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Hernon, Peter. "Publications and Information of the United States Government in an Electronic Age." Serials Review 12, no. 2-3 (June 1986): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00987913.1986.10763702.
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Chung and Kim. "A Comparative Study of Digital Government Policies, Focusing on E-Government Acts in Korea and the United States." Electronics 8, no. 11 (November 17, 2019): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111362.
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The first enactment of a single national e-government act took place in Korea in 2001. Subsequently, the United States enacted its electronic government act in November 2002. Unified e-government acts in Korea and the United States have since been established and enforced for nearly two decades, and provide interesting case studies for examining the long-term influences of the e-government act on national e-government and digital government policies. The e-government act of the United States is much more comprehensive than the e-government act of Korea. The US e-government act focuses on strengthening the federal government’s ability to regulate the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)’s role in e-government implementation. The OMB has overall jurisdiction over the e-government promotion process and will continue to consult with ministries on appropriate budget support for each project. In contrast, the e-government law in Korea is based on electronic document processing as the basic viewpoint and has been downgraded to a level that supports document reduction and electronic processing of documents, rather than a comprehensive law that can support e-government projects. The comparative case study of e-government acts in Korea and the United States revealed that, from the standpoint of digital government transformation using information technology, it is most important to promote digital government policy directly from the ministry that manages the budget, or to establish a dedicated organization under the ministry to secure strong coordination while linking it with the budget.
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Carter, Lemuria, Ludwig Christian Schaupp, Jeffrey Hobbs, and Ronald Campbell. "E-Government Utilization." International Journal of Electronic Government Research 8, no. 1 (January 2012): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jegr.2012010105.
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The implementation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the public sector has numerous benefits. Government administrators are aggressively seeking ways to enhance the development and implementation of more effective and efficient government services. One electronic government initiative that is growing in importance and popularity is electronic tax filing. This study explores the factors that contribute to e-file utilization. To test the proposed model a survey is administered to 152 taxpayers in the United States. Results of structural equation modeling indicate that performance expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, optimism bias, perceived reputation and risk all have a significant impact on e-government usage. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Jaeger, Paul T., and Kim M. Thompson. "Social information behavior and the democratic process: Information poverty, normative behavior, and electronic government in the United States." Library & Information Science Research 26, no. 1 (December 2004): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2003.11.006.
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Seifert, Jeffrey, and R. Eric Petersen. "The Promise of All Things E? Expectations and Challenges of Emergent Electronic Government." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 1, no. 2 (2002): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915002100419808.
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AbstractThe ambiguous nature of electronic government (e-government) has resulted in hype and confusion, with little systematic consideration of the expectations and limitations of taking government online. This paper seeks to examine the role of e-government in the United States as an evolving process that manifests itself in three distinct sectors: government-to-government, government-to-business, and government-to-citizen. Using this typology as an organizing principle, we show how information technology has the potential to enhance government accessibility and citizen participation. We also show how the move toward a market-focused conceptualization of government information and service delivery raises the potential for blurring citizen and consumer roles, possibly at the cost of a robust, informed, and engaged citizenry.
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Barnum, George D., and Steven P. Kerchoff. "The federal depository library program electronic collection: Preserving a tradition of access to United States government information." New Review of Academic Librarianship 6, no. 1 (January 2000): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13614530009516814.
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Liang, Jun, Ying Li, Zhongan Zhang, Dongxia Shen, Jie Xu, Xu Zheng, Tong Wang, Buzhou Tang, Jianbo Lei, and Jiajie Zhang. "Adoption of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) in China During the Past 10 Years: Consecutive Survey Data Analysis and Comparison of Sino-American Challenges and Experiences." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): e24813. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/24813.
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Background The adoption rate of electronic health records (EHRs) in hospitals has become a main index to measure digitalization in medicine in each country. Objective This study summarizes and shares the experiences with EHR adoption in China and in the United States. Methods Using the 2007-2018 annual hospital survey data from the Chinese Health Information Management Association (CHIMA) and the 2008-2017 United States American Hospital Association Information Technology Supplement survey data, we compared the trends in EHR adoption rates in China and the United States. We then used the Bass model to fit these data and to analyze the modes of diffusion of EHRs in these 2 countries. Finally, using the 2007, 2010, and 2014 CHIMA and Healthcare Information and Management Systems Services survey data, we analyzed the major challenges faced by hospitals in China and the United States in developing health information technology. Results From 2007 to 2018, the average adoption rates of the sampled hospitals in China increased from 18.6% to 85.3%, compared to the increase from 9.4% to 96% in US hospitals from 2008 to 2017. The annual average adoption rates in Chinese and US hospitals were 6.1% and 9.6%, respectively. However, the annual average number of hospitals adopting EHRs was 1500 in China and 534 in the US, indicating that the former might require more effort. Both countries faced similar major challenges for hospital digitalization. Conclusions The adoption rates of hospital EHRs in China and the United States have both increased significantly in the past 10 years. The number of hospitals that adopted EHRs in China exceeded 16,000, which was 3.3 times that of the 4814 nonfederal US hospitals. This faster adoption outcome may have been a benefit of top-level design and government-led policies, particularly the inclusion of EHR adoption as an important indicator for performance evaluation and the appointment of public hospitals.
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Zayas-Cabán, Teresa, and Jonathan S. Wald. "Opportunities for the use of health information technology to support research." JAMIA Open 3, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaa037.
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Abstract In the last decade, expanding use of health information technology (IT) across the United States has created opportunities for use of electronic health data for health services and biomedical research, but efforts may be hampered by limited data access, data quality, and system functionality. We identify five opportunities to advance the use of health IT for health services and biomedical research, which informed a federal government-led, collaborative effort to develop a relevant policy and development agenda. In particular, the health IT infrastructure should more effectively support the use of electronic health data for research; provide adaptable technologies; incorporate relevant research-related functionality; support patient and caregiver engagement in research; and support effective integration of knowledge into practice. While not exhaustive, these represent important opportunities that the biomedical and health informatics communities can pursue to better leverage health IT and electronic health data for research.
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Peterson, Emily B., Wen-Ying Sylvia Chou, Dannielle E. Kelley, and Brad Hesse. "Trust in national health information sources in the United States: comparing predictors and levels of trust across three health domains." Translational Behavioral Medicine 10, no. 4 (May 22, 2019): 978–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibz066.
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Abstract Public trust in traditional sources of health information is essential for public health agencies and organizations to perform necessary public health functions. Little research has examined levels and predictors of trust in government health agencies and national health organizations. Additionally, few studies have simultaneously analyzed trust in multiple health topics. The major aim of this study was to compare levels and factors associated with trust in national health sources across three health topics: information about tobacco, electronic cigarettes, and general health. Data from two cycles of the National Cancer Institute’s Health Information National Trends Survey collected in 2015 and 2017 were merged and analyzed for this study (n = 5,474). A series of weighted multivariable logistic regression models calculated odds of high trust in government health agencies and health organizations for each health topic. More respondents reported high trust in health organizations than for government health agencies across all topics. More participants reported high trust in these sources tobacco information, as compared to general health or e-cigarette information. Logistic models found that those higher in information seeking confidence were more likely to report high trust across all models. Other demographic variables were inconsistent predictors of trust across topics. This study highlights inconsistent sociodemographic predictors of trust across multiple health topics and national health sources. Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers should consider the unique context of specific health topics in health promotion campaigns, partner with existing community-based organizations, and encourage and enable health information seeking.
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Baxter, Davin J. "E-GOVERNANCE AND E-PARTICIPATION VIA ONLINE CITIZEN BUDGETS AND ELECTRONIC LOBBYING: Promises and Challenges." World Affairs 180, no. 4 (December 2017): 4–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0043820018771137.
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Proponents of e-government, e-governance, and e-participation are particularly excited about the inclusive and empowering nature of some of their recent platforms. Critics nevertheless remain skeptical about how empowering these technologies really are and to what extent they fruitfully contribute to direct democratic processes. This essay reviews online initiatives in two areas (citizen budgets and facilitating citizen lobbying practices) intended to enhance e-participation and e-government strategies in the United States and beyond. I suggest that although clear progress has been made in the innovation of e-governance and information and communication technologies with websites like LobbyForMe and online citizen’s budget initiatives, a long road lies ahead before any notable milestone can be acknowledged in respect to full-blown e-democracy.
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Fiedler, Beth Ann. "Constructing legal authority to facilitate multi-level interagency health data sharing in the United States." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-07-2014-0045.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to forward specific policy proposals permitting greater sharing of health data across multi-level government agencies with the purpose of improving rapid identification of bioterrorist attack or disease epidemics while protecting patient privacy. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic literature review searched the following keyword phrases: knowledge sharing in the public sector, raw data sharing, interagency information systems, federal data sharing technology network and network theory on five primary databases. Findings – The volunteer nature of data sharing must evolve through public health policy to permit interagency data access agreements while minimizing privacy infringement. A multi-level information infrastructure network linking agencies tasked to develop medical countermeasures is recommended. Originality/value – This study optimizes the health data collection process to create a medical countermeasure network, demonstrates the utility of operationalizing data metrics for a US federal agency and advances meaningful use of electronic medical records.
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Lawrence, Amanda. "Electronic Documents in a Print World: Grey Literature and the Internet." Media International Australia 143, no. 1 (May 2012): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1214300114.
