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1
Zheng, Anbo, Yuxiang Qin, Xueshuo Zhang, Qing Xia, Xin Xu, and Chenxiang Bai. "Tentacled snakes-inspired flexible pressure sensor for pain sensation monitoring." Smart Materials and Structures 31, no. 4 (February 22, 2022): 045004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac5454.
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Abstract Exploration of flexible tactile sensors with high sensitivity that can imitate the perception functions (tactile sensing and pain sensing) of human skin is the main force in the realization of electronic skin. The research of electronic skin with the function of pain perception is of great significance in the field of biomimetic robot and treatment of patients losing the pain sensation ability of their skin. Herein, to broaden the application field of traditional electronic skin, we demonstrate a biomimetic and highly sensitive tactile sensor for realization of sensory functionalities of human skin. The structure of our sensor mimics the surface of the tentacles of tentacled snakes, which are strikingly sensitive mechanoreceptors. We design a tentacle-inspired flexible sensor by sandwiching the convex dielectric layer of PDMS/MXene microarrays between two flexible electrodes. It is found that the bioinspired sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 3.61 kPa−1, a fast response time of 29 ms and a satisfactory stability, ensuring the ability in monitoring physiological signals. Finally, we present the application of the sensor for finger bending, international Morse code detection, and artery pulse detection. By presetting the pain thresholds of different areas of skin in a program, the sensor can identify and distinguish pressure data that exceed the pain threshold, realizing the detection of pain. In addition, it can be further applied on robot skins to assess the risk level of the working environment by monitoring its pressure data.
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Padron, Ivan, Anthony T. Fiory, and Nuggehalli M. Ravindra. "Integrated Optical and Electronic Pressure Sensor." IEEE Sensors Journal 11, no. 2 (February 2011): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2010.2062175.
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Xiao, Yongjun, Chao Guo, Qingdong Zeng, Zenggang Xiong, Yunwang Ge, Wenqing Chen, Jun Wan, and Bo Wang. "Electret Nanogenerators for Self-Powered, Flexible Electronic Pianos." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 4142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084142.
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Traditional electronic pianos mostly adopt a gantry type and a large number of rigid keys, and most keyboard sensors of the electronic piano require additional power supply during playing, which poses certain challenges for portable electronic products. Here, we demonstrated a fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)-based electret nanogenerator (ENG), and the output electrical performances of the ENG under different external pressures and frequencies were systematically characterized. At a fixed frequency of 4 Hz and force of 4 N with a matched load resistance of 200 MΩ, an output power density of 20.6 mW/cm2 could be achieved. Though the implementation of a signal processing circuit, ENG-based, self-powered pressure sensors have been demonstrated for self-powered, flexible electronic pianos. This work provides a new strategy for electret nanogenerators for self-powered sensor networks and portable electronics.
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Xu, Dandan, Ling Duan, Suyun Yan, Yong Wang, Ke Cao, Weidong Wang, Hongcheng Xu, Yuejiao Wang, Liangwei Hu, and Libo Gao. "Monolayer MoS2-Based Flexible and Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensor with Wide Sensing Range." Micromachines 13, no. 5 (April 22, 2022): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13050660.
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Flexible pressure sensors play an important role in flexible robotics, human-machine interaction (HMI), and human physiological information. However, most of the reported flexible pressure sensors suffer from a highly nonlinear response and a significant decrease in sensitivity at high pressures. Herein, we propose a flexible novel iontronic pressure sensor based on monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). Based on the unique structure and the excellent mechanical properties as well as the large intercalation capacitance of MoS2, the prepared sensor holds an ultra-high sensitivity (Smax = 89.75 kPa−1) and a wide sensing range (722.2 kPa). Further, the response time and relaxation time of the flexible sensor are only 3 ms, respectively, indicating that the device can respond to external pressure rapidly. In addition, it shows long-term cycling stability (over 5000 cycles with almost no degradation) at a high pressure of 138.9 kPa. Finally, it is demonstrated that the sensor can be used in physiological information monitoring and flexible robotics. It is anticipated that our prepared sensor provide a reliable approach to advance the theory and practicality of the flexible sensor electronics.
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Lee, Kang-Ho, Yeong-Eun Kwon, Hyukjin Lee, Yongkoo Lee, Joonho Seo, Ohwon Kwon, Shin-Won Kang, and Dongkyu Lee. "Active Body Pressure Relief System with Time-of-Flight Optical Pressure Sensors for Pressure Ulcer Prevention." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 6, 2019): 3862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183862.
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A body pressure relief system was newly developed with optical pressure sensors for pressure ulcer prevention. Unlike a conventional alternating pressure air mattress (APAM), this system automatically regulates air flow into a body supporting mattress with adaptive inflation (or deflation) duration in response to the pressure level in order to reduce skin stress due to prolonged high pressures. The system continuously quantifies the body pressure distribution using time-of-flight (ToF) optical sensors. The proposed pressure sensor, a ToF optical sensor in the air-filled cell, measures changes in surface height of mattress when pressed under body weight, thereby indirectly indicating the interface pressure. Non-contact measurement of optical sensor usually improves the durability and repeatability of the system. The pressure sensor was successfully identified the 4 different-predefined postures, and quantitatively measured the body pressure distribution of them. Duty cycle of switches in solenoid valves was adjusted to 0–50% for pressure relief, which shows that the interface pressure was lower than 32 mmHg for pressure ulcer prevention.
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Pan, Jin, Shiyu Liu, Hongzhou Zhang, and Jiangang Lu. "A Flexible Temperature Sensor Array with Polyaniline/Graphene–Polyvinyl Butyral Thin Film." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 23, 2019): 4105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194105.
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Thermal-resistance temperature sensors generally employ temperature-sensitive materials as active layers, which are always deposited on a flexible substrate to improve flexibility. Such a temperature sensor is usually integrated in wearable devices with other sensors, such as pressure sensors and stretchable sensors. In prior works, the temperature and pressure sensors are usually located in different layers in a multifunction sensor, which results in a complicated fabrication process, as well as a large thickness of devices. Meanwhile, many temperature sensors are based on large areas of non-transparent materials, leading to difficulties in integrating display applications. In this paper, we demonstrate a flexible temperature sensor based on polyaniline/graphene (GPANI)–polyvinyl butyral (PVB) thin film and indium tin oxides (ITO)- polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. The GPANI particles embedded in PVB film not only contribute to temperature detection, but also response to external pressures, due to weak deformations. In addition, the thin composite film (2.7 μm) highly improved the transparency. By optimizing the device structure, the sensor integrates temperature and pressure detection into one single layer, which shows a wide temperature range of 25–80 °C, a pressure range of 0–30 kPa, and a high transparency (>80%). The temperature sensor offers great potential for applications in emerging wearable devices and electronic skins.
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Chen, Wufan, Bingwei Wang, Qianbing Zhu, and Xin Yan. "Flexible Pressure Sensors with a Wide Detection Range Based on Self-Assembled Polystyrene Microspheres." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 27, 2019): 5194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235194.
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Flexible pressure sensors are important components of electronic skin and flexible wearable devices. Most existing piezoresistive flexible pressure sensors have obtained high sensitivities, however, they have relatively small pressure detection ranges. Here, we report flexible pressure sensors with a wide detection range using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the substrate, carbon nanotube films as the electrode material, and self-assembled polystyrene microsphere film as the microstructure layer. The obtained pressure sensor had a sandwich structure, and had a wide pressure detection range (from 4 kPa to 270 kPa), a sensitivity of 2.49 kPa−1, and a response time of tens of milliseconds. Two hundred load–unload cycles indicated that the device had good stability. In addition, the sensor was obtained by large-area fabrication with a low power consumption. This pressure sensor is expected to be widely used in applications such as electronic skin and flexible wearable devices.
