of a small derivative expansion, in which the derivatives are much smaller than the temperature of the background black hole. Recently, it has been reported that for charged fluids, this procedure breaks down in the zero temperature limit. More precisely, corrections to the small derivative expansion in the dual gravity of charged fluid at zero temperature have singularities at the black hole horizon. In this case, fluid-gravity duality is not understood precisely. We explore this problem for a zero temperature charged fluid driven by a low frequency, small amplitude and spatially homogeneous external force. In the gravity dual, this force corresponds to a time dependent boundary value of the dilaton field. We calculate the bulk solution for the dilaton and the leading backreaction using a modified low frequency expansion. The resulting solutions are regular everywhere, establishing fluid-gravity duality to this order.
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Newsome, Ian M. "GEODESIC STRUCTURE IN SCHWARZSCHILD GEOMETRY WITH EXTENSIONS IN HIGHER DIMENSIONAL SPACETIMES." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5414.
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From Birkoff's theorem, the geometry in four spacetime dimensions outside a spherically symmetric and static, gravitating source must be given by the Schwarzschild metric. This metric therefore satisfies the Einstein vacuum equations. If the mass which gives rise to the Schwarzschild spacetime geometry is concentrated within a radius of r=2M, a black hole will form. Non-accelerating particles (freely falling) traveling through this geometry will do so along parametrized curves called geodesics, which are curved space generalizations of straight paths. These geodesics can be found by solving the geodesic equation. In this thesis, the geodesic structure in the Schwarzschild geometry is investigated with an attempt to generalize the solution to higher dimensions.
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Qualls, Joshua D. "UNIVERSAL CONSTRAINTS ON 2D CFTS AND 3D GRAVITY." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/physastron_etds/21.
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We study constraints imposed on a general unitary two-dimensional conformal field theory by modular invariance. We begin with a review of previous bounds on the conformal dimension Delta1 of the lowest primary operator assuming unitarity, a discrete spectrum, modular invariance, cL, cR > 1, and no extended chiral algebra. We then obtain bounds on the conformal dimensions Delta2, Delta3 using no additional assumptions. We also show that in order to find a bound for Delta4 or higher Deltan, we need to assume a larger minimum value for ctot that grows logarithmically with n. We next extend the previous results to remove the requirement that our two-dimensional conformal field theories have no extended chiral algebra.
We then show that modular invariance also implies an upper bound on the total number of states of positive energy less than ctot=24 (or equivalently, states of conformal dimension between ctot=24 and ctot=12), in terms of the number of negative energy states. Finally, we consider the case where the CFT has a gravitational dual and investigate the gravitational interpretation of our results. Using the AdS3/CFT2 correspondence, we obtain an upper bound on the lightest few massive excitations (both with and without the constraint of no chiral primary operators) in a theory of 3D matter and gravity with Lambda < 0. We show our results are consistent with facts and expectations about the spectrum of BTZ black holes in 2+1 gravity. We then discuss the upper and lower bounds on number of states and primary operators in the dual gravitational theory, focusing on the case of AdS3 pure gravity.
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He, Daheng. "Investigation of Spin-Independent CP Violation in Neutron and Nuclear Radiative β Decays." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/physastron_etds/13.
