Journal articles on the topic 'Electronic ticketing'

This study empirically tested the acceptance of electronic ticketing study on airplanepassengers in Lampung Province, using model Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Theproblems formulated to investigate in this research is how is the influence perception of youthand perception of benefit to attitude of using electronic ticketing to airplane passengers inLampung.The data were collected through survey method, by submitting questionnaires to respondents.The samples were taken by purposive / judgment sampling method to the user population thatis airplane passengers who have used electronic ticketing at least twice. The data wereprocessed from 100 respondents with structural equation model analysis technique (SEM)using software analysis of moment structure (AMOS) 18.The result of the data analysis indicates that exogenous construct variables perception of easeand perception of benefit have no significant effect on attitude of electronic ticketing usage onpassenger plane in Lampung.

Information communication technologies bring the revolution into all business sectors, and transportation sector is not an exception. Ticketing system has changed from traditional to intelligent, which provides information and service to the consumer. In developed countries such systems are implemented and operate successfully, while in the developing countries electronic ticketing and other similar innovative solutions face specific challenges. These challenges are related to information era and changes in consumer behaviour, caused by the development of information and communication technologies. In these new conditions the motives of consumers to choose electronic ticketing has become an extremely important factor of success. Lack of integrity of consumer behaviour and technology acceptance (electronic ticketing in particular) was identified in previous scientific research, especially taking into consideration recent conditions of developing countries. The aim of this article is to evaluate the consumers’ behaviour and acceptance of intelligent systems, such as electronic ticketing, in order to identify factors, influencing and encouraging the customers to use electronic ticketing systems. In this study extended technology acceptance model with trust element was used to measure the consumer behaviour. The sample for this research has been taken from China and Pakistan populations and consists of 432 participants from both countries.

Public transport in the region should be integrated in terms of tariffs and ticketing system. The objective of this article is to present the requirements and project of the tariffs and ticketing integration regarding public transport in the region on the example of Pomorskie Voivodeship. The article begins with information on the circumstances of tariffs and ticketing integration in public transport and models of tariffs integration regarding the said transport in the region. Further the article presents the issue of tariffs and ticketing integration in Pomorskie Voivodeship, where the polycentric metropolis of Gdansk Bay is located. The subsequent parts of the article are devoted to the electronic ticketing system as an instrument of the tariffs and ticketing integration in Pomorskie Voivodeship, and the project of tariffs and ticketing integration within the said area. The implementation and functioning of the tariffs and ticketing integration in the region, satisfactory for the passengers, results from accepting the principles of integrated ticket settlements by the integration participants, based on data regarding the completed travels. In Pomorskie Voivodeship it is planned to start the electronic ticket system providing such data.

The main advantages and disadvantages of conventional and intelligent ticketing systems and possible positive outcomes when introducing intelligent transport solutions ‐ namely smart cards or e‐ticketing instead of conventional ones (paper tickets and magnetic cards) are analysed in the paper. Two ideas of creating an intelligent ticketing system in an urban public transport are scrutinized. The first is electronic ticket and related equipment, the second ‐ e‐ticket and functional areas of it. In the article analysis has also been made on practical outcomes related with introduction of smart cards and e‐ticketing. Practical tests and trials as well as a subsequent implementation of electronic tickets have proved unchallenged advantages of contactless smart cards against the contact ones. Nevertheless, a new age of modern technologies calls even for more effective solutions ‐ namely virtual‐ticketing systems that might be achieved through introduction of mobile technologies. Therefore, the main focus in the paper is made on the analysis of e-ticket.

Modern mobile ticketing service solutions facilitate access to mobility services and free customers from difficult purchasing decisions. However, implementing these solutions is complex, as they involve many different stakeholders, with sometimes conflicting interests. This paper presents a survey of mobile ticketing services in the urban mobility context. It starts by defining mobile ticketing and explores the different electronic ticket schemes that are being implemented around the world, as well as the most used technologies to provide the service. Then, it addresses the complex mobile ticketing ecosystem, identifying the main actors involved, their motivations, and concerns. This allows the authors to define their role and contribution to the mobile ticketing ecosystem. Finally, the paper presents future trends and research directions related to mobile ticketing services, being a valuable guide for researchers and practitioners.

T7re goal of electronic ticketing in commuter train Jabodetahek is to improving passenger services andoperator fermofmance. Nowdatjs, there are three level of KRL senrices such as Express AC, ACEconomic, and economic class so that it is difficu.lt to implement that program.T7te studt; will analyze tlte program of electronic ticketing implementation from operator and passengerside. Factor analyze is used to identifiJ the factors which influence electronic ticket implementation.T7te analysis result is grouped into utilihj, eficienetj, recharge, pm1ment medumism, sosialization andsafeh;.Implementation of electronic ticketing SIJStem need some requirements such as ticket design in accorda.nce with the tariff SIJStem, supporting both the Juzrdware components and software whidi Juzrdwareconsist of tickets, ticket machines and software, experimental phase, supennsion and maintenance.In addition, the people's respon or readiness of communihJ should be considered towardsimplementing electronic ticketing.Keyword: Electronic tikecting, Services, Cornrnutter train Jabodetabek.

