Relevant bibliographies by topics / Electrons

Academic literature on the topic 'Electrons'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 22 June 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Electrons":

1

Wang, Xiaoping, Shusai Zheng, Zhen Li, Shaoming Pan, Weibo Fan, Daomin Min, and Shengtao Li. "Radiation electron trajectory modulated DC surface flashover of polyimide in vacuum." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 20 (February 17, 2022): 205201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac4cf8.

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Abstract Improving surface flashover voltage on vacuum-dielectric interface irradiated by electrons is a long-standing challenge for developing high-voltage and high-power spacecraft technology. The basic issue is understanding the role of radiation electrons in the process of surface flashover. In this paper, a ‘three-segment’ curve concerning the surface flashover properties under electron irradiation is discovered experimentally. As the gap distance of electrodes increase, the surface flashover voltage of polyimide during electron irradiation presents a trend of firstly increasing, then decreasing, and finally stabilizing. According to the simulation of the trajectory distribution for kinetic electrons, this trend is found to correspond with three typical stages respectively. In stage A, the kinetic electrons are completely deflected and the varying electrode parameters mainly affect the electric field distribution. In stage B, the kinetic electrons can irradiate the part of polyimide. The promoting effect of those electrons on flashover process enhance with the enlargement of the irradiated region. In stage C, trajectories are no longer seriously deflected and the role of kinetic electrons do not vary with electrode parameters. Combining with the results above, a model with combined effects of both kinetic and deposited electrons on surface flashover in vacuum is thus proposed, base on which the guidance for the methods of improving surface flashover voltage during electron irradiation is provided.
2

Nur-E-Habiba, Rokon Uddin, Kalle Salminen, Veikko Sariola, and Sakari Kulmala. "Carbon Particle-Doped Polymer Layers on Metals as Chemically and Mechanically Resistant Composite Electrodes for Hot Electron Electrochemistry." Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.33961/jecst.2021.00640.

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This paper presents a simple and inexpensive method to fabricate chemically and mechanically resistant hot electron-emitting composite electrodes on reusable substrates. In this study, the hot electron emitting composite electrodes were manufactured by doping a polymer, nylon 6,6, with few different brands of carbon particles (graphite, carbon black) and by coating metal substrates with the aforementioned composite ink layers with different carbon-polymer mass fractions. The optimal mass fractions in these composite layers allowed to fabricate composite electrodes that can inject hot electrons into aqueous electrolyte solutions and clearly generate hot electron-induced electrochemiluminescence (HECL). An aromatic terbium (III) chelate was used as a probe that is known not to be excited on the basis of traditional electrochemistry but to be efficiently electrically excited in the presence of hydrated electrons and during injection of hot electrons into aqueous solution. Thus, the presence of hot, pre-hydrated or hydrated electrons at the close vicinity of the composite electrode surface were monitored by HECL. The study shows that the extreme pH conditions could not damage the present composite electrodes. These low-cost, simplified and robust composite electrodes thus demonstrate that they can be used in HECL bioaffinity assays and other applications of hot electron electrochemistry.
3

Kumar, Amit, Krishna Katuri, Piet Lens, and Dónal Leech. "Does bioelectrochemical cell configuration and anode potential affect biofilm response?" Biochemical Society Transactions 40, no. 6 (November 21, 2012): 1308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120130.

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Electrochemical gradients are the backbone of basic cellular functions, including chemo-osmotic transport and ATP synthesis. Microbial growth, terminal respiratory proteins and external electron transfer are major pathways competing for electrons. In BESs (bioelectrochemical systems), such as MFCs (microbial fuel cells), the electron flow can be via soluble inorganic/organic molecules or to a solid surface. The flow of electrons towards a solid surface can be via outer-membrane cytochromes or electron-shuttle molecules, mediated by conductive protein nanowires or extracellular matrices. In MECs (microbial electrolysis cells), the anode potential can vary over a wide range, which alters the thermodynamic energy available for bacteria capable of donating electrons to the electrode [termed EAB (electroactive bacteria)]. Thus the anode potential is an important electrochemical parameter determining the growth, electron distribution/transfer and electrical activity of films of these bacteria on electrodes. Different optimal applied potentials to anodes have been suggested in the literature, for selection for microbial growth, diversity and performance in biofilms on electrodes. In the present paper, we review the effects of anode potentials on electron-transfer properties of such biofilms, and report on the effect that electrochemical cell configuration may have on performance.
4

ZHANG, C. "EFFECT OF INELASTIC SCATTERING OF HOT ELECTRONS ON THERMIONIC COOLING IN A SINGLE-BARRIER STRUCTURE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 14, no. 14 (June 10, 2000): 1451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979200001503.

