Academic literature on the topic 'Electronic picture'

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Journal articles on the topic "Electronic picture"

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Page-Thomas, Kelly. "Electronic Marketing: The Bigger Picture." Marketing Review 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1362/146934705774538340.

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Sarika, Cherukupally. "Face Frontalization." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 5423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36057.

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Face recognition is generally utilized in PC vision. The majority of the inserted and electronic gadgets are utilizing the face verification for security purposes. FR is utilized to distinguish an individual in a video or advanced picture. To actualize this we have to have a lot of pictures of a specific individual in information base with various face stances and appearances. For this cycle it expends huge memory space to store various pictures of a solitary individual. The info profile picture should coordinate with the picture present in the information base if not the face won't be perceived.Our proposed model will decrease the need of putting away different pictures of a solitary individual. In the event that the information picture is a non-frontal picture, at that point this model will change over that picture into frontal picture. Here info picture will go through a few picture handling procedures. Picture is analog in nature which speak to consistent territory if position and force esteems.
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Gabelica, Marina. "Children's Electronic Literature Criticism: Exploring Electronic Picture Books." Matlit Revista do Programa de Doutoramento em Materialidades da Literatura 6, no. 2 (August 10, 2018): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-8830_6-2_8.

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This paper researches the position and the genres of children’s electronic literature within the larger context of electronic literature, focusing on its most representative form — electronic picture books. It explores their rich narrative possibilities and regards them as an autochthonous children’s electronic literary genre, a gateway that leads a young reader into the world of electronic literature.
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Morley, Steven A. "Electronic Cinema — The REALLY Big Picture." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 30, no. 1 (1999): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1889/1.1833997.

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Prabhu, Prasad, Michael Miller, Carolyn Bussi, and Sarah Bartoo. "Pictorial Navigation Aids for Electronic Picture Displays on Digital Cameras." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 6 (October 1998): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200611.

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Many of today's digital cameras allow the user to review the pictures they have captured on an LCD on the back of the camera. These cameras are capable of storing numerous pictures which the user may navigate through to share ideas, concepts, or memories with others. In this paper we present two graphical user interface concepts that were designed to provide navigation aids on Kodak digital cameras. A study is described which utilized prototypes to test the concepts before they were implemented into a product. This usability study allowed the designers to select optimal parameters for these navigation aids, including recommended picture sizes and the number of pictures to be displayed within a navigation aid that is based on a film strip metaphor.
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Iwata, Mitsura, and Takehisa Onisawa. "Linguistic expressions of picture information considering connections between pictures." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part III: Fundamental Electronic Science) 86, no. 12 (June 11, 2003): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecjc.10141.

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Ou, Kuo-Liang, Wernhuar Tarng, and Yi-Ru Chen. "Vocabulary Learning Through Picture-Viewing and Picture-Drawing on Tablets." International Journal of Distance Education Technologies 16, no. 3 (July 2018): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdet.2018070104.

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Beginning learners of English frequently use flashcards as a tool for learning vocabulary. However, because of the consciousness difference between the picture-readers and picture-drawers on vocabularies, errors may be involved in the learners' comprehension of the vocabulary terms on the flashcards. This article develops and evaluates an English vocabulary learning strategy for tablet devices on which learners' viewing and drawing corresponding to vocabularies on the mobile devices. Fifty-two elementary school students were recruited and divided into two groups: The first group read the printed flashcards from electronic files, the second group read the flashcards drawn by students themselves. The results indicated that the drawing learning strategy was beneficial for increasing both their learning motivation and memory retention. The learners could create their own learning content by drawing pictures in such a manner that the pictures were highly relevant to the meaning of the target word, thus transforming their learning pattern from passive to active.
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Yang, Tsung-Han, Cheng-Yuan Ku, David C. Yen, and Wen-Huai Hsieh. "Electronic Hand-Drafting and Picture Management System." Journal of Medical Systems 36, no. 4 (April 14, 2011): 2297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10916-011-9697-y.

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Kenyon, Norman. "Picture update." IEE Review 35, no. 3 (1989): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19890046.

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Aabø, Svanhild. "A Picture Database - Conservation Needs and Electronic Access to the Fridtjof Nansen Picture Archive." IFLA Journal 18, no. 3 (October 1992): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/034003529201800312.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electronic picture"

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Popkin, Timothy John. "Space-variant picture coding." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/612.

