Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Électronique en cartographie'
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Makarem, Raghda. "Développement de techniques avancées de microscopie électronique à transmission pour la cartographie à l'échelle nanométrique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30304.
Full textL'un des problèmes clés pour la miniaturisation des nanodispositifs à semi – conducteurs est le contrôle précis de leur dopage. Dans les dispositifs de nouvelle génération, la distribution spatiale du dopage doit être contrôlée avec une précision supérieure à 1 nm, tandis que les concentrations atomiques inférieures à 1% doivent être mesurées. Cela nécessite l'utilisation de techniques de haute résolution. La microscopie électronique à balayage en transmission (STEM) associée à la spectroscopie par rayons X à dispersion d'énergie (EDX) est un excellent candidat en raison de sa polyvalence (presque tous les éléments du tableau périodique peuvent être cartographiés) et de sa haute résolution spatiale. D'autre part, l'analyse quantitative du dopage par STEM/EDX est compliquée par la présence d'artefacts de mesure qui peuvent être ignorés sans risque pour les impuretés à haute concentration, mais deviennent critiques pour les impuretés à faible concentration. Dans cette thèse, une nouvelle méthode basée sur la méthode de de Cliff-Lorimer(C-L) a été développée pour la mesure quantitative de la distribution de dopant dans un dispositif à l'échelle nanométrique. La méthode a été appliquée sur des échantillons préparés par faisceau ionique focalisé, afin de réduire l'influence des rayons X secondaires produits par fluorescence ou par électrons rétrodiffusés, et est basée sur la correction itérative des effets d'absorption des rayons X dans l'échantillon. Afin d'obtenir des résultats fiables, les coefficients de C-L ont été étalonnés à l'aide de la mesure de Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS) et l'erreur expérimentale totale a été calculée à l'aide de techniques de propagation d'erreur standard. Les résultats obtenus sur une structure de test FinFET et sur un substrat de SiGe ayant subi des recuits laser montrent l'applicabilité de cette technique aux dispositifs à l'échelle nanométrique et avec des impuretés à faible concentration
Lafond, Clément. "Cartographie d’orientations cristallines à partir du contraste de canalisation en microscopie électronique à balayage." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI031.
Full textCrystalline orientation mapping is a key tool in material characterization, in particular for metals. For instance, orientation mapping allows to quantify the nature and size of phases in the presence, deformation state or texture. This thesis work focuses on the development of an orientation mapping approach based on the analysis of the electron channeling contrast. This contrast is obtained from electron back-scaterred imaging in a Scanning Electron Microscope. This method is called eCHORD for electron CHanneling Orientation Determination. First, the proof of concept of eCHORD is presented on an aluminum alloy and the influence of acquisition parameters is detailed. Then, two problematics are addressed: large scale orientation mapping and low voltage orientation mapping (1kV).eCHORD procedure present great interest concerning low conductivity materials on which orientation mapping are difficult to obtain and open wide perspective for ceramics studies
Roiban, Lucian. "Tomographie électronique analytique : développement de la cartographie chimique 3D à l'échelle du nanomètre et applications aux catalyseurs inhomogènes." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00549871.
Full textRoiban, Lucian. "Tomographie électronique analytique : développement de la cartographie chimique 3D à l'échelle du nanomètre et applications aux catalyseurs hétérogènes." Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6167.
Full textThis work is devoted to the development of analytical electron tomography for the 3D chemical analysis of nanomaterials, a new technique combining the electron tomography and the energy filtered imaging within an electron microscope. By acquiring series of energy filtered images at different angular orientations of the object, their 3D chemical spatial distribution can be achieved by employing a specific reconstruction algorithm. The energy positions used for the filtering correspond to the ionization edges of the elements of interest. Owing to its double selectivity, this technique is particularly powerful when applied to heterogeneous nanomaterials. In this context, the emphasis has been put on defining a precise methodology that would be implemented at the nanometric scale. To do so, an accurate assessment of all steps of analysis as well as a fine adjustment of experimental conditions and parameters of data treatment are imperatively required. Therefore, model objects have been analyzed in a first step in order to validate our protocol. The procedure as defined was then used for the study of two classes of heterogeneous catalysts, with a spatial resolution of several nanometers. The analysis of all elemental volumes within the very same sample allowed us to quantify key-parameters governing the catalytic activity of these specimens, such as the relative proportion of the components at the surface of a grain. The 3D visualization of the chemical composition of heterogeneous nanomaterials has been already implemented for improving the catalysts synthesis methods
Kervran, Yannick. "Cartographie d'un champ de pression induit par l'occlusion dentaire." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S077.
