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1

Pinto, Pinoargote Andres. "Measurement of the W-Boson Mass with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP057.

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Le présent travail montre l'état actuel de la mesure de la masse du boson W en utilisant les données du LHC en collisions proton-proton collectées par le détecteur ATLAS à 5.02, 7 et 13 TeV. Pour ce faire, des procédures de calibration dédiées du Détecteur Interne (DI) et du Spectromètre à Muons (SM) d'ATLAS ont été conçues et appliquées, et la stratégie de la mesure a été optimisée.La procédure de calibration du DI prend en compte les biais possibles dans la flèche de la trace du muon, les déformations géométriques et les distorsions du champ magnétique. Dans le cas du SM, les résidus d'alignement entre le DI et le SM ont été étudiés, et le champ magnétique toroïdal résiduel présent dans les calorimètres a été réévalué. Une calibration dédiée de l'impulsion du muon a été mise en œuvre. Après ces corrections, l'accord entre les données et la simulation est trouvé au niveau du pour mille, et les incertitudes correspondantes sont propagées à la mesure de la masse du boson W.Le présent travail comprend également une étude détaillée de la stratégie d'ajustement de la masse du boson W. Un ajustement de type profil de vraisemblance (profile likelihood) analytique dans la limite gaussienne a été mis en œuvre, permettant une décomposition adéquate des incertitudes de l'ajustement, améliorant les “impacts” habituels. Dans ce scénario, nous sommes en mesure de déterminer la contribution réelle de chaque source systématique à l'incertitude finale de la mesure. Les données de mesure résultantes peuvent alors être utilisées de manière cohérente pour d'autres combinaisons et ajustements.L'ajustement analytique a été utilisé pour obtenir une mesure de la masse du boson W à 7 TeV avec une valeur de 80366.5 ± 15.9 MeV, en bon accord avec les ajustements numériques. Pour l'ensemble de données à faible empilement (low pile-up), la calibration améliorée et la stratégie d'ajustement optimisée aboutissent à une précision attendue de 14.3 MeV. En combinant avec les données à 7 TeV, une précision finale de 10.3 MeV est attendue.La compatibilité et la combinaison des mesures de la masse du boson W avec la nouvelle mesure ATLAS 2024 à 7 TeV et d'autres mesures (LEP, CDF, D0, LHCb) ont été étudiées. La combinaison donne m_W = 80388.4 ± 10.3 MeV avec 0.2% de compatibilité en incluant CDF, et m_W= 80366.1 ± 11.7 MeV avec 92% sans CDF, différant du résultat CDF par 3.8σ
The present work shows the current status of the determination of the W boson mass, using the LHC datasets in proton-proton collisions collected by the ATLAS detector at 5.02, 7 and 13 TeV. To achieve this, dedicated calibration procedures of the ATLAS Inner Detector (ID) and Muon Spectrometer (MS) have been designed and applied, and the W boson mass measurement strategy has been optimised.The ID calibration procedure considers possible biases in the muon track sagitta, geometrical deformations and magnetic field distortions. In the case of the MS, the alignment residuals between the ID and MS have been investigated, and the residual toroidal magnetic field present in the calorimeters has been re-evaluated. A dedicated muon momentum calibration has been implemented. After these corrections, the data-to-simulation agreement is found to be at the per mille level, and the corresponding uncertainties are propagated to the W-boson mass measurement.The present work also includes a detailed study of the W-boson mass fitting strategy. An analytical Profile Likelihood fit in the Gaussian limit has been implemented, allowing a proper decomposition of the fit uncertainties, improving over the usual “impacts”. In this scenario, the actual contribution of each systematic source to the final measurement uncertainty can be determined. The resulting measurement data can then be used consistently for further combinations and fits.The analytical fit was used to obtain a W mass measurement at 7 TeV with value 80366.5 ± 15.9 MeV, in good agreement with numerical fits. For the low pile-up dataset, the improved calibration and optimised fitting strategy result in an expected precision of 14.3 MeV. Combining with the 7 TeV data an ultimate precision of 10.3 MeV can be obtained.The compatibility and combination of the world W-boson mass using the new ATLAS 2024 measurement at 7 TeV with other measurements (LEP, CDF, D0, LHCb) was studied. The combination yields m_W = 80388.4 ± 10.3 MeV with 0.2% compatibility when CDF is included, and m_W = 80366.1 ± 11.7 MeV with 92% compatibility when CDF is removed, differing from the CDF result by 3.8σ
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2

Tonero, Alberto. "Asymptotic safety and the electroweak interactions." Doctoral thesis, SISSA, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11767/4688.

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3

Menzel, Andreas. "Constraints on the Fourth-Generation Quark Mixing Matrix from Precision Flavour Observables." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17711.

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Das Standardmodell einer zusätzlichen sequentiellen Fermiongeneration (SM4) war 2012 auf Basis eines Fits an elektroschwache Präzisionsobservable und die Higgs-Signalstärken mit einer Signifikanz von 5.3 sigma ausgeschlossen worden. Komplementär dazu wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit Fits des SM4 an eine Kombination eines typischen Satzes von Flavour-Observablen mit den Ergebnissen des zuvor durchgeführten Elektroschwachen Präzisionsfits durchgeführt. Im SM3-Kontext extrahierte Größen wurden gemäß ihrer Bedeutung im SM4 reinterpretiert und die angepassten theoretischen Ausdrücke angegeben. Die resultierenden Einschränkungen der CKM-Matrix des SM4, ihrer potentiell CP-verletzenden Phasen sowie der Masse des up-type-Quarks der 4. Generation t'' werden angegeben. Zum Vergleich des SM4 mit dem SM3 werden die erreichten chi^2-Werte genutzt. chi^2=15.53 im SM4 und 9.56 im SM3 passen fast vollkommen zu einer gleich guten Beschreibung der Experimente durch beide Modelle, wobei das SM3 aber sechs Freiheitsgrade mehr besitzt. Außerdem wurden die Vorhersagen des SM3 und des SM4 für die Dimyon-Ladungsasymmetrie ASL mit experimentellen Werten verglichen. Die Vorhersage des SM3 ist ca. 2 sigma vom experimentellen Wert entfernt, die des SM4 ca. 3 sigma.\par Die Ergebnisse deuten nicht darauf hin, dass die Signifikanz des 2012 erreichten Ausschlusses des SM4 durch die Hinzunahme von Flavour-Observablen zu den damals verwendeten elektroschwachen Präzisionsobservablen und Higgs-Querschnitten bedeutend verringert würde.\par Es konnte jedoch keine genaue quantitative Aussage über die Auswirkungen der Flavourobservablen auf diese Signifikanz getroffen werden, weil das Programm CKMfitter likelihood-ratio-Berechnung nur durchführen kann, wenn sich eines der untersuchten Modelle durch Fixierung von Parametern aus dem anderen ergibt (nested models), was hier nicht der Fall ist.
The Standard Model extended by an additional sequential generation of Dirac fermions (SM4) was excluded with a significance of 5.3 sigma in 2012. This was achieved in a combined fit of the SM4 to Electroweak Precision Observables and signal strengths of the Higgs boson. This thesis complements this excludion by a fit of the SM4 to a typical set of Flavour physics observables and the results of the previously performed Electroweak Precision fit. Quantities extracted in an SM3 framework are reinterpreted in SM4 terms and the adapted theoretical expressions are given. The resultant constraints on the SM4''s CKM matrix, its potentially CP-violating phases and the mass of the new up-type quark t'' are given. To compare the relative performance of the SM4 and the SM3, this work uses the chi^2 values achieved in the fit. The values of 15.53 for the SM4 and 9.56 for the SM4 are almost perfectly consistent with both models describing the experimental data equally well with the SM3 having six degrees of freedom more. The dimuon charge asymmetry ASL was not used as a fit input because the interpretation of its measurement was subject to debate at the time when the fits were produced, but its prediction in the fit was used as an additional test of the SM4. The SM3''s prediction differs from the experimental values by about 2 sigma, and the SM4''s prediction by about 3 sigma. \par In summary, these results do not suggest that any significant reduction of the 5.3 sigma exclusion could be achieved by combining the Electroweak Precision Observables and Higgs inputs with Flavour physics data. However, the exact effect of the Flavour physics input on the significance of the SM4''s exclusion cannot be given at this point because the CKMfitter software is currently not able to perform a statistically stringent likelihood comparison of non-nested models.
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4