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Space-variant picture coding techniques exploit the strong spatial non-uniformity of the human visual system in order to increase coding efficiency in terms of perceived quality per bit. This thesis extends space-variant coding research in two directions. The first of these directions is in foveated coding. Past foveated coding research has been dominated by the single-viewer, gaze-contingent scenario. However, for research into the multi-viewer and probability-based scenarios, this thesis presents a missing piece: an algorithm for computing an additive multi-viewer sensitivity function based on an established eye resolution model, and, from this, a blur map that is optimal in the sense of discarding frequencies in least-noticeable- rst order. Furthermore, for the application of a blur map, a novel algorithm is presented for the efficient computation of high-accuracy smoothly space-variant Gaussian blurring, using a specialised filter bank which approximates perfect space-variant Gaussian blurring to arbitrarily high accuracy and at greatly reduced cost compared to the brute force approach of employing a separate low-pass filter at each image location. The second direction is that of artifi cially increasing the depth-of- field of an image, an idea borrowed from photography with the advantage of allowing an image to be reduced in bitrate while retaining or increasing overall aesthetic quality. Two synthetic depth of field algorithms are presented herein, with the desirable properties of aiming to mimic occlusion eff ects as occur in natural blurring, and of handling any number of blurring and occlusion levels with the same level of computational complexity. The merits of this coding approach have been investigated by subjective experiments to compare it with single-viewer foveated image coding. The results found the depth-based preblurring to generally be significantly preferable to the same level of foveation blurring.
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Clapham, Eric S. "Picture priming multiple primes under conditions of normal and limited awareness /." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3355576.

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Pentes, Tatiana. "BlackBOX : painting a digital picture of documented memory." University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/357.

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This study investigates and records the production of a digital media artwork blackBOX: Painting A Digital Picture of Documented Memory, generated through the media technologies of interactive multimedia, exploiting the creative potentials of digitally produced music, sound, image and text relationships in a disc based and online (Internet) environment. The artwork evolves from an imaginary electronic landscape that can be uniquely explored/ played in a non-sequential manner. The artwork/ ‘game’ is a search for the protagonist Nina’s hybrid cultural identity. This is mirrored in the exploration of random, fragmentary and non-linear experiences designed for the player engaged with the artwork. The subjective intervention of the player/ participant in the electronic artwork is metaphoric of the improvisational tendencies that have evolved in the Greek Blues (Rembetika), Jazz, and Hindustani musical and performative dance forms. The protagonist Nina’s discovery of these musical forms reveal her cultural/ spiritual origins. As a musical composer arranges notes, melodies and harmonies, and sections of instruments, so too, the multimedia producer designs a ensemble of audio-visual fragments to be navigated. Dance also becomes a driving metaphor, analogous to the players movement in and through these passages of image/ sound/ text and as a movement between theories and ideas explored in the content of the program. The central concern is to playfully reverse, obscure, distort the look of the dominating/colonialist gaze, in the production of an interactive ‘game’ and allow the girl to picture herself. One of my objectives is to explore the ways in which social research can be undertaken by the creation of an interactive program in the computer environment utilising interactive digital media technologies. The study reveals that, through the subjective intervention of the (player) user4 with the digital artefact, a unique experience and responsiveness is produced with the open ended text. The work is comprised of a website http://www.strangecities.net; an interactive CD-ROM; a gallery installation; digital photomedia images; and a written thesis documenting and theorising the production. 4 The term user, while widely debated has been in usage from the 1980s to refer to the unique human interaction with the digital artefact, electronic screen work, and computer interface.
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Youngs, Suzette. "Literary, visual, and historical understandings intermediate readers respond to historical fiction picture books /." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3355609.

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Song, Yan, and 宋妍. "Online news with Chinese characteristics: themainland's ever changing picture of internet media." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44692511.

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Berg, Tessa. "Understanding iconography : a method to allow rich picture interpretation to improve." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2727.

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Information Systems for complex situations often fail to adequately deliver quality and suitability. One reason for this failure is an inability to identify comprehensive user requirements. Seldom do all stakeholders, especially those „invisible‟ or „back room‟ system users, have a voice when systems are designed. If this is a global problem then it may impact on both the public and private sectors in terms of their ability to perform, produce and stay competitive. To improve upon this, system designers use rich pictures as a diagrammatic means of identifying differing world views with the aim of creating shared understanding of the organisation. Rich pictures have predominantly been used as freeform, unstructured tools with no commonly agreed syntax. This research has collated, analysed and documented a substantial collection of rich pictures into a single dataset. Attention has been focussed on three main research areas; how the rich picture is facilitated, how the rich picture is constructed and how to interpret the resultant pictures. This research highlights the importance of the rich picture tool and argues the value of adding levels of structure, in certain cases. It is shown that there are considerable benefits for both the interpreter and the creator by providing a pre-drawing session, a common key of symbols and a framework for icon understanding. In conclusion, it is suggested that there is some evidence that a framework which aims to support the process of the rich picture and aid interpretation is valuable.
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Fox, Barbara Beeghly. "Obsession and crisis film music and narrative in Double Indemnity (1944), Laura (1944), and Psycho (1960) /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2005. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433617.

