Journal articles on the topic 'Electronic device and system performance evaluation, testing and simulation'
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1
Pallegedara, Achala, Martin Petřík, and Petr Štemberk. "Design of Portable Device for Rapid Temperature Testing of Concrete Specimens: System Circuit Design Phase." Advanced Materials Research 1054 (October 2014): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1054.11.
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The project described in this paper is based on sequential development of a temperature controlled weather condition emulator for testing of concrete samples in different temperature levels at varying period of time. The device can be used to test concrete samples when engineer wants to realize the concrete behaviour under extreme conditions such as cold, very high temperature or drastic drops of temperature incurred in a short period and importantly test for concrete samples during hydration. As an initial phase of the development process, entire system architecture is sub-phased to modular form and hence formulated each module for simulation before realizing of the final fabrication of the actual system. The main objective in this phase is to design the electronic circuit to control the attached thermoelectric Peltier which is the main subject of the heat source temperature controller. Since, mathematical modelling of dynamics of the Peltier systems are not well defined and assured to be highly non-linear in behaviour, controlling of the system is driven to be selected by a fuzzy inference engine. Modelling, analysis and simulation of the system dynamics of the Peltier has already been completed in last phase. Design of electronic controller is detailed in the paper with an experimental performance evaluation plot based on extreme loading conditions of the cooling-heating device. Uncertainty incurred in temperature measurements is also provided with experimental data obtained from the proposed system circuit. Characteristics of the proposed emulator are discussed with given significant constrains. Finally, obtained experimental data from the circuit is satisfied with the expected once therefore, this phase can be concluded for developing an optimized fuzzy controller to control the device as final step of the device.
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Xu, Zhuoming, Dongwang Yang, Xiong Yuan, Siheng Hua, Han You, Yubing Xing, Kai Hu, et al. "Objective evaluation of wearable thermoelectric generator: From platform building to performance verification." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 045105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087672.
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Wearable thermoelectric generators can harvest heat from the human body to power an intelligent electronic device, which plays an important role in wearable electronics. However, due to the complexity of human skin, there is still no unified standard for performance testing of wearable thermoelectric generators under wearable conditions. Herein, a test platform suitable for a wearable thermoelectric generator was designed and built by simulating the structure of the arm. Based on the biological body temperature regulation function, water flow and water temperature substitute blood flow and blood temperature, the silicone gel with some thickness simulates the skin layer of the human arm, thus achieving the goal of adjusting the thermal resistance of human skin. Meanwhile, the weight is used as the contact pressure to further ensure the reliability and accuracy of the test data. In addition, the environment regulatory system is set up to simulate the outdoor day. Actually, the maximum deviation of the performance of the thermoelectric generator worn on the test platform and human arm is ∼5.2%, indicating the accuracy of objective evaluation.
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Natu, Rucha, Suvajyoti Guha, Seyed Ahmad Reza Dibaji, and Luke Herbertson. "Assessment of Flow through Microchannels for Inertia-Based Sorting: Steps toward Microfluidic Medical Devices." Micromachines 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11100886.
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The development of new standardized test methods would allow for the consistent evaluation of microfluidic medical devices and enable high-quality products to reach the market faster. A comprehensive flow characterization study was conducted to identify regulatory knowledge gaps using a generic inertia-based spiral channel model for particle sorting and facilitate standards development in the microfluidics community. Testing was performed using 2–20 µm rigid particles to represent blood elements and flow rates of 200–5000 µL/min to assess the effects of flow-related factors on overall system performance. Two channel designs were studied to determine the variability associated with using the same microchannel multiple times (coefficient of variation (CV) of 27% for Design 1 and 18% for Design 2, respectively). The impact of commonly occurring failure modes on device performance was also investigated by simulating progressive and complete channel outlet blockages. The pressure increased by 10–250% of the normal channel pressure depending on the extent of the blockage. Lastly, two common data analysis approaches were compared—imaging and particle counting. Both approaches were similar in terms of their sensitivity and consistency. Continued research is needed to develop standardized test methods for microfluidic systems, which will improve medical device performance testing and drive innovation in the biomedical field.
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Bravo-Zanoguera, Miguel, Daniel Cuevas-González, Marco A. Reyna, Juan P. García-Vázquez, and Roberto L. Avitia. "Fabricating a Portable ECG Device Using AD823X Analog Front-End Microchips and Open-Source Development Validation." Sensors 20, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 5962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205962.
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Relevant to mobile health, the design of a portable electrocardiograph (ECG) device using AD823X microchips as the analog front-end is presented. Starting with the evaluation board of the chip, open-source hardware and software components were integrated into a breadboard prototype. This required modifying the microchip with the breadboard-friendly Arduino Nano board in addition to a data logger and a Bluetooth breakout board. The digitized ECG signal can be transmitted by serial cable, via Bluetooth to a PC, or to an Android smartphone system for visualization. The data logging shield provides gigabytes of storage, as the signal is recorded to a microSD card adapter. A menu incorporates the device’s several operating modes. Simulation and testing assessed the system stability and performance parameters in terms of not losing any sample data throughout the length of the recording and finding the maximum sampling frequency; and validation determined and resolved problems that arose in open-source development. Ultimately, a custom printed circuit board was produced requiring advanced manufacturing options of 2.5 mils trace widths for the small package components. The fabricated device did not degrade the AD823X noise performance, and an ECG waveform with negligible distortion was obtained. The maximum number of samples/second was 2380 Hz in serial cable transmission, whereas in microSD recording mode, a continuous ECG signal for up to 36 h at 500 Hz was verified. A low-cost, high-quality portable ECG for long-term monitoring prototype that reasonably complies with electrical safety regulations and medical equipment design was realized.
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Chen, Jian. "Realization of a Noncontact IC Chip with Embedded Ferroelectric Memory in an Auxiliary Timing Device for Sports Games." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (June 21, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9933084.
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The research direction of the new generation of embedded memory can be summarized into two types of embedded nonvolatile memory and embedded volatile memory; the research on online testing of embedded memory started in the past ten years, and there are few research results. This article analyzes the feasibility of the noncontact IC chip in the embedded ferroelectric memory of the sports game auxiliary timing device and is aimed at obtaining an optimized embedded ferroelectric memory by analyzing the relevant data to achieve the update and update of the sports game timing device system. Early sports event timing methods generally use manual timing (stopwatch) or camera shooting timing; this method is inefficient, poor real-time, huge workload, and prone to errors. This research mainly focuses on the analysis and discussion of the material structure and performance of the embedded ferroelectric memory and the process of noncontact IC chip. This article uses custom welding circuit technology to prepare the best ferroelectric filter in the test part and verifies the influence of temperature on the material; in order to understand the properties of ferroelectric materials at the electronic and atomic level, a first-order statistical method is obtained. The numerical calculation results of the experiment verify that the evaluation value of the serial port synchronization module as a whole exceeds the pulse synchronization; the network synchronization as a whole exceeds the code synchronization, and the result of the network time service module is the opposite, but as a whole, each module of the noncontact IC chip has strong performance adaptability; in the application of auxiliary timing, the maintainability of noncontact IC chip is quite outstanding, and the maximum value is 7.97; a large number of complex simulation system tasks can be completed by simple and direct tasks.
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Madejski, Paweł, Piotr Michalak, Michał Karch, Tomasz Kuś, and Krzysztof Banasiak. "Monitoring of Thermal and Flow Processes in the Two-Phase Spray-Ejector Condenser for Thermal Power Plant Applications." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 7151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197151.
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The paper deals with the problem of accurate measuring techniques and experimental research methods for performance evaluation of direct contact jet-type flow condensers. The nominal conditions and range of temperature, pressure and flow rate in all characteristic points of novel test rig installation were calculated using the developed model. Next, the devices for measurement of temperature, pressure and flow rate in a novel test rig designed for testing the two-phase flow spray ejector condensers system (SEC) were studied. The SEC can find application in gas power cycles as the device dedicated to condensing steam in exhaust gases without decreasing or even increasing exhaust gas pressure. The paper presents the design assumptions of the test rig, its layout and results of simulations of characteristic points using developed test rig models. Based on the initial thermal and flow conditions, the main assumptions for thermal and flow process monitoring were formulated. Then, the discussion on commercially available measurement solutions was presented. The basic technical parameters of available sensors and devices were given, discussed with details.