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One of the important problems in thermionics using layered structures is the inelastic scattering of hot electrons in the electrodes and in the barrier region. Scattering in these systems is mainly via the electron–phonon interaction, or indirectly via the electron–electron interaction. In semiconductor heterostructures at room temperature, the LO-phonon plays a crucial role in thermalising electrons. In this work we study the effect of electron–phonon scattering on thermionic cooling in a single-barrier structure. Because of the asymmetry of the barrier under a bias, a larger fraction of the total energy loss will be dissipated in the hot electrode. As a result, we find that the theoretical thermal efficiency can increase due to limited electron–phonon scattering.
5

Joens, Steve. "Hitachi S-4700 ExB Filter Design and Applications." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 878–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600030464.

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Electron beam - specimen interactions and SEM signals have been well understood and documented for many years. These interactions result in a variety of electron signals including the most common, secondary and backscattered electron. Each electron signal produces unique characteristic information about the sample surface, subsurface, and elemental composition. Important information can be gained by controlling and filtering electron signals collected by the electron detector system.The S-4700 Cold Field Emission SEM incorporates a set of electrodes and plates positioned in the objective lens upper pole piece in close proximity to the upper secondary detector (figure 1). When a positive voltage is applied to the electrode plates, a high yield of secondary and backscattered electrons spiral up the column of the objective lens. The backscattered electrons are filtered with the ExB producing a SE rich signal. The information from this type of signal provides absolute detail from the sample surface, but can be prone to charging with some highly nonconductive samples. Figure 2a shows the effect of charging while observing uncoated Teflon ™. The image becomes distorted with bright intermittent horizontal lines. Surface detail is enhanced due to the high contribution of SEs from the sample surface.When the electrode voltage is set negative, through the instrument GUI, the low energy secondary electrons are repelled providing a signal rich in backscattered electrons. The information from this type of signal provides compositional information and inherently reduces charging. The uncoated Teflon ™ sample in figure 2b shows all charging affects have been eliminated.
6

Hasan, Kamrul, Sunil A. Patil, Dónal Leech, Cecilia Hägerhäll, and Lo Gorton. "Electrochemical communication between microbial cells and electrodes via osmium redox systems." Biochemical Society Transactions 40, no. 6 (November 21, 2012): 1330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120120.

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Electrochemical communication between micro-organisms and electrodes is the integral and fundamental part of BESs (bioelectrochemical systems). The immobilization of bacterial cells on the electrode and ensuring efficient electron transfer to the electrode via a mediator are decisive features of mediated electrochemical biosensors. Notably, mediator-based systems are essential to extract electrons from the non-exoelectrogens, a major group of microbes in Nature. The advantage of using polymeric mediators over diffusible mediators led to the design of osmium redox polymers. Their successful use in enzyme-based biosensors and BFCs (biofuel cells) paved the way for exploring their use in microbial BESs. The present mini-review focuses on osmium-bound redox systems used to date in microbial BESs and their role in shuttling electrons from viable microbial cells to electrodes.
7

Bond, Daniel R., and Derek R. Lovley. "Electricity Production by Geobacter sulfurreducens Attached to Electrodes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 3 (March 2003): 1548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.3.1548-1555.2003.