Full textDental occlusion diagnosis is still a major challenge for dentists. A couple of tools are dedicated to occlusal analysis, such as articulating papers and the T-Scan® system, but they are limited for various reasons. That's why, the goal of this thesis is to develop a novel system consisting in pressure sensor arrays on flexible substrates combining the positive aspects of both previously cited tools: an electronic and computerized system, on a very thin non-invasive flexible substrate. We chose a piezoresistive technology based on microcrystalline silicon strain gauges and 25-µm- or 50-µm-thick Kapton® substrates. Microcrystalline silicon is deposited directly on plastic at low temperature (< 200°C) using PECVD technique (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) in a cost-effective solution perspective. Strain gauges have firstly been characterized using bending tests. Longitudinal and transversal gauge factors have been studied in order to understand the behavior of our deposited materials under bending. Those gauges remained functional until strains up to 0.6 % and degradations appeared for higher values. These values correspond to bending radius on the order of 1 mm for 25-µm-thick substrates. Then, those gauges have been integrated in arrays with two different designs: one was an 800-element array to study the occlusal surface of one tooth, and the second was a 6400-element array to study the occlusal surface of a hemiarcade. Those prototypes have showed interesting correlations between articulating paper marks and our electrical responses during characterizations using a dental articulator to simulate a human jaw. Thus, we have developed in this work a proof-of-concept of a flexible strain sensor using microcrystalline silicon dedicated to dental occlusion diagnosis
Béreau, Eleonore. "Contribution au développement d'un banc de mesure pour la cartographie en champ electromagnetique proche des dispositifs de l'électronique de puissance." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DENS0004.
Full textThe goal of this study is on the context of the measurement of electromagnetic rieur fields radiated by power electronics circuits. All the measurements are presented with cartographies to provide necessary information for the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of these devices and to improve their design. First, we have achieved a measurement bench with two automated axis. This bench was tested and calibrated by confrontations between measurements and simulations carried out for a canonical device constituted by a current loop. We have measured in low and high frequency the magnetic field radiated by a static converter with components that have variable characteristics. These measurements let us to highlight the disturbances radiated by this static converter. Ts radiation, essentially due to the commutation network's parasite inductance, cari be identified with the current loop radiation. Lastly, to improve the resolution by using a moderately sized probe and to minimize the measurement time, we propose a data post processing. It is done by deconvolution to take into account the space integration introduce by the measurement probes
Hüe, Florian. "Mesures de déformations dans des dispositifs de la microélectronique par microscopie électronique en transmission en haute résolution et holographie en champ sombre." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/325/.
Full textStrained silicon is now an integral feature of microelectronic devices due to the associated enhancement in carrier mobility. The general aim of this thesis is to explore how transmission electron microscopy can be used to measure strain in such systems. We show in particular how Geometric Phase Analysis (GPA) of High Resolution Electron Microscopy images (HREM) can be used to study thin layers of strained silicon grown upon virtual substrates of Si1-xGex. By studying different virtual substrate compositions and different layer thicknesses we have optimized the technique and evaluated its accuracy and reliability. Accuracy in strain measurement can reach 0. 2% for fields of view of 200 nm x 200 nm. The detailed comparison of experimental measurements and finite element simulations allows the quantification of thin foil relaxation for TEM lamellas. We show, for the first time, that strain can be mapped in two dimensions in an actual device, a p-MOSFET, with a spatial resolution of 2 nm. The second part concerns a new method developed in the CEMES-CNRS laboratory: dark-field holography. With the aid of a field emission gun and a biprism, interferometric fringes are created between a diffracted wave coming from a perfect crystal and a diffracted wave coming from a distorted area. Analysis of the hologram allows us to determine strain. Very large field of view (500 nm by 2 µm) can be obtained with an even better precision than HREM: 0. 02%. Finally, the complementarity of the two techniques is demonstrated through the study of various systems such as multichannel, uniaxial compressed p-MOSFETs (SiGe) with different channel lengths or uniaxial tensile strained n-MOSFETs (Si:C)
Gangnant, Claude. "Contribution à l'étude de la cartographie et la statistique du champ électromagnétique dans une Chambre Réverbérante à Brassage de Modes par une méthode hybride FDFD/développement modal." Limoges, 2008. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/5a61755e-92c2-4b28-870c-9eaedbc7ac44/blobholder:0/2008LIMO4069.pdf.