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Ay, Haluk, Anthony Luscher, and Carolyn Sommerich. "A dynamic simulator for the ergonomics evaluation of powered torque tools for human assembly." Assembly Automation 37, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-12-2015-126.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to design and develop a testing device to simulate interaction between human hand–arm dynamics, right-angle (RA) computer-controlled power torque tools and joint-tightening task-related variables. Design/methodology/approach The testing rig can simulate a variety of tools, tasks and operator conditions. The device includes custom data-acquisition electronics and graphical user interface-based software. The simulation of the human hand–arm dynamics is based on the rig’s four-bar mechanism-based design and mechanical components that provide adjustable stiffness (via pneumatic cylinder) and mass (via plates) and non-adjustable damping. The stiffness and mass values used are based on an experimentally validated hand–arm model that includes a database of model parameters. This database is with respect to gender and working posture, corresponding to experienced tool operators from a prior study. Findings The rig measures tool handle force and displacement responses simultaneously. Peak force and displacement coefficients of determination (R2) between rig estimations and human testing measurements were 0.98 and 0.85, respectively, for the same set of tools, tasks and operator conditions. The rig also provides predicted tool operator acceptability ratings, using a data set from a prior study of discomfort in experienced operators during torque tool use. Research limitations/implications Deviations from linearity may influence handle force and displacement measurements. Stiction (Coulomb friction) in the overall rig, as well as in the air cylinder piston, is neglected. The rig’s mechanical damping is not adjustable, despite the fact that human hand–arm damping varies with respect to gender and working posture. Deviations from these assumptions may affect the correlation of the handle force and displacement measurements with those of human testing for the same tool, task and operator conditions. Practical implications This test rig will allow the rapid assessment of the ergonomic performance of DC torque tools, saving considerable time in lineside applications and reducing the risk of worker injury. DC torque tools are an extremely effective way of increasing production rate and improving torque accuracy. Being a complex dynamic system, however, the performance of DC torque tools varies in each application. Changes in worker mass, damping and stiffness, as well as joint stiffness and tool program, make each application unique. This test rig models all of these factors and allows quick assessment. Social implications The use of this tool test rig will help to identify and understand risk factors that contribute to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) associated with the use of torque tools. Tool operators are subjected to large impulsive handle reaction forces, as joint torque builds up while tightening a fastener. Repeated exposure to such forces is associated with muscle soreness, fatigue and physical stress which are also risk factors for upper extremity injuries (MSDs; e.g. tendinosis, myofascial pain). Eccentric exercise exertions are known to cause damage to muscle tissue in untrained individuals and affect subsequent performance. Originality/value The rig provides a novel means for quantitative, repeatable dynamic evaluation of RA powered torque tools and objective selection of tightening programs. Compared to current static tool assessment methods, dynamic testing provides a more realistic tool assessment relative to the tool operator’s experience. This may lead to improvements in tool or controller design and reduction in associated musculoskeletal discomfort in operators.
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Zhang, Wenli, Fengchang Yang, Rui Qiao, and Dushan Boroyevich. "Integrated Microchannel Cooling for Power Electronic Modules." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2016, CICMT (May 1, 2016): 000122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2016cicmt-wa25.
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Abstract The power electronic module plays a key role in the power system by providing the needed physical support, electrical contact and insulation, and thermal pathway for power devices. Using wide bandgap power semiconductors in the power modules enables high-frequency and low-loss switching at relatively high temperatures for efficient power conversion. These advantages could lead to an increase in power-density for the power module as well as a reduction of cost, weight, and volume at the system level. However, the highly integrated power module requires advanced thermal management solutions for effective heat removal from the active chips to achieve high reliability. The evaluation of thermal performance for the power module is critical for its packaging design, because most of the heat generated by the semiconductors is dissipated through the module package. It is even more critical for the gallium nitride (GaN)-based power modules due to the lower thermal conductivity of the GaN material compared with that of silicon and silicon carbide. This paper provides a brief introduction of power modules in conventional packaging design and a review of several new packaging structures with advanced thermal management solutions. The direct-bonded-copper (DBC) substrate with integrated microchannel cooling designed for a new packaging structure is proposed for highly integrated power modules. In this design, the cooling microchannels are embedded inside the aluminum nitride (AlN) layer of the DBC substrate. In finite element analysis (FEA) simulation model of the new package, six high-voltage GaN transistors are arranged on the top surface of the DBC substrate to realize a three-phase inverter circuit. Three straight embedded microchannels with a cross-sectional area of 0.3 mm × 5 mm are located underneath the GaN devices. The average maximum temperature of the GaN devices in the new package is around 72 °C (50 W power loss applied on each die), which is about 16 °C lower than that in the traditional power module package. A thermal transfer coefficient of 2000 W/m2 K, which is equivalent to the liquid cooling condition, is applied on the bottom surface of the baseplate in the traditional package. Enhanced heat dissipation capability is demonstrated using this integrated microchannel cooling method. Further study will focus on the fabrication of a prototype and experimental testing.
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Hernandez-Ossa, Kevin A., Eduardo H. Montenegro-Couto, Berthil Longo, Alexandre Bissoli, Mariana M. Sime, Hilton M. Lessa, Ivan R. Enriquez, Anselmo Frizera-Neto, and Teodiano Bastos-Filho. "Simulation System of Electric-Powered Wheelchairs for Training Purposes." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 3565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123565.
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For some people with severe physical disabilities, the main assistive device to improve their independence and to enhance overall well-being is an electric-powered wheelchair (EPW). However, there is a necessity to offer users EPW training. In this work, the Simcadrom is introduced, which is a virtual reality simulator for EPW driving learning purposes, testing of driving skills and performance, and testing of input interfaces. This simulator uses a joystick as the main input interface, and a virtual reality head-mounted display. However, it can also be used with an eye-tracker device as an alternative input interface and a projector to display the virtual environment (VE). Sense of presence, and user experience questionnaires were implemented to evaluate this version of the Simcadrom in addition to some statistical tests for performance parameters like: total elapsed time, path following error, and total number of commands. A test protocol was proposed and, considering the overall results, the system proved to simulate, very realistically, the usability, kinematics, and dynamics of a real EPW in a VE. Most subjects were able to improve their EPW driving performance in the training session. Furthermore, all skills learned are feasible to be transferred to a real EPW.
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Mushatet, Adil Fadhil, Ahmed Ismael Khaleel, and Shelan Khasro Tawfeeq. "Design and implementation of silicon single-photon avalanche photodiode modeling tool for QKD systems." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 3870. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp3870-3881.
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Single-photon detection concept is the most crucial factor that determines the performance of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. In this paper, a simulator with time domain visualizers and configurable parameters using continuous time simulation approach is presented for modeling and investigating the performance of single-photon detectors operating in Gieger mode at the wavelength of 830 nm. The widely used C30921S silicon avalanche photodiode was modeled in terms of avalanche pulse, the effect of experiment conditions such as excess voltage, temperature and average photon number on the photon detection efficiency, dark count rate and afterpulse probability. This work shows a general repeatable modeling process for significant performance evaluation. The most remarkable result emerged from the simulated data generated and detected by commercial devices is that the modeling process provides guidance for single-photon detectors design and characterization. The validation and testing results of the single-photon avalanche detectors (SPAD) simulator showed acceptable results with the theoretical and experimental results reported in related references and the device's data sheets.
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Wang, Yancong, Jian Wang, Xuyan Bao, Bingyan Yu, and Yuming Ge. "An Advanced System-Level Testing for Roadside Multimodal Sensing and Processing in IoV." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (August 17, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7975523.
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Currently, there are mature test methods for specific sensing devices or processing devices in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). However, when a system is combined with these different types of devices and algorithms for real scenarios, the existing device-level test results cannot reflect the comprehensive functional or performance requirements of the IoV applications at the system level. Therefore, novel application-oriented system-level evaluation indexes and test methods are needed. To this end, we extract the data processing functional entities into specific and quantifiable evaluation indexes by considering the IoV application functions and performance requirements. Then, we build a roadside sensing and processing test system in a real test zone to collect and process these evaluation indexes into accurate multidimensional ground-truth. According to the actual test results of multiple manufacturers’ solutions, our proposed test method is verified to effectively evaluate the performance of the system-level solutions in real IoV application scenarios. The unprecedented evaluation indexes, system-level test method, and the actual test results in this paper can provide an advanced reference for academics and industry.
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Wang, Jing, Harsha Padullaparti, Fei Ding, Murali Baggu, and Martha Symko-Davies. "Voltage Regulation Performance Evaluation of Distributed Energy Resource Management via Advanced Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 16, 2021): 6734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206734.
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This paper evaluates the performance of coordinated control across advanced distribution management systems (ADMS), distributed energy resources (DERs), and distributed energy resource management systems (DERMS) using an advanced hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform. This platform provides a realistic laboratory testing environment, including accurate dynamic modeling of a real-world distribution system from a utility partner, real controllers (ADMS and DERMS), physical power hardware (DERs), and standard communications protocols. One grid service—voltage regulation—is evaluated to show the performance of the coordinated grid automation system. The testing results demonstrate that the coordinated DERMS and ADMS system can effectively regulate system voltages within target operation limits using DERs. The realistic laboratory HIL testing results give utilities confidence in adopting the grid automation systems to manage DERs to achieve system-level control and operation objectives (e.g., voltage regulation). This helps utilities mitigate potential risks (e.g., instability) prior to field deployment.
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Silva, Francisco S. S., Andson M. Balieiro, Francisco F. de Mendoça, Kelvin L. Dias, and Paulo Guarda. "A Conformance Testing Methodology and System for Cognitive Radios." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (January 29, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8869104.
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The fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks has started its operation in some countries and is aimed at meeting demands beyond the current system capabilities such as the huge amount of connected devices from IoT applications (e.g., smart cities), explosive growth of high-speed mobile data traffic (e.g., ultrahigh definition video streaming), and ultrareliable and low latency communication (e.g., autonomous vehicle). To attend to these needs, the electromagnetic spectrum must be made available, but the static spectrum allocation policy has caused a spectrum shortage and impaired the employment/expansion of the wireless systems. To overcome this issue, the dynamic spectrum access (DSA) has been promoted in 5G/6G networks, which is enabled by the cognitive radio (CR) technology. Although diverse mechanisms have been developed to tackle the challenges that emerge in different CR layers/functionalities, a standardized testing methodology and system for CR is still immature. Existing standards or methodologies and systems for CR only focus on the definition of network technologies (e.g., IEEE 802.22 and IEEE 802.11af), performance evaluation of CR algorithms/mechanisms, or definition of the device cognition level via performance results or psychometric approaches, not covering systems/methodologies to verify if the device meets the CR capabilities and regulatory policies, neglecting the conformance testing. In this respect, this paper proposes a flexible methodology and system for CR conformance testing under two perspectives, functionalities and limits. We instantiate it by using the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) software-defined radio platform and present a proof-of-concept with a conformance metric. The results show the feasibility of our proposal.