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Hunter, Gary W., Philip G. Neudeck, Robert S. Okojie, Glenn M. Beheim, J. A. Powell, and Liangyu Chen. "An Overview of High-Temperature Electronics and Sensor Development at NASA Glenn Research Center." Journal of Turbomachinery 125, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1579508.
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This paper gives a brief overview of the status of high-temperature electronics and sensor development at NASA Glenn Research Center supported in part or in whole by the Ultra Efficient Engine Technology Program. These activities contribute to the long-term development of an intelligent engine by providing information on engine conditions even in high temperature, harsh environments. The technology areas discussed are: 1) high-temperature electronics, 2) sensor technology development (pressure sensor and high-temperature electronic nose), 3) packaging of harsh environment devices and sensors, and 4) improved silicon carbide electronic materials. A description of the state-of-the-art and technology challenges is given for each area. It is concluded that the realization of a future intelligent engine depends on the development of both hardware and software including electronics and sensors to make smart components. When such smart components become available, an intelligent engine composed of smart components may become a reality.title
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Chen, YuanYuan, RuiJie Xie, BingHua Zou, YiHan Liu, Kang Zhang, Sheng Li, Bing Zheng, WeiNa Zhang, JianSheng Wu, and FengWei Huo. "CNT@leather-based electronic bidirectional pressure sensor." Science China Technological Sciences 63, no. 10 (August 17, 2020): 2137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-019-1502-7.
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Janardhanan, Shankaran, Joan Z. Delalic, Jeffrey Catchmark, and Dharanipal Saini. "Development of Biocompatible MEMS Wireless Capacitive Pressure Sensor." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1551-4897-2.4.287.
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The objective of this research was to develop a wireless pressure sensor useful for monitoring bladder pressure. The wireless sensor consists of an active capacitive element and an inductor coil. The changes in pressure are related to the changes in the resonant frequency of the internal sensor. The existing pressure sensors have inductors formed on both sides of the substrate. The changes in internal capacitance of these sensors are related to the changes in pressure by impedance matching of the internal LC circuit. The deviation in bladder pressure is an important variable in evaluating the diseased state of the bladder. The inductor designed for this application is a spirally wound inductor fabricated adjacent to the capacitor. The external sensing uses equivalent changes in internal LC. The resonant frequency of the internal sensor is defined by the deformation of the plate, causing the plate to touch the dielectric on the fixed capacitive plate, which is reflected as changes in capacitance(C). The deformation of the plate has been modeled using Finite Element Analysis. The finite element analysis optimizes the dimensions of the design. Remote sensing is achieved through inductive coupling and the changes in pressure are determined. The device is tested for pressures ranging from 0–150 mmHg, bladder pressure. The RF Telemetry system has been modeled using Sonnet. The frequency range is between 100–670 MHz which is in compliance to that specified by Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations.
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Kim, Gaeul, Chi Cuong Vu, and Jooyong Kim. "Single-Layer Pressure Textile Sensors with Woven Conductive Yarn Circuit." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 21, 2020): 2877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082877.
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Today, e-textiles have become a fundamental trend in wearable devices. Fabric pressure sensors, as a part of e-textiles, have also received much interest from many researchers all over the world. However, most of the pressure sensors are made of electronic fibers and composed of many layers, including an intermediate layer for sensing the pressure. This paper proposes the model of a single layer pressure sensor with electrodes and conductive fibers intertwined. The plan dimensions of the fabricated sensors are 14 x 14 mm, and the thickness is 0.4 mm. The whole area of the sensor is the pressure-sensitive point. As expected, results demonstrate an electrical resistance change from 283 Ω at the unload pressure to 158 Ω at the load pressure. Besides, sensors have a fast response time (50 ms) and small hysteresis (5.5%). The hysteresis will increase according to the pressure and loading distance, but the change of sensor loading distance is very small. Moreover, the single-layer pressure sensors also show high durability under many working cycles (20,000 cycles) or washing times (50 times). The single-layer pressure sensor is very thin and more flexible than the multi-layer pressure sensor. The structure of this sensor is also expected to bring great benefits to wearable technology in the future.
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Sun, Jian, Jin Dong, Bo Shen, and Wenhua Li. "Virtual Pressure Sensor for Electronic Expansion Valve Control in a Vapor Compression Refrigeration System." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 4917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184917.
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Virtual sensor technology, which uses simulation models/algorithms to calculate a value to represent an unmeasured variable or replace a directly measured reading, has attracted many studies in the heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) industry. However, most virtual sensor technologies are developed for fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) purposes, which generally compare the virtual sensor values with actual measured values to detect if any fault occurred and identify the causes that led to the fault. It is rare to see studies focus on control performance of virtual sensors after substituting an actual sensor. This is particularly important for the system with no redundant sensor since a virtual sensor is the most effective way to operate the system in the desirable region when any sensor failure occurs. To address this gap, this paper develops a new virtual pressure sensor technology to substitute the actual pressure measurement for electronic expansion valve (EXV) control in a vapor compression refrigeration system by integrating compressor and valve characteristics. The control performance of this proposed virtual pressure sensor technology under various operating conditions is validated with experimental data. Closed loop EXV control simulations with the proposed virtual pressure sensor are conducted, and the results are analyzed.
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Curry, Eli J., Kai Ke, Meysam T. Chorsi, Kinga S. Wrobel, Albert N. Miller, Avi Patel, Insoo Kim, et al. "Biodegradable Piezoelectric Force Sensor." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 5 (January 16, 2018): 909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710874115.
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Measuring vital physiological pressures is important for monitoring health status, preventing the buildup of dangerous internal forces in impaired organs, and enabling novel approaches of using mechanical stimulation for tissue regeneration. Pressure sensors are often required to be implanted and directly integrated with native soft biological systems. Therefore, the devices should be flexible and at the same time biodegradable to avoid invasive removal surgery that can damage directly interfaced tissues. Despite recent achievements in degradable electronic devices, there is still a tremendous need to develop a force sensor which only relies on safe medical materials and requires no complex fabrication process to provide accurate information on important biophysiological forces. Here, we present a strategy for material processing, electromechanical analysis, device fabrication, and assessment of a piezoelectric Poly-l-lactide (PLLA) polymer to create a biodegradable, biocompatible piezoelectric force sensor, which only employs medical materials used commonly in Food and Drug Administration-approved implants, for the monitoring of biological forces. We show the sensor can precisely measure pressures in a wide range of 0–18 kPa and sustain a reliable performance for a period of 4 d in an aqueous environment. We also demonstrate this PLLA piezoelectric sensor can be implanted inside the abdominal cavity of a mouse to monitor the pressure of diaphragmatic contraction. This piezoelectric sensor offers an appealing alternative to present biodegradable electronic devices for the monitoring of intraorgan pressures. The sensor can be integrated with tissues and organs, forming self-sensing bionic systems to enable many exciting applications in regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and medical devices.
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Lu, Yao, Xinyu Qu, Wen Zhao, Yanfang Ren, Weili Si, Wenjun Wang, Qian Wang, Wei Huang, and Xiaochen Dong. "Highly Stretchable, Elastic, and Sensitive MXene-Based Hydrogel for Flexible Strain and Pressure Sensors." Research 2020 (July 14, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/2038560.