This research aims to identify the importance of factors that influence customer intention of purchasing electronic air ticket (e-ticket). The research compares the difference in purchasing intentions based on e-ticketing between demographic groups of age, income, educational level, and online shopping experience. With the sample size of 295 travelers, the regression models and ANOVA tests are used to process and explain data. The research detects four components, namely, perceived system usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived behavioral control, and security of transaction that influence the consumer intention to buy e-ticket. The paper then recommends managerial solutions to the development of an electronic ticketing system in particular and e-commerce in general.

In order to solve the problem of queuing to buy tickets, no change and waste a lot of valuable time, the electronic ticket system based on QR code identification technology is designed in this paper. The system architecture of bottom-up followed by: physical hardware layer, Android OS layer, image capture and network processing layer, QR Code decoding layer and user interface. In order to achieve the application of QR code and the Android mobile phone in the electronic ticketing system, the system adopts C/S mode and the method of qRCodeCommon generates QR code. The advantages of this system are to use electronic tickets instead of paper tickets, cost savings, while preventing the loss and have great significance to other areas of the ticketing process.

Internet causes changes in the behavior of individuals and groups within the business done. With the increasing pressures of globalization, companies struggle to find a way to sustain long-term excellence competitiveness. Competitive advantage is the ability to rapidly innovate and absorb innovations from different sources. The development of e-commerce has increased exponentially. E-commerce has been developed as a new market orientation, creating profit opportunities for growth for many industries. One of the industry's growing use of e-commerce systems is air transport industry. Transport industry is one industry that starts using e-ticketing system, replacing the traditional ticketing system. Replacing the traditional paper ticket electronic ticket has now been proven to be an effective commercial practice for organizations operating in the field of transport. E-ticketing can be described as an alternative method of tickets offered by many flight companies which electronic booking records created contain all the information usually printed on a paper ticket. A new revolution in the aviation industry was created by advances in technology. It changes the way airlines in distributing tickets and requires the flight to the next level. Technology given that the electronic ticket is a technology that utilities actually require universal compatibility across airlines.

In Indonesia, currently there has been progress in the field of information technology. Along with the development of sophisticated and advanced technology, there are more and more demands of need. By utilizing the sophistication and advancement of existing technology, the government makes electronic-based policies, namely e-government. From the existence of this new electronic-based system, it makes easier to carry out the implementation of services carried out by the state apparatus to public. The objective of this study is to measure the level of public awareness of Surabaya people towards the application of the E-ticket system related to frequent violations. The scope of the study is the city of Surabaya. The problem is focused on the level of public awareness about the e-ticket system that has been running. In order to approach this problem, a theoretical reference from Soerjono Sukanto was used regarding public awareness. The data were collected through questionnaires spread across 31 districts in Surabaya and analyzed quantitatively with a descriptive approach. This study concludes that Surabaya people had awareness and knew a new system in ticketing, namely the electronic ticketing system, but for its application, many violations still occured. It is indicated by the percentage of 55% which is included in the fairly high category with a percentage of 70.5% regarding the existence the new system.

One solution to enforce traffic violation is by using E-ticket (e-tilang) penalties for traffic violators. Conceptually, E-tilang is the settlement of electronic-based traffic violation cases through information system and technology, as stated in Article 1 number 2 of the Republic of Indonesia Supreme Court Regulation Number 12 of 2016 concerning how to resolve traffic violation cases. E-tilang is considered able to provide more practical and fast service compared to conventional ticket. The problem in this study is to identify how is the implementation and constraints of the e-tilang system fine sanctions in the settlement of traffic violations cases in Banyumas police station jurisdiction? This research is an empirical study using sociological juridical approach. The data is processed in a qualitative descriptive manner. The focus of this research is the implementation of e-tilang penalties for traffic offenders in Banyumas. The results of this study describe the application of e-tilang to facilitate the speed, convenience, and openness of the implementation of the ticketing process to replace in-place ticketing process.

The development of a more advanced age supports the need to provide different types of services that can be accessed in various ways easily, quickly, efficiently, whenever and wherever. Interactions that were once done physically (direct person to person contact) began to shift to electronic (communication through technology innovations) because relative electronic communications can be done efficiently, effectively, accurate, safe, comfortable, and quality. Therefore, the making of an application system support services and accurate highly recommended. With online methods based systems, system service support will be very easy to obtain. The ROOSTER is an application based support service system that is very practical. In this article describe the issues that arise as well as solving the problems examined. In addition there are three (3) characteristics and 5 (five) advantage of this application. In the implementation shown protoype view of the application ROOSTER. It can be concluded that the contribution of the system to maximize ROOSTER various forms of service, and can be used as media support service system that is valid for the entire academic community colleges and the general public.

The wide deployment of wireless networks and mobile technologies and the significant increase in the number of mobile device users has created a very strong demand for emerging mobile commerce applications and services. Barcode-based identification and validation solutions are considered an important part of electronic commerce systems, particularly in electronic supply chain systems. This paper reports a mobile-based 2D barcode validation system as part of mobile commerce systems. This barcode-based validation solution is developed based on the Data Matrix 2D-Barcode standard to support barcode-based validation in mobile commerce systems on mobile devices. The paper demonstrates its application by building a mobile movie ticketing system.