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Nepomuceno, Ana Catarina, Tiago Paixão, Nélia Alberto, Paulo Sérgio de Brito André, Paulo Antunes, and M. Fátima Domingues. "Optical Fiber Fabry–Perot Interferometer Based Spirometer: Design and Performance Evaluation." Photonics 8, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8080336.
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Spirometry enables the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this paper, we present an optical fiber-based device to evaluate the pulmonary capacity of individuals through spirometry. The proposed system consists of an optical fiber containing an intrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI) micro-cavity attached to a 3D printed structure that converts the air flow into strain variations to the optical fiber, modulating the FPI spectral response. Besides providing the value of the flow, its direction is also determined, which enables a differentiation between inhale and exhale cycles of breathing. A simulation study was conducted to predict the system behavior with the air flow. The preliminary tests, performed with the FPI-based spirometer led to average values of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) parameters of 4.40 L and 6.46 L, respectively, with an FEV1/FVC index (used as an airway function index) of 68.5%. An average value of 5.35 L/s was found for the peak expiratory flow (PEF). A comparison between the spirometry tests using the presented FPI system and a commercial electronic device showed that the proposed system is suitable to act as a reliable spirometer.
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Pan, Sisi, Wei Jiang, Ming Li, Hua Geng, and Jieyun Wang. "Evaluation of the Communication Delay in a Hybrid Real-Time Simulator for Weak Grids." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 19, 2022): 2255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062255.
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Real-time Simulation (RTS) is one of the effective means via which to study device level or system level dynamics, such as power converter online testing, evaluation, and control, and power system stability analysis. The RTS -enabled design-chain offers a time -effective, low-cost, and fail-safe development process. As the penetration of renewable energy is becoming higher, the demand in hybrid system real-time simulation becomes imperative, where fast-dynamic device level power converters and slow -dynamic large -scale power systems are simulated at the same time. This paper introduces a novel hybrid real-time simulation architecture based on the central processing unit (CPU) and the field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Compared with the off-the-shelf power system real-time simulation system, it offers both wide time scale simulation and high accuracy. The multi-time scale model can perform electromechanical electromagnetic transient hybrid simulation, which can be applied to the research of power systems penetrated with power converters. In the proposed simulation platform, the communication delay is introduced when different RTS platforms exchange real-time data. The communication delay should be considered in the stability analysis of the grid-connected inverters in a weak grid environment. Based on the virtual impedance characteristic formed by the control loop with and without communication delay, the impedance characteristics are analyzed and inter-simulator delay impacts are revealed in this paper. Theoretical analysis indicates that the communication delay, contrary to expectation, can improve the virtual impedance characteristics of the system. With the same hardware simulation parameters, the grid-converter system is verified on both the Typhoon system alone and the Typhoon-dSPACE-SpaceR hybrid simulation platform. The THD value of grid current in a weak grid environment that works in the Typhoon system is 4.98%, and 2.38% in the Typhoon-dSPACE-SpaceR hybrid simulation platform. This study eventually reveals the fact that the inter-simulation delay creates the illusion that the control system built in the novel hybrid real-time simulation is more stable under weak grid conditions.
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Kim, Sungwook. "A New Multicasting Device-to-Device Communication Control Scheme for Virtualized Cellular Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (February 13, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3540674.
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With the explosion in the number of wireless services, the unprecedented growth of mobile date traffic has brought a heavy burden on the traditional cellular networks. To meet the explosive traffic services, the potential of network virtualization and multicasting device-to-device (MD2D) technology have been proposed as a promising solution for next-generation networks. In this paper, we propose a novel MD2D control scheme for virtualized cellular networks, which enables device clustering for local MD2D services to obtain the finest system performance. By taking into consideration dynamic situations and competitive environments, we formulate our control algorithms as a game model with imperfect system information. Inspired by the incentive mechanism and evolutionary decision process, the proposed game approach can guide selfish mobile devices toward honest behaviors, and the MD2D services are provided based on the step-by-step interactive feedback process. Through numerical evaluation and simulation analysis, we not only quantify the outcome of our proposed scheme’s system throughput, bandwidth utilization, and MD2D service efficiency, but also provide the performance comparison with existing schemes. Finally, we provide further challenges and various opportunities in the research area of MD2D-enabled cellular network operations.
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Zang, Junbin, Zheng Fan, Penglu Li, Xiaoya Duan, Chunsheng Wu, Danfeng Cui, and Chenyang Xue. "Design and Fabrication of High-Frequency Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer Based on an AlN Thin Film." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (August 14, 2022): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081317.
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A piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) is a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device that can transmit and receive ultrasonic waves. Given its advantages of high-frequency ultrasound with good directionality and high resolution, PMUT can be used in application scenarios with low power supply, such as fingerprint recognition, nondestructive testing, and medical diagnosis. Here, a PMUT based on an aluminum nitride thin-film material is designed and fabricated. First, the eigenfrequencies of the PMUT are studied with multiphysics coupling simulation software, and the relationship between eigenfrequencies and vibration layer parameters is determined. The transmission performance of the PMUT is obtained via simulation. The PMUT device is fabricated in accordance with the designed simple MEMS processing process. The topography of the PMUT vibration layer is determined via scanning electron microscopy, and the resonant frequency of the PMUT device is 7.43 MHz. The electromechanical coupling coefficient is 2.21% via an LCR tester.
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Garey, Wesley D., Yishen Sun, and Richard A. Rouil. "Performance Evaluation of Proximity Services and Wi-Fi for Public Safety Mission Critical Voice Application." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (May 21, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8198767.
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Proximity Services (ProSe) and Wi-Fi are two promising technologies that may provide support for Mission Critical Voice (MCV) applications in remote and rural areas by enabling Device-to-Device (D2D) communication. In this paper, several performance metrics of ProSe and Wi-Fi are evaluated and compared side-by-side under various configurations. The ns-3 simulation results show that ProSe outperforms Wi-Fi in terms of coverage range and access time with a medium traffic load, while Wi-Fi has a shorter access time under a light traffic load. In addition, with various user densities, ProSe offers better coverage range and access time a majority of the time. The evaluation in this paper provides insights to first responders on what to expect with either technology and how to improve the performance by adjusting different system parameters.
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Vazquez, Elena, and Jose P. Duarte. "Bistable kinetic shades actuated with shape memory alloys: prototype development and daylight performance evaluation." Smart Materials and Structures 31, no. 3 (February 15, 2022): 034001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac5014.
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Abstract Kinetic façade systems can adjust to different environmental conditions, thereby improving daylight performance in buildings. Bistable laminates present large deflections and can maintain their state without continuous energy supply, appealing features for kinetic applications. Nevertheless, these engineered materials have yet to be studied for their potential for improving daylight performance in buildings. This study sought to test the daylight performance of a kinetic bistable screen using a case study approach that combines experimental testing and building performance simulation. This paper details research to design and fabricate the shading screen and the experimental testing of the screens’ daylight performance. First, we focus on the design of a holder mechanism, which relies on a string system and shape memory alloys that actuate bistable flaps. Second, we experimentally collect data on daylight performance and compare it to simulation data to validate a daylight model. Results show that the designed bistable screen can increase the hours of adequate daylight throughout the year versus baseline cases, particularly when oriented south and east. The study suggests that bistable kinetic screens can help improve daylight performance in buildings.
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Agarwal, Priyanshu, Youngmok Yun, Jonas Fox, Kaci Madden, and Ashish D. Deshpande. "Design, control, and testing of a thumb exoskeleton with series elastic actuation." International Journal of Robotics Research 36, no. 3 (March 2017): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0278364917694428.
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We present an exoskeleton capable of assisting the human thumb through a large range of motion. Our novel thumb exoskeleton has the following unique features: (i) an underlying kinematic mechanism that is optimized to achieve a large range of motion, (ii) a design that actuates four degrees of freedom of the thumb, and (iii) a series elastic actuation based on a Bowden cable, allowing for bidirectional torque control of each thumb joint individually. We present a kinematic model of the coupled thumb exoskeleton system and use it to maximize the range of motion of the thumb. Finally, we carry out tests with the designed device on four subjects to evaluate its workspace and kinematic transparency using a motion capture system and torque control performance. Results show that the device allows for a large workspace with the thumb, is kinematically transparent to natural thumb motion to a high degree, and is capable of accurate torque control.
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Liu, Chengkun, Tchamie Kadja, and Vamsy P. Chodavarapu. "Experimental Evaluation of Sensor Fusion of Low-Cost UWB and IMU for Localization under Indoor Dynamic Testing Conditions." Sensors 22, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 8156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218156.