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Johnson, Daryl G. "An image storage system using a relational database management system to facilitate picture data handling /." Online version of thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10182.

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Nollet, Megan D. "A systematic investigation of picture exchange and sign language for the acquisition of mands in young children with autism /." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1455653.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2008.
"May 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 20-22). Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2009]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.
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Bellego, Christophe. "Three empirical essays on movie admissions in the french motion picture industry." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E060.

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A la frontière entre les industries du divertissement et la production culturelle, grand fournisseur de contenu à l'économie numérique, l'industrie du cinéma soulève des questions intéressantes dans le champ de l'économie et du marketing. Cette thèse répond à trois questions empiriques importantes sur ce sujet à l'aide de différentes méthodes adaptées (économétrie des données de panel, différence-de-différences, économétrie structurelle) et propose un nouveau développement théorique du modèle nested logit. Le premier chapitre étudie l'effet des notes des consommateurs sur Internet, et analyse la complémentarité et la substituabilité de ces notes avec l'information disponible avant la sortie des films en salle. Le deuxième chapitre étudie l'effet redistributif de la loi anti-piratage Hadopi sur les entrées des films en salle, en écartant minutieusement les phénomènes alternatifs pouvant affecter les résultats. Le troisième chapitre considère la saisonnalité dans l'industrie française du cinéma et décompose séparément les entrées des films en salle en le niveau de l'offre (le nombre et la qualité des films), la demande saisonnière sous-jacente, les variations météorologiques, et les promotions nationales en estimant un modèle nested logit à trois étages tenant compte de la congestion des films dans les salles de cinéma. Le modèle est utilisé pour identifier les dates de sortie optimales en fonction des types de film
At the frontier between entertainment industries and cultural production, vital content provider of digital economy, the motion picture industry raises several interesting questions in the field of economics and marketing. This dissertation tackles three important empirical questions in the motion picture industry using different methods (panel data models, difference-in-differences, and structural econometrics) and brings a new theoretical development about the nested logit model. The first chapter deals with online consumer reviews, also known as electronic word of mouth (eWOM), and focuses on the extent to which prerelease information alters the effect of eWOM on movie sales. The second chapter studies the collateral damages of the French anti-piracy law known as Hadopi on box office performances of movies, by carefully ruling out alternative explanations of the result. The third chapter investigates on seasonality in the French movie industry. The analysis separately identifies and decomposes movie sales into the number and quality of available movies, underlying seasonal demand, weather shocks, and national sales promotion by estimating a three-level nested logit model of weekly demand accounting for congestion on movie theaters' screens. The model is used to identify optimal release periods depending on the types of movie
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Books on the topic "Electronic picture"

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Trent, Cynthia. Picture this. Arlington, Va: Write Words, 1986.

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Stephen, Prince. A new pot of gold: Hollywood under the electronic rainbow, 1980-1989. New York: C. Scribner's, 2000.

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Stephen, Prince. A new pot of gold: Hollywood under the electronic rainbow, 1980-1989. New York: Charles Scribners', 1999.

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Weinstein, Stephen B. Getting the picture: A guide to CATV and the new electronic media. New York: IEEE Press, 1986.

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Inc, ebrary, ed. Picture yourself learning Microsoft Excel 2010. Boston, Mass., U.S.A: Course Technology PTR, 2011.

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Electronic image communications: A guide to networking image files. Medford, NJ: Learned Information, Inc., 1994.

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Waterhouse, Phyllis. Picture knits: For all punchcard and electronic knitting machines, also for hand knitting. East Wenatchee, Wash: Phyllis' Custom Knits, 1991.

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Media composer 6: Professional picture and sound editing. Boston, MA: Course Technology, Cengage Learning, 2013.

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Patrick, McGilligan, ed. Backstory 3: Interviews with screenwriters of the 1960s. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.