IACOBELLIS, Giuseppe. "Higgs connections: Electroweak Vacuum Stability and Cosmology." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2487829.

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The discovery of the Higgs boson at LHC and the determination of its mass value have opened up the possibility to study the Standard Model (SM) up to very high energies, in order to probe the consistency of the theory and its range of validity, considering the model as an effective one. In this framework, equipped with the latest experimental data, a lot of interest has been devoted to the study of the stability of the SM electroweak vacuum and the peculiar implications both in particle physics and, mostly, in cosmology. Our work fits in this scenario with a two-fold aim: on one side, we try to refine the latest calculations of the stability bounds, in the light of the updated experimental data and the new theoretical approaches in the improved effective potential technique; while, on the other side, we take advantage of this analysis in order to investigate and constrain some realisation of the primordial inflationary phase within the pure SM and its some minimal extensions. In particular, we studied the gauge-independent observables related to two interesting stationary configurations of the SM potential, extrapolated up to high energies by means of the state-of-the-art RGE-improved effective potential approach, namely the Next-to-Next-to-Leading Order: the value of the top quark mass which ensures the electroweak vacuum stability (criticality) and the potential evaluated at the inflection point. Proved the gauge independence of these observables, there were estimated in detail the uncertainties related. The first main result, in agreement with the well-known literature (with some minor discrepancies), is that the SM absolute stability is not completely excluded, given the current experimental data: it is possible to assume the theory valid up to the Planck scale, at which we suppose that the gravitational interaction starts to be relevant, without any inclusion of new physics at low energy ("desert scenario"). Starting from this point, we tried to explain the inflationary phase embedded in a pure SM scenario, exploiting the inflection point configuration. However, we showed that it turns out to be impossible to reproduce the most recent bounds on the primordial tensor-to-scalar-ratio in the sight of SM inflection point models. Being necessary the introduction of new degrees of freedom, in order to include a reasonable inflationary expansion and, consistently, the stabilisation of the SM potential, we try to review the main features of a minimal extension of the SM, through a global U(1)_{B-L} symmetry and try to constrain its parameters so as to achieve both our goals. The extra scalar singlet associated with the breaking of this new symmetry, granting the stabilisation through an induced tree-level threshold effect, would be responsible of the generation of the right-handed neutrino mass, which in turn would provide, via the type I see-saw mechanism, the masses of the low-energy neutrinos. In this framework, we found the parameter window attainable for both a successfully inflationary phase, driven by the same heavy scalar, and the stabilisation of the model: we confirm the results reported in the literature, although the related works carry out the analysis in slightly different setups and often comparing the results to different experimental bounds, leading to different conclusions. However, the overall outcome is perfectly compatible: sticking with the current experimental state-of-the-art, this very simple realisation of new-physics extension of the SM seems to be insufficient, wth some troubles which arise if we try to achieve our initial tasks in one single shot. The other modification of the SM that we consider deals with the inclusion of a non-minimal coupling between the Higgs field, still playing the role of inflaton, and gravity. Here, we put some weak constraints on the tensor-to-scalar-ratio in the low-\xi parameter space, in order to evade the intrinsic unitarity issues of the model.
La scoperta del bosone di Higgs a LHC e la determinazione del valore della sua massa ha aperto la possibilità di studiare il Modello Standard (MS) fino ad alte energie, rendendo possibile la verifica della consistenza della teoria e del suo range di validità, dal momento che lo consideriamo come un modello effettivo. In questo scenario, facendo uso dei dati sperimentali più aggiornati, molto interesse è stato riposto nello studio della stabilità del vuoto elettrodebole del MS e le sue particolari implicazioni sia nella fisica delle particelle che, soprattutto, in cosmologia. Il nostro lavoro si inserisce in questo contesto con un doppio fine: da un lato, proviamo a raffinare i più recenti calcoli dei vincoli di stabilità, alla luce dei dati sperimentali e degli approcci teorici più aggiornati, soprattutto relativi alla tecnica del potenziale effettivo; mentre, dall'altro lato, usiamo i risultati di questa analisi per studiare e porre vincoli ad alcune realizzazioni di inflazione cosmica nel contesto del puro MS e di sue estensioni minime. In particolare, abbiamo studiato alcune osservabili \emph{gauge}-indipendenti legate a due configurazioni stazionarie del potenziale del MS, estrapolato ad alte energie grazie all'approccio che fa uso del potenziale effettivo e delle equazioni del gruppo di rinormalizzazione, nella loro forma più aggiornata, vale a dire il NNLO: il valore della massa del quark top in corrispondenza del quale si ha la stabilità dle vuoto elettrodebole (criticality) e il potenziale valutato nel suo punto di flesso. Dimostrata l'indipendenza dalla scelta del gauge di queste osservabili, sono state stimate le incertezze relative. Il primo risultato rilevante, in accordo con la letteratura (con qualche discrepanza), è che la stabilità assoluta del MS non è completamente esclusa, data l'attuale finestra sperimentale: è, in linea di principio, possibile assumere il MS valido fino alla scala di Planck, dove ci aspettiamo che l'interazione gravitazionale cominci a diventare rilevante, senza alcuna inclusione di nuova fisica a basse scale energetiche ("desert scenario"). Partendo da questo punto, abbiamo provato a spiegare la fase inflazionaria primordiale all'interno del puro MS, sfruttando la configurazione del punto di flesso. Tuttavia, mostriamo che diventa in questi casi molto difficile riprodurre gli attuali vincoli sul rapporto tensore/scalare. Vista la necessità di introdurre nuovi gradi di libertà per includere nella teoria un ragionevole meccanismo per l'inflazione cosmica e, in maniera consistente, una stabilizzazione per il potenziale del MS, proviamo a passare in rassegna le principali caratteristiche di una delle possibili estensioni minime al MS, attraverso una simmetria globale U(1)_B-L, e a porre dei vincoli ai parametri propri del nuovo modello, in maniera tale da riuscire a raggiungere entrambi gli obiettivi. Lo scalare extra associato alla rottura di questa nuova simmetria, oltre a garantire la stabilizzazione mediante un effetto di soglia al tree-level, sarebbe responsabile della generazione della massa di un neutrino right-handed, che, a sua volta, fornisce, attraverso il meccanismo see saw di tipo I, le masse dei neutrini di bassa energia. In questo contesto, troviamo la finestra dei parametri accessibile sia per una fase inflazionaria funzionale, guidata dallo stesso scalare massivo, che per la stabilizzazione del modello: confermiamo i risultati riportati in letteratura, nonostante i lavori rilevanti svolgono le loro analisi o in configurazioni leggermente differenti, oppure raffrontano i loro risultati con vincoli sperimentali più datati, giungendo poi dunque a conclusioni diverse. Ad ogni modo, facendo riferimento allo stato dell'arte attuale dal punto di vista sperimentale, questa semplice realizzazione di estensione con nuova fisica del MS sembra non essere sufficiente. Una applicazione allo scenario con accoppiamento non minimale viene anche considerata.
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5

Cacciapaglia, Giacomo. "Models of electroweak symmetry breaking in extra dimensions." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85850.