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Autonomous systems usually require accurate localization methods for them to navigate safely in indoor environments. Most localization methods are expensive and difficult to set up. In this work, we built a low-cost and portable indoor location tracking system by using Raspberry Pi 4 computer, ultra-wideband (UWB) sensors, and inertial measurement unit(s) (IMU). We also developed the data logging software and the Kalman filter (KF) sensor fusion algorithm to process the data from a low-power UWB transceiver (Decawave, model DWM1001) module and IMU device (Bosch, model BNO055). Autonomous systems move with different velocities and accelerations, which requires its localization performance to be evaluated under diverse motion conditions. We built a dynamic testing platform to generate not only the ground truth trajectory but also the ground truth acceleration and velocity. In this way, our tracking system’s localization performance can be evaluated under dynamic testing conditions. The novel contributions in this work are a low-cost, low-power, tracking system hardware–software design, and an experimental setup to observe the tracking system’s localization performance under different dynamic testing conditions. The testing platform has a 1 m translation length and 80 μm of bidirectional repeatability. The tracking system’s localization performance was evaluated under dynamic conditions with eight different combinations of acceleration and velocity. The ground truth accelerations varied from 0.6 to 1.6 m/s2 and the ground truth velocities varied from 0.6 to 0.8 m/s. Our experimental results show that the location error can reach up to 50 cm under dynamic testing conditions when only relying on the UWB sensor, with the KF sensor fusion of UWB and IMU, the location error decreases to 13.7 cm.
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Khan, Ayesha, Mujtaba Hussain Jaffery, Yaqoob Javed, Jehangir Arshad, Ateeq Ur Rehman, Rabia Khan, Mohit Bajaj, and Mohammed K. A. Kaabar. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Implementation and Performance Evaluation of Three-Phase Hybrid Shunt Active Power Filter for Power Quality Improvement." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (October 14, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8032793.
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The excessive use of nonlinear load causes electric current harmonics that ultimately downgrades the electrical power quality. If a failure exists due to internal integration of a power system in any one of the internal networks, it causes uncomplimentary consequences to the entire power system’s performance. This paper proposed a hybrid shunt active harmonic power filter (HSAHPF) design to reduce harmonic pollution. A digital controller HIL simulator has been modeled using a three-phase voltage source inverter to test the efficiency of HSAHPF and the performance of control algorithms. Moreover, the instantaneous active and reactive current theory (Id − Iq) and instantaneous active and reactive power theory (Pq0) control algorithms are implemented for the reference current generation in HSAHPF, resulting in reduced harmonic distortions, power factor improvement for a balanced nonlinear load. The control algorithms are further employed in Arduino MEGA to keep the factor of cost-effectiveness. The simulation of the proposed design has been developed in Simulink. The validation and testing of HSAHPF using controller HIL simulation prove the control algorithms’ ability to run in a portable embedded device. The statistical analysis of the proposed system response provides a minimum total harmonic distortion (THD) of 2.38 from 31.74 that lies in IEEE 519-1992 harmonic standards with an improved stability time of 0.04 s. The experimental verification and provided results of the HIL approach validate the proposed design. Significant mitigation of harmonics can be observed, consequently enhancing the power quality with power factor near unity.
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Lee, Je-Hyeon, Dong-Gyu Kim, Seok-Kwon Jeong, and Young-hak Song. "Analysis of Heat Source System Degradation Due to Aging and Evaluation of Its Effect on Energy Consumption." Energies 15, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 9217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239217.
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The performance of air conditioning systems deteriorate due to the natural aging and wear caused by operating the devices. This is termed “aging degradation,” and it results from a lack of appropriate maintenance which accelerates the degree of performance degradation. The performance degradation of an air conditioning system can cause problems such as increased energy consumption, deteriorated indoor heating environment, and shortened lifespan of air conditioning equipment. To prevent such problems, it is important to establish a long-term maintenance plan to recover degraded performance, such as predicting an appropriate maintenance time by identifying the real-time performance degradation rate based on a system’s operation data. In this study, the performance degradation rate, according to the operating time, was estimated using long-term operation data for devices constituting a heat source system, and the effect of performance degradation of the heat source system’s operation and energy consumption was reviewed using a simulation. The performance degradation rate of the target device was estimated by analyzing the variation trend of the calibration coefficient, which was calculated when the initial performance prediction model was calibrated through operating data. Using this approach, it was confirmed that the annual performance degradation rate was 1.0–1.4% for the heat source equipment, 0.4–1.2% for the cooling towers, and 0.8–1.3% for the pumps. In addition, a heat source system energy simulation calculated the 15-year performance degradation of the heat source equipment to be 34–52% and 7–19% for both the cooling towers and pumps. Due to the equipment performance deterioration, the number of operating heat source equipment and cooling tower fans, and the pump flow rate gradually increased every year, thus accelerating the performance deterioration even further. As a result, energy consumption in the 15th year increased by approximately 41% compared with the initial energy consumption.
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Sobczak, Łukasz, Katarzyna Filus, Adam Domański, and Joanna Domańska. "LiDAR Point Cloud Generation for SLAM Algorithm Evaluation." Sensors 21, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 3313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103313.
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With the emerging interest in the autonomous driving level at 4 and 5 comes a necessity to provide accurate and versatile frameworks to evaluate the algorithms used in autonomous vehicles. There is a clear gap in the field of autonomous driving simulators. It covers testing and parameter tuning of a key component of autonomous driving systems, SLAM, frameworks targeting off-road and safety-critical environments. It also includes taking into consideration the non-idealistic nature of the real-life sensors, associated phenomena and measurement errors. We created a LiDAR simulator that delivers accurate 3D point clouds in real time. The point clouds are generated based on the sensor placement and the LiDAR type that can be set using configurable parameters. We evaluate our solution based on comparison of the results using an actual device, Velodyne VLP-16, on real-life tracks and the corresponding simulations. We measure the error values obtained using Google Cartographer SLAM algorithm and the distance between the simulated and real point clouds to verify their accuracy. The results show that our simulation (which incorporates measurement errors and the rolling shutter effect) produces data that can successfully imitate the real-life point clouds. Due to dedicated mechanisms, it is compatible with the Robotic Operating System (ROS) and can be used interchangeably with data from actual sensors, which enables easy testing, SLAM algorithm parameter tuning and deployment.
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Chikaraishi, Ryo, and Mingcong Deng. "Operator-Based Nonlinear Control of Calorimetric System Actuated by Peltier Device." Machines 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9080174.
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Recently, the development of SiC and GaN high-performance semiconductor devices has led to higher efficiency in power conversion equipment. In order to perform thermal design of power conversion equipment and evaluation of the equipment, it is necessary to measure the power loss of the equipment with high accuracy. In a previous study, a system to measure the power loss from the amount of heat emitted from power conversion devices using a Peltier device was proposed. In this study, aiming to improve the measurement accuracy, the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of a Peltier device, which was treated as a constant value in the previous study, was considered. The control system considering the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity was designed based on operator theory, which is a nonlinear control theory. The simulation and experimental results show that the measurement accuracy was improved when the power loss was 10 W and 15 W compared to the case without considering the temperature dependence. In addition, the measurement time was reduced by about 100 s by considering the temperature dependence. The effectiveness of the proposed system was shown when the power loss was 10 W and 15 W.
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Holder, Eric, and Samuel R. Pecota. "Maritime Head-Up Display: A Preliminary Evaluation." Journal of Navigation 64, no. 4 (September 12, 2011): 573–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463311000191.
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A major disadvantage of nearly every marine electronic navigation device introduced to date is the necessity for the navigator to turn his or her attention away from the view outside the bridge windows, even momentarily. Indeed, the uncomfortable feeling experienced by seasoned mariners that this ‘head down’ posture creates has led many to be initially reluctant to adopt some marine electronic devices (radar, ARPA, ECDIS, to name a few) that have proven their worth over time as useful, even vital navigational aids. Unfortunately, the use of such equipment has always required the marine navigator to leave behind the real world perspective view and enter an unnatural, two-dimensional plan view of the area surrounding the vessel. Mariners have accepted this type of view by necessity rather than by choice. That may be about to change. Advances in technology and a proven track record of performance benefits from Head-Up Display (or HUD) information in the aviation field have made it possible to consider if such a device would be useful in a maritime context. Accordingly, the authors of this paper conducted a preliminary evaluation to examine empirically what the effects of providing this same type of head-up information would be on marine navigation performance. A series of tests were conducted in the California Maritime Academy's advanced simulation facilities utilizing a full-mission simulator, a laptop-based HUD prototype, a projector, and student participants from an experimental undergraduate course entitled e-Navigation. The goals were to: 1) define the operational requirements and concept of operations for a maritime HUD system; 2) identify essential information, risks, and concerns; and 3) examine performance variations by conditions (environmental, vessel, crew) and tasks. The results indicate great potential for a maritime HUD system, especially for improving situational awareness in low visibility conditions, confined waters, and for vessels where information changes rapidly (i.e., high speed vessels). The results also suggest that there are some standard information requirements across situations that could be augmented with task and vessel specific information.
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Orsini, Francesco, Federica Vurchio, Andrea Scorza, Rocco Crescenzi, and Salvatore Sciuto. "An Image Analysis Approach to Microgrippers Displacement Measurement and Testing." Actuators 7, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act7040064.