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CP violation is an important condition to explain the preponderance of baryons in our universe, yet the available CP violation in the Standard Model (SM) via the so-called Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa mechanism seems to not provide enough CP violation. Thus searching for new sources of CP violation is one of the central tasks of modern physics. In this thesis, we focus on a new possible source of CP violation which generates triple-product correlations in momenta which can appear in neutron and nuclear radiative β decay. We show that at low energies such a CP violating correlation may arise from the exotic coupling of nucleon, photon and neutrino that was proposed by Harvey, Hill, and Hill (HHH). One specialty of such an exotic HHH coupling is that it does not generate the well-known CP-violating terms such as ``D-term'', ``R-term'', and neutron electric dipole moment, in which particle's spins play critical role. We show that such a new HHH-induced CP violating effect is proportional to the imaginary part of c5gv, where gv is the vector coupling constant in neutron and nuclear β decay, and c5 is the phenomenological coupling constant that appears in chiral perturbation theory at O(M-2) with M referring to the nucleon or nuclear mass. We consider a possible non-Abelian hidden sector model, which is beyond the SM and may yield a nontrivial Im(c5). The available bounds on both Im(c5) and Im(gv) are considered, and a better limit on Im(c5) can come from a direct measurement in radiative beta decay. We calculate the competitive effect that arises from the general parameterization of the weak interaction that was proposed by Lee and Yang in 1956. We also show that in the proposed measurements, the CP-violating effect can be mimicked by the SM via final-state interactions (FSI). For a better determination of the bound of Im(c5), we consider the FSI-induced mimicking effect in full detail in O(α) as well as in leading recoil order. To face ongoing precision measurements of neutron radiative β decay of up to 1% relative error, we sharpen our calculations of the CP conserving pieces of neutron radiative β decay by considering the largest contributions in O(α2): the final-state Coulomb corrections as well as the contributions from two-photon radiation.
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Siggia, Vincent R. "An Introduction to Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5884.
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In this thesis, the general framework of supersymmetric quantum mechanics and the path integral approach will be presented (as well as the worked out example of the supersymmetric harmonic oscillator). Then the theory will be specialized to the case of supersymmetric quantum mechanics on Riemannian manifolds, which will start from a supersymmetric Lagrangian for the general case and the special case for S2. Afterwards, there will be a discussion on the superfield formalism. Concluding this thesis will be the Hamiltonian formalism followed by the inclusion of deforma- tions by potentials.
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Sufian, Raza Sabbir. "DISCONNECTED-SEA QUARKS CONTRIBUTION TO NUCLEON ELECTROMAGNETIC FORM FACTORS." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/physastron_etds/49.
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We present comprehensive analysis of the light and strange disconnected-sea quarks contribution to the nucleon electric and magnetic form factors. The lattice QCD estimates of strange quark magnetic moment GsM (0) = −0.064(14)(09) μN and the mean squared charge radius ⟨r2s⟩E = −0.0043(16)(14) fm2 are more precise than any existing experimental measurements and other lattice calculations. The lattice QCD calculation includes ensembles across several lattice volumes and lattice spacings with one of the ensembles at the physical pion mass. We have performed a simultaneous chiral, infinite volume, and continuum extrapolation in a global fit to calculate results in the continuum limit. We find that the combined light-sea and strange quarks contribution to the nucleon magnetic moment is−0.022(11)(09) μN and to the nucleon mean square charge radius is −0.019(05)(05) fm2. The most important outcome of this lattice QCD calculation is that while the combined light-sea and strange quarks contribution to the nucleon magnetic moment is small at about 1%, a negative 2.5(9)% contribution to the proton charge radius and a relatively larger positive 16.3(6.1)% contribution to the neutron charge radius come from the sea quarks in the nucleon. For the first time, by performing global fits, we also give predictions of the light-sea and strange quarks contributions to the nucleon electric and magnetic form factors at the physical point and in the continuum and infinite volume limits in the momentum transfer range of 0 ≤ Q2 ≤ 0.5 GeV2.
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Jafari, Ehsan. "η' Decay to π+π-π+π−." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/physastron_etds/61.
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With the use of chiral theory of mesons [1], [2] we evaluate the decay rate of η′ → π+π−π+π−. Our theoretical study of this problem is different from the previous theo- retical study [3] and our predicted result is in a good agreement with the experiment. In this chiral theory we evaluate Feynman diagrams up to one loop and the decay rate is calculated with the use of triangle and box diagrams. The ρ0 meson includes in both type of diagrams as a resonance state. Divergent integrals in the loop calculations are regularized with the use of n-dimensional ’t Hooft-Veltman regularization technique. At the last step to obtain the decay rate, the phase space integral has been calculated.