Fifth-generation (5G) communication technologies and artificial intelligence enable the design and deployment of sophisticated solutions for enhanced user experience and superior network-based service delivery. However, the performance of the systems offering 5G-based services depends on various factors. In this paper, we consider the case of the online railway ticketing system in China that serves the needs of hundreds of millions of people daily. This system’s online access rates vary over time, and fluctuations are experienced, affecting its overall dependability and service quality. We use long short-term memory network, particle swarm optimization, and differential evolution to construct DP-LSTM—a hybridly optimized model to predict network flow for dependable and quality-enhanced service delivery. We evaluate the proposed model using real data collected over six months from the “12306 online ticketing” system. We compare the performance of the proposed model with mainstream network traffic prediction models. We use mean absolute percentage error, mean absolute error, and root mean square error for performance evaluation. Experimental results show the superiority of the proposed model.

<p>Penyelenggaraan sebuah event dari pengelola atau <em>event organizer</em> terkadang mengalami kendala dalam melakukan promosi dan mengumpulkan cukup banyak peserta disisi lain masyarakat juga perlu untuk mengetahui informasi lengkap mengenai event yang akan diselenggarakan. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut maka perlu dirancang sebuah sistem informasi untuk mempermudah <em>event organizer</em> dan para peserta tersebut.</p><p>Tahap perancangan sistem ini meliputi pembuatan deskripsi <em>use case</em> diagram, <em>activity</em> diagram, <em>sequence</em> diagram, <em>class</em> diagram dan perancagan database. Implementasi dari sistem ini menggunakan Framework Laravel berbasis bahasa pemograman PHP.</p><p>Hasil dari penelitian ini telah dibuat aplikasi event registration and ticketing dengan fitur pengguna yang bertindak sebagai <em>event organizer</em> dalam aplikasi ini dapat melakukan unggah informasi dan promosi <em>event</em> yang akan diselenggarakan serta melakukan penjualan tiket elektronik. Sedangkan pengguna yang bertindak sebagai member dapat melakukan pembelian tiket pada aplikasi ini sehingga lebih mudah tanpa harus datang ke loket tiket.<em> </em></p><p>_____________________________________________________</p><p><em>Organizing an event from the event organizer sometimes constraints in doing promotions and amassed quite a number of participants on the other hand the community also need to know details of upcoming events is held. To fullfil this things it is necessary an information system designed to facilitate the event organizer and the participants.</em></p><p><em>This system design phase includes the creation of descriptions use case diagrams, activity diagrams, sequence diagrams, class diagrams and database designs. Implementation of this system using Laravel-based Framework PHP programming language. </em></p><p><em>Users who act as event organizer in this application can do post some information and promotional event which will be held as well as conducting electronic ticket sales. While users who act as members can purchase tickets on this application so much easier without having to come to the ticket counter.</em></p>

The Ohio State University Libraries’ Serials and Electronic Resources team tracked reports of problems with electronic resources through a ticketing system, but had not used the system functions to articulate the work involved in supporting such resources. When a new Electronic Resources Officer was hired, the librarian reviewed the type of statistics provided to management and identified an opportunity to more fully document reported problem and staff effort. With the help of team members, a mechanism was created to highlight different types of problems through the application of a controlled vocabulary developed specifically for that environment. Once the vocabulary was available and in use, after some time, terms were evaluated for efficacy, and for how the use of the vocabulary enabled analysis of the trouble-shooting process. Following an analysis by the Electronic Resources Officer of the terms after being in use for some time, the ways that staff were involved in the workflow was changed, leading to faster responses and more consistent communication of information to patrons and vendors. This paper describes the process of developing the controlled vocabulary, the insights found following implementation, and the changes to the workflow that came from that analysis.

As well as transforming the way terrestrial space was traversed, railways spearheaded texts that enabled passenger traversal of such spaces to be regulated and monitored. Among the most important of these texts was the railway ticket, which as a pre-electronic information storage device, was capable of encoding through semiotic inscription, details of a passenger’s spatial entitlements, both on and off a train. Yet curiously these facets of the ticket have not hitherto been the subjects of analysis. Through analysing the railway ticketing system of Australia’s Victorian Railways during the 1930s and 1940s and the manuals that regulated the choreography of ticket inspection and the associated performances of passengers, this article redresses this oversight. Using Foucaultian and semiotic concepts, it argues that the railways tickets of the past, like their contemporary counterparts, provide convenient and portable mechanisms for gate-keeping and calibrating mobile populations.

Organizing TIT AM or inter-modal integrated ticketing is a form of public transport service impravement in praviding service and convenience for the users in order to support the implementation of inter-modal transport effectively and efficiently. By using conjoint analysis method is expected to knaw the preferences of respondents in the implementation of TIT AM, while the descriptive analysis is used to evaluate the implementation TIT AM. The results shaw that not many people who knaw TITAM evident from the survey results there are 60% of respondents do not know TITAM. Hawever, the expected of respondents by TITAM implementation is to increase comfort and to reduce queues in the purchase of tickets to make shorter travel time. Through conjoint analysis method was concluded that the willingness of society to the implementation of TIT AM are buying tickets online and manual (in combination), and type of electronic tickets, as well as connecting mode of train, bus and ship the first choice of respondents who indicated the highest utility or satisfaction for service users. Keywords: integrated ticket, conjoint analysis

Implementing third-party services to develop a chatbot is not cost-effective for many small and medium enterprises especially considering that many services only supports one language at a time. To address this gap, this paper proposes a multilingual chatbot system that will allow companies and organizations to customize and deploy their own multilingual chatbot service with two extended features, which are live chat and ticketing system. The chatbot will also be able to understand and reply in English, Malay, and Chinese as well as customizable given the dialogue shell and knowledge base. To achieve this, the development uses TypeScript for frontend web application while Go as the backend development. The development language for mobile application is Dart and the User Interface (UI) library is React. Finally, the database management system used is MongoDB. The developed prototype is then evaluated via a survey questionnaire and the findings suggested that the proposed system would be able to assist small and medium-sized business and organizations to deploy their own chatbot system as an alternative to existing customer services.