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The number of studies on microgrippers has increased consistently in the past decade, among them the numeric simulations and material characterization are quite common, while the metrological issues related to their performance testing are not well investigated yet. To add some contribution in this field, an image analysis-based method for microgrippers displacement measurement and testing is proposed here: images of a microgripper prototype supplied with different voltages are acquired by an optical system (i.e., a 3D optical profilometer) and processed through in-house software. With the aim to assess the quality of the results a systematic approach is proposed for determining and quantifying the main error sources and applied to the uncertainty estimation in angular displacement measurements of the microgripper comb-drives. A preliminary uncertainty evaluation of the in-house software is provided by a Monte Carlo Simulation and its contribution added to that of the other error sources, giving an estimation of the relative uncertainty up to 3.6% at 95% confidence level for voltages from 10 V to 28 V. Moreover, the measurements on the prototype device highlighted a stable behavior in the voltage range from 0 V to 28 V with a maximum rotation of 1.3° at 28 V, which is lower than in previous studies, likely due to differences in system configuration, model, and material. Anyway, the proposed approach is suitable also for different optical systems (i.e., trinocular microscopes).
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Viscito, Luca, Gianluca Lillo, Giovanni Napoli, and Alfonso William Mauro. "Waste Heat Driven Multi-Ejector Cooling Systems: Optimization of Design at Partial Load; Seasonal Performance and Cost Evaluation." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 5663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185663.
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In this paper, a seasonal performance analysis of a hybrid ejector cooling system is carried-out, by considering a multi-ejector pack as expansion device. A 20 kW ejector-based chiller was sized to obtain the optimal tradeoff between performance and investment costs. The seasonal performance of the proposed solution was then evaluated through a dynamic simulation able to obtain the performance of the designed chiller with variable ambient temperatures for three different reference climates. The optimized multi-ejector system required three or four ejectors for any reference climate and was able to enhance the system performance at partial load, with a significant increase (up to 107%) of the seasonal energy efficiency ratio. The proposed system was then compared to conventional cooling technologies supplied by electric energy (electrical chillers EHP) or low-grade heat sources (absorption chillers AHP) by considering the total costs for a lifetime of 20 years and electric energy-specific costs for domestic applications from 0.10 to 0.50 €/kWhel. The optimized multi-ejector cooling system presented a significant convenience with respect to both conventional technologies. For warmer climates and with high electricity costs, the minimum lifetime for the multi-ejector system to achieve the economic break-even point could be as low as 1.9 years.
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Salehi, Amin, and Morteza Montazeri-Gh. "Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of fuel control actuator of a turboshaft gas turbine engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 233, no. 3 (October 4, 2018): 969–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090218803727.
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The turboshaft engine is the major component in the propulsion system of most marine vehicles, and proper control of its function as a sub-system in the propulsion system has a direct impact on the performance of the vehicle’s propulsion control system. The engine performance control is performed through the fuel control system. The fuel control system of a turboshaft gas turbine engine consists of two parts: electronic control unit and fuel control unit which is the actuator of the fuel control system. In this article, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation is presented for testing and verifying the performance of the fuel control unit. In the hardware-in-the-loop simulation, the fuel control unit in hardware form is tested in connection with the numerically simulated model of engine and electronic control unit. In this simulation, a Wiener model for the turboshaft engine is developed which is validated with the experimental data. Subsequently, a multi-loop fuel controller algorithm is designed for the engine and the parameters are optimized so that the time response and physical constraints are satisfied. In the next step, a state-of-the-art hydraulic test setup is built and implemented to perform the hardware-in-the-loop test. The test system contains personal and industrial computer, sensors, hydraulic components, and data acquisition cards to connect software and hardware parts to each other. In this hardware-in-the-loop simulator, a host–target structure is used for real-time simulation of the software models. The results show the effectiveness of hardware-in-the-loop simulation in fuel control unit evaluation and verify the steady and transient performance of the designed actuator.
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Anggoro, Pius Dian Widi. "Design of Web Virtual Reality for Job Interview Preparation Simulation." Lontar Komputer : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Informasi 11, no. 3 (December 22, 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/lkjiti.2020.v11.i03.p02.
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The implementation of Virtual Reality (VR) in education is a breakthrough in using technology to support the teaching-learning system. This study will provide more knowledge about the use of VR in English classes. Students can practice answering interview questions in their own place, as often as they need. Students also can practice answering interview questions. This research is use VR technology in a web platform for job interview simulation cases. In the early stages, the evaluation to review the use of VR technology that running on low-specification smartphones (Low-Cost Device), which require a lower internet connection. The WebVR and React 360 libraries were used to develop the virtual environments and JavaScript for the language. The Web Speech API was used to convert the test into conversations by taking questions from the web service on the Moodle learning platform that was connected to PostgreSQL. The first test methods were the web application performance, then followed by Alpha Testing, a validation test by media and material experts. Than it continued in Beta Testing where a product test by 15 English class students participants. The data collection technique used a questionnaire that has to be answered by the participants. The validity and reliability tests were carried out for product usage test. The results obtained from the assessment of media experts and participant provide an assessment score of 83.10 from the experts and 77.58 from the users. The average score obtained is 80.34 which is included in the feasible category. Therefore, this learning media is ready to be used to support learning in English class.
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Dou, Yi, Yik Him Ho, Yuxuan Deng, and Henry C. B. Chan. "Mobile Intercloud System for Edge Cloud Computing." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (September 2, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5549470.
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Recent years have seen considerable interest in mobile cloud computing and edge cloud computing. This paper presents a mobile Intercloud system for supporting mobile cloud computing in general and edge cloud computing in particular. In essence, a mobile user with a mobile terminal can set up a virtual mobile terminal with applications and data in a central/home cloud. The virtual mobile terminal can facilitate task and computation offloading and other functions. Moreover, when a mobile terminal joins an edge cloud, the virtual mobile terminal (including required applications and data) can be migrated to enhance system efficiency and the user experience (e.g., shorter access delays). An experimental prototype has been developed for evaluating certain basic object transfer functions. To support the application transfer function, we formulate both finite- and infinite-horizon Markov decision models to determine decision policies (i.e., should an application be transferred to an edge cloud). The transfer decision depends on various factors, including transfer cost, duration associated with the edge cloud, usage probability, and usage cost in the central cloud and edge cloud. Based on the models, we obtain closed-form solutions for the decision policies, which can be expressed in meaningful formulas to provide useful insights for edge cloud computing in general. To evaluate the mobile Intercloud system for edge cloud computing, we conducted extensive evaluations, including experimental evaluation for testing the basic functions and protocols, analytical evaluation for studying the analytical models, and simulation evaluation for analyzing performance in a multiuser and multicloud environment in particular. The experimental, simulation, and analytical results provide useful insights into the design and development of the mobile Intercloud system for edge cloud computing as well as decision policies for application transfer.
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Bai, YinHui, HuiFeng Li, and XiangWei Guan. "Performance Evaluation of Badminton Trajectory Error Based on Wireless Sensor Network." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (September 7, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5684997.
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The successful holding of the Olympic Games has made the attention to sports continue to rise. China’s badminton has always been at the forefront of the world, and since badminton became an Olympic sport, it has been tasked with winning gold medals. Because the entry of badminton is simple, badminton has a solid mass foundation in China. Badminton has a very high fitness, confrontation, and fun, with speed as the core and stability, accuracy, ruthlessness, and liveliness as the main tactical style. In professional competitions, athlete’s prediction of badminton’s trajectory is of great significance to the performance of the game, so the prediction of badminton’s trajectory is very important. This paper aims to study the performance evaluation of badminton trajectory error analysis based on wireless sensor network. It is expected to predict the trajectory of badminton with the help of wireless sensor network technology, reduce the prediction error, and improve the game performance. Sensors in WSN communicate wirelessly, so network settings are flexible, device locations can be changed at any time, and wired or wireless connections to the Internet are possible. This paper analyzes and compares the commonly used dynamic target capture algorithms, compares the advantages and disadvantages of this wireless sensor network, combines the flight characteristics of badminton, and analyzes the error of its trajectory. Aiming at the vision system in badminton monitoring, the application research on the side detection, tracking, and trajectory prediction algorithm of flying badminton in the two-dimensional image plane video stream is completed. The experimental results of this paper show that the error of using the wireless sensor network is 2 cm and the trajectory error of not using the wireless sensor network is 8 cm. It can be seen that the trajectory extraction error using the wireless sensor network strategy is small.
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Khater, Belal Sudqi, Ainuddin Wahid Abdul Wahab, Mohd Yamani Idna Idris, Mohammed Abdulla Hussain, Ashraf Ahmed Ibrahim, Mohammad Arif Amin, and Hisham A. Shehadeh. "Classifier Performance Evaluation for Lightweight IDS Using Fog Computing in IoT Security." Electronics 10, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141633.
