Journal articles on the topic 'Electronic sensors'
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1
Imam, Syed A., and M. R. Khan. "TGS Sensors in Electronic Nose for Multimedia Applications: A Practical Approach." Asia Pacific Business Review 3, no. 2 (July 2007): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097324700700300211.
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Multimedia systems are widely used in consumer electronics environments today, where humans can work and communicate through multi-sensory interfaces. Unfortunately smell detection and generation systems are not part of today's multimedia systems. In this paper, we propose an Electronic Nose based on TGS-822 sensors that can be used in a multimedia environment. TGS-822 sensor based electronic nose can detect a large number of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) that have some smell and will have a significantly lower cost compared to the other detection systems. The results and the calibration graph obtained for three VOCs (i.e. ethanol, acetone and benzene) with varying concentration shows that TGS 822 sensor has the potential to become a reliable instrument and can be used in an electronic nose. Therefore, the accuracy and linearity of the obtained characteristics with higher sensitivity of the proposed electronic nose based on TGS-822 sensor for the detection and determination of volatile organic compounds defines its effectiveness in a multimedia environment.
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Ehrmann, Guido, and Andrea Ehrmann. "Electronic Textiles." Encyclopedia 1, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1010013.
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Electronic textiles belong to the broader range of smart (or “intelligent”) textiles. Their “smartness” is enabled by embedded or added electronics and allows the sensing of defined parameters of their environment as well as actuating according to these sensor data. For this purpose, different sensors (e.g., temperature, strain, light sensors) and actuators (e.g., LEDs or mechanical actuators) are embedded and connected with a power supply, a data processor, and internal/external communication.
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Yang, Wen Xue, Zhe Chen, and Feng Yang. "A Survey of Sensor Technologies for Prognostics and Health Management of Electronic Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 2229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.2229.
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Recently, the field of Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) for electronic products and systems has received increasing attention due to the potentialities to provide early warning of system failures, reduce life cycle costs, and forecast maintenance as needed. This paper introduces the sensors and their sensor technologies. The required attributes of sensors for the development for PHM of electronics are discussed. Finally, their trends in sensor systems are presented.
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Liu, Enze, Zhimin Cai, Yawei Ye, Mingyue Zhou, Hui Liao, and Ying Yi. "An Overview of Flexible Sensors: Development, Application, and Challenges." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020817.
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The emergence and advancement of flexible electronics have great potential to lead development trends in many fields, such as “smart electronic skin” and wearable electronics. By acting as intermediates to detect a variety of external stimuli or physiological parameters, flexible sensors are regarded as a core component of flexible electronic systems and have been extensively studied. Unlike conventional rigid sensors requiring costly instruments and complicated fabrication processes, flexible sensors can be manufactured by simple procedures with excellent production efficiency, reliable output performance, and superior adaptability to the irregular surface of the surroundings where they are applied. Here, recent studies on flexible sensors for sensing humidity and strain/pressure are outlined, emphasizing their sensory materials, working mechanisms, structures, fabrication methods, and particular applications. Furthermore, a conclusion, including future perspectives and a short overview of the market share in this field, is given for further advancing this field of research.
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Quelennec, Aurore, Éric Duchesne, Hélène Frémont, and Dominique Drouin. "Source Separation Using Sensor’s Frequency Response: Theory and Practice on Carbon Nanotubes Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 3389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19153389.
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Nowadays, there is an increased demand in integrated sensors for electronic devices. Multi-functional sensors provide the same amount of data using fewer sensors. Carbon nanotubes are non-selectively sensitive to temperature, gas and strain. Thus, carbon nanotubes are perfect candidates to design multi-functional sensors. In our study, we are interested in a dual humidity-temperature sensor. Here, we present a novel method to differentiate at least two sources using the sensor’s frequency responses based on multiwall carbon nanotubes sensors. The experimental results demonstrate that there are temperature- or moisture-invariant frequencies of the impedance magnitude, and their values depend on the sensor’s geometry. The proposed measurement model shows that source-invariant frequencies of the phase can be also determined. In addition, the source separation method is generalized to other materials or sources enabling multi-functional sensors for environment monitoring.
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Hunter, Gary W., Philip G. Neudeck, Robert S. Okojie, Glenn M. Beheim, J. A. Powell, and Liangyu Chen. "An Overview of High-Temperature Electronics and Sensor Development at NASA Glenn Research Center." Journal of Turbomachinery 125, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1579508.
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This paper gives a brief overview of the status of high-temperature electronics and sensor development at NASA Glenn Research Center supported in part or in whole by the Ultra Efficient Engine Technology Program. These activities contribute to the long-term development of an intelligent engine by providing information on engine conditions even in high temperature, harsh environments. The technology areas discussed are: 1) high-temperature electronics, 2) sensor technology development (pressure sensor and high-temperature electronic nose), 3) packaging of harsh environment devices and sensors, and 4) improved silicon carbide electronic materials. A description of the state-of-the-art and technology challenges is given for each area. It is concluded that the realization of a future intelligent engine depends on the development of both hardware and software including electronics and sensors to make smart components. When such smart components become available, an intelligent engine composed of smart components may become a reality.title
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Xiao, Yongjun, Chao Guo, Qingdong Zeng, Zenggang Xiong, Yunwang Ge, Wenqing Chen, Jun Wan, and Bo Wang. "Electret Nanogenerators for Self-Powered, Flexible Electronic Pianos." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 4142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084142.
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Traditional electronic pianos mostly adopt a gantry type and a large number of rigid keys, and most keyboard sensors of the electronic piano require additional power supply during playing, which poses certain challenges for portable electronic products. Here, we demonstrated a fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)-based electret nanogenerator (ENG), and the output electrical performances of the ENG under different external pressures and frequencies were systematically characterized. At a fixed frequency of 4 Hz and force of 4 N with a matched load resistance of 200 MΩ, an output power density of 20.6 mW/cm2 could be achieved. Though the implementation of a signal processing circuit, ENG-based, self-powered pressure sensors have been demonstrated for self-powered, flexible electronic pianos. This work provides a new strategy for electret nanogenerators for self-powered sensor networks and portable electronics.
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Guo, Yixuan, and Gaoyang Liang. "Perceptual Feedback Mechanism Sensor Technology in e-Commerce IoT Application Research." Journal of Sensors 2021 (September 28, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3840103.
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With the development of sensor technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the trend of miniaturization of sensors has prompted the inclusion of more sensors in IoT, and the perceptual feedback mechanism among these sensors has become particularly important, thus promoting the development of multiple sensor data fusion technologies. This paper deeply analyzes and summarizes the characteristics of sensory data and the new problems faced by the processing of sensory data under the new trend of IoT, deeply studies the acquisition, storage, and query of sensory data from the sensors of IoT in e-commerce, and proposes a ubiquitous storage method for massive sensory data by combining the sensory feedback mechanism of sensors, which makes full use of the storage resources of IoT storage network elements and maximally meets the massive. In this paper, we propose a ubiquitous storage method for massive sensing data, which makes full use of the storage resources of IoT storage network elements to maximize the storage requirements of massive sensing data and achieve load-balanced data storage. In this paper, starting from the overall development of IoT in recent years, the weak link of intelligent information processing is reinforced based on the sensory feedback mechanism of sensor technology.