PT. Transjakarta is a transportation company that uses an electronic ticket system. The ticket system at the Transjakarta bus stop since 2013 uses an electronic card (e-ticketing), instead of cash. One of these cards is the Flazz card issued by Bank BCA. However, the cash deposit from the sale of the flazz top up from Transjakarta to Bank Bca still experiences constraints, there is a difference every day. Then the need for internal control in the payment process and reconciliation between Bank Bca billing data and top up cash payments in the Transjakarta. So far the two reports that should have been balanced, in fact never happened. That is why reconciliation is needed and the causes of the differences are sought so that a balanced report can be produced. This study aims to determine the implementation of internal control on the concept of components according to COSO. The author uses descriptive methods with the type of qualitative analysis, by reviewing the application of elements of internal control by describing the facts that exist in the field, and analyzing the application of these elements with reference to COSO. The results show that in general the internal controls applied for top up flazz payments have met and are in accordance with the concepts and principles of internal control according to COSO. However, the implementation of the concept of internal control components needs to be refined to be more effective, namely the environmental control, risk assessment and monitoring components.

Nowadays public service by the state apparatus has become a strategic issue because the level of quality of public service performance will determine the image of the state apparatus itself. The large number of complaints from the public as recipients of services to government agencies, illustrates how poor service quality has been in the past. Like public complaints that are often received due to slow service times and unclear service procedures and costs in resolving cases of traffic violations. On-line traffic violations are intended to overcome various problems related to the implementation of speeding tickets for traffic violations. The research method used in this thesis is analytical descriptive with normative legal research. Data collection techniques in this study use library research techniques as an instrument of document studies. In addition, interviews with informants are also carried out. Data analysis uses analysis qualitatively. The implementation of the synergy of online ticketing public services for the handling of traffic violations starting from the police to the court session stage has implemented the settlement of traffic violations through the sophistication of a computerized system that is connected to the entire BRI ATM network so that the public does not have to go to the prosecutor's office or the court. to solve the problem and without having to attend a court hearing by conducting an electronic payment system or e-commerce.

The standard protocol of near field communication (NFC) has concentrated primarily on the speed of communication while ignoring security properties. Message between an NFC-enabled smartphone and a point of sale are exchanged over the air (OTA), which is a message considered an authentication request for payment, billing, ticketing, loyalty services, identification or access control. An attacker who has an antenna can intercept or manipulate the exchanged messages to take advantage of these. In order to solve this problem, many researchers have suggested authentication methods for NFC communications. However, these remain inadequate transaction security and fairness. In this paper, we will propose a technique that ensures mutual authentication, security properties, and strong fairness. Mutual authentication is a security property that prevents replay attacks and man-in-the-middle attacks. Both fair exchange and transaction security are also significant issues in electronic transactions with regards to creating trust among the parties participating in the transaction. The suggested protocol deploys a secure offline session key generation technique to increase transaction security and, importantly, make our protocol lightweight while maintaining the fairness property. Our analysis suggests that our protocol is more effective than others regarding transaction security, fairness, and lightweight protocol. The proposed protocol checks robustness and soundness using Burrows, Abadi and Needham (BAN) logic, the Scyther tool, and automated validation of internet security protocols and applications (AVISPA) that provide formal proofs for security protocols. Furthermore, our protocol can resolve disputes in case one party misbehaves.

Background: Public transport demand forecasting is the fundamental process of transport planning activity. It plays a pivotal role in the decision making, policy formulations and urban transport planning procedures. In this paper, public bus passenger demand forecasting model is developed using a novel approach. The empirical passenger demand for a bus depot is modelled and forecasted using a data-driven method. The big data generated by Electronic Ticketing Machines (ETM) used for issuing tickets and collecting fares is sourced as the data for demand modelling. This big data is time indexed and hence has the potential for use in time-series applications which were not previously explored. Objectives: This paper studies the application of time-series method for forecasting public bus passenger demand using ETM based time-series data. The time-series approach used is the four Holt-Winters’ modeling methods. Holt-Winters’ additive and multiplicative models with and without damping have been empirically compared in this study using the data from the inter-zonal buses. The data used in the study is a part of the transaction on ticket sales by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) maintained at the Trivandrum City depot of an Indian state Kerala, for the period between 2010 and 2013. The forecasting performance of four time-series models is compared using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and the model goodness of fit is determined using information criteria. Conclusion: The forecasts indicate that multiplicative models with and without damping, which better account for seasonal variations, outperform the additive models.