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In this article, a Host-Based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) using a Modified Vector Space Representation (MVSR) N-gram and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) model for securing the Internet of Things (IoT), based on lightweight techniques and using Fog Computing devices, is proposed. The Australian Defence Force Academy Linux Dataset (ADFA-LD), which contains exploits and attacks on various applications, is employed for the analysis. The proposed method is divided into the feature extraction stage, the feature selection stage, and classification modeling. To maintain the lightweight criteria, the feature extraction stage considers a combination of 1-gram and 2-gram for the system call encoding. In addition, a Sparse Matrix is used to reduce the space by keeping only the weight of the features that appear in the trace, thus ignoring the zero weights. Subsequently, Linear Correlation Coefficient (LCC) is utilized to compensate for any missing N-gram in the test data. In the feature selection stage, the Mutual Information (MI) method and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) are utilized and then compared to reduce the number of input features. Following the feature selection stage, the modeling and performance evaluation of various Machine Learning classifiers are conducted using a Raspberry Pi IoT device. Further analysis of the effect of MLP parameters, such as the number of nodes, number of features, activation, solver, and regularization parameters, is also conducted. From the simulation, it can be seen that different parameters affect the accuracy and lightweight evaluation. By using a single hidden layer and four nodes, the proposed method with MI can achieve 96% accuracy, 97% recall, 96% F1-Measure, 5% False Positive Rate (FPR), highest curve of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), and 96% Area Under the Curve (AUC). It also achieved low CPU time usage of 4.404 (ms) milliseconds and low energy consumption of 8.809 (mj) millijoules.
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Zvorișteanu, Otilia, Simona Caraiman, Robert-Gabriel Lupu, Nicolae Alexandru Botezatu, and Adrian Burlacu. "Sensory Substitution for the Visually Impaired: A Study on the Usability of the Sound of Vision System in Outdoor Environments." Electronics 10, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141619.
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For most visually impaired people, simple tasks such as understanding the environment or moving safely around it represent huge challenges. The Sound of Vision system was designed as a sensory substitution device, based on computer vision techniques, that encodes any environment in a naturalistic representation through audio and haptic feedback. The present paper presents a study on the usability of this system for visually impaired people in relevant environments. The aim of the study is to assess how well the system is able to help the perception and mobility of the visually impaired participants in real life environments and circumstances. The testing scenarios were devised to allow the assessment of the added value of the Sound of Vision system compared to traditional assistive instruments, such as the white cane. Various data were collected during the tests to allow for a better evaluation of the performance: system configuration, completion times, electro-dermal activity, video footage, user feedback. With minimal training, the system could be successfully used in outdoor environments to perform various perception and mobility tasks. The benefit of the Sound of Vision device compared to the white cane was confirmed by the participants and by the evaluation results to consist in: providing early feedback about static and dynamic objects, providing feedback about elevated objects, walls, negative obstacles (e.g., holes in the ground) and signs.
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Guillén-Arenas, Francisco Jesús, José Fernández-Ramos, and Luis Narvarte. "A New Strategy for PI Tuning in Photovoltaic Irrigation Systems Based on Simulation of System Voltage Fluctuations Due to Passing Clouds." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 7191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197191.
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One of the greatest challenges in stand-alone photovoltaic irrigation systems (PVIS) without batteries is the tuning of PID controllers and the evaluation of their performance once the system is tuned. Tuning method must be applied in clear days (constant irradiance) while performance must be evaluated in the most unfavourable circumstances, which occur when the passage of a cloud causes a sudden drop in available power. In short, tuning and testing must be done under different weather conditions. To solve this problem, a tuning method that is complemented by a method to simulate voltage fluctuations due to cloud passage has been developed. This allows tuning and evaluation of the system’s performance in the same session. Furthermore, the new PI tuning method achieves a better adjustment of the parameters and solves the instability problems that arise when applying traditional closed-loop tuning methods. Both methods use the feedforward input that most variable frequency drivers have. A signal generator is used to carry out the simulation of the clouds. This input is also used to introduce a triangular signal used for the tuning of the PI controller. The results show that the performance of the system, characterized by the voltage of the PV generator, with simulated clouds is similar to the response with real clouds. With regard to the tuning, the new method achieves better performance than previous methods. These methods can be applied on clear days, under conditions of constant irradiance, which greatly simplifies its implementation and greatly reduces the time required for commissioning the system.
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Vo-Duy, Thanh, Minh C. Ta, Bảo-Huy Nguyễn, and João Pedro F. Trovão. "Experimental Platform for Evaluation of On-Board Real-Time Motion Controllers for Electric Vehicles." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 6448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236448.
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Electric vehicles are considered to be a greener and safer means of transport thanks to the distinguished advantages of electric motors. Studies on this object require experimental platforms for control validation purpose. Under the pressure of research, the development of these platforms must be reliable, safe, fast, and cost effective. To practically validate the control system, the controllers should be implemented in an on-board micro-controller platform; whereas, the vehicle model should be realized in a real-time emulator that behaves like the real vehicle. In this paper, we propose a signal hardware-in-the-loop simulation system for electric vehicles that are driven by four independent electric motors installed in wheels (in-wheel motor). The system is elaborately built on the basis of longitudinal, lateral, and yaw dynamics, as well as kinematic and position models, of which the characteristics are complete and comprehensive. The performance of the signal hardware-in-the-loop system is evaluated by various open-loop testing scenarios and by validation of a representative closed-loop optimal force distribution control. The proposed system can be applied for researches on active safety system of electric vehicles, including traction, braking control, force/torque distribution strategy, and electronic stability program.
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Dev Avasthi, Vipul, and Kapil Dev Avasthi. "Performance Evaluation of Energy Storage Systems for Different Drive Cycles in Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Journal of Futuristic Sciences and Applications 1, no. 1 (2018): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/jfsa.111806.
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The important control parameters for the hybrid electric vehicle are the lower and upper limit of state of charge (SOC). The vehicle’s onboard energy system defined the fuel economy and the electric range thus during the period at which the power demand is less, we will allow the ESS to get charged and they will get discharged during the period of high-power demand. ESS acts as the catalysts as they help in boosting the energy requirements. In HEVs, maintaining high energy density is a necessity while demanding higher peak power as well thus this results in doubling the incremental cost of the vehicle if approx. 15 % of all electric range is demanded. The SOC of the vehicle directly affects the economy and the emission rates. In this work the parallel HEV is modelled by using ADVISOR and Different SOC limits are taken for testing the performance and fuel economy for the same designed driving cycle. With the simulation results we will be able to specify best upper and lower limits of SOC such that vehicle will achieve best fuel economy and emission performance. The simulation is performed by taking repetitive velocity profiles (drive cycles) of four different curves i.e. UDDS, ECE, FTP and HWFET. The SOC and emission curves are observed for these different drive cycles and the results having emission rates for HC, CO and NOx (in g/miles) are tabulated.
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Iskandar, Handoko Rusiana, Muhammad Rizky Alfarizi, Ajie Prasetya, and Nana Heryana. "EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF SINGLE-PHASE DC–DC BOOST CONVERTER FOR 1000 WP PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATION." SINERGI 25, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/sinergi.2021.2.007.
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The photovoltaic system is used and utilized as electricity demand in many developed countries, including Indonesia. Nowadays, the photovoltaic system is an alternative source of inexpensive, reasonably priced electricity and easily applied in public facilities until laboratory usage. In Electrical Engineering Laboratory (EEL), Faculty of Engineering (FoE), Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani is 1 kWp peak photovoltaic application available. The PV system is planned to be connected to the grid and produces 220VAC / 50Hz characteristics to meet the existing load capacity. The PV systems modeled include Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controlled DC/DC Boost Converter, and DC/AC converter circuit. This study's experimental architecture is proposed to meet the electrical load following the characteristics of the photovoltaic device. The three types of electronic switching control, namely Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET), Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) and Gate Turn-off Thyristor (GTO), are used to achieve the highest performance. Based on the 1 kWp photovoltaic system's simulation results from the three types of electronic power switching, a minimum output voltage range of 210-230 VDC is produced. DC/AC Converter testing has been carried out and can be tested on a grid-connected 220VAC/50Hz single phase with the highest output using MOSFET equal to 96.7%.
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Lee, Jin-Wook, Sung-Jin Lee, and Seong-Hoon Kee. "Evaluation of a Concrete Slab Track with Debonding at the Interface between Track Concrete Layer and Hydraulically Stabilized Base Course Using Multi-Channel Impact-Echo Testing." Sensors 21, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 7091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217091.
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Multi-channel Impact-echo (IE) testing was used to evaluate debonding defects at the interface between track concrete layer, TCL, and hydraulically stabilized base course, HSB, in a real scale mockup model of concrete slab tracks for Korea high-speed railway (KHSR) system. The mockup model includes three debonding defects that were fabricated by inserting three 400 mm by 400 mm (length and width) thin plastic foam boards with three different thicknesses of 5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm, before casting concrete in TCL. Multi-channel IE signals obtained over solid concrete and debonding defects were reduced to three critical IE testing parameters (the velocity of concrete, peak frequency, and Q factor). Bilinear classification models were used to evaluate the individual and a combination of the characteristic parameters. It was demonstrated that the best evaluation performance was obtained by using average peak frequency or the combination of average peak frequency and average Q factor, obtained by eight accelerometers in the multi-channel IE device. The results and discussion in this study would improve the understanding of characteristics of multiple IE testing parameters in concrete slab tracks and provide a fundamental basis to develop an effective prediction model of non-destructive evaluation for debonding defects at the interface between TCL and HSB in concrete slab tracks.