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ABSTRACT Previous studies have suggested that members of the Geobacteraceae can use electrodes as electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration. In order to better understand this electron transfer process for energy production, Geobacter sulfurreducens was inoculated into chambers in which a graphite electrode served as the sole electron acceptor and acetate or hydrogen was the electron donor. The electron-accepting electrodes were maintained at oxidizing potentials by connecting them to similar electrodes in oxygenated medium (fuel cells) or to potentiostats that poised electrodes at +0.2 V versus an Ag/AgCl reference electrode (poised potential). When a small inoculum of G. sulfurreducens was introduced into electrode-containing chambers, electrical current production was dependent upon oxidation of acetate to carbon dioxide and increased exponentially, indicating for the first time that electrode reduction supported the growth of this organism. When the medium was replaced with an anaerobic buffer lacking nutrients required for growth, acetate-dependent electrical current production was unaffected and cells attached to these electrodes continued to generate electrical current for weeks. This represents the first report of microbial electricity production solely by cells attached to an electrode. Electrode-attached cells completely oxidized acetate to levels below detection (<10 μM), and hydrogen was metabolized to a threshold of 3 Pa. The rates of electron transfer to electrodes (0.21 to 1.2 μmol of electrons/mg of protein/min) were similar to those observed for respiration with Fe(III) citrate as the electron acceptor (Eo′ =+0.37 V). The production of current in microbial fuel cell (65 mA/m2 of electrode surface) or poised-potential (163 to 1,143 mA/m2) mode was greater than what has been reported for other microbial systems, even those that employed higher cell densities and electron-shuttling compounds. Since acetate was completely oxidized, the efficiency of conversion of organic electron donor to electricity was significantly higher than in previously described microbial fuel cells. These results suggest that the effectiveness of microbial fuel cells can be increased with organisms such as G. sulfurreducens that can attach to electrodes and remain viable for long periods of time while completely oxidizing organic substrates with quantitative transfer of electrons to an electrode.
8

DONKÓ, Z., and I. PÓCSIK. "ON THE FRACTAL STRUCTURE OF ELECTRON AVALANCHES." Fractals 01, no. 04 (December 1993): 939–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x9300099x.

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The motion of electrons in helium gas in the presence of a homogeneous external electric field was studied. Moving between the two electrodes, the electrons participate in elastic and inelastic collision processes with gas atoms. In ionizing collisions, secondary electrons are also created and in this way self-similar electron avalanches build up. The statistical distribution of the fractal dimension and electron multiplication of electron avalanches was obtained based on the simulation of a large number of electron avalanches. The fractal dimension shows a power-law dependence on electron multiplication with an exponent of ≈0.33.
9

Stewart, IM. "The Distribution of Electrons in a Uniform Electric Field." Australian Journal of Physics 48, no. 1 (1995): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph950089.

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Experiments are under way at the University of New England to measure the optical absorption of excited gas particles in a pre-breakdown discharge. Such measurements can be used to deduce the number density of electrons in the discharge. By comparing this experimental density map with the predictions of theory, electron transport parameters may be determined. In this paper, new theoretical expressions are derived for the number density distributions of electrons in a uniform electric field. These are found by solving the electron diffusion equation in a plane parallel electrode geometry with a radially symmetric cathodic current source. The contribution of ion-induced secondary current is included, and problems posed by non-equilibrium conditions near the electrodes are addressed. Techniques of data reduction are discussed with a particular emphasis on the avoidance of these problems.
10

Wayama, Fumiya, Noriyuki Hatsugai, and Yasuaki Okumura. "Bipyridines mediate electron transfer from an electrode to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 16, 2022): e0269693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269693.

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Biocatalysts are widely used in industry, but few examples of the use of oxidoreductases, in which enzymatic function often requires electrons, have been reported. NADPH is a cofactor that supplies an electron to oxidoreductases, but is consequently inactivated and no longer able to act as an electron donor. NADP+ can not receive electrons from electrodes through straightforward electrochemistry owing to its complicated three-dimensional structure. This study reports that bipyridines effectively mediate electron transfer between an electrode and NADP+, allowing them to serve as electron mediators for NADPH production. Using bipyridines, quinones, and anilines, which have negative oxidation–reduction potentials, an electrochemical investigation was conducted into whether electrons were transferred to NADP+. Only bipyridines with a reduction potential near -1.0 V exhibited electron transfer. Furthermore, the NADPH production level was measured using spectroscopy. NADPH was efficiently produced using bipyridines, such as methyl viologen and ethyl viologen, in which the bipyridyl 1- and 1’-positions bear small substituents. However, methyl viologen caused a dehydrogenation reaction of NADPH, making it unsuitable as an electron mediator for NADPH production. The dehydrogenation reaction did not occur using ethyl viologen. These results indicated that NADP+ can be reduced more effectively using substituents that prevent a dehydrogenation reaction at the bipyridyl 1- and 1’-positions while maintaining the reducing power.
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Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electrons":

1

Hoffrogge, Johannes Philipp. "A surface-electrode quadrupole guide for electrons." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-155503.

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Papageorgiou, George. "Counting electrons on helium using a single electron transistor." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415196.