In this fourth industry revolution era, there are so many technologies that enable people to do their activities easily. The aim of this research was to investigate factors that influenced people to use one of technology around us, electronic ticketing system. This research uses as the indicators from Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Model which developed by Venkatesh et al (2003). The indicators used in this research were use behavior, behavioral intention, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions. This research used 5- Likert scale questionnaire and there are 218 respondents who are responds to this questionnaire. The data was analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS). The result of this research shows that performance expectancy influence behavioral intention on using electronic ticketing system. Effort expectancy also influences behavioral intention on using electronic ticketing system. Meanwhile, social influence indicator does not influence behavioral intention on using electronic ticketing system. Facilitating condition indicator influence use behavior on using electronic ticketing system, and behavioral intention itself does not influence use behavior on using electronic ticketing system. Keywords: behavioral intention, effort expectancy, facilitating condition, online ticketing, performance expectancy, social influence, use behavior, UTAUT

In our research work, we study transport card security issues. One of the questions of our study is its relevance in the world and particular in Kazakhstan. Therefore, in this work, we conducted research on the market of transport cards in the world and Kazakhstan. As part of the study, we searched for answers to the following questions: what technologies are used to accept payment by transport cards, in which countries the electronic ticketing system has been introduced, in which cities of Kazakhstan have electronic ticketing systems been implemented, what technologies are used in Kazakhstan. As a result, we showed that the popularity of using NFC payment in the world and in Kazakhstan is growing. We also analyzed the existing electronic ticketing systems in Kazakhstan, made a comparative analysis and got a comparative table.

Abstract:Electronic ticketing system is an alternative in a renewable system that is effective in implementing tickets to motorists who violate traffic. Electronic tickets are still not on target, because there are still many Indonesian people who are not ready for the progress of the system and technology. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the effectiveness of the application of the electronic ticketing system in the city of Surabaya. The application of the electronic ticket system has advantages, namely the service is simpler, faster, and easier than conventional ticketing. The result of the research shows that with the electronic ticket system there is transparency to the apparatus related to government administration activities, besides making a better police image in the eyes of the public.Keywords: Electronic Ticket, Traffic, Legal Protection Abstrak:Sistem tilang elektronik adalah sebuah alternatif dalam suatu sistem terbarukan yang efektif dalam pelaksanaan tilang kepada pengendara yang melanggar lalu lintas. Tilang elektronik masih belum tepat sasaran, karena masih banyak masyarakat Indonesia yang belum siap akan kemajuan sistem dan teknologi tersebut. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bermaksud untuk menganalisa efektivitas penerapan sistem tilang elektronik di Kota Surabaya. Penerapan sistem Tilang elektronik ini memiliki kelebihan, yaitu pelayanannya lebih sederhana, cepat, dan mudah dibandingkan tilang secara konvensional. Hasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan sistem tilang elektronik terdapat adanya transparansi kepada aparat terkait kegiatan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan, selain membuat citra kepolisian yang lebih baik di mata masyarakat.Kata Kunci: Tilang Elektronik, Lalu Lintas, Perlindungan Hukum

The main objective was to reduce the retention time at the bus stops, time for drivers’ administrative actions, fuel consumption, air pollution emissions of SO2 and to increase the solvency of the company.For the realization of the set objectives it was needed: to introduce electronic billing system with the use of contactless - chip card as a monthly ticket, all vehicles will be equipped with electronic conditions for the sale of individual tickets and recording contactless - chip card and receive training for direct partcipants. All vehicles are equipped with electronic conditions for the sale of individual tickets and recording contactless - chip card. All the participants involved in the use of electronic ticketing systems are trained and equipped with the necessary means.The result of the introduction of electronic toll collection system is to reduce: the retention time at the bus stops and to ensure good performance of administrative driver. The importance of introducing electronic toll collection system is the reduction of fuel consumption, air pollution emissions of SO2, faster handover and discharge of collected cards and increase the solvency of the company.

The use of NFC technology is growing rapidly and implemented in various applications. It aims to reduce the steps needed to perform tasks by the user in day to day operations such as payment, electronic ticketing, attendance system, and other office related tasks. In this study, university smart environment is implemented using NFC for attendance monitoring system to reduce the need of tedious tasks. The application involves several different concerns in access control and managing physical and virtual components. These concerns are studied to create an easy-used attendance monitoring system using NFC to be applied in a smart university environment. A survey is conducted to measure students and lecturers acceptance in using NFC as an attendance monitoring system. The results provide insights on students and lecturers acceptance in using this technology. Additionally, it shows that both students and lecturers agree on the NFC attendance system should be implemented to ease attendance monitoring in the university.