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Williams, Michael D. Jr. "Searching for Clean Observables in $B -> D* /tau- \bar{\nu}_{\tau}$ Decays." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5885.
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In this thesis, the clean angular observables in the $\bar{B} \to D^{*+} \ell^- \bar{\nu}_{\ell}$ angular distribution is studied. Similar angular observables are widely studied in $B \to K^* \mu^+ \mu^-$ decays. We believed that these angular observables may have different sensitivities to different new physics structures.
Books on the topic "Elementary Particles and Fields and String Theory"
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Blumenhagen, Ralph. Basic Concepts of String Theory. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.
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Sannino, Francesco. Dynamical Stabilization of the Fermi Scale: Towards a Composite Universe. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.
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Gubler, Philipp. A Bayesian Analysis of QCD Sum Rules. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2013.
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Hollowood, Timothy J. Renormalization Group and Fixed Points: In Quantum Field Theory. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.
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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. D-Brane: Superstrings and New Perspective of Our World. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.
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Wipf, Andreas. Statistical Approach to Quantum Field Theory: An Introduction. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.
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Cheng, Ta-Pei. Gauge theory of elementary particle physics: Problems and solutions. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000.
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Theoretical Advanced Study Institute in Elementary Particle Physics (1988 Brown University Providence). Particles, strings and supernovae: Proceedings of the Theoretical Advanced Study Institute in Elementary Particle Physics : Brown University, Providence, 6 June - 2 July 1988. Edited by Jevicki A and Tan Chung-I. Singapore: World Scientific, 1989.
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Theoretical Advanced Study Institute in Elementary Particle Physics (2010 Boulder, Colo.). String theory and its applications: TASI 2010, from meV to the Planck scale : Proceedings of the 2010 Theoretical Advanced Study Institute in Elementary Particle Physics. Edited by Dine Michael, Banks Tom 1949-, and Sachdev Subir 1961-. Singapore: World Scientific, 2012.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Elementary Particles and Fields and String Theory"
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Ellwanger, Ulrich. "The Theory of Fields." In From the Universe to the Elementary Particles, 45–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24375-2_4.
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Altarelli, Guido, and Stefano Forte. "Gauge Theories and the Standard Model." In Particle Physics Reference Library, 7–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38207-0_2.
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AbstractThis chapter, Chaps. 10.1007/978-3-030-38207-0_3 and 10.1007/978-3-030-38207-0_4 present a self-contained introduction to the Standard Model of fundamental interactions, which describes in the unified framework of gauge quantum field theories all of the fundamental forces of nature but gravity: the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions. This set of chapters thus provides both an introduction to the Standard Model, and to quantum field theory at an intermediate level. The union of the three chapters can be taken as a masters’ level course reference, and it requires as a prerequisite an elementary knowledge of quantum field theory, at the level of many introductory textbooks, such as Vol. 1 of Aitchison-Hey, or, at a somewhat more advanced level, Maggiore. The treatment is subdivided into three parts, each corresponding to an individual chapter, with more advanced field theory topics introduced along the way as needed. Specifically, this chapter presents the general structure of the Standard Model, its field content, and symmetry structure. This involves an introduction to non-abelian gauge theories both at the classical and quantum level. Also, it involves a discussion of spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism, that play a crucial role in the architecture of the Standard Model, and their interplay with the quantization of gauge theories. Chapter 10.1007/978-3-030-38207-0_3 then presents the electroweak sector of the Standard Model. This requires introducing the concepts of CP violation and mixing, and of radiative corrections. Finally, Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-38207-0_4 presents the strong sector of the theory, which requires a more detailed treatment of renormalization and the renormalization group.
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Garrett, Steven L. "Ideal Gas Laws." In Understanding Acoustics, 333–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44787-8_7.