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Standardization, International Organization for. Photography--electronic still-picture imaging--noise measurements =: Photographie-imagerie des prises de vue électroniques-mesurages du bruit. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electronic picture"

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Kaiser, A. B. "A Microscopic Picture for Very High Conductivities in Polymers." In Electronic Properties of Polymers, 86–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84705-9_16.

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Bu, Yaohua, Jia Jia, Xiang Li, and Xiaobo Lu. "Emotional Design for Children’s Electronic Picture Book." In Human-Computer Interaction. Perspectives on Design, 392–403. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22646-6_28.

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Devey, Gilbert B., and Michael J. Ackerman. "Beyond PACS: The Electronic Triage System." In Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) in Medicine, 373–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76566-7_55.

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Christoffersen, Mads. "Denmark: From Electronic Picture Book to New Medium?" In Relaunching Videotex, 99–111. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2520-8_9.

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Gonis, A., T. C. Schulthess, and P. E. A. Turchi. "The Two-Particle Picture and Electronic Structure Calculations." In Electron Correlations and Materials Properties, 381–92. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4715-0_23.

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Oleś, Andrzej M., and Barbara Oleś. "Electronic Quasiparticles in the Anderson Lattice: Atomic Limit Versus Hybridized Band Picture." In Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of Valence Fluctuations and Heavy Fermions, 545–48. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0947-5_86.

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Adam, Marc T. P., and Jan Krämer. "Understanding Emotions in Electronic Auctions: Insights from Neurophysiology." In Market Engineering, 87–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66661-3_5.

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AbstractThe design of electronic auction platforms is an important field of electronic commerce research. It requires not only a profound understanding of the role of human cognition in human bidding behavior but also of the role of human affect. In this chapter, we focus specifically on the emotional aspects of human bidding behavior and the results of empirical studies that have employed neurophysiological measurements in this regard. By synthesizing the results of these studies, we are able to provide a coherent picture of the role of affective processes in human bidding behavior along four distinct theoretical pathways.
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Zhang, J., and W. Pötz. "On Transport in Heterostructures within the Independent-Particle Picture." In Computational Electronics, 231–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2124-9_46.

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Spiller, T. P., P. S. Spencer, T. D. Clark, J. F. Ralph, H. Prance, R. J. Prance, and A. J. Clippingdale. "Introducing Dissipation in the Schrödinger Picture." In Springer Series in Electronics and Photonics, 255–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77274-0_32.

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Verkade, John G. "The Orbital Picture for Bound Electrons." In A Pictorial Approach to Molecular Bonding and Vibrations, 1–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8495-3_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Electronic picture"

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Boyd, Ernst, K. Akama, and Arthur W. Brody. "Picture resolution enhancement." In Electronic Imaging '97, edited by Georges G. Grinstein and Robert F. Erbacher. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.270312.

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Fan, Zhigang, and Raja Bala. "Picture/graphics classification using texture features." In Electronic Imaging 2002, edited by Reiner Eschbach and Gabriel G. Marcu. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.452977.

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Castorina, Alfio, Alessandro Capra, Salvatore Curti, Edoardo Ardizzone, and Valentina Lo Verde. "Automatic image enhancement by picture fusion." In Electronic Imaging 2005, edited by Nitin Sampat, Jeffrey M. DiCarlo, and Ricardo J. Motta. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.586595.

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van Doorn, Andrea J., Huib de Ridder, and Jan Koenderink. "Picture perception and visual field." In IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging, edited by Bernice E. Rogowitz, Thrasyvoulos N. Pappas, and Huib de Ridder. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2001609.

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Wang, Wiley, Jennifer Dean, and Russ Muzzolini. "Ubiquitous picture-rich content representation." In IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging, edited by Qian Lin, Zhigang Z. Fan, Theo Gevers, Raimondo Schettini, and Cees Snoek. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.845216.

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Yamamoto, K., Y. Ichihashi, T. Senoh, R. Oi, and T. Kurita. "3D visual system using ray-based image sensors and electronic holography display." In 2012 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcs.2012.6213276.

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Goffin, Francois, Jean-Francois Delaigle, Christophe De Vleeschouwer, Benoit M. M. Macq, and Jean-Jacques Quisquater. "Low-cost perceptive digital picture watermarking method." In Electronic Imaging '97, edited by Ishwar K. Sethi and Ramesh C. Jain. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.263415.

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Hsu, Wei-Feng, Shinn-Yih Tseng, Hwang-Cheng Chiang, Jui-His Cheng, and Yuan-Te Liu. "Performance measurement of commercial electronic still picture cameras." In Asia Pacific Symposium on Optoelectronics '98, edited by Yusheng Tim Tsai, Teh-Ming Kung, and Jan Larsen. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.311074.