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Fares, Hoda, Yahya Abbass, Maurizio Valle, and Lucia Seminara. "Validation of Screen-Printed Electronic Skin Based on Piezoelectric Polymer Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041160.
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This paper proposes a validation method of the fabrication technology of a screen-printed electronic skin based on polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene P(VDF-TrFE) piezoelectric polymer sensors. This required researchers to insure, through non-direct sensor characterization, that printed sensors were working as expected. For that, we adapted an existing model to non-destructively extract sensor behavior in pure compression (i.e., the d33 piezocoefficient) by indentation tests over the skin surface. Different skin patches, designed to sensorize a glove and a prosthetic hand (11 skin patches, 104 sensors), have been tested. Reproducibility of the sensor response and its dependence upon sensor position on the fabrication substrate were examined, highlighting the drawbacks of employing large A3-sized substrates. The average value of d33 for all sensors was measured at incremental preloads (1–3 N). A systematic decrease has been checked for patches located at positions not affected by substrate shrinkage. In turn, sensor reproducibility and d33 adherence to literature values validated the e-skin fabrication technology. To extend the predictable behavior to all skin patches and thus increase the number of working sensors, the size of the fabrication substrate is to be decreased in future skin fabrication. The tests also demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed method to characterize embedded sensors which are no more accessible for direct validation.
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Park, Young-Geun, Sangil Lee, and Jang-Ung Park. "Recent Progress in Wireless Sensors for Wearable Electronics." Sensors 19, no. 20 (October 9, 2019): 4353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204353.
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The development of wearable electronics has emphasized user-comfort, convenience, security, and improved medical functionality. Several previous research studies transformed various types of sensors into a wearable form to more closely monitor body signals and enable real-time, continuous sensing. In order to realize these wearable sensing platforms, it is essential to integrate wireless power supplies and data communication systems with the wearable sensors. This review article discusses recent progress in wireless technologies and various types of wearable sensors. Also, state-of-the-art research related to the application of wearable sensor systems with wireless functionality is discussed, including electronic skin, smart contact lenses, neural interfaces, and retinal prostheses. Current challenges and prospects of wireless sensor systems are discussed.
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Liu, Ji. "Automobile Sensor Technology Development and Application Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 727-728 (January 2015): 704–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.727-728.704.
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This paper introduces the developing course of auto sensor and impetus, automotive electronic system in various sensors practical level, gives the best technical index, and the current sensor in the application of automotive electronic control system, and shows the development trend of the automotive sensors and the forecast, points out the development direction of modern sensor technology is integrated and intelligent, likely has a huge market share in the future several kinds of new sensors, and finally the development of the automotive sensors are described briefly and the market forecast.
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Klimaszewski, Jan, Krzysztof Wildner, Anna Ostaszewska-Liżewska, Michał Władziński, and Jakub Możaryn. "Robot-Based Calibration Procedure for Graphene Electronic Skin." Sensors 22, no. 16 (August 16, 2022): 6122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22166122.
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The paper describes the semi-automatised calibration procedure of an electronic skin comprising screen-printed graphene-based sensors intended to be used for robotic applications. The variability of sensitivity and load characteristics among sensors makes the practical use of the e-skin extremely difficult. As the number of active elements forming the e-skin increases, this problem becomes more significant. The article describes the calibration procedure of multiple e-skin array sensors whose parameters are not homogeneous. We describe how an industrial robot equipped with a reference force sensor can be used to automatise the e-skin calibration procedure. The proposed methodology facilitates, speeds up, and increases the repeatability of the e-skin calibration. Finally, for the chosen example of a nonhomogeneous sensor matrix, we provide details of the data preprocessing, the sensor modelling process, and a discussion of the obtained results.
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Djamal, Mitra. "Biosensor Based on Giant Magnetoresistance Material." International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications 1, no. 3 (July 2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jehmc.2010070101.
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In recent years, giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors have shown a great potential as sensing elements for biomolecule detection. The resistance of a GMR sensor changes with the magnetic field applied to the sensor, so that a magnetically labeled biomolecule can induce a signal. Compared with the traditional optical detection that is widely used in biomedicine, GMR sensors are more sensitive, portable, and give a fully electronic readout. In addition, GMR sensors are inexpensive and the fabrication is compatible with the current VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology. In this regard, GMR sensors can be easily integrated with electronics and microfluidics to detect many different analytes on a single chip. In this article, the authors demonstrate a comprehensive review on a novel approach in biosensors based on GMR material.
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Liu, Yiming, Huanxi Zheng, Ling Zhao, Shiyuan Liu, Kuanming Yao, Dengfeng Li, Chunki Yiu, et al. "Electronic Skin from High-Throughput Fabrication of Intrinsically Stretchable Lead Zirconate Titanate Elastomer." Research 2020 (October 17, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/1085417.
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Electronic skin made of thin, soft, stretchable devices that can mimic the human skin and reconstruct the tactile sensation and perception offers great opportunities for prosthesis sensing, robotics controlling, and human-machine interfaces. Advanced materials and mechanics engineering of thin film devices has proven to be an efficient route to enable and enhance flexibility and stretchability of various electronic skins; however, the density of devices is still low owing to the limitation in existing fabrication techniques. Here, we report a high-throughput one-step process to fabricate large tactile sensing arrays with a sensor density of 25 sensors/cm2 for electronic skin, where the sensors are based on intrinsically stretchable piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) elastomer. The PZT elastomer sensor arrays with great uniformity and passive-driven manner enable high-resolution tactile sensing, simplify the data acquisition process, and lower the manufacturing cost. The high-throughput fabrication process provides a general platform for integrating intrinsically stretchable materials into large area, high device density soft electronics for the next-generation electronic skin.
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Titova, Tanya, and Veselin Nachev. ""Electronic tongue" in the Food Industry." Food Science and Applied Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30721/fsab2020.v3.i1.74.
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“Electronic tongue” (e-tongue) is instrumental system are designed to crudely mimic human taste sensory organs and are composed of an array of sensors. Complex data sets from „e- tongue“ signals combined with multivariate statistics represent rapid and efficient tools for classification, recognition and identification of samples, also for the prediction of concentrations of different compounds. A wide variety of sensors can be employed into the design of these instrumental systems, especially that of „e-tongues“, offering numerous practical applications. In this study are review, characteristics of sensors and possibilities „e-tongue“ applications in the food industry.Practical applications: The “e-tongue” can be used in various applications, including on quality control in the food industry and pharmacy.
