Journal articles: 'Electrons and muons'

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BLUMENSCHEIN, ULLA. "SEARCH FOR ASSOCIATE CHARGINO NEUTRALINO PRODUCTION IN TRILEPTON FINAL STATES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 15 (June 20, 2005): 3325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05026467.

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Searches have been performed for the trilepton decay signature from the associated production of the lightest chargino and the next-to-lightest neutralino in leptonic channels with (a) two electrons and a lepton, (b) an electron, a muon and a lepton (c) two muons and a lepton and (d) two like-sign muons. The searches use data taken with the DØ detector at the Fermilab Tevatron proton-antiproton collider at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 147 pb-1 to 249 pb-1.

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Kajita, Takaaki. "Atmospheric Neutrinos." Advances in High Energy Physics 2012 (2012): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/504715.

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Atmospheric neutrinos are produced as decay products in hadronic showers resulting from collisions of cosmic rays with nuclei in the atmosphere. Electron-neutrinos and muon-neutrinos are produced mainly by the decay chain of charged pions to muons to electrons. Atmospheric neutrino experiments observed zenith angle and energy-dependent deficit of muon-neutrino events. It was found that neutrino oscillations between muon-neutrinos and tau-neutrinos explain these data well. This paper discusses atmospheric neutrino experiments and the neutrino oscillation studies with these neutrinos.

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Akzhigitova, E. М., V. О. Kurmangaliyeva, А. D. Duisenbay, and N. K. Kalzhigitov. "LEPTON CHARACTERISTICS OF "HEAVY ELECTRONS" AND THEIR MANIFESTATIONS IN NEUTRON STARS." BULLETIN Series of Physics & Mathematical Sciences 69, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-1.1728-7901.30.

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This work is intended to develop a new direction of theoretical and nuclear astrophysics by studying reactions that occur at high pressure on the crusts of neutron star. Interest in neutron stars is related to the mystery of its structure. In addition, there are a high density, an extremely strong magnetic and gravitational fields. The physical properties of leptons in weak interaction are involved and provided. The manifestation of lepton universality is discussed. The decay of the muon was investigated in the standard model. The ways in which muons occur in denser matter are studied. The muon is a very unstable particle on Earth. Its lifetime is a few microseconds. However, in a very dense, neutron star, it is stable. The appearance of muons in the composition of denser stars, that is, the transformation of the electron into a muon is energetically advantageous. It can also participate in some nuclear reactions.

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Holmlid, Leif. "Charge Asymmetry of Muons Generated in a Muon Generator from Ultra-Dense Hydrogen D(0) and p(0)." Particles 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/particles6010010.

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Laser-induced nuclear reactions in ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) (review in Physica Scripta 2019) create mesons (kaons and pions). These mesons decay mainly to muons. The muons created are useful (patented source) for the muon-induced fusion process. The sign of the muons from the source depends on the initial baryons used. With D(0) (ultra-dense deuterium) the source produces mainly positive muons and with p(0) (ultra-dense protium) the source produces mainly negative muons. Negative muons are required for muon-induced fusion. This charge asymmetry was reported earlier, and has now been confirmed by experiments with a coil current transformer as the beam detector. The current coil detector would give no signal from the muons if charge symmetry existed. The charge asymmetry could indicate unknown processes, for example, caused by the different annihilation processes in D(0) and p(0). The conclusions of a new analysis of the results are presented here. Using D(0) in the muon source, the asymmetry is likely due to the capture of µ- in D atoms and D2 molecules. This leads to emission of excess µ+ from D(0). With p(0) in the muon source, the capture rate of µ- is lower than in D(0). The emitted number of µ+ will be decreased by the reaction between µ+ and the surrounding abundant electrons, forming neutral muonium particles. This effect decreases the amount of emitted µ+ for both p(0) and D(0), and it is proposed to be the main reason for a larger fraction of emitted µ- in the case of p(0). Thus, there is no dominant emission of negative muons which would violate charge conservation.

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Abbiendi, G. "Status of the MUonE experiment." Physica Scripta 97, no. 5 (April 8, 2022): 054007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac6297.

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Abstract The MUonE experiment has been proposed to measure the differential cross section of μe elastic scattering, by colliding the 160 GeV muons of the CERN M2 beam with atomic electrons of thin target plates. From a very precise measurement of the shape one can achieve a competitive determination of the leading hadronic contribution to the muon magnetic moment, independent from the other existing ones. In preparation for the Test Run with a reduced setup the detector geometry has been optimised. Expected yields for a first physics run with limited statistics are discussed, together with prospects for the assessment of the main systematic uncertainties.

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Varsi, F., S. Ahmad, M. Chakraborty, A. Chandra, S. R. Dugad, U. D. Goswami, S. K. Gupta, et al. "A GEANT4 based simulation framework for the large area muon telescope of the GRAPES-3 experiment." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 03 (March 1, 2023): P03046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/03/p03046.