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Schäfer-Bung, Boris, and Mathias Nest. "Correlated dynamics of electrons with reduced two-electron density matrices." Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4177/.

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We present an approach to the correlated dynamics of many-electron systems. We show, that the twoelectron reduced density matrix (2RDM) can provide a suitable description of the real time evolution of a system. To achieve this, the hierarchy of equations of motion must be truncated in a practical way. Also, the computational effort, given that the 2RDM is represented by products of two-electron determinants, is discussed, and numerical model calculations are presented.
4

Krecinic, Faruk [Verfasser]. "Ultrafast electron diffraction and imaging using ionized electrons / Faruk Krecinic." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1142155447/34.

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5

Miller, Nathan A. "Using electron-tunneling refrigerators to cool electrons, membranes, and sensors." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3315773.

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6

Hardy, Thomas M. "Superconductivity with strongly correlated electrons and an electron-phonon interaction." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/34947.

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The effect on the stability of the superconducting phase due the addition of an electron–phonon interaction to a repulsive Hubbard model is studied. Our Hubbard–Fröhlich Hamiltonian includes electron hoping, the on-site Coulomb repulsion, vibrating ions (phonons) and the electron–phonon interaction. A Lang–Firsov transformation is used to integrate out the phonon degrees of freedom. The transformation reduces the model to simple a Hubbard Hamiltonian with an additional long-range electron–electron attraction. A variational Monte Carlo technique, with a projected BCS trial function, is used to investigate the ground state energies of our transformed Hubbard–Fröhlich Hamiltonian. For various electron densities, with a d-wave superconducting order parameter, it is found that the inclusion of the electron-phonon interaction significantly enhances the condensation energy (the energy required to break paired electrons). We show that increasing the strength of the electron-phonon interaction increases the condensation energy. It is also found that even with an infinite on-site repulsion, where the resonating valence bond state cannot exist, the EPI does still lead to a d-wave superconducting state. In addition we examine, analytically, the coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity. Allowing different masses for spin-up and spin-down electrons in a BCS-type Hamiltonian two new branches in the energy spectrum are found. Including a spatially varying order parameter a new expression for the pairing amplitude of finite momentum pairs is derived.
7

Siedlein, Rupert V. "A search for excited electrons in electron-proton collisions at HERA /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487854314871133.

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8

Moreira, Leandro Malard. "Raman spectroscopy of graphene:: probing phonons, electrons and electron-phonon interactions." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/ESCZ-7ZFGDY.

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Since the identification of mono and few graphene layers in a substrate in 2004, intensive work has been devoted to characterize this new material. In particular, Raman spectroscopy played an important role in unraveling the properties of graphene systems. Moreover resonant Raman scattering (RRS) in graphene systems was shown to be an important tool to probe phonons, electrons and electronphononinteractions. In this thesis, by using different laser excitation energies, we obtain important electronic and vibrational properties of mono- and bi-layer graphene. For monolayer graphene, we determine the phonon dispersion near the Dirac point for the in-plane transverse optical (iTO) mode and the in-plane longitudinal acoustic (iLA) mode. These results are compared with recent theoretical calculations for the phonon dispersion around the K point. For bilayer graphene we obtain the Slonczewski-Weiss-McClure band parameters. These results show that bilayer graphene has a strong electron-hole asymmetry, which is larger than in graphite. In a gating experiment, we observe that the change in Fermi level of bilayer graphene gives rise to a symmetry breaking, allowing the observation of both the symmetric (S) and anti- symmetric (AS) phonon modes. The dependence of the energy and damping of these phonons modes on the Fermi level position is explained in terms of distinct couplings of the S and AS phonons with intraand inter-band electron-hole transitions. Our experimental results confirm the theoretical predictions for the electron-phonon interactions in bilayer graphene. We also study the symmetry properties of electrons and phonons in graphene systems as a function of the number of layers, by a group theory approach. We derive the selection rules for the electron-radiation and for the electron-phonon interactions at all points in the Brillouin zone. By considering these selection rules, we address the double resonance Raman scattering process. The selection rules for monolayer and bilayer graphene in the presence of an applied electric field perpendicular to the sample plane are also discussed.
Desde a identificação de uma ou poucas camadas de grafeno em um substrato em 2004, trabalhos intensivos tem sido feitos para se caracterizar esse novo material. Em particular, a Espectroscopia Raman Ressonante tem sido muito importante para elucidar propriedades físicas e químicas em sistemas de grafeno. A Espectroscopia Raman Ressonante também tem se mostrado como uma ferramenta importante para se estudar fônons, elétrons e interações elétron-fônon em grafeno. Nesta tese, ao usarmos diferentes energias de laser de excitação, nós obtivemos propriedades importantes sobre as estruturas eletrônicas e vibracionais para uma e duas camadas de grafeno. Para uma monocamada de grafeno, nós determinamos a dispersão de fônons perto do ponto de Dirac para o modo óptico transversal no plano (iTO) e para o modo acústico longitudinal no plano (iLA). Comparamos nossos resultados experimentais como cálculos teóricos recentes para a dispersao de fônons nas proximidades do ponto K. Para a bicamada de grafeno, nós obtivemos os parâmetros de estrutura eletrônica do modelo de Slonczewski-Weiss-McClure. Nossos resultados mostram que a bicamada de grafeno possue uma forte assimetria elétron-buraco, que por sua vez é mais forte que no grafite. Em experimentos aplicando uma tensão de porta, variamos o nível de Fermi em uma bicamada de grafeno, o que levou uma quebra de simetria, deixando assim ambos os modos de vibração simétricos (S) e anti-simétricos (AS) ativos em Raman. A dependência da energia e do amortecimento desses modos de fônons com a energia de Fermi é explicada através do acoplamento elétron-buraco intra- ou inter- banca. Nossos resultados experimentais deram suporte às previsões teóricas para interações elétron-fónon em uma bicamada de grafeno.
9