Our thesis is that the city’s ambience is now an unstable dialectic in which we are watchers and watched, mirrored and refracted in a landscape of iPhone auteurs, eTags, CCTV and sousveillance. Embrace ambience! Invoking Benjamin’s spirit, this article does not seek to limit understanding through restriction to a particular theme or theoretical construct (Buck-Morss 253). Instead, it offers snapshots of interactions at the dawn of the postmodern city. That bricolage also engages how people appropriate, manipulate, disrupt and divert urban spaces and strategies of power in their everyday life. Ambient information can both liberate and disenfranchise the individual. This article asks whether our era’s dialectics result in a new personhood or merely restate the traditional spectacle of ‘bright lights, big city’. Does the virtualized city result in ambient anomie and satiation or in surprise, autonomy and serendipity? (Gumpert 36) Since the steam age, ambience has been characterised in terms of urban sound, particularly the alienation attributable to the individual’s experience as a passive receptor of a cacophony of sounds – now soft, now loud, random and recurrent–from the hubbub of crowds, the crash and grind of traffic, the noise of industrial processes and domestic activity, factory whistles, fire alarms, radio, television and gramophones (Merchant 111; Thompson 6). In the age of the internet, personal devices such as digital cameras and iPhones, and urban informatics such as CCTV networks and e-Tags, ambience is interactivity, monitoring and signalling across multiple media, rather than just sound. It is an interactivity in which watchers observe the watched observing them and the watched reshape the fabric of virtualized cities merely by traversing urban precincts (Hillier 295; De Certeau 163). It is also about pervasive although unevenly distributed monitoring of individuals, using sensors that are remote to the individual (for example cameras or tag-readers mounted above highways) or are borne by the individual (for example mobile phones or badges that systematically report the location to a parent, employer or sex offender register) (Holmes 176; Savitch 130). That monitoring reflects what Doel and Clark characterized as a pervasive sense of ambient fear in the postmodern city, albeit fear that like much contemporary anxiety is misplaced–you are more at risk from intimates than from strangers, from car accidents than terrorists or stalkers–and that is ahistorical (Doel 13; Scheingold 33). Finally, it is about cooption, with individuals signalling their identity through ambient advertising: wearing tshirts, sweatshirts, caps and other apparel that display iconic faces such as Obama and Monroe or that embody corporate imagery such as the Nike ‘Swoosh’, Coca-Cola ‘Ribbon’, Linux Penguin and Hello Kitty feline (Sayre 82; Maynard 97). In the postmodern global village much advertising is ambient, rather than merely delivered to a device or fixed on a billboard. Australian cities are now seas of information, phantasmagoric environments in which the ambient noise encountered by residents and visitors comprises corporate signage, intelligent traffic signs, displays at public transport nodes, shop-window video screens displaying us watching them, and a plethora of personal devices showing everything from the weather to snaps of people in the street or neighborhood satellite maps. They are environments through which people traverse both as persons and abstractions, virtual presences on volatile digital maps and in online social networks. Spectacle, Anomie or Personhood The spectacular city of modernity is a meme of communication, cultural and urban development theory. It is spectacular in the sense that of large, artificial, even sublime. It is also spectacular because it is built around the gaze, whether the vistas of Hausmann’s boulevards, the towers of Manhattan and Chicago, the shopfront ‘sea of light’ and advertising pillars noted by visitors to Weimar Berlin or the neon ‘neo-baroque’ of Las Vegas (Schivelbusch 114; Fritzsche 164; Ndalianis 535). In the year 2010 it aspires to 2020 vision, a panoptic and panspectric gaze on the part of governors and governed alike (Kullenberg 38). In contrast to the timelessness of Heidegger’s hut and the ‘fixity’ of rural backwaters, spectacular cities are volatile domains where all that is solid continues to melt into air with the aid of jackhammers and the latest ‘new media’ potentially result in a hypereality that make it difficult to determine what is real and what is not (Wark 22; Berman 19). The spectacular city embodies a dialectic. It is anomic because it induces an alienation in the spectator, a fatigue attributable to media satiation and to a sense of being a mere cog in a wheel, a disempowered and readily-replaceable entity that is denied personhood–recognition as an autonomous individual–through subjection to a Fordist and post-Fordist industrial discipline or the more insidious imprisonment of being ‘a housewife’, one ant in a very large ant hill (Dyer-Witheford 58). People, however, are not automatons: they experience media, modernity and urbanism in different ways. The same attributes that erode the selfhood of some people enhance the autonomy and personhood of others. The spectacular city, now a matrix of digits, information flows and opportunities, is a realm in which people can subvert expectations and find scope for self-fulfillment, whether by wearing a hoodie that defeats CCTV or by using digital technologies to find and associate with other members of stigmatized affinity groups. One person’s anomie is another’s opportunity. Ambience and Virtualisation Eighty years after Fritz Lang’s Metropolis forecast a cyber-sociality, digital technologies are resulting in a ‘virtualisation’ of social interactions and cities. In post-modern cityscapes, the space of flows comprises an increasing number of electronic exchanges through physically disjointed places (Castells 2002). Virtualisation involves supplementation or replacement of face-to-face contact with hypersocial communication via new media, including SMS, email, blogging and Facebook. In 2010 your friends (or your boss or a bully) may always be just a few keystrokes away, irrespective of whether it is raining outside, there is a public transport strike or the car is in for repairs (Hassan 69; Baron 215). Virtualisation also involves an abstraction of bodies and physical movements, with the information that represents individual identities or vehicles traversing the virtual spaces comprised of CCTV networks (where viewers never encounter the person or crowd face to face), rail ticketing systems and road management systems (x e-Tag passed by this tag reader, y camera logged a specific vehicle onto a database