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Abstract The GRAPES-3 experiment located in Ooty, India, samples the electron and muon components in extensive air showers using an array of plastic scintillator detectors and a muon telescope (G3MT) consisting of proportional counters to study the composition of primary cosmic rays (PCRs) as well as γ-ray sources in the TeV–PeV energy range. The G3MT is designed with an appropriate mass absorber to shield the electromagnetic and hadronic components in the shower and to detect muons above 1 GeV×sec(θ) energy, incident from a zenith angle θ. We developed a simulation framework based on the GEANT4 toolkit to evaluate the response of shower particles such as muons, γ-rays, electrons and hadrons in the G3MT. We discuss the geometric modeling of the G3MT using GEANT4 starting with the proportional counter. We estimated the punch-through contribution of hadrons in the G3MT. We compare the simulated muon multiplicity distributions with the observed ones assuming PCR composition from a four population supernova remnant acceleration model namely H4a.

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Holt, Ewa M. "Estimating the mass of cosmic rays by combining radio and muon measurements." EPJ Web of Conferences 216 (2019): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921602002.

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The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is a radio detector at the Pierre Auger Observatory and it is dedicated to measure the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. AERA is co-located with the underground muon detectors of the Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array (AMIGA). This provides a perfect setup to experimentally test the benefits of combining muons and radio emission for estimating the primary mass. We have investigated this combination using air-shower simulations. We compared the performance for mass separation of this new method to alternative methods in which the electrons and muons are measured with particle detectors at the surface. Forshowers with zenith angles below 50° the new method is of comparable performance, and for showers more inclinedthan 50° it is clearly superior. Therefore, measuring the radio signal in addition to the muons significantly improves the mass sensitivity compared to techniques using solely particle measurements.

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Lawie, Megan Rose, Freddie Vosper, Linda Cremonesi, and Alexander Booth. "Exploring the Sensitivity of MiniPix Devices to the Detection of a Variety of Particles." Emerging Minds Journal for Student Research 1 (September 16, 2023): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.59973/emjsr.26.

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The MiniPix EDU devices by ADVACAM have been used to study electrons, muons and alpha particles from both thoriated tungsten rods and natural sources. The natural radiation experiments looked at muons, focusing on the determination of muon count as a function of detector altitude and inclination with respect to the horizon. This included taking readings at ground level compared to those atop a building, and the floors in between, and rotating the detector face a certain angle to find the optimal angle to detect muons. The experiments involving a radiation source looked at alpha and beta decay. This included using the detector’s measurement of kinetic energy to explore the relativistic nature of electrons produced via beta decay, and the decay characteristics of alpha radiation. The material attenuation of alpha particles has also been explored. Insights from these experiments provide data on the capabilities of the detector. Through these experiments, particle behaviour and interactions unfold, shedding light on fundamental scientific principles. The project's experiments and results have been simplified to cater to secondary school education, specifically GCSE-level students. The experiments are designed to be performed within a school setting, helping students to understand these fundamental scientific principles of physics.

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Dordevic, Milos. "The CMS Particle Flow Algorithm." EPJ Web of Conferences 191 (2018): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201819102016.

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The event reconstruction at the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is predominantly based on the Particle Flow algorithm. This algorithm for a global event description uses the information from all subdetector systems, unlike the previous, traditional approaches that were focused on the localized information in each subdetector. These traditional methods use the raw information (tracks, hits), while the Particle Flow algorithm completely reconstructs the event by identifying and reconstructing the comprehensive list of final-state particles (photons, electrons, muons, charged and neutral hadrons), resulting in superior reconstruction of jets, missing transverse energy, tau leptons, electrons and muons. This approach also allows for efficient identification and mitigation of the pileup effect. The concept and performance of the Particle Flow algorithm, together with the prospects for its development in the context of the upgraded CMS detector, are presented in this overview.

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Neumeister, N. "CMS: Electrons, photons, and muons." EPJ direct 4, S1 (September 2002): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s1010502cs110.

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Lyu, Cefu, Haojiang Hu, Chuyue Hu, and Yifan Wu. "Research about how lead influence the detection rate of muons and its attenuation coefficient." Theoretical and Natural Science 5, no. 1 (May 25, 2023): 712–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/5/20230470.

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This paper presents a way to determine how lead influence the detection rate of muon at the earths surface. There are four sets of data on different thicknesses of lead above the detectors included in the experiments, and the largest set has 45054 groups of data. After using python modules to analyze the data of muons and other background particles such as electrons detected by desktop muon detectors, the discussion about identity of muons, especially about the detection rate, was conducted, as well as their relations with other factors. Then, the comparison was made between the average rate of muon detections of varied thicknesses of lead above the detectors to define the correlation between them. The result of data analysis mainly demonstrates an exponentially decreasing relationship. Accordingly, the calculation of the attenuation coefficient of lead which influences the exponential relationship was conducted as well.

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Bezginov, N., T. Valdez, M. Horbatsch, A. Marsman, A. C. Vutha, and E. A. Hessels. "A measurement of the atomic hydrogen Lamb shift and the proton charge radius." Science 365, no. 6457 (September 5, 2019): 1007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau7807.