Full textThis thesis has for objective the writing of a data-processing code allowing the determination of the electromagnetic field in a Reverberation Chamber (RC), using harmonic mode. The principal difficulty in this project is the quantity of useful data-processing resources, especially in the used frequencies range. The developed method is a hybridization using the FDFD/Waveguide mode expansion. The interest of hybridization is to net only part of the interior zone of the enclosure. In the diffraction zone, the finite difference in frequency domain (FDFD) is applied, whereas the electromagnetic field is expanded on a basis of functions in the measurement zone. We define a scalar product utilizing only the longitudinal component of the field, in a cross-section of the cavity. We show that the basic functions then define an orthogonal basis. The originality lies in obtaining the basic functions by numerical calculation (in opposition to analytical), in cases of section of an unspecified form. The validations are carried out by comparison with the analytical ones (without stirrer) and by rebuilding of field cartographies, this for enclosures with rectangular and circular section. The carried out code makes it possible to obtain the weights of the various modes. When the stirrer is present, the validation is statistical and we confirm the laws followed by the various rectangular components and the modules of the field. We note the fundamental role of the losses, defined by the quality factor of the CR for the statistical laws verification
Cambone, Marie. "La médiation patrimoniale à l’épreuve du « numérique » : Analyse de dispositifs de médiation de l’espace urbain patrimonial." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG1160/document.
Full textAt the beginning of our research in 2010, there was great interest in the advent of the digital era and its impact in the field of cultural heritage. In light of this and the increasingly numerous debates about it, we wondered what “digital phenomena” adds to (or detracts from) the cultural heritage experience. The change of support does not necessarily (rarely even) changes heritage mediation practices, therefore, for the purposes of this research, the term digital refers not to digital technology but the concept of “digital” as a social phenomenon with everything that this implies through speeches, imagination, practices and expectations. To move beyond the discussions about technology, we have chosen to study a limited number of fields (the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris and the Mont-Royal in Montreal) and opt for a socio-semiotic approach. This thesis shows that a same device, the interactive map, can offer multiple possibilities for cultural mediation, between documentary mediation and cultural mediation. It also calls into question a possible reconfiguration of the roles of mediator and visitor in the digital forum: far from upsetting the function and identity of heritage institutions, digital devices implemented in these two fields strengthen their legitimacy as cultural mediators
Vives, Gilabert Yolanda. "Modélisation des émissions rayonnées de composants électroniques." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES025.
Full textThis thesis, performed in IRSEEM in collaboration with Thales Air Systems, is included in the program « EMC of components » from the Normandie AéroEspace cluster. This thesis work is based on the development of models of the magnetic field radiated by electronic components. These models must be generic (i. E. The procedure of modeling must be able to be applied to any component) and insertable into the commercial electromagnetic softwares, like HFSS and CST Microwave Studio. In order to do that, a first model based on a set of elementary dipoles (electric or magnetic dipoles) is developed, being the procedure to obtain this model relatively simple. It is based on the inversion of some matrices with the least square method. The application of this model to different devices (self, oscillator. . . ) gives good results, both in amplitude and phase of the magnetic field. However, this model is very rigid due to the great number of parameters that are fixed by the user. Moreover, the huge quantity of sources in the model complicates the insertion into commercial simulation software. It is for this reason that a second approach of modeling, better adapted to our problematic, has been developed. His second model is composed of a set of a maximum of 10-12 dipoles. In this case the procedure of modeling is based on two different techniques : the application of a function usually used for the treatment of digital images and the application of an optimisation algorithm. This procedure is more flexible than the previous one because it is capable of calculating all the parameters of the model. However, the accuracy of the model is inevitably reduced due to the fact that the number of dipoles has been also reduced
Bardoux, Mathieu. "Mesures de diffusivité thermique et cartographie de température dans des composants électroniques de type VECSEL." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066394.
Full textJeanguillaume, Christian. "Nouvelles méthodes d'imagerie en STEM adaptées aux échantillons biologiques." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112379.
Full textA new system has been developed for the acquisition of electron energy loss spectra and multispectral images in the STEM. The purpose was to extend the field of application of electron microscopy in biology. The system consists of a double gap lens with weak field and chromatic aberrations, a linear photodiode array, and a separate detector for the unscattered signal. A computer interface enables the acquisition of spectrum-images and multi-detector images (unscattered, elastic, inelastic, beam current). New techniques of analysis performed on the data thus acquired enable: the measurement of the detection efficiency for the various signals, the construction of elastic and inelastic mean free path ratio images, the improvement of chemical mapping and mass thickness measurement, and the quality enhancement of low dose images
Boloma, Ghislain. "Développement de composants photovoltaïques organiques et études de la morphologie des couches à l’échelle nanométrique." Limoges, 2013. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/4963de81-d246-4c3a-9402-6c0434e940ac/blobholder:0/2013LIMO4050.pdf.
Full textIn this piece of work, we are comparing the performances of solar cells based on a blend P3HT: PCBM elaborated from four commercial polymers displaying different physicochemical properties and coming from various suppliers. The links between the performances, the parameters of elaboration and the physicochemical parameters of the P3HT were established. The characterization of layers by advanced techniques, by using an extension of the near-field microscopy called Resiscope, allowed to put emphasize on the evolution of the morphology of P3HT: PCBM heterojunction in bulk and layers in bilayers structures of types P3HT: C60. The use of the image representing the deflection lever enabled the coupling of the layers’ morphology to their current and photocurent mappings
Dellenbach, Pierre. "Exploring LiDAR Odometries through Classical, Deep and Inertial perspectives." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPSLM069.