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Bartels, Chris, and Gerard de Haan. "Occlusion classifiers for picture rate conversion." In IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging, edited by Majid Rabbani and Robert L. Stevenson. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.805959.

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Yoshikawa, Hiroshi, and Junji Tamai. "Holographic image compression by motion picture coding." In Electronic Imaging: Science & Technology, edited by Stephen A. Benton. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.236045.

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Reports on the topic "Electronic picture"

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Jones, Peter H., and Kevin M. Dye. 4-D COMMON OPERATIONAL PICTURE (COP) FOR MISSION ASSURANCE (4D COP) Task Order 0001: Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Autonomy Collaboration in Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR), Electronic Warfare (EW)/Cyber and Combat Identification (CID). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1020042.

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Stankovic, Mirjana, and Agustín Ignacio Filippo. Global Value Chain Data for Mexico in the Automotive and Electronics Sectors. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003664.

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This report uses the Global Value Chain (GVC) data framework to provide scoping review and analysis of Mexico's current position and potential for using and harvesting GVC data in the automotive and electronics sectors. By conducting the study on GVCs data, we hope to broaden the understanding of the importance of data transfers for GVCs, production, and trade, underlining that data are critical to all companies and not only to the so-called "high-tech companies." Data protection, sharing, and security are also central to manufacturers in the automotive and electronics sectors. This report will review how datafication, data protection, sharing, and security impact Mexico's automotive and electronics industry. This information is analyzed from a global perspective and the viewpoint of Mexico to provide a holistic picture of the situation when identifying trajectories for entry, growth, and upgrading along GVCs that rely on datafication and digital transformation. It will also offer recommendations for regulators and policymakers on how to facilitate successful GVCs' data functioning and guidance for businesses on how to harvest data for growth and digital transformation.
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Kirchhoff, Helmut, and Ziv Reich. Protection of the photosynthetic apparatus during desiccation in resurrection plants. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699861.bard.

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In this project, we studied the photosynthetic apparatus during dehydration and rehydration of the homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plant Craterostigmapumilum (retains most of the photosynthetic components during desiccation). Resurrection plants have the remarkable capability to withstand desiccation, being able to revive after prolonged severe water deficit in a few days upon rehydration. Homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plants are very efficient in protecting the photosynthetic machinery against damage by reactive oxygen production under drought. The main purpose of this BARD project was to unravel these largely unknown protection strategies for C. pumilum. In detail, the specific objectives were: (1) To determine the distribution and local organization of photosynthetic protein complexes and formation of inverted hexagonal phases within the thylakoid membranes at different dehydration/rehydration states. (2) To determine the 3D structure and characterize the geometry, topology, and mechanics of the thylakoid network at the different states. (3) Generation of molecular models for thylakoids at the different states and study the implications for diffusion within the thylakoid lumen. (4) Characterization of inter-system electron transport, quantum efficiencies, photosystem antenna sizes and distribution, NPQ, and photoinhibition at different hydration states. (5) Measuring the partition of photosynthetic reducing equivalents between the Calvin cycle, photorespiration, and the water-water cycle. At the beginning of the project, we decided to use C. pumilum instead of C. wilmsii because the former species was available from our collaborator Dr. Farrant. In addition to the original two dehydration states (40 relative water content=RWC and 5% RWC), we characterized a third state (15-20%) because some interesting changes occurs at this RWC. Furthermore, it was not possible to detect D1 protein levels by Western blot analysis because antibodies against other higher plants failed to detect D1 in C. pumilum. We developed growth conditions that allow reproducible generation of different dehydration and rehydration states for C. pumilum. Furthermore, advanced spectroscopy and microscopy for C. pumilum were established to obtain a detailed picture of structural and functional changes of the photosynthetic apparatus in different hydrated states. Main findings of our study are: 1. Anthocyan accumulation during desiccation alleviates the light pressure within the leaves (Fig. 1). 2. During desiccation, stomatal closure leads to drastic reductions in CO2 fixation and photorespiration. We could not identify alternative electron sinks as a solution to reduce ROS production. 3. On the supramolecular level, semicrystalline protein arrays were identified in thylakoid membranes in the desiccated state (see Fig. 3). On the electron transport level, a specific series of shut downs occur (summarized in Fig. 2). The main events include: Early shutdown of the ATPase activity, cessation of electron transport between cyt. bf complex and PSI (can reduce ROS formation at PSI); at higher dehydration levels uncoupling of LHCII from PSII and cessation of electron flow from PSII accompanied by crystal formation. The later could severe as a swift PSII reservoir during rehydration. The specific order of events in the course of dehydration and rehydration discovered in this project is indicative for regulated structural transitions specifically realized in resurrection plants. This detailed knowledge can serve as an interesting starting point for rationale genetic engineering of drought-tolerant crops.
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4