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The surprising discrepancy between results from different methods for measuring the proton charge radius is referred to as the proton radius puzzle. In particular, measurements using electrons seem to lead to a different radius compared with those using muons. Here, a direct measurement of the n = 2 Lamb shift of atomic hydrogen is presented. Our measurement determines the proton radius to be rp = 0.833 femtometers, with an uncertainty of ±0.010 femtometers. This electron-based measurement of rp agrees with that obtained from the analogous muon-based Lamb shift measurement but is not consistent with the larger radius that was obtained from the averaging of previous electron-based measurements.

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Leung, Siu-Keung, Jean-Claude Brodovitch, Paul W. Percival, and Dake Yu. "Nonhomogeneous distribution of muonium and other paramagnetic products following positive muon radiolysis of water." Canadian Journal of Physics 68, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 947–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p90-134.

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When energetic positive muons (μ+) stop in water roughly 40% form the hydrogen-like atom muonium (Mu = μ+e−) and the remainder are incorporated in diamagnetic compounds, such as MuH and MuOH. The two fractions can be distinguished experimentally by the precession of spin-polarized muons in a transverse magnetic field, but the muonium signal is only one-half the intensity expected. Previous studies have shown that spin-dependent interactions between Mu and hydrated electrons formed at the end of the muon track can result in the loss of muon polarization, via electron spin exchange or chemical reaction, to give MuH + OH−. These interactions are nonhomogeneous and the study of their kinetics should provide information on the distribution of radiolysis transients at the end of the track. Some relevant data have arisen from a study of the free radical products of the reaction between Mu and pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) in aqueous solution. For low concentrations of pyrogallol (< 3 mM) the radical signal amplitudes, measured by muon level-crossing resonance, are consistent with radical formation by addition of thermal Mu to one or other of the unsubstituted positions of the benzene ring. At higher concentrations this reaction competes with the muonium depolarization process and results in increased signal amplitude.

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Czarnecki, A., U. D. Jentschura, K. Pachucki, and V. A. Yerokhin. "Anomalous magnetic moments of free and bound leptons." Canadian Journal of Physics 84, no. 6-7 (January 15, 2006): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p06-021.

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We review the theoretical knowledge of anomalous magnetic moments of free electrons and muons, and of electrons bound in hydrogenlike ions. We discuss applications of these observations in the determination of fundamental physical constants, the fine structure constant, the electron mass, and in searches for new interactions.PACS Nos.: 14.60.z, 13.40.Em, 32.10.Dk

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Martin Perez, Cristina, and Luigi Vigani. "Searching for the Muon Decay to Three Electrons with the Mu3e Experiment." Universe 7, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7110420.

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Mu3e is a dedicated experiment designed to find or exclude the charged lepton flavor violating μ→ eee decay at branching fractions above 10−16. The search is pursued in two operational phases: Phase I uses an existing beamline at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), targeting a single event sensitivity of 2·10−15, while the ultimate sensitivity is reached in Phase II using a high intensity muon beamline under study at PSI. As the μ→ eee decay is heavily suppressed in the Standard Model of particle physics, the observation of such a signal would be an unambiguous indication of the existence of new physics. Achieving the desired sensitivity requires a high rate of muons (108 stopped muons per second) along with a detector with large kinematic acceptance and efficiency, able to reconstruct the low momentum of the decay electrons and positrons. To achieve this goal, the Mu3e experiment is mounted with an ultra thin tracking detector based on monolithic active pixel sensors for excellent momentum and vertex resolution, combined with scintillating fibers and tiles for precise timing measurements.

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Curatolo, Camilla, and Luca Serafini. "Electrons and X-rays to Muon Pairs (EXMP)." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 19, 2022): 3149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063149.

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One of the challenges of future muon colliders involves the production of muon beams carrying high phase space densities. In particular, the muon beam normalised transverse emittance is a relevant figure of merit used to meet luminosity requests. A typical issue impacting the achieved transverse emittance in muon collider schemes, thus far considered, is the phase space dilution caused by the Coulomb interaction of primary particles propagating into the target where muons were generated. In this study, we present a new scheme(named electrons and X-rays to muon pairs) for muon beam generation occurring in a vacuum via interactions of electron and photon beams. Setting the center of mass energy at about twice the threshold (i.e., around 350 MeV), the normalised emittance of the muon beam generated via muon pair production reaction (e−+γ→e−+μ++μ−) is largely independent on the emittance of the colliding electron beam and is set basically by the excess of transverse momentum in the muon pair creation. In absence of any other mechanism for emittance dilution, the resulting muon beam, with energy in the range of a few tens of GeV, is characterised by an ultra-low normalised transverse RMS emittance of a few nm rad, corresponding to a geometrical emittance below 10 π pm rad. This opens up the way to a new muon collider paradigm based on muon sources conceived with primary colliding beams delivered by 100 GeV-class energy recovery LINACs interacting with hard-X ray free electron lasers. The challenge is to achieve the requested luminosity of the muon collider adopting a strategy of low muon fluxes/currents combined to ultra-low emittances, to largely reduce the levels of muon beam-induced backgrounds.