Full text3D LiDARs have become increasingly popular in the past decade, notably motivated by the safety requirements of autonomous driving requiring new sensor modalities. Contrary to cameras, 3D LiDARs provide direct, and extremely precise 3D measurements of the environment. This has led to the development of many different mapping and Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) solutions leveraging this new modality. These algorithms quickly performed much better than their camera-based counterparts, as evidenced by several open-source benchmarks. One critical component ofthese systems is LiDAR odometry. A LiDAR odometry is an algorithm estimating the trajectory of the sensor, given only the iterative integration of the LiDAR measurements. The focus of this work is on the topic of LiDAR Odometries. More precisely, we aim to push the boundaries of LiDAR odometries, both in terms of precision and performance.To achieve this, we first explore classical LiDAR odometries in depth, and propose two novel LiDAR odometries, in chapter 3. We show the strength, and limitations of such methods. Then, to address to improve them we first investigate Deep Learning for LiDAR odometries in chapter 4, notably focusing on end-to-end odometries. We show again the limitations of such approaches and finally investigate in chapter 5 fusing inertial and LiDAR measurements
Roy, Thibault. "Visualisations interactives pour l'aide personnalisée à l'interprétation d'ensembles documentaires." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00176825.
Full textCette thèse, prenant place en Traitement Automatique des Langues, a pour objectif d'aider les utilisateurs dans de telles situations.
Les systèmes traditionnellement proposés (tels les moteurs de recherche) ne donnent pas toujours satisfaction aux utilisateurs pour des tâches répétées, prenant peu en considération leur point de vue et leurs interactions avec le matériau textuel.
Nous proposons dans cette thèse que la personnalisation et l'interaction soient au centre de nouveaux outils d'aide pour l'accès au contenu d'ensembles de textes.
Ainsi, nous représentons le point de vue de l'utilisateur sur ses domaines d'intérêt par des ensembles de termes décrits et organisés selon un modèle de sémantique lexicale différentielle.
Nous exploitons de telles représentations pour construire des supports cartographiques d'interactions entre l'utilisateur et l'ensemble de textes, supports lui permettant de visualiser des regroupements, des liens et des différences entre textes de l'ensemble, et ainsi d'appréhender son contenu.
Afin d'opérationnaliser de telles propositions, nous avons mis au point la plate-forme ProxiDocs.
Différentes validations de la plate-forme, prenant place dans des contextes pluridisciplinaires variés allant notamment de la recherche d'information sur Internet à l'étude d'expressions métaphoriques, ont ainsi permis de dégager la valeur ajoutée de nos propositions.
Mazzucco, Stefano. "Mapping localized surface plasmons at the nanometer scale in complex-shaped sub-wavelength metallic nanoparticles." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112367.
Full textThis thesis presents the outcome of the study of Localised Surface Plasmons (LSPs) on silver and gold nanoparticles with Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscpy (EELS) and of the development of a cathodoluminescence (CL) detector integrated with a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). STEM-EELS can extend the knowledge of LSPs by overcoming the limitations of optical techniques. We showed how the shape, material and size of a nanoparticle affect dramatically the behaviour of LSPs by determining the energy and number of LSP resonances as well as whether they interact with one another or not. We also demonstrated that a STEM-CL detector can be sucessfully used to combine high spatial resolution with high energy resolution for the study of nanoparticles
Peña, Manchón Francisco Javier de la. "Advanced methods for Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy core-loss analysis." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112379.
Full textModern analytical transmission electron microscopes are able to gather a large amount of information from the sample in the form of multi-dimensional datasets. Although the analytical procedures developed for single spectra can be extended to the analysis of multi-dimensional datasets, for an optimal use of this highly redundant information, more advanced techniques must be deployed. In this context, we investigate alternatives to the standard quantification methods and seek to optimise the experimental acquisition for accurate analysis. This addresses the current challenges facing the electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) community, for whom beam damage and contamination are often the limiting factors. EELS elemental quantification by the standard integration method is limited to well-behaved cases. As an alternative we use curve fitting which, as we show, can overcome most of the limitations of the standard method. Furthermore, we extend the method to obtain, in addition to elemental maps, the first bonding maps at the nanoscale. A major difficulty when analysing multi-dimensional datasets of samples of unknown composition is that the quantitative methods require as an input the composition of the sample. We show that blind source separation methods enable fast and accurate analysis of multi-dimensional datasets without defining a model. In optimal conditions these methods are capable of extracting signals from the dataset corresponding to the different chemical compounds in the sample and their distribution
Ruffilli, Roberta. "Modes de fatigue des métallisations à base d'aluminium dans les composants MOSFET de puissance." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30256.