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Electronic skin is driving the next generation of cutting-edge wearable electronic products due to its good wearability and high accuracy of information acquisition. However, it remains a challenge to fulfill the requirements on detecting full-range human activities with existing flexible strain sensors. Herein, highly stretchable, sensitive, and multifunctional flexible strain sensors based on MXene- (Ti3C2Tx-) composited poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone double-network hydrogels were prepared. The uniformly distributed hydrophilic MXene nanosheets formed a three-dimensional conductive network throughout the hydrogel, endowing the flexible sensor with high sensitivity. The strong interaction between the double-network hydrogel matrix and MXene greatly improved the mechanical properties of the hydrogels. The resulting nanocomposited hydrogels featured great tensile performance (2400%), toughness, and resilience. Particularly, the as-prepared flexible pressure sensor revealed ultrahigh sensitivity (10.75 kPa-1) with a wide response range (0-61.5 kPa), fast response (33.5 ms), and low limit of detection (0.87 Pa). Moreover, the hydrogel-based flexible sensors, with high sensitivity and durability, could be employed to monitor full-range human motions and assembled into some aligned devices for subtle pressure detection, providing enormous potential in facial expression and phonation recognition, handwriting verification, healthy diagnosis, and wearable electronics.
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Zhang, Lunjia, Meng Gao, Ronghang Wang, Zhongshan Deng, and Lin Gui. "Stretchable Pressure Sensor with Leakage-Free Liquid-Metal Electrodes." Sensors 19, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061316.
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Nowadays, with the development of wearable devices, stretchable pressure sensors have been widely adopted in all kinds of areas. Most of the sensors aim to detect small pressure, such as fingertip tactile sensing, but only a few are focused on high-pressure sensing, such as foot pressure sensing during men’s walking. In this work, a liquid metal-based stretchable sensor for large-pressure measurement is investigated. This sensor is fully stretchable because it is made of soft materials. However, when the soft sensor is subjected to high pressure, the liquid metal easily leaks from microchannels because it maintains the liquid state at room temperature. We therefore propose to fabricate liquid metal-based leakage-free electrodes to handle the liquid-metal leak. Parametric studies are conducted to compare this sensor with liquid-metal-only electrodes and leakage-free electrodes. The leakage-free electrodes increase the measurement ranges from 0.18, 0.18, and 0.15 MPa to 0.44 MPa, with higher linearity and precision. The improvement in the liquid-metal electrode enables the sensors to work stably within 0.44 MPa pressure and 20% strain. In addition, we integrate two capacitors, namely, a working capacitor and a reference capacitor, into one sensor to reduce the influence of parasitic capacitance brought about by external interference. This stretchable capacitive sensor capable of working under a wide range of pressure with good repeatability, sensitivity, and linearity, exhibits great potential use for wearable electronics. Finally, the method for fabricating leakage-free electrodes shows great value for hyperelastic electronics manufacturing and micromachine technology.
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Ramalingame, Rajarajan, Amoog Lakshmanan, Florian Müller, Ulrike Thomas, and Olfa Kanoun. "Highly sensitive capacitive pressure sensors for robotic applications based on carbon nanotubes and PDMS polymer nanocomposite." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 8, no. 1 (February 8, 2019): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-87-2019.
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Abstract. Flexible tactile pressure sensor arrays based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are gaining importance, especially in the field of robotics because of the high demand for stable, flexible and sensitive sensors. Some existing concepts of pressure sensors based on nanocomposites exhibit complicated fabrication techniques and better sensitivity than the conventional pressure sensors. In this article, we propose a nanocomposite-based pressure sensor that exhibits a high sensitivity of 25 % N−1, starting with a minimum load range of 0–0.01 N and 46.8 % N−1 in the range of 0–1 N. The maximum pressure sensing range of the sensor is approximately 570 kPa. A concept of a 4×3 tactile sensor array, which could be integrated to robot fingers, is demonstrated. The high sensitivity of the pressure sensor enables precision grasping, with the ability to sense small objects with a size of 5 mm and a weight of 1 g. Another application of the pressure sensor is demonstrated as a gait analysis for humanoid robots. The pressure sensor is integrated under the foot of a humanoid robot to monitor and evaluate the gait of the robot, which provides insights for optimizing the robot's self-balancing algorithm in order to maintain the posture while walking.
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Tian, Bian, Yulong Zhao, Zhe Niu, and Jiang Zhuangde. "Micro-pressure sensor dynamic performance analysis." Sensor Review 34, no. 4 (August 26, 2014): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-11-2013-748.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on a piezoresistive pressure sensor for micro-pressure measurement with a cross-beam membrane (CBM) structure. This study analyzes the dynamic characteristics of the proposed device. Design/methodology/approach – This CBM sensor possesses high stiffness and sensitivity, measuring dynamic pressure more effectively in a high-frequency environment compared with other piezoresistive structures. The dynamic characteristics are derived using the finite element method to analyze the dynamic responses of the new structure, including natural frequency and lateral effect performances. The CBM dynamic performances are compared with traditional structures. Findings – The pressure sensor performance was evaluated, and the experimental results indicate that they all exhibit similar dynamic characteristics as the designed model. Compared with traditional structures such as the single island, the CBM proves to be superior in evaluating the dynamic performances of pressure sensors at high frequencies of > 30 kHz. Originality/value – Most studies of this micro pressure sensors attempt to promote the sensitivity or focus on the static performance of pressure sensor with micro gauge. This study is concerned with analyze the dynamic characterism of micro pressure sensor and compared with the traditional structures, that prove the CBM structure has stable dynamic performance and is a better option for measuring dynamic micro pressure in biomedical applications.
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Yang, Weidong, Wenxuan Ding, Menglong Liu, Jun Yang, and Mao Li. "A theoretical model of a flexible capacitive pressure sensor with microstructured electrodes for highly sensitive electronic skin." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 9 (November 19, 2021): 094001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac34a9.
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Abstract Electronic skin (e-skin) has attracted much attention in smart wearables, prosthetics, and robotics. Capacitive-type pressure sensors are generally regarded as a good option for designing tactile sensing devices owing to their superior sensitivity in low-pressure regions, fast response time, and convenient manufacturing. Introducing microstructures on the electrode surface is an effective approach to achieve highly sensitive capacitive pressure sensors. In this work, an electromechanical model is proposed to build the relationship between capacitance change and compressive force. The present model can predict the sensitivity of the capacitive pressure sensor with microstructured electrodes, where each cellular microstructure is modeled using contact mechanics theory. It is the first time in the literature that, based on the Hertz theory framework, a rigorous electromechanical theory framework is established to model a flexible capacitive pressure sensor. In addition, the model can be extended to other microstructures, such as micro-pyramid, micro-pillar, and micro-dome array. The validation indicates that the analytical results agree well with the experimental data from our previous work and other literature. Moreover, the present model can effectively capture the sensitivity of the pressure sensor in the beginning range of small pressure. Sensitivity in this range is the most significant for the e-skin due to its robust linearity for a pressure sensor. Besides, we analyzed the compressive force–displacement relationship, the compressive force–contact radius relationship, and the influences of the geometrical and material parameters on the electromechanical coupling effect. The results show that the height and the Young’s modulus of the soft dielectric layer are regarded as the dominant influencing factors in the sensitivity of capacitive pressure sensors.
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Geng, Xingguang, Su Liu, Yitao Zhang, Shaolong Zhang, Jiena Hou, Jun Zhang, Muhammad Asif, and Hai-Ying Zhang. "Adjacent Channel Interference Modeling of Single Vibration Point on Multichannel Dynamic Pressure Sensors." Journal of Sensors 2020 (February 12, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1953506.