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Schneuwly, H. "Do negative muons distinguish σ-electrons from π-electrons?" Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento Series 2 44, no. 4 (October 1985): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02746808.

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Jansen, Andreas. "Status of the COMET experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 282 (2023): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328201014.

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The COMET (COherent Muon to Electron Transition) experiment, currently being built in Tokai, Japan, will search for the coherent neutrinoless transition of muons to electrons in the coulomb field of atomic nuclei. The process is highly suppressed in the Standard Model and therefore provides a promising channel to probe new physics. The experiment will be carried out in a staged approach. Phase-I of COMET aims to search for the process with a single event sensitivity of 𝒪(10−15). Additionally, precise measurements of muon beam dynamics and detector prototyping for Phase-II will be conducted. Utilizing a much higher intensity proton beam, a more complex and longer muon/electron transport system, and gained experience from Phase-I, an improvement of at least four orders of magnitude over the current best branching ratio limit up to 𝒪(10−17) is envisioned for Phase-II. This article will give a status report for Phase-I of COMET.

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Solodkov, Alexandre. "Electrons, photons, and muons in ATLAS." EPJ direct 4, S1 (September 2002): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s1010502cs107.

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Senger, Anna. "Simultaneous muon and reference hadron measurements in the compressed baryonic matter experiment at FAIR." International Journal of Modern Physics E 29, no. 02 (February 2020): 2030003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301320300039.

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The mission of the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) in Darmstadt is to explore the QCD phase diagram at high net baryon densities likely to exist in the core of neutron stars. The CBM detector system is designed to perform multi-differential measurements of hadrons and leptons in central gold-gold collisions at beam energies between 2 and 11 A GeV with unprecedented precision and statistics. In order to reduce the systematic errors of the lepton measurements, which generally suffer from a large combinatorial background, both electrons and muons will be measured with the same acceptance. Up to now, no di-muon measurements have been performed in heavy-ion collisions at beam energies below 158 A GeV. The main device for electron identification, a Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detector, can be replaced by a setup comprising hadron absorbers and tracking detectors for muon measurements. In order to obtain a complete picture of the reaction, it is important to measure simultaneously leptons and hadrons. This requirement is fulfilled for the RICH, which has a low material budget, and only little affects the trajectories of hadrons on their way to the Time-of-Flight (TOF) detector. In contrast, the simultaneous measurement of muons and hadrons within the same experimental acceptance poses a substantial challenge. This article reviews the simulated performance of the CBM experiment for muon identification, together with the possibility of simultaneous hadron measurements.

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Razquin, Amaia, and MyeongJae Lee. "Track reconstruction for the COMET Phase-II experiment with ACTS." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 01 (January 1, 2024): P01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/01/p01011.

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Abstract An implementation of A Common Tracking Software (ACTS) toolkit for signal electron reconstruction for the COMET muon to electron conversion experiment is discussed. The COMET experiment in J-PARC, Japan, will search for neutrinoless conversion of muons into electrons in the field of an aluminium nucleus, a lepton flavour violating process, aiming target sensitivity of 10-17. To achieve its scientific goals, the experiment requires a reconstructed momentum resolution of lower than 150 keV/c. For the first time by applying ACTS to signal events in the 100 MeV energy range with multiple-turn trajectories in the presence of background events, it is found that the reconstruction efficiency is around 14% with no fake reconstructed events. The implementation details, performance, and issues of ACTS in the context of COMET are presented.

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CARLI, TANCREDI, DOMINIK DANNHEIM, and LORENZO BELLAGAMBA. "EVENTS WITH ISOLATED CHARGED LEPTONS AND LARGE MISSING TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM AT HERA." Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 25 (August 20, 2004): 1881–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304015142.

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Striking events with isolated charged leptons, large missing transverse momentum and large transverse momentum of the hadronic final state [Formula: see text] were observed at the electron proton collider HERA in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 130 pb-1. The H1 collaboration observed 11 events with isolated electrons or muons and with [Formula: see text]. Only 3.4±0.6 events were expected from Standard Model (SM) processes. Six of these events have [Formula: see text], while 1.3±0.3 events were expected. The ZEUS collaboration observed good agreement with the SM. However, ZEUS found two events with a similar event topology, but tau leptons instead of electrons or muons in the final state. Only 0.2±0.05 events were expected from SM processes. For various hypotheses, the compatibility of the experimental results was investigated with respect to the SM and with respect to possible explanations beyond the SM. Prospects for the high-luminosity HERA-II data taking period are given.

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Godang, R., S. Bracker, M. Cavaglià, L. Cremaldi, D. Summers, and D. Cline. "Resolution of Nearly Mass Degenerate Higgs Bosons and Production of Black Hole Systems of Known Mass at a Muon Collider." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 15 (June 20, 2005): 3409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05026674.