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Rosseau, Gail, Julian Bailes, Rolando del Maestro, Anne Cabral, Nusrat Choudhury, Olivier Comas, Patricia Debergue, et al. "The Development of a Virtual Simulator for Training Neurosurgeons to Perform and Perfect Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Surgery." Neurosurgery 73, suppl_1 (October 1, 2013): S85—S93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neurosurgery/73.suppl_1.s85.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: A virtual reality (VR) neurosurgical simulator with haptic feedback may provide the best model for training and perfecting surgical techniques for transsphenoidal approaches to the sella turcica and cranial base. Currently there are 2 commercially available simulators: NeuroTouch (Cranio and Endo) developed by the National Research Council of Canada in collaboration with surgeons at teaching hospitals in Canada, and the Immersive Touch. Work in progress on other simulators at additional institutions is currently unpublished. OBJECTIVE: This article describes a newly developed application of the NeuroTouch simulator that facilitates the performance and assessment of technical skills for endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgical procedures as well as plans for collecting metrics during its early use. METHODS: The main components of the NeuroTouch-Endo VR neurosurgical simulator are a stereovision system, bimanual haptic tool manipulators, and high-end computers. The software engine continues to evolve, allowing additional surgical tasks to be performed in the VR environment. Device utility for efficient practice and performance metrics continue to be developed by its originators in collaboration with neurosurgeons at several teaching hospitals in the United States. Training tasks are being developed for teaching 1- and 2-nostril endonasal transsphenoidal approaches. Practice sessions benefit from anatomic labeling of normal structures along the surgical approach and inclusion (for avoidance) of critical structures, such as the internal carotid arteries and optic nerves. CONCLUSION: The simulation software for NeuroTouch-Endo VR simulation of transsphenoidal surgery provides an opportunity for beta testing, validation, and evaluation of performance metrics for use in neurosurgical residency training.
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Celaya-Echarri, Azpilicueta, López-Iturri, Aguirre, and Falcone. "Performance Evaluation and Interference Characterization of Wireless Sensor Networks for Complex High-Node Density Scenarios." Sensors 19, no. 16 (August 11, 2019): 3516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163516.
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The uncontainable future development of smart regions, as a set of smart cities’ networks assembled, is directly associated with a growing demand of full interactive and connected ubiquitous smart environments. To achieve this global connection goal, large numbers of transceivers and multiple wireless systems will be involved to provide user services and applications anytime and anyplace, regardless the devices, networks, or systems they use. Adequate, efficient and effective radio wave propagation tools, methodologies, and analyses in complex indoor and outdoor environments are crucially required to prevent communication limitations such as coverage, capacity, speed, or channel interferences due to high-node density or channel restrictions. In this work, radio wave propagation characterization in an urban indoor and outdoor wireless sensor network environment has been assessed, at ISM 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands. The selected scenario is an auditorium placed in an open free city area surrounded by inhomogeneous vegetation. User density within the scenario, in terms of inherent transceivers density, poses challenges in overall system operation, given by multiple node operation which increases overall interference levels. By means of an in-house developed 3D ray launching (3D-RL) algorithm with hybrid code operation, the impact of variable density wireless sensor network operation is presented, providing coverage/capacity estimations, interference estimation, device level performance and precise characterization of multipath propagation components in terms of received power levels and time domain characteristics. This analysis and the proposed simulation methodology, can lead in an adequate interference characterization extensible to a wide range of scenarios, considering conventional transceivers as well as wearables, which provide suitable information for the overall network performance in crowded indoor and outdoor complex heterogeneous environments.
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Liu, Xingjie, Yamin Zeng, Baoping An, and Xiaolei Zhang. "Research on Characteristics of ECVT for Power Quality Detection and Optimum Design of Its Parameter." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 24, 2019): 2416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122416.
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Electronic Capacitive Voltage Transformer (ECVT), connecting the transmission system and measuring device, is the key equipment of digital substation in the distribution network. Its frequency characteristics and the rapid transient response performance exert decisive effects on whether it is in keeping with the power quality requirements for wide frequency domain and high precision detection. Many detection methods that require special testing equipment have limitations of high-cost and complexity in project implementation. We establish the mathematical model of ECVT, which is utilized to study its integrative characteristics based on the definitions of frequency response and transient voltage error. Besides, the harmonic and transient disturbance detection performances are analyzed comprehensively with the model by simulation. Then, we propose a multi-objective parameter optimization design model with minimization of transient voltage decay duration, maximization of frequency bandwidth and minimization of transient impulse voltage, which is solved through the entropy weighting method and genetic algorithm. The analysis and optimization results indicate that selecting resistor divider through the proposed method can achieve data transmission results with acceptable accuracy. Further, its superior performance on transforming transient disturbances conforms to the distribution network’s electric energy quality requirements.
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Guo, Bailing, and Changlei Zhou. "Quantitative Evaluation Method of Physical Fitness Factor Indicators in Youth Endurance Running Events." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (August 30, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1994263.
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Adolescents are in a critical period of physical and intellectual development, and their growth represents the future of a country. However, with the rapid development of social economy and science and technology, sports and health-related education has not been fully developed, and due to some deviations in the current school curriculum, the physical quality of young people generally declines. Endurance running is a comprehensive index to measure a person’s physical fitness. It reflects the basic motor function of the matrix. It is a must-test item in the physical fitness test of young people. However, the level of endurance running has shown a downward trend in recent years. In the current endurance running training, there are many disadvantages such as extensive training methods, low efficiency, and human errors during detection. In order to improve the performance of endurance running, this paper establishes the index system of endurance running elements by introducing the concept of healthy physical fitness. Based on the elements of endurance running, the article made a detection system and compared it with the standard test method. The data showed that P < 0.001 , indicating that the test results of the two were consistent. The detection system in this paper is suitable for the detection of physical fitness index elements. Then, the endurance running performance of the selected 124 adolescents was combined with the physical fitness index elements, and the correlation was analyzed, indicating that the endurance running level is closely related to the human body shape, cardiopulmonary function, muscle strength, and endurance level. Systematic testing and quantitative results showed that body mass index was significantly correlated with endurance running performance in adolescents ( P < 0.01 ). Also, the number of vertical jumps in place was significantly correlated with the number of sit-ups completed (r= 0.55, P < 0.01 ). This strongly suggests that it is important to quantitatively evaluate the fitness factor indicators of endurance running in adolescents.
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Mukhtar, Alaa M., Rashid A. Saeed, Rania A. Mokhtar, Elmustafa Sayed Ali, and Hesham Alhumyani. "Performance Evaluation of Downlink Coordinated Multipoint Joint Transmission under Heavy IoT Traffic Load." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (January 6, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6837780.
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Emerging 5G network cellular promotes key empowering techniques for pervasive IoT. Evolving 5G-IoT scenarios and basic services like reality augmented, high dense streaming of videos, unmanned vehicles, e-health, and intelligent environments services have a pervasive existence now. These services generate heavy loads and need high capacity, bandwidth, data rate, throughput, and low latency. Taking all these requirements into consideration, internet of things (IoT) networks have provided global transformation in the context of big data innovation and bring many problematic issues in terms of uplink and downlink (DL) connectivity and traffic load. These comprise coordinated multipoint processing (CoMP), carriers’ aggregation (CA), joint transmissions (JTs), massive multi-inputs multi-outputs (MIMO), machine-type communications, centralized radios access networks (CRAN), and many others. CoMP is one of the most significant technical enhancements added to release 11 that can be implemented in heterogonous networks implementation approaches and the homogenous networks’ topologies. However, in a massive 5G-IoT device scenario with heavy traffic load, most cell edge IoT users are severely suffering from intercell interference (ICI), where the users have poor signal, lower data rates, and limited QoS. This work is aimed at addressing this problematic issue by proposing two types of DL-JT-CoMP techniques in 5G-IoT that are compliant with release 18. Downlink JT-CoMP with two homogeneous network CoMP deployment scenarios is considered and evaluated. The scenarios used are IoT intrasite and intersite CoMP, which performance evaluated using downlink system-level simulator for long-term evolution-advanced (LTE-A) and 5G. Numerical simulation scenarios were results under high dense scenario—with IoT heavy traffic load which shows that intersite CoMP has better empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF) of average UE throughput than intrasite CoMP approximately 4%, inter-site CoMP has better ECDF of average user entity (UE) spectral efficiency than intrasite CoMP almost 10%, and intersite CoMP has approximately same ECDF of average signal interference noise ratio (SINR) as intrasite CoMP and intersite CoMP has better fairness index than intrasite CoMP by 5%. The fairness index decreases when the users’ number increase since the competition among users is higher.
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Amato, Angela, Matteo Bilardo, Enrico Fabrizio, Valentina Serra, and Filippo Spertino. "Energy Evaluation of a PV-Based Test Facility for Assessing Future Self-Sufficient Buildings." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020329.
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In recent years, investigations on advanced technological solutions aiming to achieve high-energy performance in buildings have been carried out by research centers and universities, in accordance with the reduction in buildings’ energy consumption required by European Union. However, even if the research and design of new technological solutions makes it possible to achieve the regulatory objectives, a building’s performance during operation deviates from simulations. To deepen this topic, interesting studies have focused on testing these solutions on full-scale facilities used for real-life activities. In this context, a test facility will be built in the university campus of Politecnico di Torino (Italy). The facility has been designed to be an all-electric nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB), where heating and cooling demand will be fulfilled by an air-source heat pump and photovoltaic generators will meet the energy demand. In this paper, the facility energy performance is evaluated through a dynamic simulation model. To improve energy self-sufficiency, the integration of lithium-ion batteries in a HVAC system is investigated and their storage size is optimized. Moreover, the facility has been divided into three units equipped with independent electric systems with the aim of estimating the benefits of local energy sharing. The simulation results clarify that the facility meets the expected energy performance, and that it is consistent with a typical European nZEB. The results also demonstrate that the local use of photovoltaic energy can be enhanced thanks to batteries and local energy sharing, achieving a greater independence from the external electrical grid. Furthermore, the analysis of the impact of the local energy sharing makes the case study of particular interest, as it represents a simplified approach to the energy community concept. Thus, the results clarify the academic potential for this facility, in terms of both research and didactic purposes.