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Kravchenko, Elena I., and Victor V. Petrov. "Air Monitoring by Means of Electronic Nose." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 908–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.908.
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The problem of air quality control is relevant at the present time. There are a lot of different devices and methods of air monitoring. The promising devices for air monitoring are automated air monitoring systems functioning in real time regime. The basic part of such system is a chemical gas sensor. Gas sensors can be combined into the arrays or so called multisensor systems to increase their effectiveness. Sensor arrays using semiconductor sensors based on SnOxZrOy thin films have been investigated in this work. The recognition of ammonia, nitrogen dioxide has been made.
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Hetzroni, Amots, Denys J. Charles, Jules Janick, and James E. Simon. "Electronic Sensing of Apple Ripeness Based on Volatile Gas Emissions." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 816D—816. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.816d.
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A prototype of a nondestructive electronic sensory system (electronic sniffer) that responds to volatile gases emitted by fruit during ripening was developed. The electronic sniffer is based upon four semiconductor gas sensors designed to react with a range of reductive gases, including aromatic volatiles. In 1994, we examined the potential of using the electronic sniffer as a tool to nondestructively determine ripeness in `Golden Delicious' and `Goldrush' apples. Fruit were harvested weekly from 19 Sept. to 17 Oct. (`Golden Delicious') and 27 Sept. to 18 Nov. (`Goldrush'). Each week, apples of each cultivar were evaluated individually for skin color, weight size, and headspace volatiles. Each fruit was then evaluated by the electronic sniffer, and headspace ethylene was sampled from air within the testing box. Individual fruits were then evaluated for total soluble solids, firmness, pH, total acidity, and starch index value. The electronic sniffer was able to distinguish and accurately classify the apples into three ripeness stages (immature, ripe, and over-ripe). Improved results were obtained when multiple gas sensors were used rather than a single gas sensor.
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del Valle, Manel. "Sensor Arrays and Electronic Tongue Systems." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/986025.
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This paper describes recent work performed with electronic tongue systems utilizing electrochemical sensors. The electronic tongues concept is a new trend in sensors that uses arrays of sensors together with chemometric tools to unravel the complex information generated. Initial contributions and also the most used variant employ conventional ion selective electrodes, in which it is named potentiometric electronic tongue. The second important variant is the one that employs voltammetry for its operation. As chemometric processing tool, the use of artificial neural networks as the preferred data processing variant will be described. The use of the sensor arrays inserted in flow injection or sequential injection systems will exemplify attempts made to automate the operation of electronic tongues. Significant use of biosensors, mainly enzyme-based, to form what is already named bioelectronic tongue will be also presented. Application examples will be illustrated with selected study cases from the Sensors and Biosensors Group at the Autonomous University of Barcelona.
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TİMOÇİN, Aytül, and Özlem KAYACAN. "FABRIC BASED WEARABLE SENSOR STRUCTURES." TEXTEH Proceedings 2019 (November 5, 2019): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/tt.2019.44.
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Nowadays, the electronics are free of their rigid structures and become flexible. As a result of this structural transformation and minimization of electronic materials, they can be integrated into textiles as wearable devices. The sensors are one of the main structures of personalized wearable monitoring devices and they can be classified into physical, chemical, electrical and biological ones. The wearable electronic sensors are able to monitor majorly biomedical signals and other ambient variants. Gesture, body temperature, respiration, pulse, blood gas etc. are among the measured physiological parameters. The other monitored parameters can be defined as environmental variants such as ambient temperature, humidity, sound, gas etc. Different types of textile based sensors are used in wearable personalized devices using different conductive materials in order to measure the vital parameters. Metal coated fabrics, fibres containing metals or metal based additives, knitted and woven structures produced by using conductive yarns etc. can be used as textile based sensors. These sensor structures can be used in several fields such as medical, sport, artistic communities, military and aerospace. In this paper fabric, based wearable sensor types will be reviewed and a lso it will be focused on the recent advances in the field of these sensors and their usage areas.
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Hasegawa, Hiroaki, Yosuke Suzuki, Aiguo Ming, Masatoshi Ishikawa, and Makoto Shimojo. "Robot Hand Whose Fingertip Covered with Net-Shape Proximity Sensor - Moving Object Tracking Using Proximity Sensing -." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 23, no. 3 (June 20, 2011): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2011.p0328.
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Occlusion in several millimeters from an object to be grasped made it difficult for a vision-sensor-based approach to detect relative positioning between this object and robot fingers joint grasping. The proximity sensor we proposed detects the object at a near range very effectively. We developed a thin proximity sensor sheet to cover the 3 fingers of a robot hand. Integrating sensors and hand control, we implemented an objecttracking controller. Using proximity sensory signals, the controller coordinates wrist positioning based on palm proximity sensors and grasping from fingertip sensors, enabling us to track and capture moving objects.
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Gorban, M. V., and E. A. Pavlenko. "EVALUATION METHODS AND WAYS OF IMPROVING THE OPERATIONAL DEPENDABILITY OF MASS AIRFLOW SENSORS IN ENGINES." Dependability 17, no. 4 (November 22, 2017): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2017-17-4-44-48.
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The design of today’s car engine electronic control system practically always includes an engine load sensor. Normally, its role is played by the intake manifold absolute pressure sensor or the mass airflow sensor. Film mass airflow sensors are the most common ones. The sensor is installed in the intake between the air filter and the throttle plate of the engine intake manifold. In the process of operation the sensor is exposed to pollution and ageing of the gauging element due to interaction with dust particles and motor oil fumes in the airflow. That causes the output signal to deviate from the reference values and consequently inaccurate calculation of the fuel blend composition by the electronic engine control system. Given the design of the sensors, they cannot be repaired and are replaced with new ones. A new sensor is quite costly. Given the above, it is obvious that the subject is of relevance. The aim of the paper is to find methods of evaluation and ways of improving the operational dependability of film mass airflow sensors installed in modern automobiles. The evaluation of sensor operability is based on the voltage of the sensor output signal. Using a diagnostic scanner plugged into the automobile’s diagnostics port in the analog-to-digital converter channel viewing mode the voltage of the sensor output signal is recorded, the fuel blend long-lasting correction factor is evaluated, and the presence of error codes associated with the malfunction of mass airflow sensor in the memory of electronic control unit is verified. A digital oscilloscope is used for measuring the voltage at the moment of ignition lock activation and the resting voltage at zero airflow, as well as the transient time. Based on the obtained findings it becomes obvious that the operational dependability of such sensors can only be improved by correcting the calibration tables of the mass airflow sensor stored in the memory of the engine control unit. Using a mass airflow sensor test stand, input data is prepared for the correction procedure. The reference and tested sensors are installed on the same vacuum pump nozzle, and the airflow rate is changed gradually. Under a fixed airflow rate the sensors’ output voltage is measured. The resulting data is summarized in a table and processed with the Chip Tuning PRO calibration software. As can be seen, one of the causes of the loss of the sensors’ operational dependability is the pollution of the sensing element. The layer of pollution on the sensing element reduces the coefficient of heat transmission between the airflow and the sensor’s gauging element. Based on the conducted research, the paper presents the results of changing sensor output signal in operation as compared to the reference values, suggests a method of correction of the calibration table of mass airflow sensor parameters in the engine control program stored in the memory of the electronic control unit, provides recommendations regarding the methods of evaluation and ways of improving the sensors’ operational dependability.