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The direct s-channel coupling to Higgs bosons is 40000 times greater for muons than electrons; the coupling goes as mass squared. High precision scanning of the lighter h0 and the higher mass H0 and A0 is thus possible with a muon collider. The H0 and A0 are expected to be nearly mass degenerate and to be CP even and odd, respectively. A muon collider could resolve the mass degeneracy and make CP measurements. The origin of CP violation in the K0 and B0 meson systems might lie in the the H0/A0 Higgs bosons. If large extra dimensions exist, black holes with lifetimes of ~ 10-26 seconds could be created and observed via Hawking radiation at the LHC. Unlike proton or electron colliders, muon colliders can produce black hole systems of known mass. This opens the possibilities of measuring quantum remnants, gravitons as missing energy, and scanning production turn on. Proton colliders are hampered by parton distributions and CLIC by beamstrahlung. The ILC lacks the energy reach.

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CAPDEVIELLE, J. N., F. COHEN, and K. SANOSYAN. "THE AGE PARAMETER IN GIANT EAS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (November 20, 2005): 6793–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05030107.

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The age parameter from the longitudinal development can be used to describe the lateral distribution in giant EAS up to 5 km from the axis, even if the scaling properties of Approximation B in cascade theory fail after 3.5 Moliere radii. A set of analytic descriptions is proposed under the gaussian hypergeometric formalism replacing the Eulerian formalism of the classical NKG distribution, valid for electrons, muons and vertical equivalent muons (v.e.m.).

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Dayton, Benjamin B. "Hydrodynamic models of electrons, muons, and tau particles." Physics Essays 25, no. 3 (September 2012): 349–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-25.3.349.

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Hughes, Vernon W. "High-energy physics with polarized electrons and muons." Nuclear Physics A 518, no. 1-2 (November 1990): 371–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(90)90557-3.

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Peng, X., J. Zhu, L. He, W. Xiao, F. Luo, M. Xiao, and X. Wang. "Simulation study on optical transmission performance and time resolution of Shashlik tower." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 02 (February 1, 2023): P02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/02/p02018.

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Abstract The Shashlik tower is a significant component to measure the energy, time, and position of photons and electrons in the Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECal), a vital detector of the Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD) in the Nuclotron-based lon Collider fAcility (NICA), Dubna, Russia. Based on the GEANT4 simulation toolkit, a variation of physical behavior in the tower was simulated, including the changes of photons during transmission, and used the rising edge detection method to measure the time-resolving ability of the module for natural muons and electron beams. Results show that 3 GeV electrons enter the tower, photons emitted by the scintillator are transmitted, 10665 photoelectrons are collected on Silicon Multipliers (SiPMs), yield is 3555 pe/GeV, and the light output is 0.16%. The time resolution of the module for muons is better than 160 ps, but the value of each tower is different. In addition, by changing the electron beam energy in the simulation, we observed that a larger number of photoelectrons collected by SiPMs leads to a better time resolution. At an electron beam energy of 1 GeV, the time resolution of the tower could be better than 101 ps. The simulated measuring results, and the methods of the tower photon transmission performance and the time resolution, will provide references and new optimum methods for subsequent experiential tests.

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Atik Yılmaz, Şeyma, Ali Yılmaz, Haluk Denizli, and Kaan Yüksel Oyulmaz. "Energy cutoff effect in CORSIKA on the detected particles of ππ0 decay channel." Canadian Journal of Physics 96, no. 7 (July 2018): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2017-0766.

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CORSIKA (COsmic Ray SImulations for Kascade) has various features in the creation of the extensive air showers with several characteristics where the users can configure the input card to achieve the desired result. ECUT is a parameter defined as the low energy cutoff of the particle kinetic energy for hadrons, muons, electrons, and photons. We investigate the effect of the different ECUT values on the detected particles in 107 – 5 × 108 GeV primary particle energy range where π–π0 decay channel chosen with 5 km shower development length. The selected ECUT values in this study are 0.05 and 0.1 GeV for both hadrons and muons and 0.05 GeV for electrons and photons. The effect of the reducing by half on the energy cutoff value is studied for the detector array located on an inclined plane, which is planned for upward τ detection.

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Lowe, Adam, Krishanu Majumdar, Konstantinos Mavrokoridis, Barney Philippou, Adam Roberts, Christos Touramanis, and Jared Vann. "Optical Readout of the ARIADNE LArTPC Using a Timepix3-Based Camera." Instruments 4, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments4040035.

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The ARIADNE Experiment, utilising a 1-ton dual-phase Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC), aims to develop and mature optical readout technology for large scale LAr detectors. This paper describes the characterisation, using cosmic muons, of a Timepix3-based camera mounted on the ARIADNE detector. The raw data from the camera are natively 3D and zero suppressed, allowing for straightforward event reconstruction, and a gallery of reconstructed LAr interaction events is presented. Taking advantage of the 1.6 ns time resolution of the readout, the drift velocity of the ionised electrons in LAr was determined to be 1.608 ± 0.005 mm/μs at 0.54 kV/cm. Energy calibration and resolution were determined using through-going muons. The energy resolution was found to be approximately 11% for the presented dataset. A preliminary study of the energy deposition (dEdX) as a function of distance has also been performed for two stopping muon events, and comparison to GEANT4 simulation shows good agreement. The results presented demonstrate the capabilities of this technology, and its application is discussed in the context of the future kiloton-scale dual-phase LAr detectors that will be used in the DUNE programme.