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6

Cárcamo, Hernández Antonio Enrique. "Composite Vectors and Scalars in Theories of Electroweak Symmetry Breaking." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85833.

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In the context of a strongly coupled Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, composite triplet of heavy vectors belonging to the SU(2)L+R adjoint representation and a composite scalar singlet under SU(2)L+R may arise from a new strong interaction invariant under the global SU(2)L x S(2)R symmetry, which is spontaneously broken down to SU(2)L+R. This thesis consists of two parts. The first part is devoted to the study of the heavy composite vector pair production at the LHC via Vector Boson Fusion and Drell-Yan annihilation under the assumption that the interactions among these heavy vector states and with the Standard Model gauge bosons are described by a SU(2)L x SU(2)R=SU(2)L+R Effective Chiral Lagrangian. The expected rates of multi-lepton events from the decay of the composite vectors are also given. The second part studies the associated production at the LHC of a composite vector with a composite scalar by Vector Boson Fusion and Drell-Yan annihilation in the framework of a SU(2)L x SU(2)R=SU(2)L+R Effective Chiral Lagrangian with massive spin one fields and one singlet light scalar. The expected rates of same sign di-lepton and tri-lepton events from the decay of the composite vector and composite scalar final state are computed. The connection of the Effective Chiral Lagrangians with suitable gauge models is elucidated.
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7

Papucci, Michele. "Electroweak Symmetry Breaking with a compact extra dimension." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85837.

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[Excerpt from the preface]: During my Ph.D. course, under the supervision of Riccardo Barbieri, I started working on Theoretical High Energy Physics. In particular I focused on the problem of Electroweak Symmetry Breaking and in this context I investigated the bene ts of introducing a compact extra dimension. In a series of papers, together with Riccardo Barbieri, Guido Marandella, Lawrence Hall, Yasunori Nomura, Takemichi Okui and Steven Oliver I built supersymmetric models in 5D and studied their phenomenology in detail [1, 2, 3, 4]. In this models Supersymmetry is broken by boundary conditions in the fth dimension and the ElectroWeak Symmetry Breaking is triggered by Supersymmetry breaking via the top/stop radiative corrections. The phenomenology of these models is signi cantly di erent than the one of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model scenarios extensively studied in the literature. These papers constitute the subject of this Thesis and their results will be presented in the following Chapters.
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8

Macorini, Guido. "One loop electroweak corrections for single top production at LHC." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/2708.

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2006/2007
In this thesis we report and discuss the results for the first complete calcula- tion of the one-loop electroweak corrections for the two dominant processes of single Top production at the Large Hadron Collider: the tW-associated pro- duction and the t-channel process. We calculate the corrections working both in the Standard Model (SM) and in the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM, as- suming a mSUGRA scenario), analysing the effect of the corrections on several observables and trying to understand whether deviations from the Standard Model prediction could be observable. The single Top production is the main source of information about the Top weak interaction, and a privileged laboratory to understand the symmetry breaking in the weak sector. Moreover at the hadronic colliders the single Top processes provide the only known way to measure directly the Vtb element of the CKM matrix, providing a fundamental test of the Standard Model struc- ture. For the tW production process we present the complete calculation of the one- loop electroweak effect, including the effect of the hard real photon emission; we combine our results with the available calculation for the QCD and SUSY QCD corrections, providing a complete one loop description of the process. Our interest has been concentrated on the particular quantities that we have defined as partial rates, with special emphasis on the low (400 GeV) final in- variant mass. In this region with the addition of SUSY QCD one-loop terms, the genuine SUSY contribution reaches an interesting 10% size. The analysis of t-channel process is limited to the pure electroweak componet (adding the soft photon emission only, to cancel the infrared divergences aris- ing from diagrams with virtual photon). The electroweak corrections for the t-channel are less sensitive to the presence of the SUSY particles: this conclusion holds for all the four examined bench- mark points in themSUGRA scheme. In addition, considering the small contri- bution of the known SUSY QCD corrections, we conclude that in themSUGRA scenario it will be probably impossible to detect at the LHC any deviation from the SM predictions. In the SMcontext the size of the electroweak correctionswithout the hard emis- sion seems to be very large, but we expect that the total effect should be con- siderably reduced adding the hard emission part.
Nella tesi vengono riportati e discussi i risultati per il calcolo completo delle correzioni radiative elettrodeboli ad un loop per i due processi dominanti nella produzioe di quark Top singoli al Large Hadron Collider: la produzione associata tW e il processo di "canale t". Le correzioni ad un loop sono calcolate sia nelModello Standard (SM) che nella sua estensione supersimmetrica minimale (MSSM, assumendo uno scenario di mSUGRA); si è quindi analizzato l’effetto delle correzioni su varie osservabili fisiche, tentando di comprendere se siano riscontrabili deviazioni misurabili dalle predizioni del Modello Standard. La produzione di quark Top singoli costituisce la principale fonte di informzioni riguardo le interazioni deboli del Top e per lo studio e la comprensione della rottura della simmetria elettrodebole. Inoltre ai collider adronici la produzione di quark Top singoli costituisce l’unico processo che permette una misura diretta dell’elemento Vtb della matrice CKM, costituendo dunque un test fondamentale per la struttua del Modello Standard. Per la produzione associata tW si presenta il calcolo completo dell’effetto elettrodebole ad un loop, includendo poi l’effetto dell’emissione di fotoni duri; si combinano dunque i nostri risultati con i risultati (noti in letteratura) per le correzioni di QCD e QCD supersimmetrica, fornendo una descrizione completa ad un loop del processo. Abbiamo concentrato il nostro interesse su paticolari osservabili dette "rate parziali", con speciale attenzione alla regione di bassemasse invarianti: in data regione, tenendo conto delle correzioni di QCD supersimmetrica, il contributo genuinamente supersimmetrico dell’effetto ad un loop raggiunge il 10%, costituendo una deviazione potenzialmente osservabile. L’analisi del canale t è limitata alla sola componente elettrodebole (con l’aggiunta dell’emissione di fotini "soft", in modo da ottenere un risultao IR-finito): le correzioni ad un loop elettrodeboli per questo processo si sno rivelate meno sensibili alla presenza di eventuali particelle supersimmetriche; questa conclusione è comune nei quatro scenari mSUGRA analizzati. Considerando inoltre che l’effetto della QCD supersimmetrica è piccolo, si può concludere che sarà verosimilmente impossibile osservare deviazioni dalle predizioni SM. Nel Modello Standard le correzioni dovute alla parte elettrodebole sembrano numericamente molto significative, ma ci può aspettare una drastica riduzione di tale effetto una volta aggiunta l’emissione di fotoni reali "hard".
XX Ciclo
1978
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9

GRANATA, FEDERICO. "Electroweak and strong next-to-leading-order corrections to HV and HVj production at hadron colliders." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/158128.