Full textThis thesis, a collaboration between CEMES-CNRS, Satie laboratory (ENS Cachan) and NXP Semiconductors is motivated by the comprehension of the failure mechanisms of low voltage power MOSFET devices produced for ap- plications in the automotive industry. A limiting factor for the long-term reliability of power modules is the electro- thermal and/or thermo-mechanical aging of the metallic parts of the source: Al metallization and bonding wires. At the temperature reached during the on-off operating cycles (few hundred degrees), the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the metallization and the oxide and semicon- ductor parts induces an inevitable plastic deformation in the metal, which is the softest material in the complex MOSFET architecture. We have characterized the metal microstructure before and after accelerated electro-thermal aging tests, by using specific techniques from the field of the physical metallurgy: electron and ion microscopy, grain orientation and chem- ical composition mapping. For the first time the source metallization has been characterized both away and under the bonding connections, which are one hundred times thicker than the metallization layer. The latter is a critical loca- tion for the reliability assessment because the ultrasonic bonding process may weaken the initial metallization microstructure by adding an important plas- tic deformation prior to aging. This is, however, poorly stated in the literature because of the difficulty to access the metallization under the wires without damaging their bonding, which is known to be particularly weak in case of aged modules. In order to investigate the wire-metallization interface, we have set up origi- nal sample preparations, based on ion polishing, that allowed us to disclose the metallization under the bonding wires without introducing preparation artifacts in the microstructure. The bonding process induces a severe and non- uniform plastic deformation in the metallization under the wires without re- creating a good electrical contact: small cavities and native oxide residues, have been systematically observed at the Al/Al interface, in all the analyzed mod- ules, before and after aging. The main mechanism behind the device failure is the generation and propa- gation of fatigue cracks in the aluminum metallization, associated to a local Al oxidation that prevents these crack from closing. Away and under the wire bonds, they run perpendicularly from the surface down to the silicon substrate following the grain boundaries, due to an enhanced intergranular diffusion of aluminum atoms. In the bonding area, the phenomenon of parallel cracking is favored by the initial imperfections in the wire-metallization bonding. Ion to- mography experiments have shown that these cracks are confined to the wire- metal interface and do not propagate in the wire despite its lower strength (pure Al, larger grain structure). Crack propagation along the Al/Al interface can cause a contact reduction between the wire and the source metallization and eventually its failure. Such discontinuities in the metal can explain the lo- cal increase in the device resistance and temperature that accelerates the aging process until failure. This study settled new, dedicated techniques and quantification methods to as- sess the aging of the metal parts of MOSFET devices. The full characterization of the intrinsically defective interface generated by the bonding process and the metallization degradation during electro-thermal aging indicated paths to possible improvements of current technologies and potential developments of new processes
Ruffilli, Roberta. "Modes de fatigue des métallisations à base d'aluminium dans les composants MOSFET de puissance." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30256/document.
Full textThis thesis, a collaboration between CEMES-CNRS, Satie laboratory (ENS Cachan) and NXP Semiconductors is motivated by the comprehension of the failure mechanisms of low voltage power MOSFET devices produced for ap- plications in the automotive industry. A limiting factor for the long-term reliability of power modules is the electro- thermal and/or thermo-mechanical aging of the metallic parts of the source: Al metallization and bonding wires. At the temperature reached during the on-off operating cycles (few hundred degrees), the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the metallization and the oxide and semicon- ductor parts induces an inevitable plastic deformation in the metal, which is the softest material in the complex MOSFET architecture. We have characterized the metal microstructure before and after accelerated electro-thermal aging tests, by using specific techniques from the field of the physical metallurgy: electron and ion microscopy, grain orientation and chem- ical composition mapping. For the first time the source metallization has been characterized both away and under the bonding connections, which are one hundred times thicker than the metallization layer. The latter is a critical loca- tion for the reliability assessment because the ultrasonic bonding process may weaken the initial metallization microstructure by adding an important plas- tic deformation prior to aging. This is, however, poorly stated in the literature because of the difficulty to access the metallization under the wires without damaging their bonding, which is known to be particularly weak in case of aged modules. In order to investigate the wire-metallization interface, we have set up origi- nal sample preparations, based on ion polishing, that allowed us to disclose the metallization under the bonding wires without introducing preparation artifacts in the microstructure. The bonding process induces a severe and non- uniform plastic deformation in the metallization under the wires without re- creating a good electrical contact: small cavities and native oxide residues, have been systematically observed at the Al/Al interface, in all the analyzed mod- ules, before and after aging. The main mechanism behind the device failure is the generation and propa- gation of fatigue cracks in the aluminum metallization, associated to a local Al oxidation that prevents these crack from closing. Away and under the wire bonds, they run perpendicularly from the surface down to the silicon substrate following the grain boundaries, due to an enhanced intergranular diffusion of aluminum atoms. In the bonding area, the phenomenon of parallel cracking is favored by the initial imperfections in the wire-metallization bonding. Ion to- mography experiments have shown that these cracks are confined to the wire- metal interface and do not propagate in the wire despite its lower strength (pure Al, larger grain structure). Crack propagation along the Al/Al interface can cause a contact reduction between the wire and the source metallization and eventually its failure. Such discontinuities in the metal can explain the lo- cal increase in the device resistance and temperature that accelerates the aging process until failure. This study settled new, dedicated techniques and quantification methods to as- sess the aging of the metal parts of MOSFET devices. The full characterization of the intrinsically defective interface generated by the bonding process and the metallization degradation during electro-thermal aging indicated paths to possible improvements of current technologies and potential developments of new processes
Petre, Anca. "Opitimisation de la méthode FLIMM porur la caractérisation en volume des charges d'espace dans les isolants polymères minces." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30206.