using automated number-plate recognition software) (Wood 93; Lyon 253). Surveillant Cities Pervasive anxiety is a permanent and recurrent feature of urban experience. Often navigated by an urgency to control perceived disorder, both physically and through cultivated dominant theory (early twentieth century gendered discourses to push women back into the private sphere; ethno-racial closure and control in the Black Metropolis of 1940s Chicago), history is punctuated by attempts to dissolve public debate and infringe minority freedoms (Wilson 1991). In the Post-modern city unprecedented technological capacity generates a totalizing media vector whose plausible by-product is the perception of an ambient menace (Wark 3). Concurrent faith in technology as a cost-effective mechanism for public management (policing, traffic, planning, revenue generation) has resulted in emergence of the surveillant city. It is both a social and architectural fabric whose infrastructure is dotted with sensors and whose people assume that they will be monitored by private/public sector entities and directed by interactive traffic management systems – from electronic speed signs and congestion indicators through to rail schedule displays –leveraging data collected through those sensors. The fabric embodies tensions between governance (at its crudest, enforcement of law by police and their surrogates in private security services) and the soft cage of digital governmentality, with people being disciplined through knowledge that they are being watched and that the observation may be shared with others in an official or non-official shaming (Parenti 51; Staples 41). Encounters with a railway station CCTV might thus result in exhibition of the individual in court or on broadcast television, whether in nightly news or in a ‘reality tv’ crime expose built around ‘most wanted’ footage (Jermyn 109). Misbehaviour by a partner might merely result in scrutiny of mobile phone bills or web browser histories (which illicit content has the partner consumed, which parts of cyberspace has been visited), followed by a visit to the family court. It might instead result in digital viligilantism, with private offences being named and shamed on electronic walls across the global village, such as Facebook. iPhone Auteurism Activists have responded to pervasive surveillance by turning the cameras on ‘the watchers’ in an exercise of ‘sousveillance’ (Bennett 13; Huey 158). That mirroring might involve the meticulous documentation, often using the same geospatial tools deployed by public/private security agents, of the location of closed circuit television cameras and other surveillance devices. One outcome is the production of maps identifying who is watching and where that watching is taking place. As a corollary, people with anxieties about being surveilled, with a taste for street theatre or a receptiveness to a new form of urban adventure have used those maps to traverse cities via routes along which they cannot be identified by cameras, tags and other tools of the panoptic sort, or to simply adopt masks at particular locations. In 2020 can anyone aspire to be a protagonist in V for Vendetta? (iSee) Mirroring might take more visceral forms, with protestors for example increasingly making a practice of capturing images of police and private security services dealing with marches, riots and pickets. The advent of 3G mobile phones with a still/video image capability and ongoing ‘dematerialisation’ of traditional video cameras (ie progressively cheaper, lighter, more robust, less visible) means that those engaged in political action can document interaction with authority. So can passers-by. That ambient imaging, turning the public gaze on power and thereby potentially redefining the ‘public’ (given that in Australia the community has been embodied by the state and discourse has been mediated by state-sanctioned media), poses challenges for media scholars and exponents of an invigorated civil society in which we are looking together – and looking at each other – rather than bowling alone. One challenge for consumers in construing ambient media is trust. Can we believe what we see, particularly when few audiences have forensic skills and intermediaries such as commercial broadcasters may privilege immediacy (the ‘breaking news’ snippet from participants) over context and verification. Social critics such as Baudelaire and Benjamin exalt the flaneur, the free spirit who gazed on the street, a street that was as much a spectacle as the theatre and as vibrant as the circus. In 2010 the same technologies that empower citizen journalism and foster a succession of velvet revolutions feed flaneurs whose streetwalking doesn’t extend beyond a keyboard and a modem. The US and UK have thus seen emergence of gawker services, with new media entrepreneurs attempting to build sustainable businesses by encouraging fans to report the location of celebrities (and ideally provide images of those encounters) for the delectation of people who are web surfing or receiving a tweet (Burns 24). In the age of ambient cameras, where the media are everywhere and nowhere (and micro-stock photoservices challenge agencies such as Magnum), everyone can join the paparazzi. Anyone can deploy that ambient surveillance to become a stalker. The enthusiasm with which fans publish sightings of celebrities will presumably facilitate attacks on bodies rather than images. Information may want to be free but so, inconveniently, do iconoclasts and practitioners of participatory panopticism (Dodge 431; Dennis 348). Rhetoric about ‘citizen journalism’ has been co-opted by ‘old media’, with national broadcasters and commercial enterprises soliciting still images and video from non-professionals, whether for free or on a commercial basis. It is a world where ‘journalists’ are everywhere and where responsibility resides uncertainly at the editorial desk, able to reject or accept offerings from people with cameras but without the industrial discipline formerly exercised through professional training and adherence to formal codes of practice. It is thus unsurprising that South Australia’s Government, echoed by some peers, has mooted anti-gawker legislation aimed at would-be auteurs who impede emergency services by stopping their cars to take photos of bushfires, road accidents or other disasters. The flipside of that iPhone auteurism is anxiety about the public gaze, expressed through moral panics regarding street photography and sexting. Apart from a handful of exceptions (notably photography in the Sydney Opera House precinct, in the immediate vicinity of defence facilities and in some national parks), Australian law does not prohibit ‘street photography’ which includes photographs or videos of streetscapes