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Kiamanesh, Bahareh, Ali Behravan, and Roman Obermaisser. "Realistic Simulation of Sensor/Actuator Faults for a Dependability Evaluation of Demand-Controlled Ventilation and Heating Systems." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 2878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082878.
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In the development of fault-tolerant systems, simulation is a common technique used to obtain insights into performance and dependability because it saves time and avoids the risks of testing the behavior of real-world systems in the presence of faults. Fault injection in a simulation offers a high controllability and observability, and thus is ideal for an early dependability analysis and fault-tolerance evaluation. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in critical infrastructures, such as airports and hospitals, are safety-relevant systems, which not only determine energy consumption, system efficiency, and occupancy comfort but also play an essential role in emergency scenarios (e.g., fires, biological hazards). Hence, fault injection serves as a practical and essential solution to assess dependability in different fault scenarios of HVAC systems. Hence, in this paper, we present a simulation-based fault injection framework with a combination of two techniques, simulator command and simulation code modification, which are applied to fault injector blocks as saboteurs and an automated fault injector algorithm to automatically activate fault cases with certain fault attributes. The proposed fault injection framework supports a comprehensive range of faults and various fault attributes, including fault persistence, fault type, fault location, fault duration, and fault interarrival time. This framework considers noise in a demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) and heating system as a type of HVAC system since it has been demonstrated that any fault injection scenario is accompanied by some impacts on energy consumption, occupancy comfort, and a fire risk. It also supports the reproducibility for a set of specific fault scenarios or random fault injection scenarios. The system model was implemented and simulated in Matlab/Simulink, and fault injector blocks were developed by Stateflow diagrams. An experimental evaluation serves as the assessment of the presented fault injection framework with a defined example of fault scenarios. The results of the evaluation show the correctness, system behavior, accuracy, and other parameters of the system, such as the heater energy consumption and heater duty cycle of the fault injection framework in the presence of different fault cases. In conclusion, the present paper provides a novel simulation-based fault injection framework, which combines simulator command techniques and simulation code modifications for a realistic and automatic fault injection with comprehensive coverage of various fault types and a consideration of noise and uncertainty, allowing for reproducibility of the results. The outputs achieved from the fault injection framework can be applied to fault-tolerant studies in other application domains.
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Torres, Jose Rueda, Zameer Ahmad, Nidarshan Veera Kumar, Elyas Rakhshani, Ebrahim Adabi, Peter Palensky, and Mart van der Meijden. "Power Hardware-in-the-Loop-Based Performance Analysis of Different Converter Controllers for Fast Active Power Regulation in Low-Inertia Power Systems." Energies 14, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113274.
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Future electrical power systems will be dominated by power electronic converters, which are deployed for the integration of renewable power plants, responsive demand, and different types of storage systems. The stability of such systems will strongly depend on the control strategies attached to the converters. In this context, laboratory-scale setups are becoming the key tools for prototyping and evaluating the performance and robustness of different converter technologies and control strategies. The performance evaluation of control strategies for dynamic frequency support using fast active power regulation (FAPR) requires the urgent development of a suitable power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) setup. In this paper, the most prominent emerging types of FAPR are selected and studied: droop-based FAPR, droop derivative-based FAPR, and virtual synchronous power (VSP)-based FAPR. A novel setup for PHIL-based performance evaluation of these strategies is proposed. The setup combines the advanced modeling and simulation functions of a real-time digital simulation platform (RTDS), an external programmable unit to implement the studied FAPR control strategies as digital controllers, and actual hardware. The hardware setup consists of a grid emulator to recreate the dynamic response as seen from the interface bus of the grid side converter of a power electronic-interfaced device (e.g., type-IV wind turbines), and a mockup voltage source converter (VSC, i.e., a device under test (DUT)). The DUT is virtually interfaced to one high-voltage bus of the electromagnetic transient (EMT) representation of a variant of the IEEE 9 bus test system, which has been modified to consider an operating condition with 52% of the total supply provided by wind power generation. The selected and programmed FAPR strategies are applied to the DUT, with the ultimate goal of ascertaining its feasibility and effectiveness with respect to the pure software-based EMT representation performed in real time. Particularly, the time-varying response of the active power injection by each FAPR control strategy and the impact on the instantaneous frequency excursions occurring in the frequency containment periods are analyzed. The performed tests show the degree of improvements on both the rate-of-change-of-frequency (RoCoF) and the maximum frequency excursion (e.g., nadir).
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Espinoza, Renzo, Yuri Molina, and Maria Tavares. "PC Implementation of a Real-Time Simulator Using ATP Foreign Models and a Sound Card." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082140.
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This work reports the personal computer implementation of a real-time simulator based on the widely used Electromagnetic Transients Program, version Alternative Transients Program (EMTP-ATP) software for testing protection and control devices. The proposed simulator was implemented on a conventional PC with a GNU/Linux operative system including a real-time kernel. Using foreign models programmed in C, ATP was recompiled with the PortAudio (sound card I/O library) with tools for writing and reading the parallel port. In this way, the sound card was used as a digital-to-analog converter to generate voltage waveform outputs at each simulation time step of the ATP, and the parallel port was used for digital inputs and outputs, resulting in a real-time simulator that can interact with protection and control devices by means of hardware-in-the-loop tests. This work uses the minimum possible hardware requirements to try to implement a real-time simulator. Due to the limitation of two channels, this simulator was used mainly to demonstrate the implementation methodology concept at this stage; this concept could potentially be expanded with more powerful hardware to improve its performance. The performance of the implemented simulator was analyzed through interactions with a real intelligent electronic device (IED). Furthermore, a comparison with the results obtained by means of the well-known real-time digital simulator (RTDS) was presented and discussed.
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Wang, Yifan, Mingquan Zeng, Jinlong Gong, Ming Sun, Yifan Wang, Li Luo, Jiansheng Hu, and Junjie Ma. "IGBT Gate Waveform Acquisition Based on Compressed Sensing Technology." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2370, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2370/1/012009.
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As the core device of power electronic equipment, IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) is related to the reliability of the system, so its online health monitoring is particularly important. Due to the large amount of data and high sampling rate for IGBT online health monitoring, data transmission has become a major problem, the method of effectively reconstructing the original signal has become one of the current research hotspots. Based on the theory of compressed sensing, the acquisition of IGBT gate waveforms is studied in this paper. First, the theoretical principle of compressed sensing is expounded and analyzed, and the evaluation criteria for signal reconstruction performance are given. Then, from the theory and simulation, the sparseness of IGBT gate drive signals under different sparse bases and different measurement matrices are discussed and analyzed. Next, aiming at the shortcomings of the stagewise weak orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm, a SWOMP algorithm based on the backtracking strategy of different Sigmoid functions is proposed. Simulation and experimental results show that the improved SWOMP4 algorithm has the best reconstruction effect. Finally, the SWOMP4 algorithm is applied to the process of IGBT gate drive signal reconstruction. This paper mainly collects and reconstructs the IGBT gate drive signal through the improved SWOMP4 algorithm. The designed algorithm has high reconstruction accuracy and can be used in the IGBT module online health status system.
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Bhandari, Guru, Andreas Lyth, Andrii Shalaginov, and Tor-Morten Grønli. "Distributed Deep Neural-Network-Based Middleware for Cyber-Attacks Detection in Smart IoT Ecosystem: A Novel Framework and Performance Evaluation Approach." Electronics 12, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020298.
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Cyberattacks always remain the major threats and challenging issues in the modern digital world. With the increase in the number of internet of things (IoT) devices, security challenges in these devices, such as lack of encryption, malware, ransomware, and IoT botnets, leave the devices vulnerable to attackers that can access and manipulate the important data, threaten the system, and demand ransom. The lessons from the earlier experiences of cyberattacks demand the development of the best-practices benchmark of cybersecurity, especially in modern Smart Environments. In this study, we propose an approach with a framework to discover malware attacks by using artificial intelligence (AI) methods to cover diverse and distributed scenarios. The new method facilitates proactively tracking network traffic data to detect malware and attacks in the IoT ecosystem. Moreover, the novel approach makes Smart Environments more secure and aware of possible future threats. The performance and concurrency testing of the deep neural network (DNN) model deployed in IoT devices are computed to validate the possibility of in-production implementation. By deploying the DNN model on two selected IoT gateways, we observed very promising results, with less than 30 kb/s increase in network bandwidth on average, and just a 2% increase in CPU consumption. Similarly, we noticed minimal physical memory and power consumption, with 0.42 GB and 0.2 GB memory usage for NVIDIA Jetson and Raspberry Pi devices, respectively, and an average 13.5% increase in power consumption per device with the deployed model. The ML models were able to demonstrate nearly 93% of detection accuracy and 92% f1-score on both utilized datasets. The result of the models shows that our framework detects malware and attacks in Smart Environments accurately and efficiently.