Full textThe aim of the present thesis work is a better knowledge of the space charge distribution in insulating materials, which constitute basic elements of Electrical Engineering systems. Indeed, it is now known that the appearance of local electric fields due to the space charges trapped in material can induce a premature ageing of insulator, and thus a faster breakdown than envisaged. It is then difficult to anticipate the lifespan of a system with time. Thus, several methods of space charge measurement were developed, among which the FLIMM method, a nondestructive thermal technique. The main objective of the thesis was to optimize the FLIMM method, from both experimental and theoretical points of view. Initially, a new measuring cell was proposed in order to increase the precision and the reliability of our experimental measurements. Moreover, the FLIMM current being very weak, a systematic study of the S/N ratio improvement was implemented throughout the acquisition set-up. In a second time, most of the work was dedicated to solve the inverse mathematical problem. Indeed, the results precision strongly depends on it. The numerical resolution of the FLIMM fundamental equation is very sensitive to calculation instabilities. Several deconvolution methods were implemented and compared in order to find the most adapted to our needs. Finally, we carried out a systematic characterization of several polymeric materials (PEN, PET, Teflon). 3-D space charge cartographies were also carried out with a very high lateral resolution on materials irradiated by an electron beam, or submitted to an UV irradiation. This kind of results settles the FLIMM technique among the best investigation methods of located phenomena in insulators
Monier, Karine. "Cartographie linéaire et tridimensionnelle du génome humain par hybridation in situ fluorescente et imagerie microscopique digitale." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE19013.
Full textGeorget, Elodie. "Preuve de concept d'une liaison radio mer-air d'une balise autonome de petites dimensions - Projet BELOCOPA : conception d'antennes multi-bande sur substrat souple." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4728.
Full textThis thesis is part of the BELOCOPA project FUI-2011 (BELOCOPA means Ejected Buoy to LOcalize and COllect the data of a crashed plane in sea). It was about designing and developing an on-board, removable and autonomous, equipment to localize quickly and precisely an aircraft crashed in the sea, and to collect by telecommunication the main flight data from a patrol boat. The aim of this thesis, in the Fresnel Institute, was the study and the realization of the main antenna of the beacon. This antenna had to be very flexible with small dimensions to be folded and integrated in a reduced space of the beacon, and had to be strong during its deployment after the ejection of the plane. The aim of the first part of the work was to characterize in term of permittivity the different dielectric materials included in the composition of the beacon, namely the substrates of the antennas and the radome. The second part of the thesis was on the design of multi-band antennas working in dipolar modes on the frequency plan of the specification of the project. The characteristic of these antennas is to be very flexible. This flexibility was obtained realizing metal radiating pattern on a polyamide material. Several patterns have been studied and tested to get the final antenna with meander working at three different resonance frequencies. Following this study, a prototype of the final antenna integrated in the radome is the last link of the prototype of the distress beacon BELOCOPA
Lepinay, Kevin. "Développement et applications de la tomographie chimique par spectroscopie EDX." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0124/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the evaluation of the STEM EDX chemical tomography technique: development of experimental procedures, data processing and volumes reconstruction, quality analysis of the results and evaluation of the overall complexity. Until now, STEM EDX analysis performances were very limited, so only few studies about this technique have been realized. However, very significant progress procured by the new SDD detectors as well as by the high brightness electronic sources (X-FEG), making the STEM EDX 2D analysis very fast, have revived the possibility of the chemical tomography, although the technique has to be developed and evaluated (performance and complexity). We have worked on a Tecnai Osiris which acquires EDX chemical mapping of hundreds of thousands of pixels with resolution of one nanometer and in a few minutes. We chose to prepare the rod-shaped samples by FIB and use a sample holder allowing an angle of exploration of 180° without shadowing effects. Then, using model samples (SiO2 balls in resin), we evaluated the sample deformation due to the electron beam irradiation. This allowed us to propose a method to reduce this effect by depositing a 20 nm chromium layer. Images simulations were used to evaluate the software and the reconstruction methods. The methodology of each step of the STEM EDX tomography analysis is then explained and the technique interest is demonstrated by comparing the 2D and the 3D analysis of a transistor 28 nm FDSOI. The quality of the reconstructions (signal-to-noise ratio, spatial resolution) was evaluated, in function of experimental parameters, using simulations and experiments. A resolution of 4 nm is demonstrated through the analysis of a test pattern and a "gate all around” transistor. For the same transistor, the possibility and the interest of a failure analysis at the nanoscale is proven. Analyses of a SRAM gate fail or of the holes in a copper pillar explain the benefits of a combination between a HAADF volume (morphology and resolution < 4 nm) and an EDX volume (chemical information). To conclude, this technique, which still needs to be improved in terms of simplicity, is already showing its usefulness for the analysis and the development of advanced technologies (20nm node and beyond)
Yuan, Hui. "3D morphological and crystallographic analysis of materials with a Focused Ion Beam (FIB)." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0134/document.