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La scoperta del bosone di Higgs a LHC al CERN ha dato il via a un'era senza precedenti nel campo delle misure di precisione. In vista delle imminenti misure dai Run a 13 TeV di LHC è fondamentale avere previsioni accurate per processi che coinvolgono la produzione di un bosone di Higgs, per investigare a fondo il fenomeno di rottura spontanea della simmetria elettrodebole. Alle energie raggiunte da LHC, le correzioni dominanti provengono dal settore di QCD, in cui il primo ordine perturbativo (NLO) tipicamente dà contributi del 20-30% alla sezione d'urto. Le correzioni NLO elettrodeboli (EW), invece, ammontano al 5-10%, comparabili col secondo ordine perturbativo di QCD. Anche se il loro effetto è moderato sulla sezione d'urto totale, le correzioni NLO EW modificano l'andamento di molte grandezze cinematiche, come le code ad alta energia di alcune distribuzioni di momento trasverso. Inoltre, svolgono un ruolo importante nello studio della materia oscura e nella sua rivelazione indiretta. Una conoscenza precisa di queste distribuzioni, considerando anche le correzioni EW, è quindi fondamentale per verificare la validità di questi modelli. Il settore EW presenta molte differenze rispetto alla QCD. Poiché in QED e QCD le correzioni virtuali e reali coinvolgono lo scambio di particelle massless, esse sono separatamente divergenti, e solo la loro somma è finita. In queste teorie, quindi, l'inclusione delle correzioni reali è obbligatoria. Considerando correzioni deboli, invece, per via dello scambio di particelle massive, tutti i contributi alla sezione d'urto NLO sono finiti. Inoltre, le particelle emesse decadono, dando stati finali che possono essere sperimentalmente distinti da quelli al leading order. Non ci sono ragioni tecniche, quindi, per includere l'emissione reale di bosoni W e Z. Considerando solo correzioni virtuali EW compaiono dei logaritmi del rapporto tra l'energia del processo e la scala EW, che rappresenterebbero la parte divergente delle correzioni virtuali se le particelle scambiate fossero massless. Queste correzioni diventano rilevanti a energie dell'ordine del TeV, dove danno solitamente notevoli contributi negativi alle code ad alta energia di alcune distribuzioni di momento trasverso. È stato dimostrato che, nel limite in cui tutti gli invarianti cinematici sono dello stesso ordine e molto maggiori della scala EW, la struttura delle correzioni EW virtuali è universale: può quindi essere calcolata una volta per tutte, e poi applicata ai processi desiderati. Questi risultati possono essere utilizzati per ottenere, con un costo computazionale ridotto, un'approssimazione next-to-leading logarithimic (NLL) delle correzioni EW virtuali complete. Questa tesi è incentrata sulla descrizione di due tipi di processi che coinvolgono la produzione di un bosone di Higgs, includendo correzioni sia di QCD sia EW. Il primo processo è uno dei principali modi di produrre il bosone di Higgs in collisori adronici: la produzione associata con un vettore bosone, HV. Questo processo è molto importante, perché permette di studiare il canale di decadimento in una coppia di quark bottom, che ha il più alto branching ratio nella regione di massa del bosone di Higgs. Il secondo processo rilevante è la produzione associata con un bosone vettore e un jet, HVj, che contribuisce al background per eventi supersimmetrici. Allo stato attuale, i processi HV e HVj sono descritti con un'accuratezza NLO+PS in QCD. L'accuratezza NLO+PS nel settore EW è tuttora mancante. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quindi la descrizione dei processi di produzione associata HV e HVj con accuratezza NLO+PS QCD+EW. Sono state effettuate previsioni teoriche per collisioni protone-protone a un'energia del centro di massa di 13 TeV, concentrandosi su osservabili sensibili alle correzioni EW. Per ogni processo vengono analizzate le differenze tra le correzioni NLO EW e la loro approssimazione NLL, e l'impatto del settore EW sui risultati di QCD.
The discovery of the Higgs boson at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has opened an unprecedented era in the field of precision measurements. In view of the upcoming data from the 13 TeV Run of the LHC, accurate predictions for processes that involve the production of the Higgs boson are fundamental, in order to further investigate the phenomenon of electroweak symmetry breaking. At the energies reached by the LHC, the dominant corrections come from the QCD sector, where the first perturbative order (NLO) typically gives a contribution of 20-30% to the cross section. Electroweak (EW) NLO corrections, instead, amount to 5-10%, comparable with the second QCD perturbative order. Even if their effect is rather mild on the integrated cross sections, NLO EW corrections are known to alter the shape of many kinematic quantities, like the high-energy tails of some transverse-momentum distributions. Moreover, they play an important role in the study of the nature of dark matter and in its indirect detection. A precise knowledge of the high-energy tails, including EW corrections, is then mandatory in order to test the validity of these models. The EW sector has many differences with respect to QCD. Since in QED and QCD the virtual and real corrections involve the exchange of massless particles, they are separately divergent, and only their sum is finite. In these theories, then, the inclusion of real corrections is mandatory. When considering weak corrections, instead, because of the exchange of massive bosons, all the contributions to the NLO cross section are finite. Moreover, the radiated particles would subsequently decay, giving final states that can be experimentally distinguished from the leading-order ones. There are no technical reasons, then, to include the real emission of W and Z bosons. The result of considering only virtual EW corrections is the appearance of logarithms that involve the ratio between the energy of the process and the EW scale. They would represent the divergent part of the virtual corrections if the exchanged bosons were massless. These corrections become relevant at the TeV scale, where they usually give sizable negative contributions in the high-energy tails of some transverse-momentum distributions. It has been proven that, in the limit in which all the kinematic invariants involved are of the same order and much greater than the EW scale, the structure of EW virtual corrections is universal: it can then be computed once for all and applied to the desired processes. These high-energy results can be used to obtain a next-to-leading logarithmic (NLL) approximation of the complete EW virtual corrections with a reduced computational cost. This thesis is focused on the description of two kinds of high-energy processes that involve the production of a Higgs boson, including both QCD and EW corrections. The first process is one of the main production modes of the Higgs boson at hadron colliders: the associated production with a vector boson, HV. This process is very important, since it allows to study the decay channel into a bottom-quark pair, that has the highest branching ratio in the Higgs boson mass region. The second relevant process analyzed is the associated production with a vector boson and a jet, HVj, that contributes to the background for supersymmetric events. At present, both the HV and Hvj processes are described at NLO+PS QCD accuracy. The NLO+PS accuracy in the EW sector is instead missing. The aim of this thesis is the description of the HV and HVj associated production processes at NLO+PS QCD+EW accuracy. We present numerical predictions for proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, focusing on observables that are sensitive to EW corrections. For each process, we analyze the differences between the NLO EW corrections and their NLL approximation, and the impact of the EW sector on the QCD results.
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10

Panizzi, Luca. "One loop electroweak analysis for third family scalar quarks production at LHC." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3064.