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Wang, Jin, Cheng Zhang, Meizhuo Chang, Wei He, Xiaohui Lu, Shaomei Fei, and Guodong Lu. "Optimization of Electronic Nose Sensor Array for Tea Aroma Detecting Based on Correlation Coefficient and Cluster Analysis." Chemosensors 9, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9090266.
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The electronic nose system is widely used in tea aroma detecting, and the sensor array plays a fundamental role for obtaining good results. Here, a sensor array optimization (SAO) method based on correlation coefficient and cluster analysis (CA) is proposed. First, correlation coefficient and distinguishing performance value (DPV) are calculated to eliminate redundant sensors. Then, the sensor independence is obtained through cluster analysis and the number of sensors is confirmed. Finally, the optimized sensor array is constructed. According to the results of the proposed method, sensor array for green tea (LG), fried green tea (LF) and baked green tea (LB) are constructed, and validation experiments are carried out. The classification accuracy using methods of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) based on the average value (LDA-ave) combined with nearest-neighbor classifier (NNC) can almost reach 94.44~100%. When the proposed method is used to discriminate between various grades of West Lake Longjing tea, LF can show comparable performance to that of the German PEN2 electronic nose. The electronic nose SAO method proposed in this paper can effectively eliminate redundant sensors and improve the quality of original tea aroma data. With fewer sensors, the optimized sensor array contributes to the miniaturization and cost reduction of the electronic nose system.
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Lavanya, S., and V. Krishna Murthy. "Suitability of Electronic Nose as a Reflective Tool to the Measurement of Soil Fertility Factors." Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 13, no. 2 (October 8, 2018): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v13i2.21282.
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Humic Acid (HA) and Fulvic Acid (FA) contribute prominently to soil fertility. They are aromatic in nature and hence can be determined by sensory array. This is apparently the first report on the employment of Electronic nose (E-nose) to detect HA and FA extracted from soil. The aim was to evaluate the E-nose sensor response to HA and FA chemically extracted from different agricultural soils. Humic acid and Fulvic acid were extracted from collected agricultural soils and the aroma was measured by E-nose from each of the seven soils. Their presence was confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy. The Norm Aroma Index (NAI) was measured for: soil, soil after heat treatment, heat treated soil amended with extracted HA, heat treated soil amended with extracted FA, extracted HA and extracted FA. The NAI values were descending in the order: heat treated soil amended with extracted HA/FA, extracted HA/FA, soil (untreated) and heat treated soil. This indicates that HA and FA are detected by E-nose. It was also observed that the most sensitive sensors were 2, 3, 4, 8 and 5 for all agricultural soils tested. Out of the eight sensors in the sensory array of E-nose, above mentioned sensors consistently exhibited high response and these sensors when customized into a small unit may act as a soil fertility tester.Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and TechnologyVol. 13, No. 2, 2017, page: 39-47
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Maolanon, Rungroj, Winadda Wongwiriyapan, and Sirapat Pratontep. "Quality Control of Orange Juice Using Electronic Nose." Advanced Materials Research 1131 (December 2015): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1131.242.
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Applications of electronic noses to classify the freshness of food and beverages by mimicking the olfactory perception are becoming widely recognized in food industries. For pasteurized orange juice, packaging and shelf-life are key factors for the quality control, which are generally inspected by the sensory stability and quality (odor, color, texture and taste) of the orange juice. An electronic nose based on five different commercial metal oxide gas sensors, a temperature sensor and a humidity sensor has been designed and constructed to examine the quality of orange juice as subjected to the fermentation process. The duration for a single measurement from an orange juice sample was approximately two minutes. The data acquisition of the voltage responses of the gas sensors were achieved via a microcontroller unit. The data classification was statistically analyzed by the “Principal Component Analysis (PCA)”. The Euclidean distance between two PCA groups was used as an indicator of ethanol concentration. The orange juice was laced with various concentrations of ethanol from 0.1 to 1.0% ethanol to simulate fermented orange juice at different stages. The objective was to characterize the freshness of orange juice by means of the ethanol level from the fermentation process. The results show a distinctive classification of the orange juice for an alcohol concentration lower than 0.1%. Thus the electronic nose offers a rapid, highly sensitive alternative for the quality control process.
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Oh, Hyeon Seok, Chung Hyeon Lee, Na Kyoung Kim, Taechang An, and Geon Hwee Kim. "Review: Sensors for Biosignal/Health Monitoring in Electronic Skin." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152478.
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Skin is the largest sensory organ and receives information from external stimuli. Human body signals have been monitored using wearable devices, which are gradually being replaced by electronic skin (E-skin). We assessed the basic technologies from two points of view: sensing mechanism and material. Firstly, E-skins were fabricated using a tactile sensor. Secondly, E-skin sensors were composed of an active component performing actual functions and a flexible component that served as a substrate. Based on the above fabrication processes, the technologies that need more development were introduced. All of these techniques, which achieve high performance in different ways, are covered briefly in this paper. We expect that patients’ quality of life can be improved by the application of E-skin devices, which represent an applied advanced technology for real-time bio- and health signal monitoring. The advanced E-skins are convenient and suitable to be applied in the fields of medicine, military and environmental monitoring.
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Mujeeb-U-Rahman, Muhammad, Dvin Adalian, and Axel Scherer. "Fabrication of Patterned Integrated Electrochemical Sensors." Journal of Nanotechnology 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/467190.
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Fabrication of integrated electrochemical sensors is an important step towards realizing fully integrated and truly wireless platforms for many local, real-time sensing applications. Micro/nanoscale patterning of small area electrochemical sensor surfaces enhances the sensor performance to overcome the limitations resulting from their small surface area and thus is the key to the successful miniaturization of integrated platforms. We have demonstrated the microfabrication of electrochemical sensors utilizing top-down lithography and etching techniques on silicon and CMOS substrates. This choice of fabrication avoids the need of bottom-up techniques that are not compatible with established methods for fabricating electronics (e.g., CMOS) which form the industrial basis of most integrated microsystems. We present the results of applying microfabricated sensors to various measurement problems, with special attention to their use for continuous DNA and glucose sensing. Our results demonstrate the advantages of using micro- and nanofabrication techniques for the miniaturization and optimization of modern sensing platforms that employ well-established electronic measurement techniques.