Full textThe aim of current work is to optimize the serial-sectioning based tomography in a dual-beam focused ion beam (FIB) microscope, either by imaging in scanning electron microscopy (so-called FIB-SEM tomography), or by electron backscatter diffraction (so-called 3D-EBSD tomography). In both two cases, successive layers of studying object are eroded with the help of ion beam, and sequentially acquired SEM or EBSD images are utilized to reconstruct material volume. Because of different uncontrolled disruptions, drifts are generally presented during the acquisition of FIB-SEM tomography. We have developed thus a live drift correction procedure to keep automatically the region of interest (ROI) in the field of view. For the reconstruction of investigated volume, a highly precise post-mortem alignment is desired. Current methods using the cross-correlation, expected to be robust as this digital technique, show severe limitations as it is difficult, even impossible sometimes to trust an absolute reference. This has been demonstrated by specially-prepared experiments; we suggest therefore two alternative methods, which allow good-quality alignment and lie respectively on obtaining the surface topography by a stereoscopic approach, independent of the acquisition of FIB-SEM tomography, and realisation of a crossed ‘hole’ thanks to the ion beam. As for 3D-EBSD tomography, technical problems, linked to the driving the ion beam for accurate machining and correct geometrical repositioning of the sample between milling and EBSD position, lead to an important limitation of spatial resolution in commercial softwares (~ 50 nm)3. Moreover, 3D EBSD suffers from theoretical limits (large electron-solid interaction volume for EBSD and FIB milling effects), and seems so fastidious because of very long time to implement. A new approach, coupling SEM imaging of good resolution (a few nanometres for X and Y directions) at low SEM voltage and crystal orientation mapping with EBSD at high SEM voltage, is proposed. This method requested the development of computer scripts, which allow to drive the milling of FIB, the acquisition of SEM images and EBSD maps. The interest and feasibility of our approaches are demonstrated by a concrete case (nickel super-alloy). Finally, as regards crystal orientation mapping, an alternative way to EBSD has been tested; which works on the influence of channelling effects (ions or electrons) on the imaging contrast of secondary electrons. This new method correlates the simulations with the intensity variation of each grain within an experimental image series obtained by tilting and/or rotating the sample under the primary beam. This routine is applied again on a real case (polycrystal TiN), and shows a max misorientation of about 4° for Euler angles, compared to an EBSD map. The application perspectives of this approach, potentially faster than EBSD, are also evoked
Ertzscheid, Olivier. "Les enjeux cognitifs et stylistiques de l'organisation hypertextuelle : le Lieu, Le Lien, Le Livre." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006260.
Full textDans notre premier chapitre, nous faisons d'abord un point sur les effets déjà mesurables de l'organisation hypertextuelle dans le rapport à l'écrit pour isoler les transformations cognitives occasionnées par ce nouveau support, pour isoler également la nouvelle organisation des structures traditionnelles de l'énonciation dans le processus de communication (rapports auteur-lecteur, agencements collectifs d'énonciation). Nous concluons par une typologie des nouveaux genres hypertextuels (liés notamment à l'utilisation de générateurs) et sur le statut littéraire de ces productions.