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Abstract This is the first chapter to explicitly address fluid media. For springs and solids, Hooke’s law, or its generalization using stress, strain, and elastic moduli provided an equation of state. In fluids, we have an equation of state that relates changes in pressure (stresses) to changes in density (strain). The simplest fluidic equations of state are the Ideal Gas Laws. Our presentation of these laws will combine microscopic models that treat gas atoms as hard spheres with phenomenological (thermodynamic) models that combine the variables that describe the gas with conservation laws that restrict those variables. The combination of microscopic and phenomenological models will give us the important characteristics of gas behavior under isothermal or adiabatic conditions and will provide relationships between gas heat capacities and their constituent particles when augmented with elementary concepts from quantum mechanics. The chapter ends by adding a velocity field to the pressure, temperature, and density, thus providing the equations of hydrodynamics that will guide all of the subsequent development of acoustics in fluids.
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Ramond, P. "Algebra of Reparametrization-Invariant and Normal Ordered Operators in Open String Field Theory." In Elementary Particles and the Universe, 121–34. Cambridge University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511563980.011.
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Schwarz, John H. "Spacetime Duality in String Theory." In Elementary Particles and the Universe, 69–88. Cambridge University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511563980.008.
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Peskin, Michael E. "Quantum Chromodynamics." In Concepts of Elementary Particle Physics, 169–86. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812180.003.0011.
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This chapter introduces non-Abelian gauge symmetry and the associated field equations for spin-1 particles. It proposes the gauge theory Quantum Chromodynamics as the theory of the strong interaction. It describes the property of asymptotic freedom, which explains a number of mysteries in the experimental results shown in the previous three chapters.
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"CONNECTION OF THE RELATIVISTIC STRING WITH FIELD MODELS: GENERALIZATION OF THE STRING APPROACH TO THE ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS." In Introduction to the Relativistic String Theory, 173–221. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814434263_0005.
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Raymer, Michael G. "Quantum Fields and Their Excitations." In Quantum Physics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190250720.003.0013.
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What are classical particles and fields? In a classical physics description of Nature, all elementary entities are considered to be either particles or fields. In this theory, a particle is an object that has mass—meaning it has inertia and is subject to...
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Sethna, James P. "Order parameters, broken symmetry, and topology." In Statistical Mechanics: Entropy, Order Parameters, and Complexity, 253–86. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865247.003.0009.
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This chapter introduces order parameters -- the reduction of a complex system of interacting particles into a few fields that describe the local equilibrium behavior at each point in the system. It introduces an organized approach to studying a new material system -- identify the broken symmetries, define the order parameter, examine the elementary excitations, and classify the topological defects. It uses order parameters to describe crystals and liquid crystals, superfluids and magnets. It touches upon broken gauge symmetries and the Anderson/Higgs mechanism and an analogue to braiding of non-abelian quantum particles. Exercises explore sound, second sound, and Goldstone’s theorem; fingerprints and soccer balls; Landau theory and other methods for generating emergent theories from symmetries and commutation relations; topological defects in magnets, liquid crystals, and superfluids, and defect entanglement.
Conference papers on the topic "Elementary Particles and Fields and String Theory"
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García-Compeán, Hugo, and Alberto Güijosa. "String Theory in México." In PARTICLES AND FIELDS: X Mexican Workshop on Particles and Fields. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2359402.
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Núñez, Carmen A. "Duality symmetries in string theory." In The eighth mexican school on particles and fields. AIP, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1301388.
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Herrera-Aguilar, A. "Stationary Effective Field Theory of Heterotic String vs Einstein-Maxwell Theory." In PARTICLES AND FIELDS: Eight Mexican Workshop. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1489761.
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Nielsen, Holger Bech, and Masao Ninomiya. "An Object Model of String Field Theory and Derivation of Veneziano Amplitude." In Corfu Summer Institute 2016 "School and Workshops on Elementary Particle Physics and Gravity". Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.292.0134.
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Nieto, J. A. "From the quatl to the ketzal of a generalized string theory." In Workshops on particles and fields and phenomenology of fundamental interactions. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.49727.
