Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Électrons secondaires de basse énergie'
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Lemelin, Vincent. "Mesure de sections efficaces absolues vibrationnelles pour la collision d’électrons de basse énergie (1-19 eV) avec le tétrahydrofurane (THF) condensé." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9467.
Full textAbstract: This master’s thesis is a study of interactions probabilities (cross sections) of low-energy electrons with an important biomolecule. The studied molecule is tetrahydrofuran (THF) which is a good model for the DNA backbone constituent deoxyribose. Knowing the important quantity of secondary electrons generated by the radiations passage through the biological matter and knowing that these low-energy electrons are responsible for the majority of the energy deposited, the study of their interactions with DNA constituents becomes rapidly important. Cross sections measurements are performed with a high-resolution electron energy loss spectrometer. The electron energy loss spectra obtained from this spectrometer allow cross sections calculations for each vibration mode as a function of electron incident energy. The article presented in this master thesis describes in details the experimental methods, it presents energy loss spectra and it shows and discusses results obtained in this project. The energy dependence of the cross sections allows the observation of multiple resonances in many vibration modes of THF. Effectively, this study allows the energy localisation of 4 resonances, which have all been confirmed by previous experimental and theoretical studies on the electron-THF collisions. Additionally, these resonances have never been observed simultaneously in the same study and the resonance found at low incident energy has never been observed with as much intensity as this present work. This study allowed a better understanding of the fundamental processes occurring in collisions of low-energy electrons with THF. The cross sections values are highly prized by theorists and they are essential for Monte Carlo simulations. These values will be used in models for energy distribution and deposition in biological matter at nanoscopic scales, thereby they will eventually improve the efficiency of radiotherapeutic modalities.
Sedmidubská, Barbora. "The role of the low-energy electrons in the process of radiosensitization." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASF069.
Full textIn concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), there is an effort to increase its effectiveness and alleviate toxicity for healthy cells. It may be achieved via synergism and targeted drug delivery (TDD). TDD is the selective drug transport to sites of interest, protecting healthy tissue from chemotherapeutic toxicity. The synergism, the highest chemoradioterapeutic effect, results from complex interactions between both treatment modalities, as the interaction of the radiosensitizing chemo-drug with secondary low-energy electrons (LEEs) arising in irradiated tissue. In light of that work focuses on the radiosensitization process to investigate the radiosensitizing potential and mechanisms of selected molecules based on interaction with LEE; there is an aim to obtain new information to design more effective radiosensitizers with lower toxicity. The theoretical part deals with existing radiosensitizers and their model compounds from the point of view of interaction with LEEs. The experimental part combines electron attachment experiments in the gas phase and ab initio calculations of electron affinities of studied molecules, pulse radiolysis experiments in solution, and microtron irradiation with NMR spectroscopic evaluation. Based on the study of interaction with (secondary) LEEs, the radiosensitizing potential was confirmed for the antiviral agent favipiravir; significant interaction was proven for radiosensitizing chemotherapeutic RRx-001 as well, so as a strong interaction of solvated electrons with fullerenols as a radiosensitizing carrier drug for TGM in CCRT
Konkomitantní chemoradioterapie je jedna z důležitých metod léčby rakoviny. Stále existuje snaha zvýšit její účinnost a udržet toxicitu pro zdravé buňky na snesitelné úrovni. Její největší výhodou je synergický efekt plynoucí z mnoha komplexních interakcí mezi oběma léčebnými přístupy (tzn. chemoterapie a radioterapie). Bylo ukázáno, že jednou z příčin synergismu může být interakce chemosložky (tzv. radiosensitizéru) se sekundárními nízkoenergetickými elektrony vznikajícími v hojném počtu během radiolýzy v ozářené tkáni. V této práci se zaměřuji na proces radiosensitizace s cílem prozkoumat radiosensitizační potenciál molekul a odhalit radiosensitizační mechanismy na bázi jejich interakce s nízkoenergetickými elektrony. Motivací této práce bylo získat nové informace pro návrh nových a více účinných radiosensitizérů s menší toxicitou. Práce sestává z teoretické a experimentální části. Teoretická část je postavena na rešerši již existujících radiosensitizérů a jejich modelových sloučenin z pohledu interakce s nízkoenergetickými elektrony. Experimentální část kombinuje experimenty elektronového záchytu v plynné fázi na dvou experimentálních zařízeních, experimenty pulsní radiolýzy v roztoku, dále ozařování na mikrotronu s NMR spektroskopickým vyhodnocením a ab-initio výpočty elektronových afinit studovaných molekul a jejích fragmentů. V této práci bylo studováno antivirotikum favipiravir, pro který jsme na základě interakce s nízkoenergetickými elektrony potvrdili jeho radiosensitizační potenciál. Také byl zkoumán mechanismus radiosensitizace již potvrzeného radiosensitizéru a zároveň chemoterapeutika RRx-001 z pohledu jeho možné interakce se sekundárními nízkoenergetickými elektrony, která byla v této práci potvrzena. Nakonec byla odhalena silná interakce solvatovaných elektronů s fullerenoly studovanými pro použití v rámci platformy, která by prokazovala citlivost na nízkoenergetické elektrony a užívala by se pro dodávání léků v rámci konkomitantní chemoradiační terapii
Garcia, Roge Vololoniaina. "Nitruration superficielle de SiO2 à basse température activée par des électrons de basse énergie." Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX22097.