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Reports and documents from government and other organisations have existed for centuries, but in the post-war period their production increased significantly. Computers, databases, desktop publishing software and the internet have revolutionised the ways documents can be produced and disseminated, allowing individuals, groups and organisations access to a whole new world of information. The result has been an explosion in online publishing that has transformed scholarly communication. Research reports – or grey literature as they are also known – are now an essential part of many disciplines, including science and technology, health, environmental science and many areas of public policy. While access to these reports has become easier in many respects, online publishing presents many challenges as well, particularly for collecting organisations faced with the task of adapting their systems. The management of grey literature raises many issues that are still not resolved today. This article provides some background to these ongoing challenges in Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Europe.
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Mangono, Tichakunda, Peter Smittenaar, Yael Caplan, Vincent S. Huang, Staci Sutermaster, Hannah Kemp, and Sema K. Sgaier. "Information-Seeking Patterns During the COVID-19 Pandemic Across the United States: Longitudinal Analysis of Google Trends Data." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): e22933. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22933.
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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted people’s lives at unprecedented speed and scale, including how they eat and work, what they are concerned about, how much they move, and how much they can earn. Traditional surveys in the area of public health can be expensive and time-consuming, and they can rapidly become outdated. The analysis of big data sets (such as electronic patient records and surveillance systems) is very complex. Google Trends is an alternative approach that has been used in the past to analyze health behaviors; however, most existing studies on COVID-19 using these data examine a single issue or a limited geographic area. This paper explores Google Trends as a proxy for what people are thinking, needing, and planning in real time across the United States. Objective We aimed to use Google Trends to provide both insights into and potential indicators of important changes in information-seeking patterns during pandemics such as COVID-19. We asked four questions: (1) How has information seeking changed over time? (2) How does information seeking vary between regions and states? (3) Do states have particular and distinct patterns in information seeking? (4) Do search data correlate with—or precede—real-life events? Methods We analyzed searches on 38 terms related to COVID-19, falling into six themes: social and travel; care seeking; government programs; health programs; news and influence; and outlook and concerns. We generated data sets at the national level (covering January 1, 2016, to April 15, 2020) and state level (covering January 1 to April 15, 2020). Methods used include trend analysis of US search data; geographic analyses of the differences in search popularity across US states from March 1 to April 15, 2020; and principal component analysis to extract search patterns across states. Results The data showed high demand for information, corresponding with increasing searches for coronavirus linked to news sources regardless of the ideological leaning of the news source. Changes in information seeking often occurred well in advance of action by the federal government. The popularity of searches for unemployment claims predicted the actual spike in weekly claims. The increase in searches for information on COVID-19 care was paralleled by a decrease in searches related to other health behaviors, such as urgent care, doctor’s appointments, health insurance, Medicare, and Medicaid. Finally, concerns varied across the country; some search terms were more popular in some regions than in others. Conclusions COVID-19 is unlikely to be the last pandemic faced by the United States. Our research holds important lessons for both state and federal governments in a fast-evolving situation that requires a finger on the pulse of public sentiment. We suggest strategic shifts for policy makers to improve the precision and effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions and recommend the development of a real-time dashboard as a decision-making tool.
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Dixon, B. E., H. Kharrazi, and H. P. Lehmann. "Public Health and Epidemiology Informatics: Recent Research and Trends in the United States." Yearbook of Medical Informatics 24, no. 01 (August 2015): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15265/iy-2015-012.
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Summary Objectives: To survey advances in public health and epidemiology informatics over the past three years. Methods: We conducted a review of English-language research works conducted in the domain of public health informatics (PHI), and published in MEDLINE between January 2012 and December 2014, where information and communication technology (ICT) was a primary subject, or a main component of the study methodology. Selected articles were synthesized using a thematic analysis using the Essential Services of Public Health as a typology. Results: Based on themes that emerged, we organized the advances into a model where applications that support the Essential Services are, in turn, supported by a socio-technical infrastructure that relies on government policies and ethical principles. That infrastructure, in turn, depends upon education and training of the public health workforce, development that creates novel or adapts existing infrastructure, and research that evaluates the success of the infrastructure. Finally, the persistence and growth of infrastructure depends on financial sustainability. Conclusions: Public health informatics is a field that is growing in breadth, depth, and complexity. Several Essential Services have benefited from informatics, notably, “Monitor Health,” “Diagnose & Investigate,” and “Evaluate.” Yet many Essential Services still have not yet benefited from advances such as maturing electronic health record systems, interoperability amongst health information systems, analytics for population health management, use of social media among consumers, and educational certification in clinical informatics. There is much work to be done to further advance the science of PHI as well as its impact on public health practice.
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Nursanto, Gunawan Ari. "ADVANCE PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEM INTEGRATION IN IMMIGRATION CLEARANCE FOR NON-REGULER SHIP." Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Keimigrasian 1, no. 1 (April 27, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jikk.v1i1.8.
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Integration of APIS into the Immigration’s information and technology system is very important and urgent to be carried out in order to assist the implementation of the Indonesian Immigration function and functions carried out by the Directorate General of Immigration to mitigate the risks arising from legal migration carried out between countries, whether in regional and global migration. APIS itself is a data communication system developed by the Government of the United States of America which contains data on passengers from operators of a commercial or private transport cororation from the country of origin, sent via electronic transmission to operators in the destination country which aims to initial identification of passengers. Article 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration has mandated the responsible transportation corporation to carry out the Integration of the APIS system is very important in relation to the implementation of the immigration function, especially in supervision. Indonesia, which is a maritime state, should implement and integrate the APIS system in the Immigration Cleaance of Non Reguler Ships in immediate fashion, currently this is still conducted semi-electronical via e-mail, this condition could provide a gap that can cause vulnerability in the implementation of the Migration Clearance, especially in the aspect of Supervision in Imigration Clearance for Non Reguler Ships.
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Altheide, David L. "The Triumph of Fear." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 4, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2014010101.
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Edward Snowden was castigated by government officials and mainstream mass media as a traitor, spy, and international criminal when he released information about the National Security Agency (NSA) secret and massive surveillance of virtually all U.S. electronic communication. More than “wiretapping” is involved in the spin being put on Snowden's revelations. A lot of institutional duplicity has been revealed. The reaction of United States officials can be seen as a dramatic performance to demonstrate their moral resolve and complete power (even as Snowden challenged it) in order to dissuade other whistleblowers from following suite, as well as maintain authority and a discourse of fear about terrorism that justifies surveillance and other forms of social control.
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Wadhwa, Manya, Silvio Amir, and Mark Dredze. "Aligning Public Feedback to Requests for Comments on Regulations.gov." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 14 (May 26, 2020): 974–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7369.
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In an effort to democratize the regulatory process, the United States Federal government created regulations.gov, a portal through which federal agencies can share proposed regulations and solicit feedback from the public. A proposed regulation will contain several requests for feedback on specific topics, and the public can then submit comments in response. While this reduces barriers to soliciting feedback, it still leaves regulators with a challenge: how to produce a summary and incorporate feedback from the sometimes tens of thousands of submitted comments. We propose an information retrieval system by which comments are aligned to specific regulatory requests. We evaluate several measures of semantic similarity for matching comments to information requests. We evaluate our proposed system over a dataset containing several regulations proposed for electronic cigarettes, an issue that energized tens of thousands of comments in response1.
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Mazurek-Chwiejczak, Małgorzta. "Władztwo podatkowe jednostek samorządu terytorialnego państw UE w obszarze podatków dochodowych." Optimum. Economic Studies, no. 3(109) (2022): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2022.03.109.11.
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Purpose – The aim of the article is to assess the level of fiscal sovereignty of sub-central government units in the EU countries in the area of inome taxes (Personal Income Tax and Corporate Income Tax). The analysis covered 22 of the EU countries that are OECD members states as well as the United Kingdom. Research method – The descriptive analysis has been applied in the article. Fiscal efficiency of income taxes in the budgets of local and regional government units has been analysed on the basis of quantitive methods. The information used in the article comes from two electronic databases – OECD Revenue Statistis 2022 and Taxes in Europe Database v3 of the European Commission. Results – The role of income taxes as a source of local and state government revenues is significant in most of the analysed countries. The revenues are often transferred to sub-government units without fiscal sovereignty. In the majority of studied countries, it takes the form of tax sharing. This means that the empowerment of local or regional authorities in the area of income taxes is restricted. Originality/value/ implications/recommendations – The study has been based on the rich material, which covers not only data concerning the level of fiscal efficiency, but also tax structures.
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Ulcickas Yood, Marianne, Susan Jick, Catherine Vasilakis-Scaramozza, Bonnie M. K. Donato, Ioannis Tomazos, Gilbert L'Italien, Nicholas Sicignano, and Brian L. Feldman. "The Value of Population Based Data to Study Rare Diseases: An Example Using the Department of Defense Healthcare System." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 5829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-113497.