Ren, Yan-Ru. "Orbital spin-splitting factors for conduction electrons in lead." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25961.

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A detailed experimental study has been made of the spin-splitting factors ℊc for magnetic Landau levels associated with conduction electrons in extremal orbits on the Fermi surface of lead. This information has been derived from the waveform of the de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) quantum oscillations in the magnetization of single-crystal lead spheres at temperatures of about 1.2 K and with applied magnetic fields in the range 50-75 kG. A commercial spectrum analyzer has been used to provide on-line values of the harmonic amplitudes in the dHvA waveform, and the values of ℊc have been extracted from the relative strengths of the harmonics. Serious systematic errors in ℊc can arise on account of waveform distortions caused by the small and subtle difference between the externally applied field H and the magnetizing field B acting on the conduction electrons. In 1981 Gold and Van Schyndel demonstrated that these 'magnetic-interaction' distortions could be suppressed to a large extent by using negative magnetic feedback to make the induction B within the sample be the same as H (or very nearly so). This thesis describes the first in-depth application of the magnetic-feedback technique to the systematic study of any metal. Particular attention has been paid to the effect of sample inhomogeneity, and Shoenberg's treatment of the magnetic interaction in a non-uniform sample has been generalized to include magnetic feedback. This theory accounts well for many features in the experimental data, especially those which remained a puzzle in the earlier work of Gold and Van Schyndel. Experimental ℊc values are given for the first time for most of the extremal orbits on the lead Fermi surface and for high-symmetry directions of the magnetic field. Indeed these are the most detailed data reported for any polyvalent metal. The ℊc factors for the different orbits and field directions are found to span the range from 0.56 to 1.147. These large net deviations from the free-electron value ℊ₀ = 2.0023 are consequences of the strong spin-orbit and electron-phonon interactions, and an attempt has been made to separate these two contributions to the ℊ-shifts.
Science, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate
10

Dogbe, John Kofi. "Comparing cluster and slab model geometries from density functional theory calculations of si(100)-2x1 surfaces using low-energy electron diffraction." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3258835.

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Books on the topic "Electrons":

1

Kessler, Joachim. Polarized Electrons. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02434-8.

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Kessler, Joachim. Polarized electrons. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.

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Kessler, Joachim. Polarized Electrons. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985.

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Fields, B. H. Understanding electrons. New York: Cavendish Square, 2016.

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Amdahl, Kenn. There are no electrons: Electronics for earthlings. Broomfield, Colo: Clearwater Pub. Co., 2000.

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Hawkes, P. W. Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, 67. Burlington: Elsevier, 1986.

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1936-, Springford Michael, ed. Electron: A centenary volume. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

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Hirsch, P. B. Topics in electron diffraction and microscopy of materials. Philadelphia, PA: Institute of Physics Pub., 1999.