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Pulse waves of a radial artery under different pressures applied through a cuff play an important role in disease diagnosis, especially in traditional chinese medicine (TCM). Pulse waves could be collected by a pressure sensor array affixed to an inflatable cuff. During a process of collecting pulse waves, one sensor of a sensor array moves up and down when the sensor is shocked by a pulse wave. Movement of the sensor leads to the passive displacement of other nearby sensors because of a connecting structure between them. Then, vibration signals will be generated by the nearby sensors although these sensors do not receive radial artery pulse waves. These vibration signals considered an interference are usually superimposed on real signals obtained from these nearby sensors and degrade signal quality. The problem mentioned above does not only generally exist in a pressure sensor array attached to a wristband but also is easy to ignore. This paper proposes a novel interference suppression algorithm based on Welch’s method for estimating and weakening adjacent sensor channel interference to overcome the problem. At first, a sensor array attached to an inflatable cuff and a vibration generator is proposed to establish an experimental platform for simplifying the pulse wave collection process. Then, the interference suppression algorithm is proposed according to mechanical analysis and Welch’s method based on the proposed sensor array and vibration generator. Next anti-interference abilities of the algorithm based on a simplified process are evaluated by different vibration frequencies and applied pressures. The anti-interference abilities of the algorithm based on pulse waves of the radial artery are evaluated indirectly. The results show that the novel interference suppression algorithm could weaken adjacent sensor channel interference and upgrade the signal quality.
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Wang, Fei, and Xiaoming Tao. "Carbon/Silicone Nanocomposite-Enabled Soft Pressure Sensors with a Liquid-Filled Cell Structure Design for Low Pressure Measurement." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 10, 2021): 4732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144732.
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In the fields of humanoid robots, soft robotics, and wearable electronics, the development of artificial skins entails pressure sensors that are low in modulus, high in sensitivity, and minimal in hysteresis. However, few sensors in the literature can meet all the three requirements, especially in the low pressure range (<10 kPa). This article presents a design for such pressure sensors. The bioinspired liquid-filled cell-type structural design endows the sensor with appropriate softness (Young’s modulus < 230 kPa) and high sensitivity (highest at 0.7 kPa−1) to compression forces below 0.65 N (6.8 kPa). The low-end detection limit is ~0.0012 N (13 Pa), only triple the mass of a bee. Minimal resistance hysteresis of the pressure sensor is 7.7%. The low hysteresis is attributed to the study on the carbon/silicone nanocomposite, which reveals the effect of heat treatment on its mechanical and electromechanical hysteresis. Pressure measurement range and sensitivity of the sensor can be tuned by changing the structure and strain gauge parameters. This concept of sensor design, when combined with microfluidics technology, is expected to enable soft, stretchable, and highly precise touch-sensitive artificial skins.
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Vollberg, Dennis, Dennis Wachter, Thomas Kuberczyk, and Günter Schultes. "Cylinder pressure sensors for smart combustion control." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-75-2019.
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Abstract. Different sensor concepts for time-resolved cylinder pressure monitoring of combustion engines are realized and evaluated in this paper. We distinguish a non-intrusive form of measurement outside the cylinder, performed by means of a force compression rod from intrusive, real in-cylinder measurement by means of pressure membrane sensors being exposed to the hot combustion process. The force compression rod has the shape of a sine wave with thinner zones equipped with highly sensitive foil strain gauges that experience a relatively moderate temperature level of 120 ∘C. The sensor rod delivers a relative pressure value that may be influenced by neighbour cylinders due to mechanical coupling. For the intrusive sensor type, two different materials for the membrane-type sensor element were simulated and tested, one based on the ceramic zirconia and the other based on stainless steel. Due to the higher thermal conductivity of steel, the element experiences only 200 ∘C while the zirconia element reaches 300 ∘C. Metallic chromium thin films with high strain sensitivity (gauge factor of 15) and high-temperature capability were deposited on the membranes and subsequently structured to a Wheatstone bridge. The pressure evolution can be measured with both types in full detail, comparable to the signals of test bench cylinder pressure sensors. For the preferential steel-based sensor type, a reliable laser-welded electrical connection between the thin films on the membrane and a copper wire was developed. The in-cylinder pressure sensors were tested both on a diesel test bench and on a gas-fired engine. On the latter, an endurance test with 20 million cycles was passed. Reliable cylinder pressure sensors with a minimum of internal components are thus provided. The signals will be processed inside the sensor housing to provide analysis and aggregated data, i.e. mass fraction burned (MFB50) and other parameters as an output to allow for smart combustion control.
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Gao, Yang, Guohui Yu, Jianping Tan, and Fuzhen Xuan. "Sandpaper-molded wearable pressure sensor for electronic skins." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 280 (September 2018): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.07.048.
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Wang, Guangshun, Zhongbao Wang, Yigen Wu, Yihui Luo, Qiulin Tan, Libo Zhao, Yang Zhao, Daoheng Sun, and Dezhi Wu. "A robust stretchable pressure sensor for electronic skins." Organic Electronics 86 (November 2020): 105926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2020.105926.
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Farooq, Muhammad, Talha Iqbal, Patricia Vazquez, Nazar Farid, Sudhin Thampi, William Wijns, and Atif Shahzad. "Thin-Film Flexible Wireless Pressure Sensor for Continuous Pressure Monitoring in Medical Applications." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 20, 2020): 6653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226653.
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Physiological pressure measurement is one of the most common applications of sensors in healthcare. Particularly, continuous pressure monitoring provides key information for early diagnosis, patient-specific treatment, and preventive healthcare. This paper presents a thin-film flexible wireless pressure sensor for continuous pressure measurement in a wide range of medical applications but mainly focused on interface pressure monitoring during compression therapy to treat venous insufficiency. The sensor is based on a pressure-dependent capacitor (C) and printed inductive coil (L) that form an inductor-capacitor (LC) resonant circuit. A matched reader coil provides an excellent coupling at the fundamental resonance frequency of the sensor. Considering varying requirements of venous ulceration, two versions of the sensor, with different sizes, were finalized after design parameter optimization and fabricated using a cost-effective and simple etching method. A test setup consisting of a glass pressure chamber and a vacuum pump was developed to test and characterize the response of the sensors. Both sensors were tested for a narrow range (0–100 mmHg) and a wide range (0–300 mmHg) to cover most of the physiological pressure measurement applications. Both sensors showed good linearity with high sensitivity in the lower pressure range <100 mmHg, providing a wireless monitoring platform for compression therapy in venous ulceration.
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Lin, Keng-Yu, Arturo Gamboa-Gonzalez, and Michael Wehner. "Soft Robotic Sensing, Proprioception via Cable and Microfluidic Transmission." Electronics 10, no. 24 (December 19, 2021): 3166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10243166.
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Current challenges in soft robotics include sensing and state awareness. Modern soft robotic systems require many more sensors than traditional robots to estimate pose and contact forces. Existing soft sensors include resistive, conductive, optical, and capacitive sensing, with each sensor requiring electronic circuitry and connection to a dedicated line to a data acquisition system, creating a rapidly increasing burden as the number of sensors increases. We demonstrate a network of fiber-based displacement sensors to measure robot state (bend, twist, elongation) and two microfluidic pressure sensors to measure overall and local pressures. These passive sensors transmit information from a soft robot to a nearby display assembly, where a digital camera records displacement and pressure data. We present a configuration in which one camera tracks 11 sensors consisting of nine fiber-based displacement sensors and two microfluidic pressure sensors, eliminating the need for an array of electronic sensors throughout the robot. Finally, we present a Cephalopod-chromatophore-inspired color cell pressure sensor. While these techniques can be used in a variety of soft robot devices, we present fiber and fluid sensing on an elastomeric finger. These techniques are widely suitable for state estimation in the soft robotics field and will allow future progress toward robust, low-cost, real-time control of soft robots. This increased state awareness is necessary for robots to interact with humans, potentially the greatest benefit of the emerging soft robotics field.