Full textIskandar, Waêl. "Étude des collisions à basse énergie entre ions multichargés et dimères de gaz rare." Caen, 2015. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01243329.
Full textWithin this thesis, the dynamics of collisions between low energy multi-charged ions and Van-der-Waals dimers is investigated theoretically and experimentally. During the interaction ion/dimer, electrons from the target can be captured by the projectile and produce ionic states of the dimer. These states will then relax into charged fragments via multiple dissociation processes. Experimentally, this study is performed by means of Cold-Target Recoil-Ion Momentum Spectroscopy, a powerful technique which allows the multi-coincidence detection of target ionic fragments and the projectile. Theoretically, the collision dynamics is investigated using a classical calculation based on the Coulombic Over-Barrier Model and adapted to treat diatomic molecules such as dimers. This model has shown good agreement with the experimental results, both in terms of relative production of the different dissociation processes, and in terms of angular dependence of the molecular orientation in respect with the scattered projectile direction. All of this work has finally enabled to provide, for the different processes, the two-dimensional probability maps p(b) in the molecular frame and to highlight a new relaxation mechanism of the molecular ion named Interatomic Coulombic Decay. This relaxation process is electron emitter of very low energy and could have a significant role in the assessment of damage caused by ion impact
Bertin, Mathieu. "Processus induits par les électrons de basse énergie (0-20 eV) dans les systèmes condensés." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00280603.
Full textSahbani, Saloua. "Effets des radiations gamma et des électrons de basse énergie sur la fonctionnalité de l'ADN." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5976.
Full textDumont, Ariane. "Protection des ions organiques contre les dommages induits à l'ADN par les électrons de basse énergie." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4025.
Full textLi, Zejun. "Low-energy electron-induced DNA damage product analysis and mechanistic studies of damage in short oligonucleotides." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4317.
Full textCharpenel, Philippe. "Effets d'irradiations aux électrons de basse et moyenne énergie sur des isolants MOS issus de différentes technologies." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20240.
Full textThiam, Mame Asta. "Formation de molécules neutres dans le mécanisme d'induction du dommage de l'ADN par les électrons de basse énergie." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3953.
Full textDubus, Alain. "Application de méthodes de neutronique au transport d'électrons à basse énergie dans les solides et notamment à l'émission d'électrons secondaires." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213435.
Full textBordes, Julien. "Modélisation du transport des électrons de basse énergie avec des modèles physiques alternatifs dans Geant4-DNA et application à la radioimmunothérapie." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30332/document.