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B, Hirsch P., ed. Topics in electron diffraction and microscopy of materials. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing, 1999.

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Kirschner, J. Polarized electrons at surfaces. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electrons":

1

Keighley, H. J. P., F. R. McKim, A. Clark, and M. J. Harrison. "Electrons and Electron Beams." In Mastering Physics, 189–97. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-86062-3_21.

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Keighley, H. J. P., F. R. McKim, A. Clark, and M. J. Harrison. "Electrons and Electron Beams." In Mastering Physics, 189–97. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08849-2_21.

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Mc McClintock, P. V. E., D. J. Meredith, and J. K. Wigmore. "Electrons." In Low-Temperature Physics: an introduction for scientists and engineers, 59–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2276-4_3.

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Arabatzis, Theodore. "Electrons." In Compendium of Quantum Physics, 195–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_62.

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Anjali, V. R. "Electrons." In Practical Radiation Oncology, 73–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0073-2_11.

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Pearsall, Thomas P. "Electrons." In Quantum Photonics, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55144-9_1.

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Moglestue, C. "Electrons." In Monte Carlo Simulation of Semiconductor Devices, 39–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8133-2_3.

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Yates, John T. "Electrons." In Experimental Innovations in Surface Science, 187–209. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17668-0_20.

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Schwarz, K. "Electrons." In International Tables for Crystallography, 294–313. Chester, England: International Union of Crystallography, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000639.

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Schwarz, K. "Electrons." In International Tables for Crystallography, 314–33. Chester, England: International Union of Crystallography, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000912.

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Conference papers on the topic "Electrons":

1

Gao, Feng, Jianmin Qu, and Matthew Yao. "Conducting Properties of a Contact Between Open-End Carbon Nanotube and Various Electrodes." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11117.

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The carbon nanotube (CNT) is becoming a promising candidate as electrical interconnects in nanoscale electronics. This paper reports the electronic structure and the electrical conducting properties at the interface between an open-end single wall CNT (SWCNT) and various metal electrodes, such as Al, Au, Cu, and Pd. A simulation cell consisting of an SWCNT with each end connected to the metal electrode was constructed. A voltage bias is prescribed between the left- and right-electrodes to compute the electronic conductance. Due to the electronic structure, the electron density and local density of states (LDOS) are calculated to reveal the interaction behavior at the interfaces. The first-principle quantum mechanical density functional and non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) approaches are adopted to compute the transport coefficient. After that, the voltage-current relation is calculated using the Landauer-Buttiker formalism. The results show that electrons are conducted through the electrode/CNT/electrode two-probe system. The contact electronic resistance is calculated by averaging the values in the low voltage bias regime (0.0–0.1 V), in which the voltage–current relationship is found to be linear. And the electrical contact conductance of electrode/CNT/electrode system show the electrode-type dependent, however, the amplitude for different electrodes is of the same order.
2

Schoenlein, R. W., W. Z. Lin, J. G. Fujimoto, and G. L. Eesley. "Femtosecond Studies of Nonequilibrium Electronic Processes in Metals." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1986.wc7.

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An ultrashort laser pulse incident on a metal first interacts with the electrons which thermalize rapidly via electron-electron scattering. If the pulses are sufficiently short, electron temperatures in excess of the lattice temperature are generated since the electronic specific heat is much less than that of the lattice. Thermal relaxation of the electrons occurs primarily through electron-phonon interaction. Such processes have been investigated theoretically and observed experimentally[1-3].
3

Yablonovitch, E. "Photonic band structure: observation of an energy gap for light in 3-D periodic dielectric structures." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.fw6.