Shomer, Ilan, Ruth E. Stark, Victor Gaba, and James D. Batteas. Understanding the hardening syndrome of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber tissue to eliminate textural defects in fresh and fresh-peeled/cut products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587238.bard.

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The project sought to understand factors and mechanisms involved in the hardening of potato tubers. This syndrome inhibits heat softening due to intercellular adhesion (ICA) strengthening, compromising the marketing of industrially processed potatoes, particularly fresh peeled-cut or frozen tubers. However, ICA strengthening occurs under conditions which are inconsistent with the current ideas that relate it to Ca-pectate following pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity or to formation of rhamnogalacturonan (RG)-II-borate. First, it was necessary to induce strengthening of the middle lamellar complex (MLX) and the ICA as a stress response in some plant parenchyma. As normally this syndrome does not occur uniformly enough to study it, we devised an efficient model in which ICA-strengthening is induced consistently under simulated stress by short-chain, linear, mono-carboxylic acid molecules (OAM), at 65 oC [appendix 1 (Shomer&Kaaber, 2006)]. This rapid strengthening was insufficient for allowing the involved agents assembly to be identifiable; but it enabled us to develop an efficient in vitro system on potato tuber parenchyma slices at 25 ºC for 7 days, whereas unified stress was reliably simulated by OAMs in all the tissue cells. Such consistent ICA-strengthening in vitro was found to be induced according to the unique physicochemical features of each OAM as related to its lipophilicity (Ko/w), pKa, protonated proportion, and carbon chain length by the following parameters: OAM dissociation constant (Kdiss), adsorption affinity constant (KA), number of adsorbed OAMs required for ICA response (cooperativity factor) and the water-induced ICA (ICAwater). Notably, ICA-strengthening is accompanied by cell sap leakage, reflecting cell membrane rupture. In vitro, stress simulation by OAMs at pH<pKa facilitated the consistent assembly of ICAstrengthening agents, which we were able to characterize for the first time at the molecular level within purified insoluble cell wall of ICA-strengthened tissue. (a) With solid-state NMR, we established the chemical structure and covalent binding to cell walls of suberin-like agents associated exclusively with ICA strengthening [appendix 3 (Yu et al., 2006)]; (b) Using proteomics, 8 isoforms of cell wall-bound patatin (a soluble vacuolar 42-kDa protein) were identified exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue; (c) With light/electron microscopy, ultrastructural characterization, histochemistry and immunolabeling, we co-localized patatin and pectin in the primary cell wall and prominently in the MLX; (d) determination of cell wall composition (pectin, neutral sugars, Ca-pectate) yielded similar results in both controls and ICA-strengthened tissue, implicating factors other than PME activity, Ca2+ or borate ions; (e) X-ray powder diffraction experiments revealed that the cellulose crystallinity in the cell wall is masked by pectin and neutral sugars (mainly galactan), whereas heat or enzymatic pectin degradation exposed the crystalline cellulose structure. Thus, we found that exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue, heat-resistant pectin is evident in the presence of patatin and suberinlike agents, where the cellulose crystallinity was more hidden than in fresh control tissue. Conclusions: Stress response ICA-strengthening is simulated consistently by OAMs at pH< pKa, although PME and formation of Ca-pectate and RG-II-borate are inhibited. By contrast, at pH>pKa and particularly at pH 7, ICA-strengthening is mostly inhibited, although PME activity and formation of Ca-pectate or RG-II-borate are known to be facilitated. We found that upon stress, vacuolar patatin is released with cell sap leakage, allowing the patatin to associate with the pectin in both the primary cell wall and the MLX. The stress response also includes formation of covalently bound suberin-like polyesters within the insoluble cell wall. The experiments validated the hypotheses, thus led to a novel picture of the structural and molecular alterations responsible for the textural behavior of potato tuber. These findings represent a breakthrough towards understanding of the hardening syndrome, laying the groundwork for potato-handling strategies that assure textural quality of industrially processed particularly in fresh peeled cut tubers, ready-to-prepare and frozen preserved products.
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