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2007/2008
The thesis is devoted to the analysis of electroweak one-loop corrections to processes of production of scalar quarks of the third family at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in the context of the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM). Third family squarks are are predicted to be among the lightest supersymmetric particles, hence they could be among the first signals of new physics to be detected at the LHC. Moreover, a very light stop (with a mass of the same order of the top mass) might play a relevant role within a cosmological model of electroweak baryogenesis. A precise analysis of one-loop corrections to processes of production of stop and sbottom particles and the determination of theoretical predictions to be tested against LHC data are therefore mandatory to understand the properties of these particles. The EW NLO corrections to the most meaningful observables related to these processes (differential and total cross sections) have been calculated and the dependence on supersymmetric parameters of the considered observables has been analysed. The considered processes are: 1) PP -> gg -> stop-antistop (sbottom-antisbottom); 2) PP-> bg -> stop-chargino. In both cases the analysis has been performed within various mSUGRA scenarios. For this purpose three C++ codes which exploit Monte Carlo techniques for the integration of cross sections have been developed. For the stop-antistop production case the diagonal production shows a total cross section of the order of 10 picobarns in some scenarios which predict a light stop; electroweak corrections, however, are of the order of few percent for every scenario considered; through the definition of the partial rates it is possible to obtain correction near to 10% in the high invariant mass region. The analysis of the dependence of one-loop corrections on mSUGRA parameters has been performed and it has been verified that the dependence is quite mild (variations up to 4%). In the case of sbottom production the total cross sections are generally smaller than 1pb and the one-loop corrections are not very sizable. As far as the parametric dependence is concerned, for diagonal production of light sbottom an interesting dependence on the parameter tg(beta) has been found in a particular scenario. For the stop-chargino production process the total cross sections are of the order of the picobarn in scenarios where stop and charginos are not too massive. The one-loop corrections are of the order of few percent and, due to the small cross sections in the considered scenarios, they are unfortunaltely quite difficult to observe at the LHC; the analysis through the partial rates predicts higher corrections, though difficult to detect. Due to these results, the parametric analysis has been performed at tree level, where the observables depend on a limited number of supersymmetric parameters: the strongest dependence has been found to be on the stop mixing angle and on the supersymmetric parameter mu. The analysis of stop production processes within scenarios of electroweak baryogenesis has been performed in both cases. For the case of diagonal production of light stop-antistop pairs, the electroweak one-loop effect on the total cross section has been found to be quite mild. Due to the small stop mass the total cross section is however of the order of 10pb. Therefore, through the analysis of partial rate it is possible to predict effects of the order of 10% with a still detectable cross section. In the stop-chargino case, the total cross section has been found to be smaller than 1pb even in the lightest configuration, and the one-loop correction is 2%.
La presente tesi consiste nell'analisi delle correzioni elettrodeboli a 1 loop di alcuni processi di produzione di quark scalari della terza famiglia al Large Hadron Collider nell'ambito dell'estensione supersimmetrica minimale del Modello Standard (MSSM). Gli squark della terza famiglia sono particolarmente importanti perché si prevede che siano fra le particelle supersimmetriche più leggere, e per questo motivo potrebbero essere fra i primi segnali di nuova fisica ad essere osservati all'LHC. Inoltre, uno stop particolarmente leggero (con una massa dello stesso ordine di quella del top) potrebbe giocare un ruolo rilevante nell'ambito di un modello cosmologico di bariogenesi elettrodebole. Una precisa analisi delle correzioni a 1 loop dei processi di produzione di stop e sbottom con la determinazione di previsioni teoriche da verificare sperimentalmente ad LHC è quindi fondamentale per cercare di comprendere le proprietà di queste particelle. In questa tesi vengono calcolate le correzioni sui principali osservabili legati a questi processi (sezioni d'urto differenziali e totali) e viene analizzata la dipendenza dai parametri supersimmetrici degli osservabili considerati. I processi analizzati sono: 1) PP -> gg -> stop-antistop (sbottom-antisbottom); 2) PP -> bg -> stop-chargino. In entrambi i casi l'analisi è stata effettuata nel contesto di diversi scenari mSUGRA. Sono stati sviluppati per questo scopo tre codici in C++ che si avvalgono di tecniche di Monte Carlo per l'integrazione delle sezioni d'urto. Nel caso del processo di produzione di stop, si è verificato che per alcuni scenari che prevedono uno stop leggero, la produzione diagonale ha una sezione d'urto totale dell'ordine della decina di picobarn; le correzioni elettrodeboli però sono dell'ordine di qualche punto percentuale per tutti gli scenari considerati; tramite la definizione delle cosiddette rate parziali è possibile ottenere correzioni vicine al 10% nella regione di alte masse invarianti. E' stata poi eseguita un'analisi di come gli effetti a un loop dipendono dai parametri mSUGRA, verificando che la dipendenza è poco apprezzabile (variazioni del 4%). Nel caso di produzione di sbottom le sezioni d'urto sono generalmente inferiori al picobarn e le correzioni a 1 loop rimangono abbastanza limitate. Per quanto riguarda la dipendenza parametrica, per produzione diagonale di sbottom leggeri c'è una interessante dipendenza dal parametro tg(beta) in un particolare scenario supersimmetrico. Nel caso del processo di produzione di stop-chargino la sezione d'urto è dell'ordine del picobarn nei casi che prevedono stop e chargini non eccessivamente massivi. Anche in questo caso le correzioni a 1 loop sono di qualche punto percentuale, difficilmente visibili a LHC a causa delle basse sezioni d'urto negli scenari considerati; l'analisi delle rate parziale consente di ottenere correzioni maggiori, ma difficilmente osservabili. A causa della scarsa visibilità del processo, l'analisi parametrica è stata effettuata a livello albero, dove gli osservabili dipendono da un numero limitato di parametri supersimmetrici: la dipendenza maggiore risulta essere per l'angolo di mixing dello stop e dal parametro supersimmetrico mu. Per quanto riguarda l'analisi dei processi di produzione di stop nell'ambito di scenari di bariogenesi elettrodebole, nel caso di produzione diagonale di stop leggeri, l'effetto a 1 loop è scarso, ma data la piccola massa dello stop che determina una sezione d'urto dell'ordine della decina di picobarn, l'analisi della rate parziale permette di prevedere effetti dell'ordine del 10%. Nel caso di stop-chargino la sezione d'urto risulta essere inferiore al picobarn anche nella configurazione più leggera e la correzione a 1 loop è del 2%.
XXI Ciclo
1980
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11

BALLABENE, ERIC. "SEARCH FOR ELECTROWEAK PRODUCTION OF SUPERSYMMETRIC PARTICLES IN COMPRESSED MASS SPECTRA WITH THE ATLAS DETECTOR AT THE LHC." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2434/943307.