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Abstract Background: For patients suffering from rare diseases, accurate and early diagnosis is critical and often lifesaving, whereas misdiagnosis can be fatal. While patient registries are useful and necessary, they may not provide reliable patient population denominators or sufficient longitudinal clinical follow-up. Access to complete and integrated patient records necessary to capture full clinical history can be challenging. Commonly, there is a lack of centralized and continuous care in the health care systems of many countries, including the United States (US). It is also challenging to identify a sufficient number of cases to provide robust results because of the rare nature of these diseases. We describe a healthcare system that can identify patients for research purposes, who have rare diseases, by accessing de-identified electronic clinical details. We used Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) as an example of a rare disease for this abstract. Methods: The Department of Defense (DOD) healthcare system is a US-based, longitudinal electronic health record (EHR) and claims database with health information on approximately 10 million active beneficiaries across the country. We evaluated the feasibility to conduct studies of rare diseases in the DOD healthcare system by assessing the capability to identify patients with PNH and to describe their course of disease and treatment. We used ICD 9/10 diagnosis codes, NDC and HCPCS codes, laboratory data and PNH treatment codes to identify patients with a clinical course consistent with PNH. Patients were classified as definite/likely, probable/possible or unlikely PNH based on the available clinical evidence and then findings were validated against review of patient records by a clinical expert. Individuals classified as unlikely PNH were excluded from the study. The clinical information on these patients will be used to understand the course of PNH in patients with and without treatments and to describe their treatment adherence and disease activity over time. Results: We identified 244 people with a diagnosis or treatment code that was indicative of PNH during years 2007-2017; 71% of the patients had electronic records that covered 10 or more years starting as early as 2003 and extending as far as 2017. From these 244 patients, we identified 73 patients with a definite/likely or probable/ possible PNH diagnosis. An ICD-10 code for PNH or a prescription for eculizumab (PNH treatment) were required, but not sufficient to confirm the presence of PNH. There is no ICD-9 code for PNH. Cases had no other indication for eculizumab use and had to have appropriate symptoms, comorbidities or lab results to be considered a case. Patients with only 1 code for PNH and no treatment were assumed to have unconfirmed disease and were excluded. 27 cases, including those with no eculizumab and a random sample of likely cases, were reviewed to validate the PNH diagnoses in collaboration with DOD treating physicians. Conclusion: The DOD healthcare system is a valuable and cost effective resource for the study of rare diseases in a timely manner. We have demonstrated the ability to identify a validated series of PNH cases that will provide important clinical insights for identifying and treating new PNH cases. This healthcare system provides long patient follow-up, demographics similar to the US population, and access to records in an integrated inpatient, outpatient and ER system that encompasses all patient care. Disclaimer Statement: Research data were derived from an approved Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, VA IRB protocol (NMCP.2017.0080). The views expressed in this abstract are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense or the United States Government. Copyright Notice: CAPT Brian Feldman is a military service member. This work was prepared as part of his official duties. Title 17 U.S.C. 105 provides that 'Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government.' Title 17 U.S.C. 101 defines a United States Government work as a work prepared by a military service member or employee of the United States Government as part of that person's official duties. Disclosures Ulcickas Yood: Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: Employee of EpiSource, LLC, which was contracted by Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. EpiSource had the final decision on content. . Jick:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: Employee of the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, which was contracted and paid by Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. to work on a study of PNH using DOD data. . Vasilakis-Scaramozza:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: Employee of the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, which was contracted and paid by Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. to work on a study of PNH using DOD data.. Donato:Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc: Employment, Equity Ownership. Tomazos:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. L'Italien:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Equity Ownership, Other: Former employee and current stockholder of Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. . Sicignano:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: Employee of Health ResearchTx, which has a business relationship with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. Feldman:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: Employee, Department of Navy, United States Government..
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Ulcickas Yood, Marianne, Susan Jick, Catherine Vasilakis-Scaramozza, Bonnie M. K. Donato, Ioannis Tomazos, Gilbert L'Italien, Nicholas Sicignano, and Brian L. Feldman. "Baseline Characteristics of Patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Identified in the Department of Defense Database." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 5830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-113478.
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Abstract Background: Rare diseases are often characterized by misdiagnosis resulting in delays in critical and potentially lifesaving treatment. Awareness of first signs and symptoms of rare diseases can provide clinical evidence for early and accurate diagnosis. Medical records are the primary source of clinical information from first signs and symptoms to key clinical disease related events, yet access to records can be difficult and time consuming. We conducted a study using a large electronic medical record (EMR) and claims database to identify and describe characteristics of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) patients at the time of their PNH diagnosis. We present baseline findings of the PNH population identified in the Department of Defense (DOD) healthcare system, where all clinical details were readily available. The DOD healthcare system is a US-based, longitudinal EMR and claims database with health information on approximately 10 million active beneficiaries throughout the country. Methods: We identified all people in the DOD database from January 01, 2007 through May 31, 2017 who had an ICD-10-CM code for PNH or a NDC or HCPCS code for eculizumab, the drug used to treat PNH. There is no ICD-9-CM code for PNH. Cases had no other indication for eculizumab use and had to have appropriate symptoms, comorbidities or lab results to be considered a case. We reviewed the electronic record for each patient and classified each as definite/likely, probable/possible or unlikely PNH based on attributes of the available health data including codes for eculizumab, flow cytometry, lab results, hemoglobinuria, aplastic anemia, pancytopenia and other comorbidities. Our ruling was validated by medical record review by a clinical expert for all equivocal cases and a sample of definite/likely cases. Individuals classified as unlikely PNH were excluded. Patient characteristics at PNH diagnosis are presented using descriptive statistics. Results: We identified 73 PNH patients (55% female) after review of all available electronic data; 41 had a diagnosis of PNH and received eculizumab, 17 had a diagnosis of PNH only, and 15 received eculizumab only. From these, 61 patients were determined to have definite/likely PNH and 12 had probable/possible PNH. The use of eculizumab ranged from 0 to 378 (median=18) prescriptions, dependent in part on the amount of follow-up in the database. There were 19 patients (26%) who had prevalent PNH and 54 (74%) who were newly diagnosed with PNH during the study period. Among newly diagnosed patients, the median age at PNH diagnosis was 46 years (range 13 - 86). Most patients had codes for hemoglobinuria at or before the PNH diagnosis date (69%), and many had codes for aplastic anemia (46%), thrombocytopenia (56%), and pancytopenia (28%). At any time after the PNH diagnosis, 85% had unspecified anemia, 52% had aplastic anemia, 53% had thrombocytopenia, and 33% had pancytopenia codes in their records. See table. Conclusion: From a population of around 10 million actively enrolled patients, across a 10-year study period, we identified 73 patients with PNH. Data from these patients will be used to identify patterns of health encounters leading up to diagnosis and relevant outcomes following diagnosis. This information can be used to help diagnose other patients with this rare disease and to improve their medical outcomes. Disclaimer Statement: Research data were derived from an approved Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, VA IRB protocol (NMCP.2017.0080). The views expressed in this abstract are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense or the United States Government. Copyright Notice: CAPT Brian Feldman is a military service member. This work was prepared as part of his official duties. Title 17 U.S.C. 105 provides that 'Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government.' Title 17 U.S.C. 101 defines a United States Government work as a work prepared by a military service member or employee of the United States Government as part of that person's official duties. Table. Table. Disclosures Ulcickas Yood: Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: Employee of EpiSource, LLC, which was contracted by Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. EpiSource had the final decision on content. . Jick:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: Employee of the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, which was contracted and paid by Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. to work on a study of PNH using DOD data. . Vasilakis-Scaramozza:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: Employee of the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, which was contracted and paid by Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. to work on a study of PNH using DOD data.. Donato:Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc: Employment, Equity Ownership. Tomazos:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. L'Italien:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Equity Ownership, Other: Former employee and current stockholder of Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. . Sicignano:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: Employee of Health ResearchTx, which has a business relationship with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. Feldman:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: Employee, Department of Navy, United States Government..
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Greenberg, Alan E., Harlen Hays, Amanda D. Castel, Thilakavathy Subramanian, Lindsey Powers Happ, Maria Jaurretche, Jeff Binkley, Mariah M. Kalmin, Kathy Wood, and Rachel Hart. "Development of a large urban longitudinal HIV clinical cohort using a web-based platform to merge electronically and manually abstracted data from disparate medical record systems: technical challenges and innovative solutions." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 23, no. 3 (December 31, 2015): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocv176.
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Objective Electronic medical records (EMRs) are being increasingly utilized to conduct clinical and epidemiologic research in numerous fields. To monitor and improve care of HIV-infected patients in Washington, DC, one of the most severely affected urban areas in the United States, we developed a city-wide database across 13 clinical sites using electronic data abstraction and manual data entry from EMRs. Materials and Methods To develop this unique longitudinal cohort, a web-based electronic data capture system (Discovere®) was used. An Agile software development methodology was implemented across multiple EMR platforms. Clinical informatics staff worked with information technology specialists from each site to abstract data electronically from each respective site’s EMR through an extract, transform, and load process. Results Since enrollment began in 2011, more than 7000 patients have been enrolled, with longitudinal clinical data available on all patients. Data sets are produced for scientific analyses on a quarterly basis, and benchmarking reports are generated semi-annually enabling each site to compare their participants’ clinical status, treatments, and outcomes to the aggregated summaries from all other sites. Discussion Numerous technical challenges were identified and innovative solutions developed to ensure the successful implementation of the DC Cohort. Central to the success of this project was the broad collaboration established between government, academia, clinics, community, information technology staff, and the patients themselves. Conclusions Our experiences may have practical implications for researchers who seek to merge data from diverse clinical databases, and are applicable to the study of health-related issues beyond HIV.
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Weitzman, James B. "Electronic Medical Devices; A Primer for Pathologists." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 127, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 814–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2003-127-814-emd.