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Rastegarzadeh, G., and S. Khoshabadi. "Mass discrimination using the inferred depth of maximum through the particle densities measured at observation level." International Journal of Modern Physics D 24, no. 10 (August 12, 2015): 1550080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271815500807.

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In the present work, the shower depth of maximum (X max e) and (X max μ) (the depth at which the number of muons of shower get their maximum) has been calculated from the particles densities at the observation level. It is noteworthy that these are both mass sensitive parameters. Based on CORSIKA simulations a relationship between slope of the lateral distribution functions (η) of electrons and muons (at the observation level) and their X max have been investigated. An accurate linear relationship between them is found. The higher the energy, the deeper the X max and the steeper the distribution function is. Simulations have been done for heavy and light primaries in the energy range of 1014–1015 eV. Better ability for mass discrimination of η of the muons, due to less deflection of muons with the atmosphere is demonstrated. This method has got better results for low energies. Therefore a mass sensitive parameter, with good potential for mass discriminating between light and heavy primaries is presented.

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31

Grifols, J. A., and S. Peris. "Limits on masses of excited electrons and muons from neutrino scattering off electrons." Physics Letters B 168, no. 3 (March 1986): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(86)90976-7.

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Matsumoto, Masashige, and Yoji Ohashi. "Quantum Diffusion of Muons Interacting with Superconducting Electrons. I." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 62, no. 6 (June 15, 1993): 2088–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.62.2088.

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Ohashi, Yoji, and Masashige Matsumoto. "Quantum Diffusion of Muons Interacting with Superconducting Electrons. II." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 62, no. 10 (October 15, 1993): 3532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.62.3532.

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Tumasyan, A., W. Adam, J. W. Andrejkovic, T. Bergauer, S. Chatterjee, M. Dragicevic, A. Escalante Del Valle, et al. "Identification of hadronic tau lepton decays using a deep neural network." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 07 (July 1, 2022): P07023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/07/p07023.

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Abstract A new algorithm is presented to discriminate reconstructed hadronic decays of tau leptons (τ h) that originate from genuine tau leptons in the CMS detector against τ h candidates that originate from quark or gluon jets, electrons, or muons. The algorithm inputs information from all reconstructed particles in the vicinity of a τ h candidate and employs a deep neural network with convolutional layers to efficiently process the inputs. This algorithm leads to a significantly improved performance compared with the previously used one. For example, the efficiency for a genuine τ h to pass the discriminator against jets increases by 10–30% for a given efficiency for quark and gluon jets. Furthermore, a more efficient τ h reconstruction is introduced that incorporates additional hadronic decay modes. The superior performance of the new algorithm to discriminate against jets, electrons, and muons and the improved τ h reconstruction method are validated with LHC proton-proton collision data at √s = 13 TeV.

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Milesi, Marco, Justin Tan, and Phillip Urquijo. "Lepton identification in Belle II using observables from the electromagnetic calorimeter and precision trackers." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 06023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024506023.

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We present a major overhaul to lepton identification for the Belle II experiment, based on a novel multi-variate classification algorithm. Boosted decision trees are trained combining measurements from the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECL) and the tracking system. The chosen observables are sensitive to the different physics that governs interactions of hadrons, electrons and muons with the calorimeter crystals. Dedicated classifiers are used in various detector regions and lepton momentum ranges. The tree output is eventually combined with classifiers that rely upon independent measurements from other sub-detectors. Using simulation, the performance of the new algorithm is compared against the method used for analysis of the 2018 Belle II data, namely a likelihood discriminator based on the ratio of energy measured in the ECL over the momentum measured by the trackers. In the low momentum region, we largely improve the lepton-pion separation power, decreasing misidentification probability by a factor of 10 for electrons, and 2 for muons at fixed identification efficiency.

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Derkach, Denis, Mikhail Hushchyn, and Nikita Kazeev. "Machine Learning based Global Particle Identification Algorithms at the LHCb Experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 06011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921406011.

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One of the most important aspects of data processing at flavor physics experiments is the particle identification (PID) algorithm. In LHCb, several different sub-detector systems provide PID information: the Ring Imaging Cherenkov detectors, the hadronic and electromagnetic calorimeters, and the muon chambers. The charged PID based on the sub-detectors response is considered as a machine learning problem solved in different modes: one-vs-rest, one-vs-one and multi-classification, which affect the models training and prediction. To improve charged particle identification for pions, kaons, protons, muons and electrons, neural network and gradient boosting models have been tested. This paper presents these models and their performance evaluated on Run 2 data and simulation samples. A discussion of the performances is also presented.

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Marconi, Umberto, and Fulvio Piccinini. "Measuring the leading hadronic contribution to the muon g-2 via the -e elastic scattering." EPJ Web of Conferences 179 (2018): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817901012.