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In questa tesi, sono presentate due analisi che cercano la produzione di particelle supersimmetriche attraverso l'interazione elettrodebole: la ricerca di chargini, dove i chargini prodotti decadono in bosoni W e neutralini, e la ricerca di tracce displaced, ossia di tracce cariche spostate dal vertice di collisione primario, provenienti dai decadimenti di higgsini in pioni. Queste ricerche sono effettuate in spettri di massa compressi, dove la differenza di massa tra la particella subito più pesante di quella più leggera e quella più leggera è relativamente piccola. Queste ricerche usano dati provenienti dalle collisioni protoni-protoni raccolti con un'energia nel centro di massa di 13 TeV con il rivelatore ATLAS presso LHC. Nella ricerca di chargini, la differenza di massa considerata tra i chargini e i neutralini è vicina alla massa del bosone W. In tale spazio fasi, la produzione di coppie di chargini è cinematicamente simile a quella del fondo WW, il che rende sperimentalmente difficile separare il segnale dei chargini dal fondo WW. Lo stato finale considerato è costituito da due leptoni provenienti dai decadimenti leptonici dei bosoni W, momento trasverso mancante e assenza di attività adronica, mentre tecniche di machine learning avanzate sono impiegate per separare il segnale supersimmetrico dai fondi. Masse di chargini fino a 140 GeV sono escluse al 95% di livello di confidenza nel caso di una differenza di massa minore di circa 100 GeV. I risultati ottenuti soprassiedono i precedenti risultati di ATLAS in regioni particolarmente interessanti dove la produzione di coppie di chargini si sarebbe potuta nascondere dietro il simile fondo WW. Nella ricerca di tracce displaced, la differenza di massa tra le particelle supersimmetriche prodotte e i neutralini più leggeri scende fino a 0.3 GeV. La segnatura sperimentale è costituita da un getto, momento trasverso mancante e una traccia carica a basso momento con un'origine spostata dal punto di collisione; quest'ultimo elemento è la prima volta che viene usato in una ricerca di questo tipo ad un collisionatore adronico. I risultati mostrano che l'analisi ha sensitività per escludere diverse ipotesi di segnale per masse di higgsini fino a 175 GeV se nessun eccesso è osservato nei dati. Per masse inferiori, la sezione d'urto più grande permette di ottenere significanze più elevate per diversi scenari di differenze di massa. Tutte queste ipotesi di segnale non sono ancora state esplorate da nessuna analisi esistente dei dati di LHC.
In this thesis, two analyses searching for the production of supersymmetric particles through the electroweak interaction are presented: the chargino search, targeting the pair production of charginos decaying into W bosons and neutralinos, and the displaced track search, looking for mildly displaced charged tracks arising from the decays of higgsinos into pions. These searches target compressed phase spaces, where the mass difference between the next-to-lightest and lightest supersymmetric particle is relatively small. The searches use proton-proton collision data collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. In the chargino search, the targeted difference in mass between charginos and neutralinos is close to the mass of the W boson. In such phase space, the chargino pair production is kinematically similar to the WW background, which makes the chargino signal experimentally challenging to be discriminated from the WW background. A final state with two leptons from the leptonic decays of the W bosons, missing transverse momentum and no hadronic activity is considered, while advanced machine learning techniques are adopted to separate the supersymmetric signal from the backgrounds. Chargino masses up to about 140 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level in the case of a mass splitting between chargino and neutralino down to about 100 GeV. The results supersede the previous ATLAS results in particularly interesting regions where the chargino pair production could have hidden behind the looking-alike WW background. In the displaced track search, the difference in mass between the produced supersymmetric particles and the lightest neutralinos goes down to 0.3 GeV. The experimental signature is one jet, missing transverse momentum, and a low momentum charged track with an origin displaced from the collision point, the last element being the first time it is used in a search of this kind at a hadron collider. The results show that the analysis has the sensitivity to exclude different signal hypotheses for higgsino masses up to 175 GeV if no excess is observed in data. For lower masses, the larger signal cross-section allows to achieve higher significance values for different mass splitting scenarios. All these signal hypotheses have not been probed by any existing analysis of LHC data.
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12

CARRA, SONIA. "SEARCH FOR ELECTROWEAK PRODUCTION OF SUPERSYMMETRIC PARTICLES AT THE LHC RUN 2 WITH THE ATLAS DETECTOR." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/608194.

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Two closely related searches for the electroweak production of Supersymmetric particles are presented in this manuscript. The analyses are based on the proton-proton collision data from the Large Hadron Collider Run 2, with a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected by the ATLAS experiment. Different Supersymmetric signal models are considered. The first search targets the pair production of either the Supersymmetric partners of the leptons (sleptons) or the $W$ boson and charged Higgs boson super-partners (charginos). In the latter case, the decay of charginos via sleptons is assumed. The search uses data collected by ATLAS between 2015 and 2016, with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb$^{-1}$. The second search targets the direct production of chargino pair with $W$ boson mediated decay. The analysis for the observation of the process was performed using the data collected by ATLAS between 2015 and 2017, reaching an integrated luminosity of 80.5 fb$^{-1}$. The signature, common to all the SUSY signal models considered, consists of two charged leptons (electrons or muons) and missing transverse energy. No significant fluctuation above the Standard Model prediction was observed in the analyses. New exclusion limits, tighter than the previously available results, were placed on the masses of the SUSY particles: slepton masses up to 500 GeV are excluded at 95%~CL. Chargino masses up to 700 GeV are excluded in the case of the decay mediated by a slepton, while considering the $W$ boson mediated decay the limit on the chargino mass is 410 GeV.
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13

Sestini, Lorenzo. "Search for a Higgs boson decaying to a pair of b quarks in the forward region of pp collisions with the LHCb detector." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423258.

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LHCb is a forward spectrometer (pseudorapidity coverage 2 < eta < 5) designed for heavy flavour physics, located at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Thanks to its unique features LHCb is able to perform electroweak and jets measurements in a complementary phase space with respect to the General Purpose Detectors (GPD) at LHC, ATLAS and CMS. In this thesis techniques to identify and reconstruct b b-bar resonances with the LHCb detector are developed. First the data collected by LHCb during the Run I data taking are analyzed to identify the Z -> b b-bar decay, to measure its cross section and to determine the jet energy scale. Then the dataset is used to set experimental limit on the Standard Model (SM) H -> b bar-b production in the forward region.
LHCb è uno spettrometro collocato nella regione in avanti delle collisioni p-p al Large Hadron Collider (pseudorapidità coperta 2 < eta < 5) progettato per la fisica dei quark b e c. Grazie alle sue uniche caratteristiche LHCb può effettuare misure di fisica elettrodebole e dei jet in uno spazio delle fasi complementare ai General Purpose detectors (GPD) ad LHC, ATLAS e CMS. In questa tesi sono sviluppate tecniche per identificare e ricostruire risonanze b b-bar con il rivelatore LHCb. I dati raccolti nel periodo Run I sono analizzati per identificare il decadimentto Z -> b b-bar, per misurare la sezione d'urto di questo processo e per determinare la scala di energia dei jet. Successivamente il campione viene utilizzato per stabilire il limite superiore sulla produzione di H-> b b-bar nella regione in avanti.
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14

Dong, Peter Joseph. "Measurement of electroweak single top quark production in proton-antiproton collisions at 1.96 TeV." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1679373931&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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15

Dovier, Giacomo Oliviero. "Semi-inclusive associated bottom-Higgs production at LHC: the complete one-loop electroweak in the MSSM." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/4815.