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Abstract Context.—Electronic medical devices (EMDs) with downloadable memories, such as implantable cardiac pacemakers, defibrillators, drug pumps, insulin pumps, and glucose monitors, are now an integral part of routine medical practice in the United States, and functional organ replacements, such as the artificial heart, pancreas, and retina, will most likely become commonplace in the near future. Often, EMDs end up in the hands of the pathologist as a surgical specimen or at autopsy. No established guidelines for systematic examination and reporting or comprehensive reviews of EMDs currently exist for the pathologist. Objective.—To provide pathologists with a general overview of EMDs, including a brief history; epidemiology; essential technical aspects, indications, contraindications, and complications of selected devices; potential applications in pathology; relevant government regulations; and suggested examination and reporting guidelines. Data Sources.—Articles indexed on PubMed of the National Library of Medicine, various medical and history of medicine textbooks, US Food and Drug Administration publications and product information, and specifications provided by device manufacturers. Study Selection.—Studies were selected on the basis of relevance to the study objectives. Data Extraction.—Descriptive data were selected by the author. Data Synthesis.—Suggested examination and reporting guidelines for EMDs received as surgical specimens and retrieved at autopsy. Conclusions.—Electronic medical devices received as surgical specimens and retrieved at autopsy are increasing in number and level of sophistication. They should be systematically examined and reported, should have electronic memories downloaded when indicated, will help pathologists answer more questions with greater certainty, and should become an integral part of the formal knowledge base, research focus, training, and practice of pathology.
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Bal, Vera Yu, and Polina B. Skidan. "The world market of digital educational editions: Development prospects." Tekst. Kniga. Knigoizdanie, no. 28 (2022): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23062061/28/9.
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The article discusses the changes in the educational publications market under the influence of digital transformation. Expansion of the diversity of digital devices, changes in the needs of the target audience, and the development of new educational practices contribute to the emergence and growth of new niches in the global market of educational publications. The study of the market of digital educational products in different countries shows that many factors influence the level of its development. These factors are the government policy, the level of IT technology in the country, and the competitive environment in this niche in the market of a particular country. Moreover, the quality of the competitive environment and the interest of technology companies have a greater impact than the government policy. Two strategies for the production of electronic educational products in the modern world market stand out and are illustrated by examples: publishing isolationism and production tandems with technology companies. A classification of three models of electronic textbooks is proposed based on the analysis of educational publications in the natural sciences representing countries with emerging markets for electronic textbooks: the United States, Russia, and Finland. The first model is the presentation of electronic textbooks in PDF format. Textbooks in this version are the original mockup of a printed textbook. The second model is based on the printed form of the textbook, distributed in EPUB 3 format through the publisher’s own publishing software or affiliate applications. Multimedia and interactive materials in such textbooks are not mandatory, but complementary, and they are included in the textbook via pop-ups. The third model is a publication that was originally created only in electronic format. Often, such textbooks are components of a digital educational environment that provides electronic exchange of tasks, collective performance of laboratory works, interdisciplinary connection of educational material in various disciplines, etc. The study of the most relevant and innovative offers on the market of such countries as the USA, the UK, Spain, Denmark, Russia, and Finland shows four promising areas in the preparation of textbooks in the EdTech field. These are (1) artificial intelligence manuals, (2) tools of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality, (3) computer games with educational potential, and (4) programming platforms. Contribution of the authors: the authors contributed equally to this article. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
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Paramonova, Daria V. "Analytical and News Articles: American, British and Spanish Representation of the Image of the State in Comparison." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 3 (September 25, 2022): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-3-142-153.
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This article is devoted to the study of the representation of the image of the state (Russia and the United States) in the American, British and Spanish analytical and news articles in comparative aspect. The study is conducted on the material of electronic versions of articles taken from modern American (“The New York Times”, “The Wall Street Journal”, “The Washington Post”), British (“The Guardian”, “The Independent”, “The Times”, “Financial Times”) and Spanish media (“El País”, “La Vanguardia”, “El Mundo”) in 2022. The purpose of the work is achieved by applying the complex method of lexico-semantic and stylistic analysis, interpretive analysis, the comparative method. It is established that each state strives to strengthen its positive image in the media space. Often this happens due to the purposeful belittling and deterioration of the image of those states that are considered competitors, ideological opponents, or enemies in the eyes of the readership. We will consider in the article how the media influence the image of the country and how the media image of the state is formed. We have selected analytical and news articles which create the images of two influential states Russia and the USA in comparison in different linguocultures. We examined the image of Russia and the United States based on the classification of V. Slavina and A. Oleinikov. As a result of the study, it was found out that in 2022 the opinion of the American, British and Spanish media about Russia and the United States is formed on the basis of already existing negative or positive attitudes and depends on the events taking place in the world. Public opinion, the moods of the ruling elites, the economic and foreign policy situation are changing, therefore the nature of the coverage of information in analytical and news media articles is also changing. The image of Russia in both analytical and news articles seems to us negative. The image of the United States, created by the American, British and Spanish media in news articles is neutral, there is no assessment of American government and what is happening on the territory of the U.S. In analytical articles, the image of the United States is criticized. An analysis of the factual material showed that the smallest number of articles is devoted to the image of the territory and the image of the people. The images of political leaders - V. Putin and D. Biden - are the main dominants in the formation of the image of the country in news and analytical articles. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the study of the representation of the images of Russia and the United States in American, British and Spanish news and analytical articles in a comparative aspect. The prospect of the research is further consideration of the image of Great Britain and Russia in interviews in comparative aspect.
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Sheikh, Aziz, Harpreet S. Sood, and David W. Bates. "Leveraging health information technology to achieve the “triple aim” of healthcare reform." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 22, no. 4 (April 16, 2015): 849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocv022.
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Abstract Objective To investigate experiences with leveraging health information technology (HIT) to improve patient care and population health, and reduce healthcare expenditures. Materials and methods In-depth qualitative interviews with federal government employees, health policy, HIT and medico-legal experts, health providers, physicians, purchasers, payers, patient advocates, and vendors from across the United States. Results The authors undertook 47 interviews. There was a widely shared belief that Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) had catalyzed the creation of a digital infrastructure, which was being used in innovative ways to improve quality of care and curtail costs. There were however major concerns about the poor usability of electronic health records (EHRs), their limited ability to support multi-disciplinary care, and major difficulties with health information exchange, which undermined efforts to deliver integrated patient-centered care. Proposed strategies for enhancing the benefits of HIT included federal stimulation of competition by mandating vendors to open-up their application program interfaces, incenting development of low-cost consumer informatics tools, and promoting Congressional review of the The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) to optimize the balance between data privacy and reuse. Many underscored the need to “kick the legs from underneath the fee-for-service model” and replace it with a data-driven reimbursement system that rewards high quality care. Conclusions The HITECH Act has stimulated unprecedented, multi-stakeholder interest in HIT. Early experiences indicate that the resulting digital infrastructure is being used to improve quality of care and curtail costs. Reform efforts are however severely limited by problems with usability, limited interoperability and the persistence of the fee-for-service paradigm—addressing these issues therefore needs to be the federal government’s main policy target.
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Alsip, D. H., J. M. Butler, and J. T. Radice. "The Coast Guard's Differential GPS Programme." Journal of Navigation 46, no. 1 (January 1993): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300011334.
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The US Coast Guard has a project to provide a differential global positioning system service for harbour and harbour approach (HHA) areas of the coastal United States. The Great Lakes, Puerto Rico and most of Alaska and Hawaii will also be covered by the service. The Coast Guard's DGPS system will fulfil the 8–20 metre navigation accuracy requirement for HHA with an availability of up to 999 percent. The Coast Guard intends to provide this service to the general public and other government agencies, as well as use the system for its own missions. This capability is expected to enhance maritime safety in keeping with the National Transportation Policy by providing an all-weather radionavigation service to supplement existing radar and visual techniques, as well as a highly accurate position sensor for future electronic chart displays. This paper describes the Coast Guard's programme. Background and historical information on the development of pseudorange differential GPS is presented first, followed by a description of currently available technology. Various aspects of the Coast Guard's plan for implementing DGPS are then described, concluding with a rough project time line and a statement concerning Federal DGPS policy.
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Deschner, Max, Marcel Tunks, and Cory Yamashita. "Electronic Cigarettes, Vaping, and Lung Disease: A Short Primer." Canadian Journal of General Internal Medicine 15, no. 4 (November 18, 2020): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/cjgim.v15i4.408.
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In recent years there has been a proliferation in the practice of vaping to consume nicotine-and cannabis-based products. While evidence on the benefits and risks of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is evolving, this brief primer highlights important new information about vaping for clinicians, researchers and the public. In 2018, the Canadian government passed legislation to regulate tobacco and vaping products. We discuss evidence comparing e-cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation and highlight limitations of this body of research. While e-cigarettes are felt to contain fewer toxins than cigarettes, the long-term effects of vaping remain unknown. Emerging data demonstrates associations between vaping and acute and chronic lung disease. We discuss the emergence of an outbreak of severe lung injury associated with e-cigarette use in the United States and similar cases in Canada. Finally, we review evidence demonstrating the growing prevalence of vaping and smoking amongst Canadian youth. RESUMECes dernières années, on a assisté à une prolifération de la pratique de la vaporisation pour consommer des produits à base de nicotine et de cannabis. Alors que les preuves sur les avantages et les risques des cigarettes électroniques (e-cigarettes) évoluent, ce bref aperçu met en lumière de nouvelles informations importantes sur le vaping pour les cliniciens, les chercheurs et le public. En 2018, le gouvernement canadien a adopté une loi pour réglementer les produits du tabac et les produits à base de vapeur. Nous examinons les données comparant les e-cigarettes et les thérapies de remplacement de la nicotine pour le sevrage tabagique et soulignons les limites de ce corpus de recherche. Bien que l’on estime que les e-cigarettes contiennent moins de toxines que les cigarettes, les effets à long terme des vapeurs restent inconnus. Les données émergentes démontrent des associations entre l’inhalation de vapeurs et les maladies pulmonaires aiguës et chroniques. Nous discutons de l’émergence d’une épidémie de lésions pulmonaires graves associées à l’utilisation des e-cigarettes aux États-Unis et de cas similaires au Canada. Enfin, nous passons en revue les preuves démontrant la prévalence croissante des vapeurs et du tabagisme chez les jeunes Canadiens.