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By analogy to electron waves in a crystal, light waves in a 3-D periodic dielectric structure should be described by band theory. Recently, the idea of photonic band structure1 has been introduced. This means that the concepts of reciprocal space, Brillouin zones, dispersion relations, Bloch wave functions, Van Hove singularities, etc. must now be applied to optical waves. If the depth of index of refraction modulation is sufficient, a photonic band gap can exist. This is an energy band in which optical modes, spontaneous emission, and zero point fluctuations are all absent. Therefore, inhibited spontaneous emission can now begin to play a role in a semiconductors and solid-state electronics. It makes sense then to speak of photonic band structure and of a photonic reciprocal space, which has a Brillouin zone ~1000 times smaller than the Brillouin zone of the electrons. If the dielectric constant is periodically modulated in all three dimensions, it is possible to have a photonic band gap which overlaps the electronic band edge and for spontaneous electron-hole recombination to be rigorously forbidden. Indeed the photonic band gap is essentially ideal since the dielectric response can be real and dissipationless. It is interesting that the most natural real space structure for the optical medium is face centered cubic (fee), which is also the most famous atomic arrangement in crystals. The comparison between electronic and photonic band structure is revealing: (a) The underlying dispersion relation for electrons is parabolic, while that for photons is linear. (b) The angular momentum of electrons is 1/2, but the scalar wave approximation is frequently made; in contrast, photons have spin 1 and the vector wave character will likely play a major role in the band structure. (c) The band theory of electrons is only an approximation due to electron-electron repulsion, while photonic band theory is essentially exact since photon interactions are negligible.
4

Bekefi, G. "Free electron lasers with spiraling electrons." In 1985 Tenth International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves. IEEE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmm.1985.9126557.

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5

Goundar, Jowesh Avisheik, Qiao Xiangyu, Ken Suzuki, and Hideo Miura. "Improvement in Photosensitivity of Dumbbell-Shaped Graphene Nanoribbon Structures by Using Asymmetric Metallization Technique." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69917.

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Abstract The existence of Schottky barrier between the semiconductive graphene nanoribbon (GNR) and the metallic electrodes at its both ends causes a major hurdle in the development of GNR based devices. Here, a dumbbell-shape GNR structure was proposed to solve the problem. This structure consisted of a semiconductive GNR and wide metallic GNR at both ends. The ohmic contact between the wide metallic GNR and metallic electrode was easily achieved. Furthermore, an effective mechanism to enhance electronic band properties of the dumbbell-shape GNR structure by using asymmetric metallization technique is employed. To achieve this, two different metallic electrodes were introduced, Platinum (Pt) and Titanium (Ti), at each end of the GNR channel to break the symmetry in the Schottky barrier at both ends. The asymmetric difference in the Schottky barrier at the electrode/GNR interface at each ends allows for an efficient directional flow of electrons, effectively separating the photo-generated carriers. The individual contributions at each electrode/GNR interface were summed up resulting in a larger absolute photo-induced current. The electron transfer characteristics of the DS-GNR-FET was studied under an irradiation of a light source with a wavelength of 632.8-nm at room temperature. The developed 70-nm DSGNR-FET showed a significantly larger and enhanced photosensitivity of about 1.6 × 107 A/W.m2 as compared to the device fabricated with identical metallic electrodes as the source and drain electrodes.
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Lin, Zhibin, and Leonid V. Zhigilei. "The Role of Thermal Excitation of D Band Electrons in Ultrafast Laser Interaction With Noble (Cu) and Transition (Pt) Metals." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21076.

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The temperature dependences of the electron heat capacity and electron-phonon coupling factor for noble (Cu) and transition (Pt) metals are investigated based on the electron density of states (DOS) obtained from ab initio electronic structure calculations. For Cu, d band electrons could be thermally excited when the electron temperature exceeds ∼3000 K, leading to a significant increase, up to an order of magnitude, in the electron-phonon coupling factor and strong enhancement of the electron heat capacity away from the linear dependence on the electron temperature, which is commonly used in most of the current computational and theoretical investigations of ultrafast laser interactions with metals. Opposite to the case in Cu, the thermal excitation of d band electrons in Pt leads to a monotonic decrease of the electron-phonon coupling factor and contributes to significant negative deviations of the electron heat capacity from the linear dependence in the range of electron temperatures that are typically realized in ultrafast laser material processing applications. Strong and drastically different temperature dependences of the thermophysical properties predicted for Cu and Pt point to the importance of the electron DOS effects and the necessity of full consideration of thermal excitation of d band electrons for realistic modeling of short pulse laser interaction with noble and transition metals.
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Fill, Ernst E. "Electron Diffraction Experiments using Laser Plasma Electrons." In SUPERSTRONG FIELDS IN PLASMAS: Third International Conference on Superstrong Fields in Plasmas. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2195222.

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Bauer, Ernst. "Polarized electrons in low energy electron microscopy." In The fourteenth international spin physics symposium, SPIN2000. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1384234.

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9

Greene, Chris H. "Multiple Excitation of Atomic Electrons." In Multiple Excitations of Atoms. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/mea.1986.tua1.