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Cui, Yue. "Wireless Biological Electronic Sensors." Sensors 17, no. 10 (October 9, 2017): 2289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17102289.
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He, Qiyuan, Shixin Wu, Zongyou Yin, and Hua Zhang. "Graphene-based electronic sensors." Chemical Science 3, no. 6 (2012): 1764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2sc20205k.
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Kabiri Ameri, Shideh, Rebecca Ho, Hongwoo Jang, Li Tao, Youhua Wang, Liu Wang, David M. Schnyer, Deji Akinwande, and Nanshu Lu. "Graphene Electronic Tattoo Sensors." ACS Nano 11, no. 8 (July 27, 2017): 7634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02182.
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Willner, Itamar, and Maya Zayats. "Electronic Aptamer-Based Sensors." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 46, no. 34 (August 27, 2007): 6408–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200604524.
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Lau, Yewah F., Mark L. Gleason, Narjess Zriba, S. Elwynn Taylor, and Paul N. Hinz. "Effects of Coating, Deployment Angle, and Compass Orientation on Performance of Electronic Wetness Sensors During Dew Periods." Plant Disease 84, no. 2 (February 2000): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.2.192.
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Response of electronic, printed-circuit wetness sensors was compared to visual observations of free water on processing-tomato leaflets during 13 dew-onset and 11 dew-dryoff events. Deployment angle and painting of the sensor surface significantly (P < 0.01) influenced the mean absolute time difference between observation of the first wet or dry leaflet at the top of the tomato canopy and the start of sensor response (kΩ) to dew onset or dryoff, respectively. Compass orientation of painted sensors deployed at 45° to horizontal had no significant effect on response to dew onset or dryoff. For sensors deployed at 45° during dew onset, mean absolute time difference between the first observed wet leaflet and the start of unpainted sensor response was 4.00 h, compared to 0.58 and 1.09 h for sensors with three and nine coats of paint, respectively. At deployment angles of 30 or 0°, paint coating had a lesser influence on time differences between visual observation and sensor response to dew onset. During dew dryoff, absolute time differences between visual confirmation of the first dry leaflet and the start of sensor response were ≤1.03 h for all sensors. Trends were similar when the visual observation criterion was 50% wet or dry leaflets during dew onset or dryoff, respectively, rather than first wet or dry leaflet. Standard deviation of sensor response during dew onset was generally larger for unpainted sensors than for sensors with three coats of paint, especially when deployed at a 45° angle. The apparent temperature of unpainted sensors at 0 or 30° deployment angles decreased much more rapidly during the period preceding dew onset than for painted sensors at the same deployment angles, whose apparent temperatures cooled at rates similar to those of tomato leaflets positioned at these angles. The results indicate that deployment angle can significantly affect accuracy and precision of dew-duration measurements by unpainted, but not painted, electronic wetness sensors.
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Walczak, S., and M. Sibiński. "Flexible, textronic temperature sensors, based on carbon nanostructures." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2014-0082.
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Abstract The paper presents a comparative analysis of two types of flexible temperature sensors, made of carbon-based nanostructures composites. These sensors were fabricated by a low-cost screen-printing method, which qualifies them to large scale, portable consumer electronic products. Results of examined measurements show the possibility of application for thick film devices, especially dedicated to wearable electronics, also known as a textronics. Apart from general characterisation, the influence of technological processes on specific sensor parameters were examined, particulary the value of the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and its stability during the device bending.
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Vu, Chi Cuong, and Jooyong Kim. "Highly Sensitive E-Textile Strain Sensors Enhanced by Geometrical Treatment for Human Monitoring." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 2383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082383.
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Electronic textiles, also known as smart textiles or smart fabrics, are one of the best form factors that enable electronics to be embedded in them, presenting physical flexibility and sizes that cannot be achieved with other existing electronic manufacturing techniques. As part of smart textiles, e-sensors for human movement monitoring have attracted tremendous interest from researchers in recent years. Although there have been outstanding developments, smart e-textile sensors still present significant challenges in sensitivity, accuracy, durability, and manufacturing efficiency. This study proposes a two-step approach (from structure layers and shape) to actively enhance the performance of e-textile strain sensors and improve manufacturing ability for the industry. Indeed, the fabricated strain sensors based on the silver paste/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) layers and buffer cutting lines have fast response time, low hysteresis, and are six times more sensitive than SWCNT sensors alone. The e-textile sensors are integrated on a glove for monitoring the angle of finger motions. Interestingly, by attaching the sensor to the skin of the neck, the pharynx motions when speaking, coughing, and swallowing exhibited obvious and consistent signals. This research highlights the effect of the shapes and structures of e-textile strain sensors in the operation of a wearable e-textile system. This work also is intended as a starting point that will shape the standardization of strain fabric sensors in different applications.
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Shimojima, Koji, Toshio Fukuda, Fumihito Arai, and Hideo Matsuura. "Multi-Sensor Integration System utilizing Fuzzy Inference and Neural Network." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 4, no. 5 (October 20, 1992): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1992.p0416.
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Sensors are important for recognizing the system state environmental status in the intelligent robotic system. Thus, the sensor integration system (SIS) has been studied in a wide range of applications. In this paper, it is shown that the SIS can expand the measurable region of sensors with higher accuracy by multiple sensors and that operators can use the system as easily as a single high-performance sensor system. Systems which have been reported so far do not have flexibility for changing/replacing sensors. Thus, this paper presents an approach to the SIS with the knowledge data base of sensors, so the proposed SIS has the flexibility for changing/replacing sensors. This system consists of four subsystems: 1) sensors as hardware sensing devices, 2) knowledge data base of sensors (KBS), 3) fuzzy inference, and 4) neural network(NN). This system can estimate the error for the sensor’s measured value by fuzzy inference with KBS. The measured values are integrated by NN. The inferred error and measured value are put into NN. Then, NN’s output gives the integrated value of multiple sensors. The proposed system is shown to be effective through extensive experiments.
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Zhang, Yuxin, Pari Delir Haghighi, Frada Burstein, Lim Wei Yap, Wenlong Cheng, Lina Yao, and Flavia Cicuttini. "Electronic Skin Wearable Sensors for Detecting Lumbar–Pelvic Movements." Sensors 20, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051510.