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Savchenko, Oleksandr. "Innovative aspects of development of digitalization of public governance in the USA." Democratic governance 30, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/dg2022.02.120.
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Problem setting. The public policy in the field of digitization is aimed at forming a qualitative basis for technological evolution and creating conditions for sustainable progress in all spheres of human and society’s life. Currently, the process of digital transformation of public administration is one of the priority directions in the conditions of increasing global challenges of digital technological development. At the same time, the digital transformation of public administration is of particular importance in the conditions of increased socio-economic risks. Recent research and publications analysis. Problems of digitization, formation and development of electronic governance, provision of electronic services to the population, formation of open government, formation of electronic democracy, introduction of electronic technologies in public administration analyzed foreign and Ukrainian scientists, in particular: O. Bernazyuk, T. Birkovich, V. Birkovich, V. Dreshpak, N. Hrytsyak, O. Ka- banets, O. Karpenko, P. Klimushyn, V. Kuybida, I. Lopushynskyi, I. Makarova, V. Na- mestnik, O. Orlov, M. Pavlov, O. Parkhomenko-Kutsevil, Yu. Pigarev, H. Pocheptsov, V. Rakipov, O. Skoryk, S. Chukut, and others. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The purpose of the article: the introduction of digitalization of public administration in Ukraine requires a systematic analysis of foreign experience of digitalization of public administration. Presenting main material. The regulatory and legal basis for ensuring e-government activities in the USA are the following laws: Law on the elimination of paper carriers of documents in state bodies; Law on electronic signature; Freedom of Information Act (FOIA); Law on introduction of smart cards in state bodies for identification of employees, payment of travel expenses, calculation of wages, etc.; S.803 E-Government Act of 2002; Government Performance and Efficiency Act of 1993/ «Open government» (Open government), or «government of open information», also called «government 2.0» (Gov 2.0), is a further development of the concept of digitalization of public administration and enjoys great attention in the US from both the upper echelons of government and local authorities and the public. The experience of the United States demonstrates that the creation of digitalization of public administration takes place in the course of reforming the entire system of public administration in the direction of greater openness and the introduction of competitive and contractual principles; creation of specialized management structures with increased responsibility for performance results; increasing the role of ethical requirements for management; active interaction with civil society. At the same time, the following advantages of digitalization of public administration are also obvious: simplification of bureaucratic procedures, significant reduction of deadlines for the preparation of documents, provision of easily verified, strict tax accountability of legal entities and individuals through the introduction of a unified electronic accounting system, increase in the level of budget revenues, reduction of the scale of corruption and, accordingly , the growth of citizens’ trust in government institutions. Modern digital technologies have a positive impact on the quality and speed of providing administrative (state) services. The process of interaction of citizens and legal entities with executive authorities is simplified, making them more attractive and less time- consuming. The well-being of the population and the economic development of the country depend on the level of digitization of the public administration process. The information openness of state authorities is increasing. It can be noted that now there is a need to develop standards in the field of digitalization of public administration with a mandatory report on the satisfaction of the population with the work of public administration bodies. All this will increase the quality of the activities of state authorities and, accordingly, the quality of life of the population. In the perspective of further investigations, it is planned to analyze patterns, principles, methods, and tools for the development of digitalization of public administration in the countries of the European Union. Conclusions of the research and prospects fo further studies. Modern digital technologies have a positive impact on the quality and speed of providing administrative (state) services. The well-being of the population and the economic development of the country depend on the level of digitization of the public administration process. Digitization provides informational openness of state authorities. Currently, there is a need to develop standards in the field of digitization of public administration with a mandatory report on public satisfaction with the work of public administration bodies. All this will increase the quality of the activities of state authorities and, accordingly, the quality of life of the population. In the perspective of further investigations, the author intends to analyze patterns, principles, methods, and tools for the development of digitalization of public administration in the countries of the European Union.
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Burneckytė, Miglė, and Asta Vasiliauskaitė. "GLOBAL CHIP SUPPLY ENSUREMENT DURING THE SHORT PERIOD." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 14 (December 23, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2022.17785.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the global chip supply chain. Shortage of electronic components was first noticed in car factories, and then in the entire electronics industry. The US, Taiwan and China are the largest markets for semiconductor manufacturers, which are no longer able to meet the everincreasing demand for chips. Lack of production capacity is mostly felt by consumers of final products. Ensuring a steady supply of chips is an important task for major manufacturers. In order to ensure the supply of chips, it is important to establish criteria by which semiconductor manufacturing countries can be arranged. The ranking will help identify the countries that are worth investing the most in the short term. The European Union, the United States and major telecommunications companies will invest billions of dollars in 2022 to replenish the market. The article analyzes the criteria for investing in chipproducing countries. The main focus of this analysis is the chip supply chain. Each of the analyzed countries has at least one stage of chip production: design, manufacturing or assembly. Data analyzed: gross domestic product, net exports, price of one dollar in relation to the national currency, monthly average wages, Oxford COVID-19 government response severity index and semiconductor export volume. These criteria allow us to rank countries from the most attractive to the least attractive for investment. The TOPSIS method was chosen for ranking, but comparative data analysis and analysis of scientific literature and other sources of information were also applied. Method principle, formulas and application – to be described. It was determined which country is the most favorable for short-term investments, taking into account the given criteria.
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Sillence, Elizabeth, John Matthew Blythe, Pam Briggs, and Mark Moss. "A Revised Model of Trust in Internet-Based Health Information and Advice: Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 11 (November 11, 2019): e11125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/11125.
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Background The internet continues to offer new forms of support for health decision making. Government, charity, and commercial websites increasingly offer a platform for shared personal health experiences, and these are just some of the opportunities that have arisen in a largely unregulated arena. Understanding how people trust and act on this information has always been an important issue and remains so, particularly as the design practices of health websites continue to evolve and raise further concerns regarding their trustworthiness. Objective The aim of this study was to identify the key factors influencing US and UK citizens’ trust and intention to act on advice found on health websites and to understand the role of patient experiences. Methods A total of 1123 users took part in an online survey (625 from the United States and 498 from the United Kingdom). They were asked to recall their previous visit to a health website. The online survey consisted of an updated general Web trust questionnaire to account for personal experiences plus questions assessing key factors associated with trust in health websites (information corroboration and coping perception) and intention to act. We performed principal component analysis (PCA), then explored the relationship between the factor structure and outcomes by testing the fit to the sampled data using structural equation modeling (SEM). We also explored the model fit across US and UK populations. Results PCA of the general Web trust questionnaire revealed 4 trust factors: (1) personal experiences, (2) credibility and impartiality, (3) privacy, and (4) familiarity. In the final SEM model, trust was found to have a significant direct effect on intention to act (beta=.59; P<.001), and of the trust factors, only credibility and impartiality had a significant direct effect on trust (beta=.79; P<.001). The impact of personal experiences on trust was mediated through information corroboration (beta=.06; P=.04). Variables specific to electronic health (eHealth; information corroboration and coping) were found to substantially improve the model fit, and differences in information corroboration were found between US and UK samples. The final model accounting for all factors achieved a good fit (goodness-of-fit index [0.95], adjusted goodness-of-fit index [0.93], root mean square error of approximation [0.50], and comparative fit index [0.98]) and explained 65% of the variance in trust and 41% of the variance in intention to act. Conclusions Credibility and impartiality continue to be key predictors of trust in eHealth websites. Websites with patient experiences can positively influence trust but only if users first corroborate the information through other sources. The need for corroboration was weaker in the United Kingdom, where website familiarity reduced the need to check information elsewhere. These findings are discussed in relation to existing trust models, patient experiences, and health literacy.
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Stahl, Melissa, James Cheung, Kevin Post, James P. Valin, and Ira Jacobs. "Accelerating Virtual Health Implementation Following the COVID-19 Pandemic: Questionnaire Study." JMIR Formative Research 6, no. 5 (May 16, 2022): e32819. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/32819.
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Background The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated drivers for virtual health adoption and triggered the US federal government to implement regulatory changes to reduce barriers to virtual health implementation. Consequently, virtual health solutions have been increasingly adopted, and health systems in the United States have been reorganizing their care delivery process with unprecedented speed. Objective This study aimed to assess and make recommendations on the strategy, business model, implementation, and future considerations for scaling and sustaining virtual health solutions based on the views of executives from the largest health systems in the United States. Methods In September 2020 and October 2020, the Health Management Academy conducted 29 quantitative surveys and 23 qualitative interviews involving 58 executives from 41 of the largest health systems in the United States. Participating health systems were approximately equally distributed across size categories (small, medium, and large, defined as annual total operating revenue US $2-3 billion, $3-6 billion, and >$6 billion, respectively) and US Census Bureau regions (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West). Results Based on the Health Management Academy’s assessment of approaches to governance, financing, data infrastructure, and clinical integration of virtual health, most participating health systems (13/24, 54%) had a mid-stage level of maturity in virtual health implementation. Executives reported the pandemic is forcing health systems to re-examine strategic priorities; the most commonly raised key impacts were increased access (15/21, 71%) and flexibility (10/21, 48%) as well as lower costs of care delivery (9/21, 43%). Most executives (16/28, 57%) reported their organization had a defined budget for virtual health, and many noted that virtual health is best supported through value-based payment models. Irrespective of health system maturity, reimbursement was consistently rated as a key challenge to virtual health scaling, along with patient access to and understanding of virtual health technology. The success of virtual health implementation was most commonly measured by patient satisfaction, health care provider engagement, and proportion of health care providers using virtual health solutions (reported by 7/8, 88%; 6/8, 75%; and 7/8, 75% of information technology executives, respectively). Almost all health systems (27/29, 93%) expect to continue growing their virtual health offerings for the foreseeable future, with user-friendliness and ease of integration into the electronic medical record as key factors in making go-forward decisions on virtual health solutions (each selected by 9/10, 90% executives). Conclusions The increased demand for virtual health solutions during the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to continue postpandemic. Consequently, health systems are re-evaluating their current platforms, processes, and strategy to develop a sustainable, long-term approach to virtual health. To ensure future success, health system leaders need to proactively build on their virtual health solutions; advocate for payment, site flexibility, and reimbursement parity for virtual health; and demonstrate continued engagement and boldness to evolve care beyond established models.