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The precision measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment g-2 of the muon presently exhibits a 3.5 σ deviation between theory and experiments. In the next few years the anomalous magnetic moment will be measured to higher precisions at Fermilab and J-PARC. The theoretical prediction can be improved by reducing the uncertainty on the leading hadronic correction HLO μ to the g-2. Here we present a novel approach to determine aHLO μ with space-like data, by means of precise measurement of the hadronic shift of the effective electromagnetic coupling α exploiting the elastic scattering of 150 GeV muons (currently available at CERN North area) on atomic electrons of a low-Z target. The direct measurement of aHLO μ in the space-like region will provide a new independent determination competitive with the time-like dispersive approach, and will consolidate the theoretical prediction of the muon g-2 in the Standard Model. It will allow therefore a firmer interpretation of the measurements of the future muon g-2 experiments at Fermilab and J-PARC

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Marconi, Umberto. "The MUonE experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 212 (2019): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921201003.

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The precision measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment g − 2 of the muon at present exhibits a 3.5 σ deviation between theory and experiments. In the next few years it will be measured to higher precisions at Fermilab and J-PARC. The theoretical prediction can be improved by reducing the uncertainty on the leading hadronic correction $ a_\mu ^{HLO} $ to the g − 2. Here we present a new approach to determine $ a_\mu ^{HLO} $ with space-like data, by means of a precise measurement of the hadronic contribution to the eﬀective electromagnetic coupling α, exploiting the elastic scattering of 150 GeV muons (currently available at CERN North area) on atomic electrons of a low-Z target. The direct measurement of $ a_\mu ^{HLO} $ in the space-like region will provide a new independent determination and will consolidate the theoretical prediction of the muon g − 2 in the Standard Model. It will allow therefore a firmer interpretation of the measurements of the future muon g − 2 experiments at Fermilab and J-PARC.

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Barsuk, Sergey, Oleg Bezshyyko, Ianina Boyarintseva, Andrey Boyarintsev, Dominique Breton, Hervé Chanal, Alexander M. Dubovik, et al. "First characterization of a novel grain calorimeter: the GRAiNITA prototype." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 04 (April 1, 2024): P04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/p04008.

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Abstract A novel type of calorimeter based on grains of inorganic scintillating crystal readout by wave length shifting fibers is proposed. The concept and main features as well as the prototype design are introduced and the first results obtained using cosmic rays are presented. The number of photo-electrons generated by cosmic rays muons in the prototype detector is estimated to be of the order of 10000 photo-electrons per GeV, validating the concept of this next-generation shashlik calorimeter.

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40

Garcia, Luis Guillermo, Romina Soledad Molina, Maria Liz Crespo, Sergio Carrato, Giovanni Ramponi, Andres Cicuttin, Ivan Rene Morales, and Hector Perez. "Muon–Electron Pulse Shape Discrimination for Water Cherenkov Detectors Based on FPGA/SoC." Electronics 10, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030224.

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The distinction of secondary particles in extensive air showers, specifically muons and electrons, is one of the requirements to perform a good measurement of the composition of primary cosmic rays. We describe two methods for pulse shape detection and discrimination of muons and electrons implemented on FPGA. One uses an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm; the other exploits a correlation approach based on finite impulse response (FIR) filters. The novel hls4ml package is used to build the ANN inference model. Both methods were implemented and tested on Xilinx FPGA System on Chip (SoC) devices: ZU9EG Zynq UltraScale+ and ZC7Z020 Zynq. The data set used for the analysis was captured with a data acquisition system on an experimental site based on a water Cherenkov detector. A comparison of the accuracy of the detection, resources utilization and power consumption of both methods is presented. The results show an overall accuracy on particle discrimination of 96.62% for the ANN and 92.50% for the FIR-based correlation, with execution times of 848 ns and 752 ns, respectively.

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41

Adeva, B., O. Adriani, M. Aguilar-Benitez, H. Akbari, J. Alcaraz, A. Aloisio, G. Alverson, et al. "Mass limits for excited electrons and muons from Z0 decay." Physics Letters B 247, no. 1 (September 1990): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(90)91066-k.

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42

Gnedin, O. Y., and D. G. Yakovlev. "Thermal conductivity of electrons and muons in neutron star cores." Nuclear Physics A 582, no. 3-4 (January 1995): 697–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(94)00503-f.

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43

Ivanov, Anatoly. "Some results from the Yakutsk array experiment and the status of the modernization program." EPJ Web of Conferences 208 (2019): 08005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920808005.

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The Yakutsk array has been used to study cosmic rays since 1974. Charged particles such as electrons, positrons and muons are detected, as well as radio signals emitted by air showers. However, the characteristic shower component detected by the array is Cherenkov light. This article briefly reviews recent results from the Yakutsk array group.

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44

Wang, Xiaorong, and Feng Wei. "AN of Single Heavy Flavor Decay Muon in the PHENIX Experiment at RHIC." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 40 (January 2016): 1660043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194516600430.