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Cheng, Lixia, Renxin Wang, Xiaojian Hao, and Guochang Liu. "Design of Flexible Pressure Sensor Based on Conical Microstructure PDMS-Bilayer Graphene." Sensors 21, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010289.
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As a new material, graphene shows excellent properties in mechanics, electricity, optics, and so on, which makes it widely concerned by people. At present, it is difficult for graphene pressure sensor to meet both high sensitivity and large pressure detection range at the same time. Therefore, it is highly desirable to produce flexible pressure sensors with sufficient sensitivity in a wide working range and with simple process. Herein, a relatively high flexible pressure sensor based on piezoresistivity is presented by combining the conical microstructure polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with bilayer graphene together. The piezoresistive material (bilayer graphene) attached to the flexible substrate can convert the local deformation caused by the vertical force into the change of resistance. Results show that the pressure sensor based on conical microstructure PDMS-bilayer graphene can operate at a pressure range of 20 kPa while maintaining a sensitivity of 0.122 ± 0.002 kPa−1 (0–5 kPa) and 0.077 ± 0.002 kPa−1 (5–20 kPa), respectively. The response time of the sensor is about 70 ms. In addition to the high sensitivity of the pressure sensor, it also has excellent reproducibility at different pressure and temperature. The pressure sensor based on conical microstructure PDMS-bilayer graphene can sense the motion of joint well when the index finger is bent, which makes it possible to be applied in electronic skin, flexible electronic devices, and other fields.
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Krivorotov, N. P., Yu G. Svinolupov, T. I. Izaak, and V. V. Bychkov. "Diaphragmless pressure sensor." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 113, no. 3 (August 2004): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2004.03.073.
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French, P. J., H. Muro, T. Shinohara, H. Nojiri, and H. Kaneko. "SOI pressure sensor." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 35, no. 1 (October 1992): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-4247(92)87003-y.
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Lee, Sang Sik, Ki Young Shin, and Joung H. Mun. "Development of an Algorithm for a PZT Ceramic Foot Pressure Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1111.
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Currently available foot pressure sensors (FPS), which usually include a capacitive sensor and a piezoresistive sensor, tend to exhibit characteristically slow response times. Therefore, we used PZT (lead zirconate-titanate) ceramic in this study, as it responds more quickly than the currently-used materials. We have developed an algorithm which can be applied to the PZT ceramic-based measurement of foot pressure. This algorithm was also verified in experiments. In this study, we fabricated the electronic circuits and a sensor on the basis of the newly-developed algorithm, and then verified the algorithm experimentally.
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Luo, Miao, Yumeng Zhang, Yuxiang Luo, and Jiangang Lu. "A Tension/Pressure Integrated Resistive Sensor Comprising of a PDMS-LC-MWCNT Composite." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 6078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186078.
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A flexible strain sensor which integrates both pressure sensing and tension sensing functions is demonstrated with an active layer comprising of polydimethy-lsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer, liquid crystal (LC), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The introduction of LC improves the agglomeration of MWCNTs in PDMS and decreases Young’s modulus of flexible resistive sensors. The tension/pressure integrated resistive sensor not only shows a broad tensile sensing range of 140% strain but also shows a good sensitivity of the gauge factor, 40, with tensile force. Besides, the tension/pressure integrated resistive sensor also shows good linearity and sensitivity under pressure. The resistance of the pressure sensor increases as the applied pressure increases because of the decrease in the cross-sectional area of the path. The sensor also shows good hydrophobic properties which may help it to work under complex environment. The tension/pressure integrated sensor shows great promising applications in electronic skins and wearable devices.
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Sta. Agueda, J. R., J. Lim, J. M. Mondragon, J. Madrid, M. G. Belen, G. M. Y. Eustaquio, J. G. Monjardin, and N. Salud. "Rapid prototyping of a temperature, humidity, and pressure monitor electronic layer for Pressure Ulcer wound patch." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2071, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2071/1/012024.
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Abstract Pressure ulcer is a result of relieving pressure from skin or underlying tissues, causing localized injuries. In this study, a prototype of an electronic monitoring layer that can be placed on top of the wound patch is designed. The electronic layer is comprised of four force-sensitive pressure sensors, and an integrated temperature and humidity sensor to monitor the activities surrounding the wound site. In the simulated wound bed experiments, the results indicated that the utilization of the Bosch BME280 I2C module, when placed on top of a gauze pad, can deliver accurate and real-time monitoring of the temperature and humidity values. Furthermore, the force-sensitive resistors (FSR) installed can be utilized to detect external pressure beyond the set allowable force applied of 32 mmHg or 700g. Therefore, the electronic layer assembled from commercially available sensors can be used to monitor temperature and humidity while being able to detect externally applied pressure in real-time. However, improvements in the size and flexibility of the electronic layer are necessary to reduce the discomfort that patients suffering from pressure ulcers will experience.
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Ion, Marian, Silviu Dinulescu, Bogdan Firtat, Mihaela Savin, Octavian N. Ionescu, and Carmen Moldovan. "Design and Fabrication of a New Wearable Pressure Sensor for Blood Pressure Monitoring." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 2075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062075.
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In recent years, research into the field of materials for flexible sensors and fabrication techniques directed towards wearable devices has helped to raise awareness of the need for new sensors with healthcare applicability. Our goal was to create a wearable flexible pressure sensor that could be integrated into a clinically approved blood pressure monitoring device. The sensor is built from a microfluidic channel encapsulated between two polymer layers, one layer being covered by metal transducers and the other being a flexible membrane containing the microfluidic channel, which also acts as a sealant for the structure. The applied external pressure deforms the channel, causing changes in resistance to the microfluidic layer. Electrical characterization has been performed in 5 different configurations, using alternating current (AC) and (DC) direct current measurements. The AC measurements for the fabricated pressure sensor resulted in impedance values at tens of hundreds of kOhm. Our sensor proved to have a high sensitivity for pressure values between 0 and 150 mm Hg, being subjected to repeatable external forces. The novelty presented in our work consists in the unique technological flow for the fabrication of the flexible wearable pressure sensor. The proposed miniaturized pressure sensor will ensure flexibility, low production cost and ease of use. It is made of very sensitive microfluidic elements and biocompatible materials and can be integrated into a wearable cuffless device for continuous blood pressure monitoring.
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Sujeesh, Vishnu, Godwin Ponraj, and Hongliang Ren. "Soft Ionic Pressure Sensor with Aloe Vera Gel for Low-Pressure Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020146.
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Ionic pressure sensors are made of ionic compounds suspended in a suitable solvent mixture. When external pressure is exerted on them, it is reflected as a change in electrical parameters due to physical deformation and a redistribution of ions within the sensing medium. Variations in the composition and material of the sensing medium result in different pressure sensors with varying operating ranges and sensitivity. This work presents the design and fabrication procedure of a novel soft-pressure sensor for a very low-pressure range (<20 mm Hg) using Aloe vera gel and Glycerin as the solvent for the ionic sensing medium. We also provide a comparative study on the performance of sensor prototypes with varying solvent concentrations and geometric parameters based on a series of characterization experiments. Maximum sensitivity (7.498×10−4 Ω/mmHg) was observed when using 40% glycerin in the sensing medium, filled in a toroidal geometry with outer and inner channel diameters of 8 mm and 7 mm, respectively. The proposed sensor is entirely soft and can be designed to conform to any desired geometry.
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T., Vijayakumat. "FLEXIBLE ROBOTIC ELECTRONIC SKIN WITH HIGH SENSITIVITY SENSOR ARRAYS." Journal of Electronics and Informatics 01, no. 01 (September 23, 2019): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jei.2019.1.005.