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Background: A nanomaterial-based electronic-skin (E-Skin) wearable sensor has been successfully used for detecting and measuring body movements such as finger movement and foot pressure. The ultrathin and highly sensitive characteristics of E-Skin sensor make it a suitable alternative for continuously out-of-hospital lumbar–pelvic movement (LPM) monitoring. Monitoring these movements can help medical experts better understand individuals’ low back pain experience. However, there is a lack of prior studies in this research area. Therefore, this paper explores the potential of E-Skin sensors to detect and measure the anatomical angles of lumbar–pelvic movements by building a linear relationship model to compare its performance to clinically validated inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based sensing system (ViMove). Methods: The paper first presents a review and classification of existing wireless sensing technologies for monitoring of body movements, and then it describes a series of experiments performed with E-Skin sensors for detecting five standard LPMs including flexion, extension, pelvic tilt, lateral flexion, and rotation, and measure their anatomical angles. The outputs of both E-Skin and ViMove sensors were recorded during each experiment and further analysed to build the comparative models to evaluate the performance of detecting and measuring LPMs. Results: E-Skin sensor outputs showed a persistently repeating pattern for each movement. Due to the ability to sense minor skin deformation by E-skin sensor, its reaction time in detecting lumbar–pelvic movement is quicker than ViMove by ~1 s. Conclusions: E-Skin sensors offer new capabilities for detecting and measuring lumbar–pelvic movements. They have lower cost compared to commercially available IMU-based systems and their non-invasive highly stretchable characteristic makes them more comfortable for long-term use. These features make them a suitable sensing technology for developing continuous, out-of-hospital real-time monitoring and management systems for individuals with low back pain.
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Borowik, Piotr, Tomasz Grzywacz, Rafał Tarakowski, Miłosz Tkaczyk, Sławomir Ślusarski, Valentyna Dyshko, and Tomasz Oszako. "Development of a Low-Cost Electronic Nose with an Open Sensor Chamber: Application to Detection of Ciboria batschiana." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020627.
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In the construction of electronic nose devices, two groups of measurement setups could be distinguished when we take into account the design of electronic nose chambers. The simpler one consists of placing the sensors directly in the environment of the measured gas, which has an important advantage, in that the composition of the gas is not changed as the gas is not diluted. However, that has an important drawback in that it is difficult to clean sensors between measurement cycles. The second, more advanced construction, contains a pneumatic system transporting the gas inside a specially designed sensor chamber. A new design of an electronic nose gas sensor chamber is proposed, which consists of a sensor chamber with a sliding chamber shutter, equipped with a simple pneumatic system for cleaning the air. The proposal combines the advantages of both approaches to the sensor chamber designs. The sensors can be effectively cleared by the flow of clean air, while the measurements are performed in the open state when the sensors are directly exposed to the measured gas. Airflow simulations were performed to confirm the efficiency of clean air transport used for sensors’ cleaning. The demonstrated electronic nose applies eight Figaro Co. MOS TGS series sensors, in which a transient response caused by a change of the exposition to measured gas, and change of heater voltage, was collected. The new electronic nose was tested as applied to the differentiation between the samples of Ciboria batschiana fungi, which is one of the most harmful pathogens of stored acorns. The samples with various coverage, thus various concentrations of the studied odor, were measured. The tested device demonstrated low noise and a good level of repetition of the measurements, with stable results during several hours of repetitive measurements during an experiment lasting five consecutive days. The obtained data allowed complete differentiation between healthy and infected samples.
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Zhang, Jing-Wen, Lei-Qing Pan, and Kang Tu. "Growth Prediction of the Total Bacterial Count in Freshly Squeezed Strawberry Juice during Cold Storage Using Electronic Nose and Electronic Tongue." Sensors 22, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 8205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218205.
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The growth models of total bacterial count in freshly squeezed strawberry juice were established by gas and taste sensors in this paper. By selecting the optimal sensors and fusing the response values, the Modified Gompertz, Logistic, Huang and Baranyi models were used to predict and simulate the growth of bacteria. The results showed that the R2 values for fitting the growth model of total bacterial count of the sensor S7 (an electronic nose sensor), of sweetness and of the principal components scores were 0.890–0.944, 0.861–0.885 and 0.954–0.964, respectively. The correlation coefficients, or R-values, between models fitted by the response values and total bacterial count ranged from 0.815 to 0.999. A single system of electronic nose (E-nose) or electronic tongue (E-tongue) sensors could be used to predict the total bacterial count in freshly squeezed strawberry juice during cold storage, while the higher rate was gained by the combination of these two systems. The fusion of E-nose and E-tongue had the best fitting-precision in predicting the total bacterial count in freshly squeezed strawberry juice during cold storage. This study proved that it was feasible to predict the growth of bacteria in freshly squeezed strawberry juice using E-nose and E-tongue sensors.
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Kim, Hojoong, Shinjae Kwon, Young-Tae Kwon, and Woon-Hong Yeo. "Soft Wireless Bioelectronics and Differential Electrodermal Activity for Home Sleep Monitoring." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020354.
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Sleep is an essential element to human life, restoring the brain and body from accumulated fatigue from daily activities. Quantitative monitoring of daily sleep quality can provide critical feedback to evaluate human health and life patterns. However, the existing sleep assessment system using polysomnography is not available for a home sleep evaluation, while it requires multiple sensors, tabletop electronics, and sleep specialists. More importantly, the mandatory sleep in a designated lab facility disrupts a subject’s regular sleep pattern, which does not capture one’s everyday sleep behaviors. Recent studies report that galvanic skin response (GSR) measured on the skin can be one indicator to evaluate the sleep quality daily at home. However, the available GSR detection devices require rigid sensors wrapped on fingers along with separate electronic components for data acquisition, which can interrupt the normal sleep conditions. Here, we report a new class of materials, sensors, electronics, and packaging technologies to develop a wireless, soft electronic system that can measure GSR on the wrist. The single device platform that avoids wires, rigid sensors, and straps offers the maximum comfort to wear on the skin and minimize disruption of a subject’s sleep. A nanomaterial GSR sensor, printed on a soft elastomeric membrane, can have intimate contact with the skin to reduce motion artifact during sleep. A multi-layered flexible circuit mounted on top of the sensor provides a wireless, continuous, real-time recording of GSR to classify sleep stages, validated by the direct comparison with the standard method that measures other physiological signals. Collectively, the soft bioelectronic system shows great potential to be working as a portable, at-home sensor system for assessing sleep quality before a hospital visit.
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MOKWA, WILFRIED. "ADVANCED SENSORS AND MICROSYSTEMS ON SOI." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 10, no. 01 (March 2000): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156400000180.
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In the recent decade microsystem technologies (MST) have become a very important field. A lot of miniaturized sensors and microsystems based on silicon technologies have been developed and are in production now. Airbag control for example is mostly based on silicon acceleration sensors. Besides the existing products new products are emerging like drug delivery systems, labs on chip for DNA-analysis or electronic noses. Using SOI new sensor and actuator concepts have become possible. Dielectric insulation offers new possibilities concerning mechanical, thermal or electrical behavior. Microsensors for high temperature application including CMOS electronics are under development. This paper concentrates on SOI with silicon dioxide as insulating material. It will give examples of sensing and actuating devices based on SIMOX and on bonded wafer technology. In addition an example of a more complex microsystem, a retina implant system, will be given.