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Determann, Lothar. "Healthy Data Protection." Michigan Technology Law Review, no. 26.2 (2020): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.36645/mtlr.26.2.healthy.
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Modern medicine is evolving at a tremendous speed. On a daily basis, we learn about new treatments, drugs, medical devices, and diagnoses. Both established technology companies and start-ups focus on health-related products and services in competition with traditional healthcare businesses. Telemedicine and electronic health records have the potential to improve the effectiveness of treatments significantly. Progress in the medical field depends above all on data, specifically health information. Physicians, researchers, and developers need health information to help patients by improving diagnoses, customizing treatments and finding new cures. Yet law and policymakers are currently more focused on the fact that health information can also be used to harm individuals. Even after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic (which occurred after the manuscript for this article was largely finalized), the California Attorney General Becera made a point of announcing that he will not delay enforcement of the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which his office estimated imposes a $55 billion cost (approximately 1.8% of California Gross State Product) for initial compliance, not including costs of ongoing compliance, responses to data subject requests, and litigation. Risks resulting from health information processing are very real. Contact tracing and quarantines in response to SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 outbreaks curb civil liberties with similar effects to law enforcement investigations, arrests, and imprisonment. Even outside the unusual circumstances of a global pandemic, employers or insurance companies may disfavor individuals with pre-existing health conditions in connections with job offers and promotions as well as coverage and eligibility decisions. Some diseases carry a negative stigma in social circumstances. To reduce the risks of such harms and protect individual dignity, governments around the world regulate the collection, use, and sharing of health information with ever-stricter laws. European countries have generally prohibited the processing of personal data, subject to limited exceptions, for which companies have to identify and then document or apply. The General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) that took effect in 2018 confirms and amplifies a rigid regulatory regime that was first introduced in the German State Hessen in 1970 and demands that organizations minimize the amount of data they collect, use, share, and retain. Healthcare and healthtech organizations have struggled to comply with this regime and have found EU data protection laws fundamentally hostile to data-driven progress in medicine. The United States, on the other hand, has traditionally relied on sector- and harm-specific laws to protect privacy, including data privacy and security rules under the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”) and numerous state laws including the Confidentiality of Medical Information Act (“CMIA”) in California, which specifically address the collection and use of health information. So long as organizations observe the specific restrictions and prohibitions in sector-specific privacy laws, they may collect, use, and share health information. As a default rule in the United States, businesses are generally permitted to process personal information, including health information. Yet, recently, extremely broad and complex privacy laws have been proposed or enacted in some states, including the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”), which have a potential to render compliance with data privacy laws impractical for most businesses, including those in the healthcare and healthtech sectors. Meanwhile, the People’s Republic of China is encouraging and incentivizing data-driven research and development by Chinese companies, including in the healthcare sector. Data-related legislation is focused on cybersecurity and securing access to data for Chinese government agencies and much less on individual privacy interests. In Europe and the United States, the political pendulum has swung too far in the direction of ever more rigid data regulation and privacy laws, at the expense of potential benefits through medical progress. This is literally unhealthy. Governments, businesses, and other organizations need to collect, use and share more personal health information, not less. The potential benefits of health data processing far outweigh privacy risks, which can be better tackled by harm-specific laws. If discrimination by employers and insurance companies is a concern, then lawmakers and law enforcement agencies need to focus on anti-discrimination rules for employers and insurance companies - not prohibit or restrict the processing of personal data, which does not per se harm anyone. The notion of only allowing data processing under specific conditions leads to a significant hindrance of medical progress by slowing down treatments, referrals, research, and development. It also prevents the use of medical data as a tool for averting dangers for the public good. Data “anonymization” and requirements for specific consent based on overly detailed privacy notices do not protect patient privacy effectively and unnecessarily complicate the processing of health data for medical purposes. Property rights to personal data offer no solutions. Even if individuals - not companies creating databases - were granted property rights to their own data originally, this would not ultimately benefit individuals. Given that transfer and exclusion rights are at the core of property regimes, data property rights would threaten information freedom and privacy alike: after an individual sells her data, the buyer and new owner could exercise his data property rights to enjoin her and her friends and family from continued use of her personal data. Physicians, researchers, and developers would not benefit either; they would have to deal with property rights in addition to privacy and medical confidentiality requirements. Instead of overregulating data processing or creating new property rights in data, lawmakers should require and incentivize organizations to earn and maintain the trust of patients and other data subjects and penalize organizations that use data in specifically prohibited ways to harm individuals. Electronic health records, improved notice and consent mechanisms, and clear legal frameworks will promote medical progress, reduce risks of human error, lower costs, and make data processing and sharing more reliable. We need fewer laws like the GDPR or the CCPA that discourage organizations from collecting, using, retaining, and sharing personal information. Physicians, researchers, developers, drug companies, medical device manufacturers and governments urgently need better and increased access to personal health information. The future of medicine offers enormous opportunities. It depends on trust and healthy data protection. Some degree of data regulation is necessary, but the dose makes the poison. Laws that require or intend to promote the minimization of data collection, use, and sharing may end up killing more patients than hospital germs. In this article, I promote a view that is decidedly different from that supported by the vast majority of privacy scholars, politicians, the media, and the broader zeitgeist in Europe and the United States. I am arguing for a healthier balance between data access and data protection needs in the interest of patients’ health and privacy. I strive to identify ways to protect health data privacy without excessively hindering healthcare and medical progress. After an introduction (I), I examine current approaches to data protection regulation, privacy law, and the protection of patient confidentiality (II), risks associated with the processing of health data (III), needs to protect patient confidence (IV), risks for healthcare and medical progress (V), and possible solutions (VI). I conclude with an outlook and call for healthier approaches to data protection (VII).
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Gaskin, Cadeyrn J., Davina Taylor, Susan Kinnear, Julie Mann, Wendy Hillman, and Monica Moran. "Factors Associated with the Climate Change Vulnerability and the Adaptive Capacity of People with Disability: A Systematic Review." Weather, Climate, and Society 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 801–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-16-0126.1.
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Abstract People with disability experience multidimensional inequalities, which heighten their vulnerability to climate change. An understanding of the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of people with disability can be gained through considering how they have fared during the types of events associated with climate change, such as droughts, floods, heat waves, hurricanes, and wildfires. A systematic review was conducted to identify factors associated with climate change vulnerability and adaptive capacity of people with disability. Papers were sourced from 12 electronic databases, the Google search engine, the websites of 21 organizations, and the reference lists of included papers; 34 papers (relating to 28 studies) met the selection criteria. Most studies were located in the United States, and almost half were focused on hurricane events. Factors contributing to vulnerability included personal factors (e.g., female gender, uncoupled or living alone, nonwhite ethnicity, and low income), environmental factors (commonly, limited practical support from government agencies and disability organizations), bodily impairments (cognitive impairments, hearing impairments, progression of impairments, relapse/exacerbation of symptoms, and thermoregulation difficulties), and activity limitations and participation restrictions (limited preparedness, difficulties with evacuation, and difficulties reassembling individual accommodations and repairing or replacing adaptive equipment). Factors relating to their adaptive capacity included personal factors (e.g., formal education), environmental factors (practical support from mainstream organizations, disability organizations, family, and friends), and activities and participation (emergency planning, keeping an emergency pack, and seeking information). People with disability are vulnerable to climate change largely due to inequalities and their exclusion from adaptation and mitigation efforts.
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Han, Biao, Sirui Peng, Celimuge Wu, Xiaoyan Wang, and Baosheng Wang. "LoRa-Based Physical Layer Key Generation for Secure V2V/V2I Communications." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 26, 2020): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030682.
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In recent years, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication brings more and more attention from industry (e.g., Google and Uber) and government (e.g., United States Department of Transportation). These Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies are widely adopted in future autonomous vehicles. However, security issues have not been fully addressed in V2V and V2I systems, especially in key distribution and key management. The physical layer key generation, which exploits wireless channel reciprocity and randomness to generate secure keys, provides a feasible solution for secure V2V/V2I communication. It is lightweight, flexible, and dynamic. In this paper, the physical layer key generation is brought to the V2I and V2V scenarios. A LoRa-based physical key generation scheme is designed for securing V2V/V2I communications. The communication is based on Long Range (LoRa) protocol, which is able to measure Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) in long-distance as consensus information to generate secure keys. The multi-bit quantization algorithm, with an improved Cascade key agreement protocol, generates secure binary bit keys. The proposed schemes improved the key generation rate, as well as to avoid information leakage during transmission. The proposed physical layer key generation scheme was implemented in a V2V/V2I network system prototype. The extensive experiments in V2I and V2V environments evaluate the efficiency of the proposed key generation scheme. The experiments in real outdoor environments have been conducted. Its key generation rate could exceed 10 bit/s on our V2V/V2I network system prototype and achieve 20 bit/s in some of our experiments. For binary key sequences, all of them pass the suite of statistical tests from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
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Andriy Voytsikhovskyy, Oleksandr Bakumov, Olena Ustymenko, and Tetiana Syroid. "THE RIGHT OF ACCESS TO THE INTERNET AS FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHT GIVEN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GLOBAL INFORMATION SOCIETY." Law, State and Telecommunications Review 13, no. 1 (May 26, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/lstr.v13i1.30904.