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In this paper, we propose a flexible robotic electronic skin (e-skin) with high sensitivity sensor arrays. The sensor arrays are designed and fabricated on thin flexible silicone film. It uses piezo-resistive material Samarian Monosulphide and graphite rods for interconnection between the layers. Along with the pressure sensing capability of SmS, temperature and humidity sensors are also integrated in the silicone layers along with photovoltaic thin layer cells that provide energy independence to the module. The data procured from the e-skin is transferred to the analog to digital converter unit and further, to the PC through USB interface for analysis.
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Santos-Ruiz, Ildeberto, Francisco-Ronay López-Estrada, Vicenç Puig, Guillermo Valencia-Palomo, and Héctor-Ricardo Hernández. "Pressure Sensor Placement for Leak Localization in Water Distribution Networks Using Information Theory." Sensors 22, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020443.
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This paper presents a method for optimal pressure sensor placement in water distribution networks using information theory. The criterion for selecting the network nodes where to place the pressure sensors was that they provide the most useful information for locating leaks in the network. Considering that the node pressures measured by the sensors can be correlated (mutual information), a subset of sensor nodes in the network was chosen. The relevance of information was maximized, and information redundancy was minimized simultaneously. The selection of the nodes where to place the sensors was performed on datasets of pressure changes caused by multiple leak scenarios, which were synthetically generated by simulation using the EPANET software application. In order to select the optimal subset of nodes, the candidate nodes were ranked using a heuristic algorithm with quadratic computational cost, which made it time-efficient compared to other sensor placement algorithms. The sensor placement algorithm was implemented in MATLAB and tested on the Hanoi network. It was verified by exhaustive analysis that the selected nodes were the best combination to place the sensors and detect leaks.
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Tang, Xinran, Yihui Miao, Xinjian Chen, and Baoqing Nie. "A Flexible and Highly Sensitive Inductive Pressure Sensor Array Based on Ferrite Films." Sensors 19, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102406.
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There is a rapid growing demand for highly sensitive, easy adaptive and low-cost pressure sensing solutions in the fields of health monitoring, wearable electronics and home care. Here, we report a novel flexible inductive pressure sensor array with ultrahigh sensitivity and a simple construction, for large-area contact pressure measurements. In general, the device consists of three layers: a planar spiral inductor layer and ferrite film units attached on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membrane, which are separated by an array of elastic pillars. Importantly, by introducing the ferrite film with an excellent magnetic permeability, the effective permeability around the inductor is greatly influenced by the separation distance between the inductor and the ferrite film. As a result, the value of the inductance changes largely as the separation distance varies as an external load applies. Our device has achieved an ultrahigh sensitivity of 1.60 kPa−1 with a resolution of 13.61 Pa in the pressure range of 0–0.18 kPa, which is comparable to the current state-of-the-art flexible pressure sensors. More remarkably, our device shows an outstanding stability when exposed to environmental interferences, e.g., electrical noises from skin surfaces (within 0.08% variations) and a constant pressure load for more than 32 h (within 0.3% variations). In addition, the device exhibits a fast response time of 111 ms and a good repeatability under cyclic pressures varying from 38.45 to 177.82 Pa. To demonstrate its practical usage, we have successfully developed a 4 × 4 inductive pressure sensor array into a wearable keyboard for a smart electronic calendar application.
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Li, Mengmeng, Jiaming Liang, Xudong Wang, and Min Zhang. "Ultra-Sensitive Flexible Pressure Sensor Based on Microstructured Electrode." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020371.
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Flexible pressure sensors with a high sensitivity in the lower zone of a subtle-pressure regime has shown great potential in the fields of electronic skin, human–computer interaction, wearable devices, intelligent prosthesis, and medical health. Adding microstructures on the dielectric layer on a capacitive pressure sensor has become a common and effective approach to enhance the performance of flexible pressure sensors. Here, we propose a method to further dramatically increase the sensitivity by adding elastic pyramidal microstructures on one side of the electrode and using a thin layer of a dielectric in a capacitive sensor. The sensitivity of the proposed device has been improved from 3.1 to 70.6 kPa−1 compared to capacitive sensors having pyramidal microstructures in the same dimension on the dielectric layer. Moreover, a detection limit of 1 Pa was achieved. The finite element analysis performed based on electromechanical sequential coupling simulation for hyperelastic materials indicates that the microstructures on electrode are critical to achieve high sensitivity. The influence of the duty ratio of the micro-pyramids on the sensitivity of the sensor is analyzed by both simulation and experiment. The durability and robustness of the device was also demonstrated by pressure testing for 2000 cycles.
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Nadezhdin, Igor S., and Aleksey G. Goryunov. "Single-chip solution for electronics unit of a smart pressure sensor." Sensor Review 40, no. 5 (July 8, 2020): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-10-2019-0253.
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Purpose Differential pressure is an important technological parameter, one urgent task of which is control and measurement. To date, the lion’s share of research in this area has focused on the development and improvement of differential pressure sensors. The purpose of this paper is to develop a smart differential pressure sensor with improved operational and metrological characteristics. Design/methodology/approach The operating principle of the developed pressure sensor is based on the capacitive measurement principle. The measuring unit of the developed pressure sensor is based on a differential capacitive sensitive element. Programmable system-on-chip (PSoC) technology has been used to develop the electronics unit. Findings The use of a differential capacitive sensitive element allows the unit to compensate for the influence of interference (for example, temperature) on the measurement result. With the use of PSoC technology, it is also possible to increase the noise immunity of the developed smart differential pressure sensor and provide an unparalleled combination of flexibility and integration of analog and digital functionality. Originality/value The use of PSoC technology in the developed smart differential pressure sensor has many indisputable advantages, as the size of the entire circuit can be minimized. As a result, the circuit has improved noise immunity. Accordingly, the procedure for debugging and changing the software of the electronics unit is simplified. These features make development and manufacturing cost effective.
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Zou, Qiang, Fengrui Yang, and Yaodong Wang. "Highly sensitive flexible modulus sensor for softness perception and clinical application." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 32, no. 3 (February 11, 2022): 035004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ac49a2.
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Abstract The wearable sensors for softness measuring are emerging as a solution of softness perception, which is an intrinsic function of human skin, for electronic skin and human-machine interaction. However, these wearable sensors suffer from a key challenge: the modulus of an object can not be characterized directly, which originates from the complicated transduction mechanism. To address this key challenge, we developed a flexible and wearable modulus sensor that can simultaneously measure the pressure and modulus without mutual interference. The modulus sensing was realized by merging the electrostatic capacitance response from the pressure sensor and the ionic capacitance response from the indentation sensor. Via the optimized structure, our sensor exhibits high modulus sensitivity of 1.9 × 102 in 0.06 MPa, a fast dynamic response time of 100 ms, and high mechanical robustness for over 2500 cycles. We also integrated the sensor onto a prosthetic hand and surgical probe to demonstrate its capability for pressure and modulus sensing. This work provides a new strategy for modulus measurement, which has great potential in softness sensing and medical application.
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Wang, Jing, Longwei Li, Lanshuang Zhang, Panpan Zhang, and Xiong Pu. "Flexible capacitive pressure sensors with micro-patterned porous dielectric layer for wearable electronics." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 32, no. 3 (February 4, 2022): 034003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ac49a3.