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Kinkeldei, Thomas, Giorgio Mattana, David Leuenberger, C. Ataman, F. Molina Lopez, A. Vasquez Quintero, Danick Briand, G. Nisato, N. F. de Rooij, and G. Tröster. "Feasibility of Printing Woven Humidity and Temperature Sensors for the Integration into Electronic Textiles." Advances in Science and Technology 80 (September 2012): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.80.77.
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We demonstrate a woven textile with an integrated humidity and temperature sensor on flexible PI substrates. We discuss the fabrication process of the smart textile and compare two methods of sensor fabrication, first conventional photo lithography and second printing using ink jet. The humidity sensor is based on a capacitive interdigitated transducer covered with a sensing layer while the temperature sensor is made of a resistive metallic meander. An encapsulation method protecting the sensors during dicing, weaving and operation has been successfully implemented. The fabricated structures are tested to bending strain, a main source of failure during the fabrication of textiles. We were able to bend bare electrodes and complete sensors down to a minimal bending radius of 100 μm without loss of functionality. The woven temperature sensor has a temperature coefficient of 0.0027 /°C for lithography made and 0.0029 /°C for printed sensors. The humidity sensor shows a repeatable behaviour in the tested humidity range between 20 to 70 %RH. The weaving process does not damage or change the behaviour of the fabricated sensors. This contribution will highlight the challenges and promises of printing and laminating processes for the large scale fabrication of smart polymeric stripes to be woven into textiles.
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Harnett, Cindy. "Making Soft Optical Sensors More Wearable." MRS Advances 5, no. 18-19 (2020): 1017–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.64.
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ABSTRACTThis paper discusses new components and approaches to make stretchable optical fiber sensors better meet the power and washability requirements of wearables. First, an all-polymer quick connector allows the light source and photosensor to be quickly detached for washing. Second, the paper investigates the possibility of driving the sensors using ambient light instead of an onboard light source. While optical strain sensors and touch sensors have advantages over electronic ones in wet environments, and the intrinsic stretchability of the fibers is useful for soft robotics and highly conformal wearables, the typical light-emitting diode (LED) light source consumes more power than an electronic resistive or capacitive strain sensor. In this work, ambient light of uniform but unknown intensity is demonstrated to drive an elastomeric optical touch sensor in a differential configuration.
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Yao, Haicheng, Weidong Yang, Wen Cheng, Yu Jun Tan, Hian Hian See, Si Li, Hashina Parveen Anwar Ali, Brian Z. H. Lim, Zhuangjian Liu, and Benjamin C. K. Tee. "Near–hysteresis-free soft tactile electronic skins for wearables and reliable machine learning." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 41 (September 28, 2020): 25352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010989117.
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Electronic skins are essential for real-time health monitoring and tactile perception in robots. Although the use of soft elastomers and microstructures have improved the sensitivity and pressure-sensing range of tactile sensors, the intrinsic viscoelasticity of soft polymeric materials remains a long-standing challenge resulting in cyclic hysteresis. This causes sensor data variations between contact events that negatively impact the accuracy and reliability. Here, we introduce the Tactile Resistive Annularly Cracked E-Skin (TRACE) sensor to address the inherent trade-off between sensitivity and hysteresis in tactile sensors when using soft materials. We discovered that piezoresistive sensors made using an array of three-dimensional (3D) metallic annular cracks on polymeric microstructures possess high sensitivities (> 107Ω ⋅ kPa−1), low hysteresis (2.99 ± 1.37%) over a wide pressure range (0–20 kPa), and fast response (400 Hz). We demonstrate that TRACE sensors can accurately detect and measure the pulse wave velocity (PWV) when skin mounted. Moreover, we show that these tactile sensors when arrayed enabled fast reliable one-touch surface texture classification with neuromorphic encoding and deep learning algorithms.
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Gongora, Andres, Javier Monroy, and Javier Gonzalez-Jimenez. "An Electronic Architecture for Multipurpose Artificial Noses." Journal of Sensors 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5427693.
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This paper deals with the design of an electronic device aimed at the detection and characterization of volatile chemical substances, that is, an electronic nose (e-nose). We pursue the development of a versatile, multipurpose e-nose that can be employed for a wide variety of applications, can integrate heterogeneous sensing technologies, and can offer a mechanism to be customized for different requirements. To that end, we contribute with a fully configurable and decentralized e-nose architecture based on self-contained and intelligent sensor boards (i.e., modules). This design allows for the integration not only of heterogeneous gas sensor technologies, like MOX and AEC sensors, but also of other components, such as GPS or Bluetooth, for a total of up to 127 individual modules. We describe an implementation of a fully operative prototype as an illustrative example of its potential for sensor networks, mobile robotics, and wearable technologies, each using different combinations of sensors.
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Yntema, Doekle R., and Caspar V. C. Geelen. "Electronic Technology for Wastewater Treatment and Clean Water Production." Water 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14081276.
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Water is essential for society. Due to excellent distribution systems for clean drinking water and wastewater, safe and reliable water transport is guaranteed. However, due to ageing network conditions, there is a need for extensive network monitoring and replacement strategies. There is a high demand for good insight into water mains and water distribution systems. A promising way to monitor our water transport involves various types of novel sensors, including strategies for the smart placement of these sensors, maximizing performance while minimizing costs. Furthermore, processing the increasingly large amount of sensor data can be done using Artificial Intelligence and sensor fusion techniques, yielding vastly increased information about the distribution mains.
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Lu, Yao, Xinyu Qu, Wen Zhao, Yanfang Ren, Weili Si, Wenjun Wang, Qian Wang, Wei Huang, and Xiaochen Dong. "Highly Stretchable, Elastic, and Sensitive MXene-Based Hydrogel for Flexible Strain and Pressure Sensors." Research 2020 (July 14, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/2038560.
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Electronic skin is driving the next generation of cutting-edge wearable electronic products due to its good wearability and high accuracy of information acquisition. However, it remains a challenge to fulfill the requirements on detecting full-range human activities with existing flexible strain sensors. Herein, highly stretchable, sensitive, and multifunctional flexible strain sensors based on MXene- (Ti3C2Tx-) composited poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone double-network hydrogels were prepared. The uniformly distributed hydrophilic MXene nanosheets formed a three-dimensional conductive network throughout the hydrogel, endowing the flexible sensor with high sensitivity. The strong interaction between the double-network hydrogel matrix and MXene greatly improved the mechanical properties of the hydrogels. The resulting nanocomposited hydrogels featured great tensile performance (2400%), toughness, and resilience. Particularly, the as-prepared flexible pressure sensor revealed ultrahigh sensitivity (10.75 kPa-1) with a wide response range (0-61.5 kPa), fast response (33.5 ms), and low limit of detection (0.87 Pa). Moreover, the hydrogel-based flexible sensors, with high sensitivity and durability, could be employed to monitor full-range human motions and assembled into some aligned devices for subtle pressure detection, providing enormous potential in facial expression and phonation recognition, handwriting verification, healthy diagnosis, and wearable electronics.