or public places. Despite periodic assertions that it is a criminal offence to take photographs of people–particularly minors–without permission from an official, parent/guardian or individual there is no general restriction on ambient photography in public spaces. Moral panics about photographs of children (or adults) on beaches or in the street reflect an ambient anxiety in which danger is associated with strangers and strangers are everywhere (Marr 7; Bauman 93). That conceptualisation is one that would delight people who are wholly innocent of Judith Butler or Andrea Dworkin, in which the gaze (ever pervasive, ever powerful) is tantamount to a violation. The reality is more prosaic: most child sex offences involve intimates, rather than the ‘monstrous other’ with the telephoto lens or collection of nastiness on his iPod (Cossins 435; Ingebretsen 190). Recognition of that reality is important in considering moves that would egregiously restrict legitimate photography in public spaces or happy snaps made by doting relatives. An ambient image–unposed, unpremeditated, uncoerced–of an intimate may empower both authors and subjects when little is solid and memory is fleeting. The same caution might usefully be applied in considering alarms about sexting, ie creation using mobile phones (and access by phone or computer monitor) of intimate images of teenagers by teenagers. Australian governments have moved to emulate their US peers, treating such photography as a criminal offence that can be conceptualized as child pornography and addressed through permanent inclusion in sex offender registers. Lifelong stigmatisation is inappropriate in dealing with naïve or brash 12 and 16 year olds who have been exchanging intimate images without an awareness of legal frameworks or an understanding of consequences (Shafron-Perez 432). Cameras may be everywhere among the e-generation but legal knowledge, like the future, is unevenly distributed. Digital Handcuffs Generations prior to 2008 lost themselves in the streets, gaining individuality or personhood by escaping the surveillance inherent in living at home, being observed by neighbours or simply surrounded by colleagues. Streets offered anonymity and autonomy (Simmel 1903), one reason why heterodox sexuality has traditionally been negotiated in parks and other beats and on kerbs where sex workers ply their trade (Dalton 375). Recent decades have seen a privatisation of those public spaces, with urban planning and digital technologies imposing a new governmentality on hitherto ambient ‘deviance’ and on voyeuristic-exhibitionist practice such as heterosexual ‘dogging’ (Bell 387). That governmentality has been enforced through mechanisms such as replacement of traditional public toilets with ‘pods’ that are conveniently maintained by global service providers such as Veolia (the unromantic but profitable rump of former media & sewers conglomerate Vivendi) and function as billboards for advertising groups such as JC Decaux. Faces encountered in the vicinity of the twenty-first century pissoir are thus likely to be those of supermodels selling yoghurt, low interest loans or sportsgear – the same faces sighted at other venues across the nation and across the globe. Visiting ‘the mens’ gives new meaning to the word ambience when you are more likely to encounter Louis Vuitton and a CCTV camera than George Michael. George’s face, or that of Madonna, Barack Obama, Kevin 07 or Homer Simpson, might instead be sighted on the tshirts or hoodies mentioned above. George’s music might also be borne on the bodies of people you see in the park, on the street, or in the bus. This is the age of ambient performance, taken out of concert halls and virtualised on iPods, Walkmen and other personal devices, music at the demand of the consumer rather than as rationed by concert managers (Bull 85). The cost of that ambience, liberation of performance from time and space constraints, may be a Weberian disenchantment (Steiner 434). Technology has also removed anonymity by offering digital handcuffs to employees, partners, friends and children. The same mobile phones used in the past to offer excuses or otherwise disguise the bearer’s movement may now be tied to an observer through location services that plot the person’s movement across Google Maps or the geospatial information of similar services. That tracking is an extension into the private realm of the identification we now take for granted when using taxis or logistics services, with corporate Australia for example investing in systems that allow accurate determination of where a shipment is located (on Sydney Harbour Bridge? the loading dock? accompanying the truck driver on unauthorized visits to the pub?) and a forecast of when it will arrive (Monmonier 76). Such technologies are being used on a smaller scale to enforce digital Fordism among the binary proletariat in corporate buildings and campuses, with ‘smart badges’ and biometric gateways logging an individual’s movement across institutional terrain (so many minutes in the conference room, so many minutes in the bathroom or lingering among the faux rainforest near the Vice Chancellery) (Bolt). Bright Lights, Blog City It is a truth universally acknowledged, at least by right-thinking Foucauldians, that modernity is a matter of coercion and anomie as all that is solid melts into air. If we are living in an age of hypersocialisation and hypercapitalism – movies and friends on tap, along with the panoptic sorting by marketers and pervasive scrutiny by both the ‘information state’ and public audiences (the million people or one person reading your blog) that is an inevitable accompaniment of the digital cornucopia–we might ask whether everyone is or should be unhappy. This article began by highlighting traditional responses to the bright lights, brashness and excitement of the big city. One conclusion might be that in 2010 not much has changed. Some people experience ambient information as liberating; others as threatening, productive of physical danger or of a more insidious anomie in which personal identity is blurred by an ineluctable electro-smog. There is disagreement about the professionalism (for which read ethics and inhibitions) of ‘citizen media’ and about a culture in which, as in the 1920s, audiences believe that they ‘own the image’ embodying the celebrity or public malefactor. Digital technologies allow you to navigate through the urban maze and allow officials, marketers or the hostile to track you. Those same technologies allow you to subvert both the governmentality and governance. You are free: Be ambient! References Baron, Naomi. Always On: Language in an Online and Mobile World. New York: Oxford UP, 2008. Bauman, Zygmunt. 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