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Buric, Maya, Harald Grosse, and John Madore. "Gauge fields on truncated Heisenberg space." In Corfu Summer Institute on Elementary Particles and Physics - Workshop on Non Commutative Field Theory and Gravity. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.127.0012.
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Nottoli, Emmanuelle, Philippe Bienvenu, Didier Bourlès, Alexandre Labet, Maurice Arnold, and Maité Bertaux. "Determination of Long-Lived Radionuclide (10Be, 41Ca, 129I) Concentrations in Nuclear Waste by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96054.
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Radiological characterization of nuclear waste is essential for storage sites management. However, most of Long-Lived RadioNuclides (LLRN), important for long-term management, are difficult to measure since concentration levels are very low and waste matrices generally complex. In an industrial approach, LLRN concentrations are not directly measured in waste samples but assessed from scaling factors with respect to easily measured gamma emitters. Ideally, the key nuclide chosen (60Co, 137Cs) should be produced by a similar mechanism (fission or activation) as the LLRN of interest and should have similar physicochemical properties. However, the uncertainty on the scaling factors, determined from experimental and/or calculation data, can be quite important. Consequently, studies are performed to develop analytical procedures which would lead to determine precisely the concentration of LLRN in nuclear waste. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of three LLRN: 129I (T1/2 = 15.7×106 a), 41Ca (T1/2 = 9.94×104 a) and 10Be (T1/2 = 1.387×106 a) in spent resins used for primary fluid purification in Pressurized Water Reactors using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) for measurement. The AMS technique combined mass spectrometry and nuclear physics to achieve highly efficient molecular and elemental isobars separation. Energies of several Million Electron-Volt transferred to the ions in the first accelerating part of specifically developed tandem accelerators lead to molecular isobars destruction through interaction with the argon gas used to strip the injected negative ions to positive ones. At the exit of the tandem accelerator, the energy acquired in both accelerating parts allows an elemental isobars separation based on their significantly different energy loss (dE) while passing through a thickness of matter dx that is proportional to their atomic number (Z) and inversely proportional to ions velocity (ν) according to the Bethe-Block law (1). (1)dEdx=k*Z2ν2 The use of a particle accelerator in conjunction with a selective ion source, mass and energy filters and a high-performance detector thus allow unambiguously identifying and measuring analyte concentration against much more abundant interfering isobars. The development of AMS and of related applications have recently been extensively reviewed [1–3]. Up to now, the potentialities of the accelerator mass spectrometry technique were explored for the measurement of cosmogenic radionuclides produced in the Earth’s environment either in the atmosphere or in the Earth’s crust (in situ-production). Many applications aiming to date and/or quantify Earth surface processes have been developed in the fields of geology, geomorphology and planetary sciences as well as archeology paleoanthropology and biomedicine. The present study extends the scope of AMS to nuclear industry. Because AMS facilities are not widely accessible and difficult to handle, LLRN concentrations in nuclear waste are usually determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and radiometric techniques. However for the measurement of very low LLRN concentrations, AMS becomes the most effective measurement method with detection limits of 105–106 atoms per sample. In this study, AMS measurements were performed using the French AMS national facility ASTER located at the Centre Européen de Recherche et d’Enseignement des Géosciences de l’Environnement (CEREGE). The challenge was to define a chemical treatment procedure allowing the measurement of the three nuclides, 10Be, 41Ca and 129I, by AMS. Each method selection was based on three main requirements: 1) a quantitative recovery in solution of Be, Ca, I and key radionuclides after resin mineralization, 2) a selective extraction from the sample matrix and the separation from β-γ emitters (3H, 14C, 55Fe, 59Ni, 60Co, 63Ni, 90Sr, 125Sb, 134Cs, 137Cs) and isobars, 3) the precipitation of each element under the best suited forms (i.e. AgI, CaF2, BeO) for AMS measurements. The chosen methods were optimized on synthetic solutions and finally applied for the determination of the three LLRN concentrations in spent resins from a 900 MWe Nuclear Power Reactor.