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The strong interactions between simultaneously-excited electrons require nonperturbati ve theoretical techniques for their successful description. Two such nonperturbative techniques which have been pursued vigorously in recent years are the adiabatic treatment in hyperspherical coordinates and the R-matrix method. Of these, the hyperspherical treatment, which singles out the total electronic moment of inertia as an adiabatic coordinate, has been more valuable in providing a visual picture of the global evolution of electron correlations in energy and radius. The R-matrix method has evolved instead into a simple, efficient, and accurate procedure for quantitative calculations of photoionization and scattering processes. To date, however, the applications of this finite-volume variational method have been restricted primarily to the lower-lying doubly-excited channels of any given atom or molecule.
10

Villarreal, Ezekiel, Nicolas Horny, and Heng Ban. "Direct Measurement of Thermal Boundary Resistance Reduction Due to Electron Carriers by Photothermal Radiometery." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73000.

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Abstract A thermal boundary resistance occurs between any two surfaces that are not in perfect contact with each other. It is well predicted that this thermal resistance decreases as heat carriers, typically phonons or electrons, cross the contact surface. While phonon transport and electron transport are well documented in a number of conditions, direct measurement of the electron contribution to thermal boundary resistance across micro layers has not been shown. Understanding the effect of electrons on the heat transfer of thin layer is very important in understanding the thermal behavior of micro- and nano-electronics, which has impact on both the life and the reliability of electronics. This paper presents an experimental test on the heat transfer as electrons cross the boundary of an n-doped Schottky Diode. Photothermal Radiometry (PTR) measurements were then taken to determine the thermal boundary resistance. Measurements were made on the same diode in both the open and closed state. The obtained open and closed fit parameters were then compared with each other to determine the reduction in thermal boundary resistance. It was found that the thermal boundary resistance of the diode in its opened state was 8.4 K m /GW; while the thermal boundary resistance was 6.4 K m /GW when the Schottky diode was closed with current of 100 mA. This represents a reduction in the thermal boundary resistance of approximately 24% for the case where the electrons were crossing the boundary. This result confirms experimentally that the electron heat transport effectively reduces the thermal resistance across boundaries.

Reports on the topic "Electrons":

1

van der Heijden, Joost. Optimizing electron temperature in quantum dot devices. QDevil ApS, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53109/ypdh3824.

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The performance and accuracy of quantum electronics is substantially degraded when the temperature of the electrons in the devices is too high. The electron temperature can be reduced with appropriate thermal anchoring and by filtering both the low frequency and radio frequency noise. Ultimately, for high performance filters the electron temperature can approach the phonon temperature (as measured by resistive thermometers) in a dilution refrigerator. In this application note, the method for measuring the electron temperature in a typical quantum electronics device using Coulomb blockade thermometry is described. This technique is applied to find the readily achievable electron temperature in the device when using the QFilter provided by QDevil. With our thermometry measurements, using a single GaAs/AlGaAs quantum dot in an optimized experimental setup, we determined an electron temperature of 28 ± 2 milli-Kelvin for a dilution refrigerator base temperature of 18 milli-Kelvin.
2

Nishikawa, Masaru, R. A. Holroyd, and Kengo Itoh. Behavior of excess electrons in supercritical fluids -- Electron attachment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/354895.

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3

Papadopoulou, Afroditi. Electrons for Neutrinos. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1460788.

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4

Kestner, N. Theoretical studies of electrons and electron transfer processes in fluids. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7252887.

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5

Wernick, I. K., and T. C. Marshall. Acceleration of electrons using an inverse free electron laser auto- accelerator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5096041.

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6

Fieguth, T. a. Arnold, R. Electron Bypass Line (EBL) Design: Electrons to A-line bypassing LCLS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/922589.

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7

Wernick, Iddo K., and Thomas C. Marshall. Acceleration of electrons using an inverse free electron laser auto- accelerator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10159742.

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8

Preische, S., P. C. Efthimion, and S. M. Kaye. Radially localized measurements of superthermal electrons using oblique electron cyclotron emission. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/248329.

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Stancari, Giulio, J. Jarvis, N. Kuklev, I. Lobach, A. Romanov, J. Ruan, J. Santucci, and A. Valishev. Detecting Single Electrons in IOTA. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1498551.

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10

Bonesteel, Nicholas E. Correlated Electrons in Reduced Dimensions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1237352.

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