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Mikhailov, S. A., and I. M. Vikulin. "ELECTRONIC THERMOSENSORS FOR UNMANNED SHIPS." Shipping & Navigation 33, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31653/2306-5761.33.2022.79-86.
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The article deals with temperature sensors, the operation of which is based on the use of a change of voltage on a p-n junction of the semiconductor transistor at the set direct current. It sets out the theoretical justification for requirements for the structure of diodes and transistors used as temperature sensors. It is shown that for the improvement of thermometric parameters of sensors it is necessary to use transistors made of high-resistivity silicon with a thin base and small concentration of basic admixture. The task of creating fully electronic automatic measuring devices for control of the environment and mechanisms temperature is especially relevant for autonomous ships without a crew. The feature of the implementation of such a task is that initial signals of measuring devices must be only electric, electronic, and consistent with the systems of transmission of the coastal centres that manage autonomous ships. Electronic temperature sensors will become an obligatory part of future autonomous ships without a crew. They will be able not only to replace classic temperature measuring devices but also will allow, in real-time, to operatively inform the operators of coastal ship management centres of the current situation allowing taking necessary decisions about providing safety of navigation. Keywords: automatic ships, electronics data transmit, electronics thermosensors, safety of navigation, navigation, unmanned ships.
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Ogorodnik, V., J. Kleperis, I. Taivans, N. Jurka, and M. Bukovskis. "Electronic Nose for Identification of Lung Diseases." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 45, no. 5 (January 1, 2008): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10047-008-0026-2.
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Electronic Nose for Identification of Lung DiseasesIn the paper, the authors analyze the preliminary results of testing a classical gas sensing instrument - the electronic nose (a metal oxide transistor sensor of chemical substances) in a hospital where patients with different lung diseases are treated. To reveal the correlation between the amplitudes of the sensor's responses and the patients' diagnoses, different statistical analysis methods have been used. It is shown that the lung cancer can easily be discriminated from other lung diseases if short breath sampling and analysis time (less than 1 min) is used in the test. Volatiles obtained from a breath sample of a patient with lung cancer give the major contribution to the responses of different e-nose sensors, so in these cases highly precise identification could be achieved.
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Riedesel, Mark A., John A. Orcutt, and Robert D. Moore. "Limits of sensitivity of inertial seismometers with velocity transducers and electronic amplifiers." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 80, no. 6A (December 1, 1990): 1725–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa08006a1725.
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Abstract Portable instruments such as ocean bottom seismographs and the PASSCAL recorders often use rugged, portable geophones. The desire to use such sensors for relatively low-frequency work has raised questions about the limits of their sensitivity. The lower and upper frequency limits of performance of seismic sensors are determined by the sensor's mass, period, and Q, and by the amplifiers used with those sensors. We have tested Mark Products 1 Hz, 2 Hz, and 4.5 Hz velocity transducers against Streckeisen seismometers in order to examine the limits of their performance in measuring ground noise, particularly at low frequencies. Among the velocity transducers, only the 1 Hz Mark Products L-4 sensor provided good resolution of the 6-sec microseism peak. For this sensor, the lower limits of sensitivity was at approximately 0.06 Hz, although this depends on the amplifier used and the noise level at a given site. The amplifiers examined included conventional, low power, and commutating auto-zero operational amplifiers. It was found that the noise levels of the amplifiers intersected the ground noise level at frequencies ranging between 0.06 and 0.2 sec, depending on the amplifier and the exact circuit design. Measurements indicated that by modeling the amplifier noise for a given circuit correctly, the performance of an amplifier can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy, obviating the need for actual circuit construction to determine performance in the field. Given the very steep slope of the ground noise spectrum between 0.05 and 0.1 Hz and the rapid fall off in a seismometer's output below its resonant frequency, it would require a lowering of amplifier noise by more than an order of magnitude to be able to resolve ground noise at frequencies lower than 0.05 Hz using relatively small geophones such as the L-4. To resolve ground noise at lower frequencies, it is necessary to use a seismometer with a displacement transducer to sense the mass position, such as Guralp or Streckeisen sensors.
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Sihombing, Yuan alfinsyah, and Muhammad Dennis Herlambang. "Detection and Extraction of Aroma Characteristics of Fuel Oil Using Gas Sensors Through Electronic-Nose System." Journal of Technomaterial Physics 4, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jotp.v4i2.9440.
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Fuel oil is an indispensable strategic source of energy for the fuel of vehicles and other engines. This study aims to detect and differentiate fuel oil using an electronic-nose system. The fuel oil used is Pertalite, Pertamax, and Pertamax Turbo. Four gas sensors are used, namely MQ 4, MQ 7, MQ 9, and MQ 136. The average output voltage values of Pertalite, Pertamax, and Pertamax Turbo fuel oil for MQ 4 sensors are 1.07 V, 1.22 V, and 0.96 V. For MQ 7 sensors, the output voltage values of the samples are 1.44 V, 1.43 V, and 1.37 V, respectively. For the MQ 9 gas sensor, the sample output voltage values are 1.23 V, 1.43 V, and 1.09 V. As for the MQ 136 gas sensor, the output voltage value of each oil is 1.26 V, 1.25 V, and 0.91 V. Sensors that provide the highest response in each sample are MQ 136 sensors. The electronic-nose system can extract characteristics from all three samples using the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
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Wang, Ziying, Zongtao Ma, Jingyao Sun, Yuhua Yan, Miaomiao Bu, Yanming Huo, Yun-Fei Li, and Ning Hu. "Recent Advances in Natural Functional Biopolymers and Their Applications of Electronic Skins and Flexible Strain Sensors." Polymers 13, no. 5 (March 6, 2021): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050813.
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In order to replace nonrenewable resources and decrease electronic waste disposal, there is a rapidly rising demand for the utilization of reproducible and degradable biopolymers in flexible electronics. Natural biopolymers have many remarkable characteristics, including light weight, excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, low cost, etc. Thanks to these superior merits, natural functional biopolymers can be designed and optimized for the development of high-performance flexible electronic devices. Herein, we provide an insightful overview of the unique structures, properties and applications of biopolymers for electronic skins (e-skins) and flexible strain sensors. The relationships between properties and sensing performances of biopolymers-based sensors are also investigated. The functional design strategies and fabrication technologies for biopolymers-based flexible sensors are proposed. Furthermore, the research progresses of biopolymers-based sensors with various functions are described in detail. Finally, we provide some useful viewpoints and future prospects of developing biopolymers-based flexible sensors.