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2009/2010
Il bosone di Higgs il tassello mancante del Modello Standard: predetto da Peter Higgs negli anni sessanta, non ancora stato osservato sperimental- mente. Il Large Hadron Collider stato costruito con questo obiettivo in mente, assieme a molti altri. Uno dei processi pi interessanti per la pro- duzione di Higgs Supersimmetrico bg -> bH0 ( A0, h0). La natura dell'accoppiamento Yukawa nel MSSM lo rende predominate per alti valori di tan(beta) . In questa tesi vengono calcolate le correzioni elettrodeboli ad un loop alla sezione d'urto del processo nel MSSM, e viene mostrato come esse possano essere molto rilevanti per alcune regioni dello spazio dei parametri. Viene anche mostrato come i risultati siano indipendenti dalla scelta dello schema di rinormalizzazione tra DCPR and DR, ed anche come la consueta Improved Born Approximation non riproduca accuratamente i risultati ad un loop, mentre una diversa possibile approssimazione, la Reduced Vertex Approximation, in migliore accordo con il calcolo completo. Viene quindi eff ettuato un confronto con i risultati per un Two Higgs Doublet Modle, e viene mostrato come la di erenza con i risultati nel MSSM sia rilevante ad un loop, rendendo lo studio di questo processo una possibile via per discriminare tra i due modelli.
The Higgs particle is the missing piece of the Standard Model picture: pre- dicted by Peter Higgs in the late sixties, it has yet to be observed in a collider. The Large Hadron Collider has been built with this goal in mind, among many others. A very important channel to look at for SUSY Higgs production is bg -> bH0 (A0, h0). The nature of the MSSM Yukawa couplings make it dominant for high Values of tan(beta) . In my work I calculate the electroweak one loop corrections to the cross section of the process' cross section in the MSSM, and show that they can be very relevant for some regions of the parameters' space. It is also shown how the results obey a nice scheme independence at one loop for the two renormalization schemes DCPR and DR, as well as how the usual Improved Born Approximation fails in this case to reproduce the one loop results accurately, while a di fferent suggested Reduced Vertex Approximation is in better agreement with the full calculation. I then proceed to make a comparison with the results for a Two Higgs Doublets Model, and show that the di fference with the MSSM are big at the one loop level, such that this process could provide a way to discriminate between the two models.
XXIII Ciclo
1983
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16

D'AGNOLO, RAFFAELE TITO. "Naturalness at the LHC." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85873.

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Particle physics is confronted by deep questions at the weak scale and the LHC can shed light on them. In this work we propose strategies to understand from its data if electroweak symmetry breaking is natural. We describe a search performed with the CMS detector in a yet unexplored area of natural LHC parameter space and we propose measurements in the Higgs boson sector that can discriminate between natural and unnatural theories
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17

Bellazzini, Brando. "The Higgs Boson from Extended Symmetries." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85838.

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Motivated by the desire to ameliorate the hierarchy problem without conflicting with electroweak precision tests, we investigate the idea that the Higgs doublet is a pseudo-Goldstone boson of an extended symmetry of the Standard Model. This thesis consists of two parts. The first chapter is devoted to an effective description of the phenomenology by means of a "minimal" SO(5) symmetry in the Higgs-top sector. We discuss the spectrum, electroweak precision tests, B-physics and naturalness of this model. We show the diffculty to comply with the different experimental constraints. In the second chapter we explore a scenario where the Higgs is still a pseudo-Goldstone boson but the spacetime symmetries are enlarged to include the supersymmetry. We discuss a model based on a SU(3) SU(2)W symmetry group. The tuning required is milder than 10% for a Higgs that can be as heavy as 135 GeV if non decoupling D-terms of an extra U(1) are taken into account. The model exhibits an interesting spectrum which could be visible at LHC, including a heavy top-like fermion at the TeV scale. Ordinary MSSM states could be as light as 400 GeV. This thesis is based on our recent papers [13, 17, 18]. During my PhD studies I have also published the papers [48, 49, 50, 51] on a parallel topic which is not discussed here.
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18

CETORELLI, FLAVIA. "First observation of the electroweak production of a W+W- pair in association with two jets in the fully leptonic channel with the CMS detector at the LHC." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/369032.

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Questa tesi riporta la prima osservazione della produzione elettrodebole di una coppia di bosoni W+W- in associazione con due jet nello stato finale leptonico. L’analisi è stata svolta sui dati raccolti dal rivelatore CMS durante le collisioni p-p ad un’energia del centro di massa di 13 TeV, che si sono svolte al Large Hadron Collider (LHC) nel periodo 2016-2018. La produzione elettrodebole di due bosoni W+W- appartiene alla classe dei processi rari di vector boson scattering (VBS). Lo studio di processi VBS è uno degli obiettivi centrali di LHC, poiché sono direttamente connessi al bosone di Higgs e al processo di rottura spontanea della simmetria elettrodebole. Gli eventi sono stati selezionati chiedendo la presenza di due leptoni (e/μ) con carica di segno opposto, due jet con grande massa invariante e grande separazione in pseudorapidità, e una quantità di momento trasverso mancante. Gli eventi sono divisi in categorie rispetto al sapore dei leptoni carichi nello stato finale: ee, μμ, and eμ. La produzione di ttbar-tW costituisce il maggior fondo dell’analisi. Un’altra fonte importante di fondo è data dai diagrammi con due vertici QCD, che producono lo stesso stato finale del segnale (produzione QCD di W+W-). La produzione Drell-Yan (DY) contamina principalmente gli stati finali con due elettroni o due muoni, mentre è fortemente soppressa nello stato finale eμ. Una deep neural network (DNN) è stata allenata per separare il segnale dai fondi ttbar e QCD W+W- nello stato finale eμ. L’uso dell’output della DNN come variabile discriminante in questa categoria ha migliorato le performance dell’analisi. L’analisi riporta l’osservazione del processo elettrodebole di produzione di bosoni W+W- con una significatività statistica di 5.6 deviazioni standard. Inoltre, si riporta la prima misura di sezione d’urto del processo in due spazi fiduciali differenti. Il primo è uno spazio fiduciale inclusivo, definito con tagli su variabili a parton level sui partoni uscenti: si richiede che abbiano pT > 10 GeV e massa invariante mqq > 100 GeV. La sezione d’urto misurata nello spazio fiduciale inclusivo è 99 ± 20 fb, da confrontare con l’attesa teorica LO di 89 ± 5 fb. Il secondo è un volume esclusivo, definito con selezioni sugli osservabili a livello generatore che copiano quelle della regione di segnale dell’analisi. In questo volume fiduciale, la sezione d’urto osservata è 10.2 ± 2.0 fb, mentre quella attesa è 9.1 ± 0.6 fb. I risultati osservati sono in accordo con le previsioni dello standard model. Questa tesi riporta inoltre il lavoro per la calibrazione del calorimetro elettromagnetico (ECAL). Il metodo EFlow, sviluppato durante questo lavoro, produce intercalibrazioni con una granularità spaziale del singolo cristallo e temporale di 1-2 giorni, che correggono la perdita residua di risposta in luce dei cristalli. Il metodo si basa sull’uso di eventi minimum bias provenienti dalle collisioni soft di LHC, come il metodo φ-symmetry. Questi eventi hanno una distribuzione uniforme in φ che può essere sfruttata per calibrare il detector. Il metodo EFlow sviluppa ed estende l’idea del metodo φ-symmetry, normalizzando l’energia di ogni cristallo a quella media del barrel. In questo modo, la risposta di ogni cristallo è adattata alla perdita media del barrel. Gli eventi con elettroni dal decadimento di bosoni W/Z sono utilizzati per correggere la perdita residua globale del barrel. Le correzioni sono competitive con quelle ottenute dal metodo utilizzato durante il Run II, che usava la distribuzione E/p degli elettroni dai decadimenti dei bosoni W/Z. Il metodo EFlow sarà implementato durante Run III per effettuare la calibrazione “prompt” dei dati, poiché garantisce la necessaria finezza spaziale e temporale delle intercalibrazioni.
This thesis reports the first observation of the electroweak production of a W+W- pair of bosons in association with two jets in the fully leptonic final state. The analysis has been performed using the data sample collected by the CMS detector during the 2016-2018 p-p collisions at center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, provided by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The electroweak W+W- production belongs to the very rare class of vector boson scattering (VBS) processes, which are purely electroweak at tree level. The investigation of VBS processes is a central objective of the LHC since they are connected directly to the Higgs boson and the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism of the electroweak interaction. The events were selected requiring the presence of two leptons (eμ) with opposite sign charges, two jets with large invariant mass and large pseudorapidity separation, and a certain amount of missing transverse momentum. Events are then separated into different categories considering the flavor of the charged leptons: ee, μμ, and eμ. The ttbar-tW productions constitute the main background of the analysis. Another important source of background is due to diagrams containing two QCD vertices, which produce the same final state as the signal (QCD-induced W+W- production). The Drell-Yan (DY) production contaminates the ee and μμ final states, while this background is highly suppressed in the eμ one. A deep neural network (DNN) was trained to separate the signal from the ttbar and the QCD-induced W+W- production in the eμ final state. The use of the DNN output as a discriminator in this category has boosted the performance of the analysis. Finally, the analysis reaches the observation of the electroweak W+W- signal with a statistical significance of 5.6 standard deviations, whereas 5.2 standard deviations were expected. Moreover, two cross sections are measured into two different fiducial phase spaces. The first one is an inclusive phase space, defined with cuts at parton level on the two outgoing partons: they are required to have a pT > 10 GeV and an invariant mass mqq > 100 GeV. The measured cross section in the inclusive phase space is 99 ± 20 fb to be compared with the theoretical expectation at the lowest order of 89 ± 5 fb. The second one is an exclusive volume, defined with requirements on observables at generator level that mimic the ones of the analysis signal region. In this fiducial volume, the cross section observed is 10.2 ± 2.0 fb, while the expected one is 9.1 ± 0.6 fb. These are the first measurements of the purely electroweak W+W- cross section; the results show good agreement with standard model expectations. The thesis also reports the work for the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) calibration. The EFlow method, developed during this work, provides per-crystal intercalibration with a time granularity of about 1-2 days to correct the time drift in light response that is still visible after laser corrections. The method relies on the use of minimum bias events from soft collisions, as the φ-symmetry method, which are expected to have a uniform distribution in φ. The EFlow extends the idea of the φ-symmetry method, normalizing the energy of each crystal to the mean of the barrel. In this way, the response in time of each crystal is adjusted to the average drift of the barrel. The events with electrons from W and Z decays are used to correct the residual global drift. The corrections derived in this way are competitive with ones obtained by the method employed during Run II, which used the E/p distribution of electrons from W and Z decays. Thanks to the fine space-time granularity of these corrections and the rapidity of deriving them, the method may be implemented in Run III to provide the so-called “prompt” calibrations for the ECAL.
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19

Carrazza, S. "PARTON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS WITH QED CORRECTIONS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/284820.

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We present the first unbiased determination of parton distribution functions (PDFs) with electroweak corrections. The aim of this thesis is to provide an exhaustive description of the theoretical framework and the technical implementation which leads to the determination of a set of PDFs which includes the photon PDF and quantum electrodynamics (QED) contributions to parton evolution. First, we introduce and motivate the need of including electroweak corrections to PDFs, providing phenomenological examples and presenting an overview of the current state of the art in PDF fits. The theoretical implications of such corrections are then described through the implementation of the combined QCDxQED evolution in APFEL, a public code for the solution of the PDF evolution developed particularly for this thesis. We proceed by presenting the new structure of the Neural-Network PDF (NNPDF) methodology used for the extraction of this set of PDFs with QED corrections. We then provide a first determination of the full set of PDFs based on deep-inelastic scattering data and LHC data for W and Z/γ* Drell-Yan production, using leading-order QED and NLO or NNLO QCD: the so-called NNPDF2.3QED set of PDFs. We perform a preliminary investigation of the phenomenological implications of NNPDF2.3QED set, in particular, focusing on the photon-induced corrections to direct photon production at HERA, high-mass dilepton and W pair production at the LHC and finally, providing a first determination of lepton PDFs through the APFEL evolution. We conclude with a summary of the technological upgrades required for the improvement of future PDF determinations with electroweak corrections.
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20

Buttazzo, Dario. "Implications of the discovery of a Higgs boson with a mass of 125 GeV." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85868.

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The discovery of a Higgs-like particle by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the LHC has been a major event for particle physics. The rather precise knowledge of the mass of the Higgs boson and of its couplings to the other Standard Model elds has important consequences for the physical phenomena taking place at the Fermi scale of electroweak symmetry breaking. We will analyze some of these implications in the most motivated frameworks for physics at that scale { supersymmetry, models of a composite Higgs boson, and the Standard Model itself. At the same time, precision experiments in avour physics require a highly non-generic structure of avour and CP transitions. This is relevant to any model of electroweak symmetry breaking with a relatively low scale of new phenomena, motivated by naturalness, where some mechanism has to be found in order to keep unwanted avour e ects under control. We will discuss in particular the consequences of the approximate U(2)3 symmetry exhibited by the quarks of the Standard Model. The combined analysis of the indirect constraints from avour, Higgs and electroweak physics will allow us to outline a picture of some most natural models of physics at the Fermi scale. This is particularly interesting in view of the forthcoming improvements in the direct experimental investigation of the phenomena at that energies. Although non trivially, a few models emerge that look capable of accommodating a 125 GeV Higgs boson, consistently with all the other constraints, with new particles in an interesting mass range for discovery at the LHC, as well as associated avour signals. Finally, the measurement of the last parameter of the Standard Model { the Higgs quartic coupling { has important consequences even if no new physics is present close to the Fermi scale: its near-critical value, which puts the electroweak vacuum in a metastable state close to a phase transition, may have an interesting connection with Planck-scale physics. We derive the bound for vacuum stability with full two-loop precision and use it to explore some possible scenarios of near-criticality.
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21

Lucente, Michele. "Implication of Sterile Fermions in Particle Physics and Cosmology." Doctoral thesis, SISSA, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11767/4803.

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The neutrino mass generation mechanism, the nature of dark matter and the origin of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe are three compelling questions that cannot be accounted for in the Standard Model of particle physics. In this thesis we focus on all these issues by providing a possible solution in terms of a minimal extension of the Standard Model, consisting in the addition of a set of sterile fermions to the field content of the theory. Sterile fermions are gauge singlet fields, that can interact via mixing with the active neutrinos. We focus on the Inverse Seesaw mechanism, which is characterised by a low (TeV or lower) new physics scale and that can be tested in current and future experimental facilities. We present the model building analysis that points towards the minimal realisations of the mechanism, and the phenomenological study in order to accommodate light neutrino masses and to impose all the relevant experimental constraints in the model, as well as the expected experimental signatures. We show the viability of the sterile neutrino hypothesis as dark matter component, together with the characteristic features of this scenario in the minimal Inverse Seesaw mechanism. The possibility of successfully accounting for the baryon asymmetry in a testable realisation of the leptogenesis mechanism is also addressed. On the other hand it is important to look for manifestations of sterile fermions in laboratory experiments. We address this point by making predictions for the expected rates of rare lepton number violating decays of vector bosons, that can be mediated by sterile fermions, as well as by studying the impact of sterile fermions on global fit of electroweak precision data.
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22

Park, Kwangwoo. "Electroweak radiative corrections to neutrino-nucleon scattering." 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594490751&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=39334&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2008.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Jan. 27, 2009) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Wackeroth, Doreen, Baur, Ulrich Includes bibliographical references.
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