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Abstract Highly sensitive soft sensors play key roles in flexible electronics, which therefore have attracted much attention in recent years. Herein, we report a flexible capacitive pressure sensor with high sensitivity by using engineered micro-patterned porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) dielectric layer through an environmental-friendly fabrication procedure. The porous structure is formed by evaporation of emulsified water droplets during PDMS curing process, while the micro-patterned structure is obtained via molding on sandpaper. Impressively, this structure renders the capacitive sensor with a high sensitivity up to 143.5 MPa−1 at the pressure range of 0.068 ∼ 150 kPa and excellent anti-fatigue performance over 20 000 cycles. Meanwhile, the sensor can distinguish different motions of the same person or different people doing the same action. Our work illustrates the promising application prospects of this flexible pressure sensor for the security field or human motion monitoring area.
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Gobi, K., B. Kannapiran, D. Devaraj, and K. Valarmathi. "Design, performance evaluation and analysis of the inlet tube of pressure sensor for chamber pressure measurement." Sensor Review 39, no. 4 (July 15, 2019): 612–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-12-2017-0260.
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Purpose In Aerospace applications, the inlet tubes are used to mount strain gauge type pressure sensors on the engine under static test to measure engine chamber pressure. This paper aims to focus on the limitations of the inlet tube and its design aspects to serve better in the static test environment. The different sizes of the inlet tubes are designed to meet the static test and safety requirements. This paper presents the performance evaluation of the designed inlet tubes with calibration results and the selection criteria of the inlet tube to measure combustion chamber pressure with the specified accuracy during static testing of engines. Design/methodology/approach Two sensors, specifically, one cavity type pressure sensor with the inlet tube of range 0-6.89 MPa having natural frequency of the diaphragm 17 KHz and another flush diaphragm type pressure sensor of the same range having −3 dB frequency response, 5 KHz are mounted on the same pressure port of the engine under static test to study the shortcomings of the inlet tube. The limitations of the inlet tube have been analyzed to aid the tube design. The different sizes of inlet tubes are designed, fabricated and tested to study the effect of the inlet tube on the performance of the pressure sensor. The dynamic calibration is used for this purpose. The dynamic parameters of the sensor with the designed tubes are calculated and analyzed to meet the static test requirements. The diaphragm temperature test is conducted on the representative hardware of pressure sensor with and without inlet tube to analyze the effect of the inlet tube against the temperature error. The inlet tube design is validated through the static test to gain confidence on measurement. Findings The cavity type pressure sensor failed to capture the pressure peak, whereas the flush diaphragm type pressure sensor captured the pressure peak of the engine under a static test. From the static test data and dynamic calibration results, the bandwidth of cavity type sensor with tube is much lower than the required bandwidth (five times the bandwidth of the measurand), and hence, the cavity type sensor did not capture the pressure peak data. The dynamic calibration results of the pressure sensor with and without an inlet tube show that the reduction of the bandwidth of the pressure sensor is mainly due to the inlet tube. From the analysis of dynamic calibration results of the sensor with the designed inlet tubes of different sizes, it is shown that the bandwidth of the pressure sensor decreases as the tube length increases. The bandwidth of the pressure sensor with tube increases as the tube inner diameter increases. The tube with a larger diameter leads to a mounting problem. The inlet tube of dimensions 6 × 4 × 50 mm is selected as it helps to overcome the mounting problem with the required bandwidth. From the static test data acquired using the pressure sensor with the selected inlet tube, it is shown that the selected tube aids the sensor to measure the pressure peak accurately. The designed inlet tube limits the diaphragm temperature within the compensated temperature of the sensor for 5.2 s from the firing of the engine. Originality/value Most studies of pressure sensor focus on the design of a sensor to measure static and slow varying pressure, but not on the transient pressure measurement and the design of the inlet tube. This paper presents the limitations of the inlet tube against the bandwidth requirement and recommends dynamic calibration of the sensor to evaluate the bandwidth of the sensor with the inlet tube. In this paper, the design aspects of the inlet tube and its effect on the bandwidth of the pressure sensor and the temperature error of the measured pressure values are presented with experimental results. The calibration results of the inlet tubes with different configurations are analyzed to select the best geometry of the tube and the selected tube is validated in the static test environment.
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Bakhoum, Ezzat G., and Marvin H. M. Cheng. "Novel Capacitive Pressure Sensor." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 19, no. 3 (June 2010): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2010.2047632.
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Kim, Dong-Kwon, Duckjong Kim, and Sung Jin Kim. "An electrokinetic pressure sensor." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 18, no. 5 (March 25, 2008): 055006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/18/5/055006.
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Lu, Xiaozhou, Xi Xie, Qiaobo Gao, Hanlun Hu, Jiayi Yang, Hui Wang, Songlin Wang, and Renjie Chen. "Design of biomimetic human-skin-like tactile flexible sensor." Sensor Review 39, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-01-2018-0007.
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Purpose The hands of intelligent robots perceive external stimuli and respond effectively according to tactile or pressure sensors. However, the traditional tactile and pressure sensors cannot perform human-skin-like intelligent properties of high sensitivity, large measurement range, multi-function and flexibility simultaneously. The purpose of this paper is to present a flexible tactile-pressure sensor based on hyper-elastics polydimethylsiloxane and plate capacitance. Design/methodology/approach With regard to this problem, this paper presents a flexible tactile-pressure sensor based on hyper-elastics PDMS and plate capacitance. The sensor has a size of 10 mm × 10 mm × 1.3 mm and is composed of four upper electrodes, one middle driving electrode and one lower electrode. The authors first analyzed the structure and the tactile-pressure sensing principle of human skin to obtain the design parameters of the sensor. Then they presented the working principle, material selection and mechanical structure design and fabrication process of the sensor. The authors also fabricated several sample devices of the sensor and carried out experiments to establish the relationship between the sensor output and the pressure. Findings The results show that the tactile part of the sensor can measure a range of 0.05-1N/mm2 micro pressure with a sensitivity of 2.93 per cent/N and a linearity of 0.03 per cent. The pressure part of the sensor can measure a range of 1-30N/mm2 pressure with a sensitivity of 0.08 per cent/N and a linearity of 0.07 per cent. Originality/value This paper analyzes the tactile and pressure sensing principles of human skin and develop an intelligent sensitive human-skin-like tactile-pressure sensor for intelligent robot perception systems. The sensor can achieve to imitate the tactile and pressure function simultaneously with a measurement resolution of 0.01 N and a spatial resolution of 2 mm.
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Sun, Zhuqi, Haoyu Fang, Baochun Xu, Lina Yang, Haoran Niu, Hongfei Wang, Da Chen, et al. "Flexible Wireless Passive LC Pressure Sensor with Design Methodology and Cost-Effective Preparation." Micromachines 12, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12080976.
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Continuous monitoring of physical motion, which can be successfully achieved via a wireless flexible wearable electronic device, is essential for people to ensure the appropriate level of exercise. Currently, most of the flexible LC pressure sensors have low sensitivity because of the high Young’s modulus of the dielectric properties (such as PDMS) and the inflexible polymer films (as the substrate of the sensors), which don’t have excellent stretchability to conform to arbitrarily curved and moving surfaces such as joints. In the LC sensing system, the metal rings, as the traditional readout device, are difficult to meet the needs of the portable readout device for the integrated and planar readout antenna. In order to improve the pressure sensitivity of the sensor, the Ecoflex microcolumn used as the dielectric of the capacitive pressure sensor was prepared by using a metal mold copying method. The Ecoflex elastomer substrates enhanced the levels of conformability, which offered improved capabilities to establish intimate contact with the curved and moving surfaces of the skin. The pressure was applied to the sensor by weights, and the resonance frequency curves of the sensor under different pressures were obtained by the readout device connected to the vector network analyzer. The experimental results show that resonant frequency decreases linearly with the increase of applied pressure in a range of 0–23,760 Pa with a high sensitivity of −2.2 MHz/KPa. We designed a coplanar waveguide-fed monopole antenna used to read the information of the LC sensor, which has the potential to be integrated with RF signal processing circuits as a portable readout device and a higher vertical readout distance (up to 4 cm) than the copper ring. The flexible LC pressure sensor can be attached to the skin conformally and is sensitive to limb bending and facial muscle movements. Therefore, it has the potential to be integrated as a body sensor network that can be used to monitor physical motion.