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Purpose – This article examines the pressing problem of ensuring the right to Internet access as a basic human right that is fundamental for the formation and the development of the modern information society. The purpose of the study is to promote the idea of adhering to such right, clarifying conceptual approaches, to understand its content as reflected in the decisions of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and the European Court of Human Rights, as well as determining both the place and the role of this right in the European mechanism for the provision of human rights at the current stage of the information society. Methodology/Approach/Design – In order to reach a comprehensive understanding of the human right to Internet access and to reduce the level of digital inequality both in the European countries and globally, several authors have given their suggestions, which are considered appropriate for their implementation by international organizations, governments, telecommunication companies, and Internet service providers. Findings – By propelling this analysis, the authors advocate the need to recognize the right to Internet access as one of the inalienable human rights that are necessary for decent living and development in the information society. Special attention is given to the fact that the right to Internet access, due to its unique kind allows individuals to exercise other rights, namely the right to information, the right to freedom of opinion and the dissemination thereof, the right to freedom of assembly and association, the right to education, among others. This imposes positive obligations on states to ensure the human right to Internet access and to create a safe and favorable Internet environment for all.
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Martinez-Martin, Nicole, Henry T. Greely, and Mildred K. Cho. "Ethical Development of Digital Phenotyping Tools for Mental Health Applications: Delphi Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 9, no. 7 (July 28, 2021): e27343. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/27343.
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Background Digital phenotyping (also known as personal sensing, intelligent sensing, or body computing) involves the collection of biometric and personal data in situ from digital devices, such as smartphones, wearables, or social media, to measure behavior or other health indicators. The collected data are analyzed to generate moment-by-moment quantification of a person’s mental state and potentially predict future mental states. Digital phenotyping projects incorporate data from multiple sources, such as electronic health records, biometric scans, or genetic testing. As digital phenotyping tools can be used to study and predict behavior, they are of increasing interest for a range of consumer, government, and health care applications. In clinical care, digital phenotyping is expected to improve mental health diagnoses and treatment. At the same time, mental health applications of digital phenotyping present significant areas of ethical concern, particularly in terms of privacy and data protection, consent, bias, and accountability. Objective This study aims to develop consensus statements regarding key areas of ethical guidance for mental health applications of digital phenotyping in the United States. Methods We used a modified Delphi technique to identify the emerging ethical challenges posed by digital phenotyping for mental health applications and to formulate guidance for addressing these challenges. Experts in digital phenotyping, data science, mental health, law, and ethics participated as panelists in the study. The panel arrived at consensus recommendations through an iterative process involving interviews and surveys. The panelists focused primarily on clinical applications for digital phenotyping for mental health but also included recommendations regarding transparency and data protection to address potential areas of misuse of digital phenotyping data outside of the health care domain. Results The findings of this study showed strong agreement related to these ethical issues in the development of mental health applications of digital phenotyping: privacy, transparency, consent, accountability, and fairness. Consensus regarding the recommendation statements was strongest when the guidance was stated broadly enough to accommodate a range of potential applications. The privacy and data protection issues that the Delphi participants found particularly critical to address related to the perceived inadequacies of current regulations and frameworks for protecting sensitive personal information and the potential for sale and analysis of personal data outside of health systems. Conclusions The Delphi study found agreement on a number of ethical issues to prioritize in the development of digital phenotyping for mental health applications. The Delphi consensus statements identified general recommendations and principles regarding the ethical application of digital phenotyping to mental health. As digital phenotyping for mental health is implemented in clinical care, there remains a need for empirical research and consultation with relevant stakeholders to further understand and address relevant ethical issues.
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Neuneck, Götz. "Die Rolle der Naturwissenschaft." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 32, no. 127 (June 1, 2002): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v32i127.703.
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In the last century, science was not only a dominant factor in society, but helped also to create incredible weapon arsenals: Nuclear weapons, radar, computers, operations research, missiles, lasers have been established for warfare purposes Ieading to a narrow relationship between national security and science, especially in the United States. Scientists not only made scientific discoveries, but were also instrumental in advising their governments to develop new weapons leading to an qualitative arms race that never stopped. On the other hand, scientists using their reputation, their international contacts and their knowledge helped to establish arms control regimes and disarmament to restrict or to ban the use of weapons of mass destruction. The speed of scientific progress and the proliferation of materials, knowledge and individuals seems not to slow down. New military applications based on scientific knowledge are likely: Computers, molecular biology, electronic communication, space technologies could also be put to evil purposes. Bio-weapons, information warfare, precision munitions, encryption etc. can support asymmetrical warfare but also be used as new powerful force multipliers. New ways to contro! cruel weapons uses have to be established in the new century. lt would be the responsibility of scientists to help mankind to ban new devasting weapon applications.
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Editorial Submission, Haworth. "United States Government Publications:." Technical Services Quarterly 3, no. 3-4 (August 29, 1985): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j124v03n03_04.
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Costello, Laura. "Survey Applies Public Collection Development Librarians' Support for Intellectual Freedom to Collection Process." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 15, no. 1 (March 13, 2020): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip29686.
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A Review of:
Oltmann, S. M. (2019). Important factors in Midwestern public librarians’ views on intellectual freedom and collection development: Part 2. The Library Quarterly, 89(2), 156-172. https://doi.org/10.1086/702203
Abstract
Objective – To explore how librarian attitudes regarding intellectual freedom and demographic factors influence collection development decisions.
Design – Online survey.
Setting – Public libraries in the Midwestern United States.
Subjects – 645 collection development library professionals employed in public libraries.
Methods – An electronic survey was distributed to 3,018 public library directors in nine Midwestern states and completed by the library professional primarily responsible for collection development (Oltmann, 2019, p. 6). The survey had a 21.37% response rate. The survey focused on intellectual freedom in the management of collections and probed the participants for their experiences and influences in making collection development decisions. The survey also asked participants to make hypothetical purchasing and holdings decisions for library materials based on a short description of the material.
Main Results – Participants indicated that they used a variety of different tools for the selection of materials including patron requests. Of the participants, 45.7% indicated that their library had a policy, practice, or metric to assess the balance of their collections, while 54.3% indicated that their libraries did not have policy or method in place for ensuring that their collection was balanced. Of the respondents, 73.4% felt that local community values should be considered in collection development decision, but 62.3% said that this should not be the most important factor in decisions. Overall, the political leaning of the community did not have an impact on participants’ alignment with the ALA's stances on intellectual freedom. Most respondents (73.4%) felt that government library funding bodies should have an influence over collection development decisions. Some respondents indicated they felt internal pressure from other library staff or the library board to purchase particular materials (28.1%) or relocate materials (14.1%). Respondents also indicated that they felt external pressure from their communities to purchase (32%) or restrict or withdraw (19.1%) materials. In the hypothetical purchasing scenario, most librarians indicated that they would purchase the majority of items. Some participants (39.8%) felt tension between their personal and professional views on intellectual freedom.
Conclusion – The first part of this article found that holding an MLS degree had a significant impact on participants' stance on intellectual freedom and alignment with the American Library Association (ALA) principles. This part indicated that they also felt greater pressure to withdraw, acquire, and manage particular materials in their collections and felt more tension between their personal and professional stances on intellectual freedom. Age, gender, duration of work, and community political affiliations significantly impacted only some of the participants' responses. Overall, there was general support for intellectual freedom and alignment with the ALA principles; however, 40% of respondents indicated tension between their personal and professional beliefs about intellectual freedom.
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Jones, Alexander, Stephan Koehler, Michael Jerge, Mitchell Graves, Bayley King, Richard Dalrymple, Cody Freese, and James Von Albade. "BATMAN: A Brain-like Approach for Tracking Maritime Activity and Nuance." Sensors 23, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 2424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052424.
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As commercial geospatial intelligence data becomes more widely available, algorithms using artificial intelligence need to be created to analyze it. Maritime traffic is annually increasing in volume, and with it the number of anomalous events that might be of interest to law enforcement agencies, governments, and militaries. This work proposes a data fusion pipeline that uses a mixture of artificial intelligence and traditional algorithms to identify ships at sea and classify their behavior. A fusion process of visual spectrum satellite imagery and automatic identification system (AIS) data was used to identify ships. Further, this fused data was further integrated with additional information about the ship’s environment to help classify each ship’s behavior to a meaningful degree. This type of contextual information included things such as exclusive economic zone boundaries, locations of pipelines and undersea cables, and the local weather. Behaviors such as illegal fishing, trans-shipment, and spoofing are identified by the framework using freely or cheaply accessible data from places such as Google Earth, the United States Coast Guard, etc. The pipeline is the first of its kind to go beyond the typical ship identification process to help aid analysts in identifying tangible behaviors and reducing the human workload.
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Schankman, Larry. "Introduction to United States Government Information Sources." Journal of Government Information 27, no. 5 (September 2000): 643–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(00)00209-4.
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Lamont, Melissa, and Janice C. Shields. "Introduction to United States Government information sources." Journal of Government Information 24, no. 3 (May 1997): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(97)00022-1.
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Aldrich, Duncan M. "Introduction to United States government information sources." Journal of Academic Librarianship 23, no. 5 (September 1997): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-1333(97)90052-5.