Full textDuring this PhD thesis, new developments have been brought to Geant4-DNA step-by-step Monte Carlo code. They were used to study low-energy electron interactions in liquid water - the major component of living organisms. The accuracy of results obtained through Monte Carlo code is limited by the validity of their cross sections. CPA100 is another step-by-step Monte Carlo code. It is equipped with ionization, electronic excitation and elastic scattering cross sections. However, these cross sections are calculated according to methods independent of those used for Geant4-DNA cross section calculations, which consisted of two original physics models: "option 2" and its improvement, "option 4". Moreover, in some cases CPA100 cross sections are in better agreement with experimental data. Therefore, the first objective of this research was to implement CPA100 cross sections into Geant4-DNA in order to give users the choice of alternative physics models, known as Geant4-DNA-CPA100. They have been available to users since July 2017. The verification of the correct implementation of these physics models within Geant4-DNA involved a comparison of different basic quantities between Geant4-DNA-CPA100 and CPA100 and extremely similar results were obtained. For instance, a very good agreement was highlighted between the calculations of the track length and the number of interactions. Consequently, the impact of cross sections was assessed using the original Geant4-DNA physics models ("option 2" and "option 4"), the alternative Geant4-DNA-CPA100 physics models and PENELOPE code for calculations of useful quantities in nuclear medicine, such as dose-point kernels (DPKs for monoenergetic electrons) and S values (for monoenergetic electrons and Auger electron emitters). With regards to DPK calculations, Geant4-DNA with "option 2" and "option 4" physics models were in close agreement, showing a systematic difference with Geant4-DNA-CPA100, which in turn were close to those calculated with PENELOPE code. For S value calculations, however, Geant4-DNA results were in good agreement with Geant4-DNA-CPA100. Finally, in the context of radioimmunotherapy, energy depositions were mapped. Such simulations are usually performed assuming spherical tumor geometries and uniform monoclonal antibody distributions. Realistic data was extracted from an innovative 3D follicular lymphoma model incubated with antibodies. Energy depositions were calculated for Auger electron (111In and 125I) and ß- particle (90Y, 131I and 177Lu) emitters. It was demonstrated that ß- particle emitters delivered more energy and irradiated greater volume than Auger electron emitters. The most effective ß- particle emitter depends on the size of the model that is used
Zhang, Huaqiao. "Analyse ttH,H; WW (*) avec ATLAS au LHC et étude des électrons à très basse énergie dans le test faisceau combiné 2004." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22105.pdf.
Full textUsing ATLAS Computing System Commissioning Monte Carlo(MC) full simulation data, this thesis studies the feasibility of measuring top-quark Yukawa Coupling in 30fb(-1) integrated luminosity of the ttH;H->WW(*) channel, within the Higgs mass range from 120 to 200 GeV. The trigger, pileup effects and all possible systematic uncertainties are studied. For a Higgs mass of 160 GeV, with the detailed systematics uncertainties, the signal signifficance is shown to exceed 2 sigma by combining two leptons and three leptons final states together. The combined branching ratio of sigma_ttH*BR(H->WW(*)) can reach an accuracy of 47%. This thesis also presents a study of the linearity of VLE electron from 2004 ATLAS Combined Test Beam data, and MC study shows a possible improvement by using 5*5 multiple seed clustering
Chefdeville, Simon. "Dynamique de collisions moléculaires à très basse énergie : mise en évidence expérimentale de résonances quantiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0340/document.
Full textTheoretical calculations predict that the dynamics of rotational excitation of CO or O2molecules, induced by collisions with H2, are dominated by quantum scatteringresonances at very low energies. However, experimental observation of these effectsis challenging: very low collision energies and high energy resolution are bothrequired. Experiments performed with a crossed molecular beam apparatus withvariable intersection angle allow us to observe the thresholds of the CO (j = 0 1)transition at 3.85 cm-1 and the O2 (Nj = 10 11) transition at 3.96 cm-1, whichcorrespond to the average kinetic energy of a gas below 4 K. The peaks in theintegral cross section’s collision energy dependence constitute the first experimentalobservation of resonances in an inelastic process. The good agreement betweentheory and experiment reinforces the confidence in the interaction potentials used todeduce rate coefficients for modeling the interstellar medium in the 1-20 K range. Ourexperimental results highlight the quantum nature of molecular interactions at verylow energies
Lahaie, Pierre-Olivier. "Nouvelle méthode expérimentale pour mesurer les dommages à l'ADN induits par la radiation." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7527.
Full textAbstract : DNA is the principle target of radiotherapy (RT) due to its crucial role in cellular growth and function. Ionizing radiation (IR) delivers its energy into the cell and its nucleus via sequential ionization events that produce many low-energy electrons (LEE)(10[superscript 5]e[superscript −] per MeV) which drive subsequent molecular dissociations and the formation of radicals and other reactive species. Since a better understanding of these mechanisms is needed to develop new strategies for radioprotection and RT, it is essential to identify and to quantify the initial damage induced by IR. Recent chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of short oligonucleotide irradiated with LEE in vacuo (Li et al., 2010) revealed that only ∼30 % of the loss of intact molecules could be explained by the formation of identifiable radiation products. We hypothesize that electron stimulated desorption (ESD) may account for some of the unexplained loss of the missing molecules. Here we propose a new experimental method to quantify this loss using a quartz crystal microbalance to measure in situ the total mass change due to ESD. This thesis describes the design and the construction of the novel apparatus and presents results for LEE irradiated thymine (thy) and thymidine (dT). We find that at 25 ◦ C, the thermal-induced mass loss is important for small molecules such as thy (126 amu). Upon irradiation at 50 eV, the rate of mass loss initially increases, but then decreased by factors between 5 and 15 indicating structural changes occurring at the sample surface. For larger molecules such as dT (242 amu), there is no thermal evaporation at 25 ◦ C and the LEE induced rate of desorption at 50 eV is 0.4 ± 0.1 amu/e[superscript -]. This work is needed to calibrate HPLC and mass spectrometry experiments allowing us to quantify the fragment species produced by LEE that are expected to induce further and biologically significant damage.
Breton, Simon-Philippe. "Mesure par spectroscopie des pertes d'énergie électroniques de la section efficace des dommages causés par l'impact des électrons de basse énergie sur des films condensés de tétrahydrofurane." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2005. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3387.
Full textGrech, Sophie. "Mesures locales des propriétés de transmission d'électrons de basse énergie par une couche métallique ultrafine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30024.
Full textThis work of thesis was motivated by the will to measure the transmission of an electronic beam of low energy through a film. These measures were realized with the electron projection microscope, the use of which is based on three key elements: the tip, the object, the system of detection. The made measures allow, on the same object, to determine the transmission according to the kinetic energy of the incidental electrons for energies included between some tens and several hundreds of électronvolts. To bring to a successful conclusion these measures, we developed a procedure to fabricate freestanding ultra thin films. Their characterization by electronic microscopy showed that this procedure is reliable and that it allows to obtain freestanding films of some nanometers of thickness about side sizes of some tens of micrometers. We more particularly bent over golden nano porous films and over continuous nickel films. However, encouraging attempts (Co, Au/Co/Au, aluminum oxide, tétracontane) using this procedure indicate that this fabrication method can be spread. Transmission measurements realized on gold and nickel allowed to reach characteristics inherent to the material. Indeed, they constitute a new method of determination of the inner potential U and of inelastic mean free path Λ. We thus demonstrate through this work that the measure of the transmitted intensity of a coherent electrons beam by an ultra thin film can be realized in a local scale even on a unique cristallite. Furthermore, nano porous films constitute objects acting on the amplitude and the phase of the electronic wave. It is thus possible to modulate the wave electronic function by the control of the thickness and the porosity of the film
Deschamps, Mathieu C. "Mesure par spectroscopie des pertes d'énergie de la section efficace des dommages causés par l'impact des électrons de basse énergie sur des films solides de dioxyde de carbone et de cyclopropane." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2003. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3331.
Full textDelorme, Rachel. "Radiothérapie par Photoactivation de Nanoparticules : Modélisation à l'Échelle Sub-Micrométrique et Comparaison Expérimentale." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00868799.
Full textChoofong, Surakarn. "DNA damage induced by low energy electrons (LEEs)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8873.
Full textRésumé: L'objectif majeur de ce projet étude est d'étudier les lésions d'ADN induites par les rayons X mous (1,5 keV) et des électrons de faible énergie (˂ 30 eV) à partir d'un nouveau système d'irradiation créé par le groupe du Pr. Sanche. De minces couches d'ADN double brin sont déposées soit sur du verre ou sur les substrats de tantale. Celles-ci sont irradiées sous une température et pression environnante, mais dans une atmosphère de N[indice inférieur 2]. Les bases relâchées (cytosine, la thymine, l'adénine et la guanine) et les produits de modification de base (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-désoxyguanosine, 5-hydroxyméthyl-2'-désoxyuridine, 5-formyl-2'-désoxyuridine, 5,6-dihydrothymine et 5,6-dihydrouridine) sont analysés et quantifiés par LC-MS/MS. Nos résultats révèlent un plus grand rendement de dommages dans les échantillons déposés sur le tantale que celles sur le verre. Cette différence peut être expliquée par l’interaction des électrons de faible énergie qui sont photo émis des substrats métalliques. D'après les résultats obtenus, la libération de bases est un produit majeur en comparaison avec la modification de bases. Ceci provient, en particulier, surtout des purines qui libèrent la base a un niveau trois fois plus grand que la modification de la base. Une voie proposée, conduisant à la libération de base, implique la formation d'ions négatifs transitoires (TNI), suivie par l'attachement d'électrons dissociatifs (DEA) à la liaison N-glycosidique. En outre, les produits de modification de base sont composés en deux grands types de modifications chimiques. L’un des produits est l’oxydation du groupe méthyle de la thymine, qui probablement consiste de en d'hydrure (-H[indice supérieur -]) par l'intermédiaire de DEA. Alors que l’autre modification chimique est la formation de 5,6-dihydropyrimidine qui implique l'addition d'hydrure à la double liaison du 5,6-pyrimidine.
Alzaher, Ibrahim. "Les ions émis de la surface : messagers du processus initial de la nano-structuration." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00637223.
Full textSala, Leo Albert. "Low-energy Electron Induced Chemistry in Supported Molecular Films." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS438/document.
Full textHigh-energy irradiation of condensed matter leads to the production of copious amounts of low-energy (0-20 eV) secondary electrons. These electrons are known to trigger various dissociative processes leading to observed damages including erosion and chemical modifications. The resulting reactive species within the condensed media can also lead to the synthesis of new molecules. This has implications in several applications most especially in the design of lithographic methods, focused beam-assisted deposition, as well as in astrochemistry. In all these applications, it is important to identify the processes induced by low-energy electrons, study the reactive fragments and stable molecules produced to determine possibilities of controlling them, and generate quantitative data to gauge the efficiencies of these processes. The approach developed for this PhD work consists of directly irradiating surfaces and interfaces using low-energy electrons and studying the processes that arise. The responses of different model molecular films (of varying thickness) were studied as a function of incident electron energy and dose. In favorable cases, methodologies proposed herein can be used to estimate effective cross sections of observed processes. Three complementary surface-sensitive techniques were utilized for this purpose. To characterize the deposited films and formed residues, the High Resolution Electron-Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS) and Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) were used. Neutral fragments (as opposed to their often-detected ionic counterparts) desorbing under electron irradiation were monitored using a mass spectrometer in a technique called Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD).Within the context of surface functionalization, the grafting of sp2-hybridized carbon centers on a polycrystalline hydrogenated diamond substrate was realized through electron irradiation of a thin layer of benzylamine precursor deposited on its surface. At 11 eV, the dominant mechanism is proposed to be neutral dissociation of the precursor molecules. The effective cross section of the grafting process was estimated in only a single measurement from the HREELS map of the sample surface, taking advantage of the electron beam profile. Within the context of astrochemistry, on the other hand, the responses of crystalline and amorphous NH3 ices were studied under electron impact. The desorption of intact NH3 was observed which resulted in the direct erosion of the film proceeding through a mechanism consistent with desorption induced by electronic transitions (DIET). Different fragmentation and recombination processes were also observed as evidenced by detected neutral species like NHx (x=1,2), N2, and H2. Aside from desorption, a wealth of chemical processes was also observed at 13 eV. Temporal ESD at this energy allowed for the estimation of the effective cross section of NH3 desorption and observing the delayed desorption of N2 and H2. TPD analysis of the residues also provided evidence of N2H2 and N2H4 synthesis in the film. These results can help explain the observed discrepancies in abundances of NH3 and N2 in dense regions in space. Lastly, this PhD work will present prospects for these electron-induced processes to be constrained spatially in microscopic dimensions for lithographic applications. The feasibility of the procedure utilizing Low-Energy Electron Microscope (LEEM) was demonstrated on a terphenylthiol self-assembled monolayer (TPT SAM) specimen. Spots of 5 μm in diameter with different work functions were imprinted on the surface using energies from 10-50 eV. Electron-induced reactions in thin-film resists (PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate)) were also studied at low-energy identifying opportunities for energy- and spatially-resolved surface modification
Bocquet, Francois. "Du fullerène au graphène : études spectroscopiques de l'interaction de systèmes pi-conjugués avec des surfaces solides." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4721/document.
Full textWe study by IPES, UPS and XPS the adsorption of fullerene on two silicon-rich reconstructions of 6H-SiC(0001). We show that adsorption of C60 on the (3*3) is singular and defines a new bonding type between C60 and a substrate: covalent bond accompanied by the desorption of molecules and the reconstruction's recovery. Our experiments shed a new light on the Si-C60 bounding complexity and provide new insights.By combining low photon energy ARPES and DFT on a monolayer of ZnPc on Ag(110), we provide a direct evidence that the "surface Umklapp'" effect is effective for long-range ordered organic films. Namely, the photoelectrons escape conditions are modified by the bare presence of the molecular lattice.We show that HREELS is a convenient tool to investigate the adsorption of hydrogen on graphene and the interaction of graphene with a substrate, SiC in our study. Indeed, the reversible adsorption of hydrogen on graphene permits the HREELS to gain sensitivity below the graphene layer