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Marchiori, Bastien, Simon Regal, Yanid Arango, Roger Delattre, Sylvain Blayac, and Marc Ramuz. "PVDF-TrFE-Based Stretchable Contact and Non-Contact Temperature Sensor for E-Skin Application." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030623.
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Development of stretchable electronics has been driven by key applications such as electronics skin for robotic or prosthetic. Mimicking skin functionalities imposes at a minimal level: stretchability, pressure, and temperature sensing capabilities. While the research on pressure sensors for artificial skin is extensive, stretchable temperature sensors remain less explored. In this work, a stretchable temperature and infrared sensor has been developed on a polydimethylsiloxane substrate. The sensor is based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) as a pyroelectric material. This material is sandwiched between two electrodes. The first one consists of aluminium serpentines, covered by gold in order to get electrical contact and maximum stretchability. The second one is based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) that has shown good electrical compatibility with PVDF-TrFE and provides the stretchability of the top electrode. Without poling the PVDF-TrFE, sensor has shown a sensitivity of around 7 pF.°C−1 up to 35% strain without any change in its behaviour. Then, taking advantage on infrared absorption of PEDOT:PSS, a poled device has shown a pyroelectric peak of 13 mV to an infrared illumination of 5 mW at 830 nm. This stretchable device valuably allows an electronic skin (e-skin) use for contact and more importantly non-contact thermal sensing.
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Yu, Jie, Yulan Lu, Deyong Chen, Junbo Wang, Jian Chen, and Bo Xie. "A resonant high-pressure sensor based on dual cavities." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 31, no. 12 (November 9, 2021): 124002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ac333d.
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Abstract High-pressure sensors enable expansive demands in ocean sciences, industrial controls, and oil explorations. Successful sensor realized in piezoresistive high-pressure sensors which suffer from the key issue of compromised accuracies due to serious temperature drifts. Herein, this paper presents a high accuracy resonant high-pressure sensor with the pressure range of 70 MPa. Different from conventional resonant high-pressure sensor, the developed sensor utilized a dual-resonator-cavity design to minimize temperature disturbances and improve the pressure sensitivities. Besides, four circle cavities were used to maintain a high vacuum level for resonators after anodic bonding process. In details, Dual resonators, which is parallelly placed in the tensile and compressive stresses areas of a rectangular pressure sensitive diaphragm, are separated vacuum-packaged in the parallel dual cavities. Thus, pressure under measurement bends the pressure sensitive diaphragm, producing an increased pressure sensitivity and a decreased temperature sensitivity by the differential outputs of the dual resonators. Parameterized mathematical models of the sensor were established and the parameters of the models were optimized to adjust the pressure sensitivities and the temperature sensitivities of the sensor. Simplified deep reactive ion etching was used to form the sensing structure of the sensor and only once anodic bonding was used to form vacuum packaging for the dual resonators. Experimental results confirmed that the Q values of the resonators were higher than 32 000. Besides, the temperature sensitivity of the sensor was reduced from 44 Hz °C−1 (494 ppm °C−1) to 1 Hz °C−1 (11 ppm °C−1) by the differential outputs of the dual resonators in the temperature range of −10 °C–60 °C under the pressure of 1000 kPa. In addition, the accuracy of the sensor was better than 0.02% FS within the pressure range of 110–6500 kPa and the temperature range of −10 °C–60 °C by using a polynomial algorithm.
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Keum, Kyobin, Jae Sang Heo, Jimi Eom, Keon Woo Lee, Sung Kyu Park, and Yong-Hoon Kim. "Highly Sensitive Textile-Based Capacitive Pressure Sensors Using PVDF-HFP/Ionic Liquid Composite Films." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020442.
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Textile-based pressure sensors have garnered considerable interest in electronic textiles due to their diverse applications, including human–machine interface and healthcare monitoring systems. We studied a textile-based capacitive pressure sensor array using a poly(vinylidene fluoride)-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP)/ionic liquid (IL) composite film. By constructing a capacitor structure with Ag-plated conductive fiber electrodes that are embedded in fabrics, a capacitive pressure sensor showing high sensitivity, good operation stability, and a wide sensing range could be created. By optimizing the PVDF-HFP:IL ratio (6.5:3.5), the fabricated textile pressure sensors showed sensitivity of 9.51 kPa−1 and 0.69 kPa−1 in the pressure ranges of 0–20 kPa and 20–100 kPa, respectively. The pressure-dependent capacitance variation in our device was explained based on the change in the contact-area formed between the multi-filament fiber electrodes and the PVDF-HFP/IL film. To demonstrate the applicability and scalability of the sensor device, a 3 × 3 pressure sensor array was fabricated. Due to its matrix-type array structure and capacitive sensing mechanism, multi-point detection was possible, and the different positions and the weights of the objects could be identified.
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Chen, Xiaojun, Xitong Lin, Deyun Mo, Xiaoqun Xia, Manfeng Gong, Haishan Lian, and Yihui Luo. "High-sensitivity, fast-response flexible pressure sensor for electronic skin using direct writing printing." RSC Advances 10, no. 44 (2020): 26188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra04431h.
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Bionic electronic skin with human sensory capabilities has attracted extensive research interest, which has been applied in the fields of medical health diagnosis, wearable electronics, human–computer interaction, and bionic prosthetics.
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Guo, Zhenxin, Lixin Mo, Yu Ding, Qingqing Zhang, Xiangyou Meng, Zhengtan Wu, Yinjie Chen, Meijuan Cao, Wei Wang, and Luhai Li. "Printed and Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensor with Carbon Nanotubes based Composite Dielectric Layer." Micromachines 10, no. 11 (October 23, 2019): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10110715.
Full textAbstract:
Flexible pressure sensors have attracted tremendous attention from researchers for their widely applications in tactile artificial intelligence, electric skin, disease diagnosis, and healthcare monitoring. Obtaining flexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity in a low cost and convenient way remains a huge challenge. In this paper, the composite dielectric layer based on the mixture of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with different aspect ratios and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was employed in flexible capacitive pressure sensor to increase its sensitivity. In addition, the screen printing instead of traditional etching based methods was used to prepare the electrodes array of the sensor. The results showed that the aspect ratio and weight fraction of the CNTs play an important role in improving the sensitivity of the printed capacitive pressure sensor. The prepared capacitive sensor with the CNTs/PDMS composite dielectric layer demonstrated a maximum sensitivity of 2.9 kPa−1 in the pressure range of 0–450 Pa, by using the CNTs with an aspect ratio of 1250–3750 and the weight fraction of 3.75%. The mechanism study revealed that the increase of the sensitivity of the pressure sensor should be attributed to the relative permittivity increase of the composite dielectric layer under pressure. Meanwhile, the printed 3 × 3 and 10 × 10 sensor arrays showed excellent spatial resolution and uniformity when they were applied to measure the pressure distribution. For further applications, the flexible pressure sensor was integrated on an adhesive bandage to detect the finger bending, as well as used to create Morse code by knocking the sensor to change their capacitance curves. The printed and flexible pressure sensor in this study might be a good candidate for the development of tactile artificial intelligence, intelligent medical diagnosis systems and wearable electronics.