Notre second chapitre aborde les aspects plus « théoriques » de l'organisation hypertextuelle au travers de l'étude systématique de ses procédés de liaison. Après un état de l'art de la question, nous définissons une typologie englobante des liens hypertextuels prenant en compte leurs aspects informatiques, les structures rhétoriques et formelles qui les sous-tendent et les différents types de rapport entre ces « entités-liens » autorisant à qualifier différentes organisations hypertextuelles. Sur tous ces points, les propositions formulées dans ce travail devront permettre d'améliorer les pratiques de navigation et de réduire certains effets liés (surcharge cognitive, désorientation).
Notre troisième chapitre montre que ce que ces liens révèlent du fonctionnement de la pensée humaine (mode essentiellement associatif) est en train de changer la manière dont les systèmes et les organisations sociales se constituent et se développent, en mettant en place, de manière effective, des artefacts et de processus habituellement implicites et dont l'enjeu sera, pour le chercheur, d'accompagner le passage à l'explicite. Ce dernier chapitre s'appuie sur le dispositif expérimental FoRSIC et l'utilisation qu'il fait de différents types ontologiques, ce dernier étant caractéristique des ces nouveaux rapports au savoir que notre travail essaie de qualifier plus que de quantifier.
Robert, Donatien. "Etude multi-échelle des mécanismes de (dé)lithiation et de dégradation d'électrodes à base de LiFePO4 et de Silicium pour accumulateurs Li-ion." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00924945.
Full textVasilescu, Florentina. "Le livre sous la loupe : Nouvelles formes d’écriture électronique." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3964.
Full textThe project proposes a new type of interface, that we have called zoom-editor, allowing the user to increase and decrease the degree of detail of the text by zooming-in and out. The main feature of this new kind of textuality would be a 3D textual layout on the three axis (X, Y, Z), i.e. an in-depth structure based on several layers of details and meaning. We have called this type of text, z-text, and the corresponding processes of reading and writing, z-reading and z-writing. The first part describes the theoretical framework of the project. The first two chapters deal with the code/text dialectics and the analytic methods of the electronic text aesthetics, as compared with the printed forms. The third chapter analyses five types of digital documents: literary hypertext, cyberpoetry, blog, free encyclopaedia and on line newspaper. The second part describes the sources of the proposed model, the model itself, and the components and functionality of zoom-editor. This section also contains references and discussions related to the theoretical framework portrayed in the first three chapters. The third part proposes some hypotheses on the possible applications of the model, starting from the idea of a z-text as a multidimensional space. Each dimension would metaphorically correspond to a type of magnifying glass, implying a certain kind of analysis or exploration of a text. The domains considered for discussion are literary criticism, creative writing, pedagogy, encyclopaedias and dictionaries, documentation. The project also supposes the construction of a number of z-texts, according to the principles of z-writing, by using the zoom-editor.
Les fichiers qui accompagnent le document incluent une archive .jar du zoom-éditeur (qui peut être lancé via un browser) et des exemples de z-textes réalisés avec ce logiciel.
De, Andrade Vincent. "De l'imagerie chimique à la micro-cartographie Pression-Température-Déformation : évolution minéralogique et transport de matière dans des systèmes en déséquilibre thermomécanique.Applications aux métapélites et aux matériaux de stockage de déchets radioactifs." Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00135186.
Full textComme le montrent les premières applications réalisées sur deux métapélites provenant de la ceinture schiste bleu de Sambagawa au Japon et de la zone éclogitique préservée de la chaîne Calédonienne au Spitzberg, les cartes chimiques quantitatives sont très riches d'enseignement sur l'histoire métamorphique d'une roche. De ces cartes chimiques ont été dérivées des cartes de P-T-temps-redox-déformation d'échantillons, permettant de caractériser les conditions P-T de formation des minéraux et donc le chemin P-T de l'échantillon, l'état d'oxydation du fer dans la phase chlorite, de souligner la relation entre déformation et cristallisation, de proposer une chronologie relative de cristallisation des minéraux et des déformations. La carte de la teneur en Fe3+ dans les chlorites calculée par la thermodynamique a également été validée grâce à une cartographie µ-XANES au seuil K du fer mesurée à l'ESRF (ID24) avec une méthode innovante.
La dernière application concerne une étude expérimentale de matériaux argileux, principaux constituants d'un modèle analogique d'un type de site de stockage de déchets nucléaires. Les images chimiques ont permis de caractériser en 2 dimensions l'évolution minéralogique des argiles vers des pôles riches en fer. Elles ont également été utilisées comme données de base pour la réalisation d'un modèle numérique 2D par éléments finis visant à estimer le coefficient de diffusion du fer dans les argiles à basse température, donnée importante pour modéliser la déstabilisation au cours du temps d'un site de stockage de déchets radioactifs.
Moosavi, Askari Reza. "Experimental and numerical study of a magnetic realization of a Bose-Einstein Condensate in a purely organic spin-1/2 quantum magnet (NIT2Py)." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20605.
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