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Transverse single-spin asymmetries provide valuable information about the spin structure of the nucleon. At RHIC energies, heavy-flavor production is dominated by gluon-gluon fusion, and the subsequent decay into high [Formula: see text] electrons or muons can be observed statistically in a collider detector like PHENIX. The transverse single-spin asymmetry in heavy-flavor production originates from the initial state correlation between the internal transverse momentum of the parton and the transverse spin of the nucleon (similar with the known Sivers effect). The measurement of transverse single-spin asymmetry of single muons from heavy flavor decay at RHIC serves as a clean probe and would provide important information on the gluon Sivers function. In 2012, the PHENIX experiment collected 9.2 [Formula: see text] integrated luminosity in transversely polarized [Formula: see text] collisions at [Formula: see text] = 200 GeV with a polarization of [Formula: see text]. The signal-to-background ratio was improved by a factor of two compared to the previous RHIC 2006 and 2008 results in high transverse momentum region ([Formula: see text]GeV). The recent PHENIX preliminary results of transverse single-spin asymmetries of single heavy flavor decay muon at forward-rapidity will be shown and the possible improvement on this measurement in 2015 with the help of the FVTX detector will be discussed.

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45

FERNÁNDEZ, F., A. MESQUITA, M. RAZEIRA, and C. A. Z. VASCONCELLOS. "THE ROLE OF ANTIKAON CONDENSATES IN THE EQUATION OF STATE OF NEUTRON STARS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 19, no. 08n10 (August 2010): 1545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271810017299.

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We study the consequences of the presence of a negative electric charge condensate of antikaons in neutron stars using an effective model with derivative couplings. In our formalism, nucleons interact through the exchange of σ, ω and ϱ mesons, in the presence of electrons and muons, to accomplish electric charge neutrality and beta equilibrium. The phase transition to the antikaon condensate was implemented through the Gibbs conditions combined with the mean-field approximation, giving rise to a mixed phase of coexistence between nucleon matter and the antikaon condensate. Assuming neutrino-free matter, we observe a rapid decrease of the electron chemical potential produced by the gradual substitution of electrons by kaons to accomplish electric charge neutrality. The exotic composition of matter in neutron star including antikaon condensation and nucleons can yield a maximum mass of about M ns ~ 1.76 M ⊙.

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CHEN, M., and G. HERTEN. "Z0 PHYSICS FROM THE L3 DETECTOR AT LEP." Modern Physics Letters A 05, no. 18 (July 30, 1990): 1381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732390001578.

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The LEP e+e− collider at CERN has been operating for more than half a year. One of the four experiments at LEP is the L3 experiment, which has excellent energy resolution for electrons, muons and photons. This article summarizes the results1–6 obtained with the L3 detector using the data taken from September to December 1989.

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Walker, David C., Stefan Karolczak, Hugh A. Gillis, and Gerald B. Porter. "Hot model of muonium formation in liquids." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-011.

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The mechanism of formation of muonium atoms from positive muons was studied here through measurements of the yield of diamagnetic muon states in dipolar aprotic solvents and for scavenger solutions in hexane and methanol. The results are compared with published data on common solvents covering a full range of the physicochemical properties of liquids that affect an ionic formation mechanism, namely their static dielectric constants, electron mobilities, and radiolysis yields of electrons. It is concluded that muonium is not formed by a thermal charge-neutralization reaction in these chemically-active media, though that mechanism does contribute to muonium formation in inert media like liquefied noble gases. It is clear that muonium materializes on a much shorter timescale than the recently proposed "delayed" mechanism (microseconds) and the earlier "spur" model (nanoseconds). In contrast, the data referring to all these liquids are consistent with the intra-track "hot" model. This is the only Mu-formation model proposed so far in which the immediate precursors of Mu (Mu(hot)) are neither scavengable nor ionic.Key words: muonium atoms, formation mechanism, hot model, spur model, delayed-muonium-formation model, diamagnetic yields.

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48

Barnyakov, A. Yu, M. Yu Barnyakov, K. I. Beloborodov, V. S. Bobrovnikov, A. R. Buzykaev, V. M. Vesenev, V. B. Golubev, et al. "Testing aerogel Cherenkov counters with n = 1.05 using electrons and muons." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 58, no. 1 (January 2015): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020441215010029.

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Preedom, B. M., and R. Tegen. "Nucleon electromagnetic form factors from scattering of polarized muons or electrons." Physical Review C 36, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 2466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.36.2466.

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MARTIN, VICTORIA. "MEASUREMENTS OF THE W AND Z PRODUCTION CROSS SECTIONS TIMES THE LEPTONIC BRANCHING RATIOS AT THE FERMILAB TEVATRON." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 15 (June 20, 2005): 3225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05026212.

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We report measurements of inclusive cross sections times branching ratios in electrons, muons or taus for W and Z bosons produced in [Formula: see text] collisions at 1.96 TeV using data collected with the DØ and CDF detectors in 2002-2004. Using the ratio of the cross sections times branching ratios for the W and Z bosons we also obtain constraints on the total decay width of the W boson.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrons and muons'

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