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Hernon, Peter. "Introduction to United States government information sources." Government Information Quarterly 14, no. 1 (January 1997): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0740-624x(97)90059-9.
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Tulis, Susan E. "Introduction to United States government information sources." Government Publications Review 20, no. 2 (March 1993): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9390(93)90114-5.
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Hernon, Peter. "Introduction to United States government information sources." Government Information Quarterly 10, no. 2 (January 1993): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0740-624x(93)90062-5.
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Moon, Jeremy, and Dev Chidambaram. "Spectroelectrochemistry of the Electrolytic Reduction of Trivalent Lanthanides in LiCl-KCl Eutectic Molten Salt." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 12 (October 9, 2022): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0212761mtgabs.
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Understanding the speciation of dissolved lanthanides and actinides in molten salts and the chemical behavior of those species is vital to the development of homogenously fueled molten salt reactors and pyrochemical reprocessing of used nuclear fuel. The coupling of spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis can provide complimentary information about the chemistry and speciation of elements dissolved in molten salt mixtures, which is crucial for managing, amongst other concerns, corrosion issues in the process. We have developed a custom furnace with optical pathways for spectroscopic measurements and provisions for the insertion of electrodes into samples inside the furnace. Absorbance spectra were recorded during the electrolytic reduction of trivalent lanthanides in LiCl-KCl molten salt. The absorbance spectra yield insight into the progression of the electrolytic reduction of the species of interest while the electrolytic reduction provides a means of studying the electronic structure and transitions of soluble reduced species of the lanthanides and potentially monitoring changes to concentrations of the oxidized and reduced species. Acknowledgements: This research is being performed using funding received from the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy's Nuclear Energy University Programs under award DE-NE0008889 and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) under contract NRC-HQ-13-G-38-0027. Dr. Kenny Osborne and Ms. Nancy Hebron-Isreal serve as the program managers for the DOE and NRC awards, respectively. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. DGE-1447692. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, or the United States Government.
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Ayeni, Philips O., Blessed O. Agbaje, and Maria Tippler. "A Systematic Review of Library Services Provision in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 16, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 67–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip29902.
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Objective – Libraries have had to temporarily shut their doors because of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in the provision of online and remote services. This review analyzed services offered by libraries, the technological tools used, and the challenges facing libraries during the pandemic. Methods – This study employed a systematic literature review, following the PRISMA checklist (Moher at al., 2009). The Building Blocks search strategy was employed to search for keywords of concepts in Library and Information Science Abstract (LISA), Library and Information Science Technology Abstract (LISTA), Library Science Database, Web of Science (WoS) core collections, and Google Scholar. A set of inclusion and exclusion criteria was pre-determined by the authors prior to database searching. Quality assessment of included studies was performed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (Hong et al., 2018). A tabular approach was used to provide a summary of each article allowing the synthesis of results, which led to the identification of eight broad categories of services provided by libraries in included studies. Results – The first set of searches from the 5 databases produced 3,499 results. After we removed duplicates and applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria based on titles and abstracts, 37 potentially relevant articles were identified. Further screening of the full-text led to the final inclusion of 23 articles used for the qualitative synthesis. The majority of the studies were conducted in the United States of America (n= 6, 26.1%), followed by India (n=4, 17%), and China (n=2, 8.7%). The remaining studies were carried out in United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Mexico, Romania, Czech Republic, Indonesia, Pakistan, Nigeria, Lesotho, and Zimbabwe. The most common method used in selected studies was the case study (n= 11, 48%), followed by survey (n=7, 30.4%), content analysis (n=4, 17.4%), and mixed methods (n=1, 4.3%). The majority of the studies were carried out in academic libraries (74%), while the rest were based on medical, public, and special libraries. Findings show that the majority of academic libraries in the included studies are providing and expanding access to electronic resources (n=16, 69.6%) and increasing open access resources and services (n=11, 47.8%). More so, most academic libraries are assisting in virtual education and teaching endeavors of faculty and students (n=13, 56.5%). In addition, some medical and public libraries are bolstering public health safety through health literacy (n=12, 52.2%), supporting research efforts, and engaging in virtual reference services, among others. In order to carry out these services, libraries are harnessing several educational, social networking, communication, and makerspaces technologies. Most of the libraries in the included studies reported budgetary challenges, and the need for new ICT infrastructure and Internet service as they move their services online. Conclusion – This review found that libraries are adapting in a number of ways to continue their roles in meeting patrons’ needs in spite of the growing challenges posed by COVID-19 restrictions and lockdown. For libraries to thrive in these trying times, there must be a well-structured approach to ensuring continuity of services. Libraries should prioritize the acquisition of electronic resources as well as increase their efforts to digitize resources that are only available in printed copies. As library services have predominantly shifted online, there should be concerted effort and support from government and funding agencies to equip libraries with the technological facilities needed to provide cutting-edge services. The quality assessment of the included studies shows that there is need for rigor and transparency in the methodological description of studies investigating library services provision in a pandemic. This review provides an overview of the ways libraries have responded to the challenges posed by a global pandemic, and hence will be of use and interest to all librarians especially those in health and academic sectors.
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Yao, Rui, Wenli Zhang, Richard Evans, Guang Cao, Tianqi Rui, and Lining Shen. "Inequities in Health Care Services Caused by the Adoption of Digital Health Technologies: Scoping Review." Journal of Medical Internet Research 24, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): e34144. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/34144.
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Background Digital health technologies (ie, the integration of digital technology and health information) aim to increase the efficiency of health care delivery; they are rapidly adapting to health care contexts to provide improved medical services for citizens. However, contrary to expectations, their rapid adoption appears to have led to health inequities, with differences in health conditions or inequality in the distribution of health care resources among different populations. Objective This scoping review aims to identify and describe the inequities of health care services brought about by the adoption of digital health technologies. The factors influencing such inequities, as well as the corresponding countermeasures to ensure health equity among different groups of citizens, were also studied. Methods Primary studies and literature, including articles and reviews, published in English between 1990 and 2020 were retrieved using appropriate search strategies across the following three electronic databases: Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Data management was performed by two authors (RY and WZ) using Thomson Endnote (Clarivate Analytics, Inc), by systematically screening and identifying eligible articles for this study. Any conflicts of opinion were resolved through discussions with the corresponding author. A qualitative descriptive synthesis was performed to determine the outcomes of this scoping review. Results A total of 2325 studies were collected during the search process, of which 41 (1.76%) papers were identified for further analysis. The quantity of literature increased until 2016, with a peak in 2020. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Norway ranked among the top 3 countries for publication output. Health inequities caused by the adoption of digital health technologies in health care services can be reflected in the following two dimensions: the inability of citizens to obtain and adopt technology and the different disease outcomes found among citizens under technical intervention measures. The factors that influenced inequities included age, race, region, economy, and education level, together with health conditions and eHealth literacy. Finally, action can be taken to alleviate inequities in the future by government agencies and medical institutions (eg, establishing national health insurance), digital health technology providers (eg, designing high-quality tools), and health care service recipients (eg, developing skills to access digital technologies). Conclusions The application of digital health technologies in health care services has caused inequities to some extent. However, existing research has certain limitations. The findings provide a comprehensive starting point for future research, allowing for further investigation into how digital health technologies may influence the unequal distribution of health care services. The interaction between individual subjective factors as well as social support and influencing factors should be included in future studies. Specifically, access to and availability of digital health technologies for socially disadvantaged groups should be of paramount importance.
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Brandon, Thomas H., Maciej L. Goniewicz, Nasser H. Hanna, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Roy S. Herbst, Jennifer A. Hobin, Jamie S. Ostroff, et al. "Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Policy Statement From the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 8 (March 10, 2015): 952–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.59.4465.
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Combustible tobacco use remains the number-one preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which include electronic cigarettes, are devices capable of delivering nicotine in an aerosolized form. ENDS use by both adults and youth has increased rapidly, and some have advocated these products could serve as harm-reduction devices and smoking cessation aids. ENDS may be beneficial if they reduce smoking rates or prevent or reduce the known adverse health effects of smoking. However, ENDS may also be harmful, particularly to youth, if they increase the likelihood that nonsmokers or former smokers will use combustible tobacco products or if they discourage smokers from quitting. The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) recognize the potential ENDS have to alter patterns of tobacco use and affect the health of the public; however, definitive data are lacking. The AACR and ASCO recommend additional research on these devices, including assessing the health impacts of ENDS, understanding patterns of ENDS use, and determining what role ENDS have in cessation. Key policy recommendations include supporting federal, state, and local regulation of ENDS; requiring manufacturers to register with the US Food and Drug Administration and report all product ingredients, requiring childproof caps on ENDS liquids, and including warning labels on products and their advertisements; prohibiting youth-oriented marketing and sales; prohibiting child-friendly ENDS flavors; and prohibiting ENDS use in places where cigarette smoking is prohibited. This policy statement was developed by a joint writing group composed of members from the Tobacco and Cancer Subcommittee of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Science Policy and Government Affairs (SPGA) Committee and American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Tobacco Cessation and Control Subcommittee of the Cancer Prevention Committee (CaPC). The statement was reviewed by both parent committees (ie, the AACR SPGA Committee and the ASCO CaPC) and was approved by the AACR Boards of Directors on August 6, 2014, and the ASCO Executive Committee on September 18, 2014. This policy statement was published jointly by invitation and consent in both Clinical Cancer Research and Journal of Clinical Oncology. Copyright 2015 American Association for Cancer Research and American Society of Clinical Oncology. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or storage in any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission by the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology.