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Journal articles on the topic 'Electron'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

DOLOCAN, ANDREI, VOICU OCTAVIAN DOLOCAN, and VOICU DOLOCAN. "SOME ASPECTS OF THE ELECTRON-BOSON INTERACTION AND OF THE ELECTRON-ELECTRON INTERACTION VIA BOSONS." Modern Physics Letters B 21, no. 01 (January 10, 2007): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984907012335.

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By using a Hamiltonian of interaction between fermions via bosons1 we derive some properties of the electro-phonon and electron-photon interaction and also of the electron-electron interaction. We have obtained that in a degenerate electron gas there is an attraction between two electrons via acoustical phonons. Also, in certain conditions, there may be an attraction between two electrons via longitudinal optical phonons. Although our expressions for the polaron energy in both cases of the acoustical and longitudinal optical phonons are different from that obtained in the standard theory, their magnitudes are the same with these and they are in good agreement with experimental data. The total emission rate of an electron against a phonon system at absolute zero is directly proportional to the electron momentum. Also, an attraction between two electrons may appear via photons.

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2

Dedulewich, S., Z. Kancleris, A. Matulis, and Yu Pozhela. "Electron-electron scattering in hot electrons." Semiconductor Science and Technology 7, no. 3B (March 1, 1992): B322—B323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/7/3b/081.

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3

Hauga, E. "Electron-electron bremsstrahlung for bound target electrons." European Physical Journal D 49, no. 2 (August 26, 2008): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2008-00156-5.

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4

Lee, Geon-Woo, Young-Bok Lee, Dong-Hyun Baek, Jung-Gon Kim, and Ho-Seob Kim. "Raman Scattering Study on the Influence of E-Beam Bombardment on Si Electron Lens." Molecules 26, no. 9 (May 8, 2021): 2766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092766.

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Microcolumns have a stacked structure composed of an electron emitter, electron lens (source lens), einzel lens, and a deflector manufactured using a micro electro-mechanical system process. The electrons emitted from the tungsten field emitter mostly pass through the aperture holes. However, other electrons fail to pass through because of collisions around the aperture hole. We used Raman scattering measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses to investigate the influence of electron beam bombardment on a Si electron lens irradiated by acceleration voltages of 0, 20, and 30 keV. We confirmed that the crystallinity was degraded, and carbon-related contamination was detected at the surface and edge of the aperture hole of the Si electron lens after electron bombardment for 24 h. Carbon-related contamination on the surface of the Si electron lens was verified by analyzing the Raman spectra of the carbon-deposited Si substrate using DC sputtering and a carbon rod sample. We report the crystallinity and the origin of the carbon-related contamination of electron Si lenses after electron beam bombardment by non-destructive Raman scattering and XPS analysis methods.

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5

Huang, Kai, Zhan Jin, Nobuhiko Nakanii, Tomonao Hosokai, and Masaki Kando. "Experimental demonstration of 7-femtosecond electron timing fluctuation in laser wakefield acceleration." Applied Physics Express 15, no. 3 (February 14, 2022): 036001. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/ac5237.

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Abstract We report on an experimental investigation of the jitter of electrons from laser wakefield acceleration. The relative arrival timings of the generated electron bunches were detected via electro-optic spatial decoding on the coherent transition radiation emitted when the electrons pass through a 100 μm thick stainless steel foil. The standard deviation of electron timing was measured to be 7 fs at a position outside the plasma. Preliminary analysis suggested that the electron bunches might have durations of a few tens of femtoseconds. This research demonstrated the potential of laser wakefield acceleration for femtosecond pump–probe studies.

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6

Ram, Abhay K., Kyriakos Hizanidis, and Richard J. Temkin. "Current drive by high intensity, pulsed, electron cyclotron wave packets." EPJ Web of Conferences 203 (2019): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920301009.

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The nonlinear interaction of electrons with a high intensity, spatially localized, Gaussian, electro-magnetic wave packet, or beam, in the electron cyclotron range of frequencies is described by the relativistic Lorentz equation. There are two distinct sets of electrons that result from wave-particle interactions. One set of electrons is reﬂected by the ponderomotive force due to the spatial variation of the wave packet. The second set of electrons are energetic enough to traverse across the wave packet. Both sets of electrons can exchange energy and momentum with the wave packet. The trapping of electrons in plane waves, which are constituents of the Gaussian beam, leads to dynamics that is distinctly diﬀerent from quasilinear modeling of wave-particle interactions. This paper illustrates the changes that occur in the electron motion as a result of the nonlinear interaction. The dynamical diﬀerences between electrons interacting with a wave packet composed of ordinary electromagnetic waves and electrons interacting with a wave packet composed of extraordinary waves are exempliﬁed.

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7

Combescot, M. "Effect of electron-electron collisions on properties of hot electrons." Solid State Communications 65, no. 10 (March 1988): 1221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(88)90927-1.

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8

Boiko, I. I. "Influence of electron-electron drag on piezoresistance of n-Si." Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2011): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo14.02.183.

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9

McMorran, Benjamin J., Peter Ercius, Tyler R. Harvey, Martin Linck, Colin Ophus, and Jordan Pierce. "Electron Microscopy with Structured Electrons." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, S1 (July 2017): 448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617002926.

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10

Suga, Hiroshi, Takafumi Fujiwara, Nobuhiro Kanai, and Masatoshi Kotera. "Secondary Electron Image Contrast in the Scanning Electron Microscope." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (August 12, 1990): 410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010018080x.

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An image contrast given in the scanning electron microscope(SEM) is due to differences in a detected number of secondary electrons (SE) coming from the specimen surface. The difference arises from the topographic, compositional and voltage features at the specimen surface. Two kinds of approaches have been taken for the quantification of SE images. One is to simulate electron trajectories in vacuum toward the detector, assuming the typical angular and energy distributions of electrons emitted from the specimen surface. However, the typical angular and energy distributions are not always applicable if a topographic or a compositional feature is present at the surface. The other is to simulate electron trajectory in the specimen. It is possible to obtain angular, energy, and spatial distributions of electrons emitted from the specimen surface. However, in order to discuss the SEM contrast based on these data, one has to assume that, for example, all slow electrons (<50eV) may be collected by the SE detector, or fast electrons ((>50eV) electrons may take a straight trajectory in the vacuum specimen chamber of the SEM. In a practical SEM picture of, for example, an etch-pit, different crystallographic plane surface shows different contrast even if the angle of the primary electron incidence toward all those surfaces is the same. This is because of the acceptance of the signal detection system. In a present study we combined two electron trajectory simulations mentioned above and calculated electron trajectories both in and out of the specimen, to simulate the trajectory from the point of the signal generated until the signal is detected.Although several simulation models of electron scatterings in a specimen have been reported to estimate the SE intensity at the surface, the model should be available to trace low energy (<50eV) electron trajectories. The model used here is basically the same as that reported in previous papers, and only a brief explanation is given in the following. Here, we made several assumptions as; [l]the energy loss of the primary and excited fast electrons is proportion to the number of SEs generated in the specimen, [2]the generated SE has an energy distribution as described by the Streitwolf equation, [3]the energy of the generated SEs are transferred to free electrons of the atom by the elastic-binary-collision, then one SE excited by the primary electron produces a ternary electron after the collision, and each one of the SE and the ternary electron produces higher order electrons in a cascade fashion. The simulation continues until the energy of each electron is less than the surface potential barrier. Angular and energy distributions and number of electrons emitted at the surface agree quite well with each experimental result in a typical case.

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11

Zhang, Wenyan, Chao Kong, Wei Gao, and Gongxuan Lu. "Intrinsic magnetic characteristics-dependent charge transfer and visible photo-catalytic H2 evolution reaction (HER) properties of a Fe3O4@PPy@Pt catalyst." Chemical Communications 52, no. 14 (2016): 3038–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc09017b.

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The electron transfer and visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution of a ternary nano-architecture could be regulated effectively by electro-magnetic interaction between the magnetic catalysts and photo-generated electrons.

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12

Markovych, B., and I. Zadvorniak. "An effective electron-electron interaction in semi-infinite metal in the presence of external static electric field with taking into account the local field approximation." Mathematical Modeling and Computing 3, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/mmc2016.01.090.

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13

Bharuthram, R. "Electron-acoustic instability driven by a field-aligned hot electron beam." Journal of Plasma Physics 46, no. 1 (August 1991): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800015907.

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Using kinetic theory, the electron-acoustic instability is investigated in a three-component plasma consisting of a hot electron beam and stationary cool electrons and ions. In the model considered here both the electrons and ions are magnetized, with the beam drift along the external magnetic field. The dependence of the growth rate on plasma parameters, such as electron-beam density, electron-beam speed, magnetic field strength and propagation angle, is studied. In addition, the effects of anisotropies in the velocity distributions of the hot electron beam and the cool electrons on the instability growth rate are examined.

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14

Nikas, D., V. Castillo, L. Kowalski, R. Larsen, D. M. Lazarus, C. Ozben, Y. K. Semertzidis, T. Tsang, and T. Srinivasan-Rao. "Electro-optical measurements of ultrashort 45 MeV electron beam bunch." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, supp01c (September 2001): 1150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01009168.

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We have made an observation of 45 MeV electron beam bunches using the nondestructive electro-optical (EO) technique. The amplitude of the EO modulation was found to increase linearly with electron beam charge and decrease inversely with the optical beam path distance from the electron beam. The risetime of the signal was bandwidth limited by our detection system to ~ 70 ps. An EO signal due to ionization caused by the electrons traversing the EO crystal was also observed. The EO technique may be ideal for the measurement of bunch structure with femtosecond resolution of relativistic charged particle beam bunches.

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15

Kinase, W., K. Takahashi, and S. Kuwata. "Strong electron-phonon coupling among the electrons in 2D electron lattice." Physica C: Superconductivity 235-240 (December 1994): 2393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4534(94)92417-1.

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16

Zhang, X., C. Fidani, J. Huang, X. Shen, Z. Zeren, and J. Qian. "Burst increases of precipitating electrons recorded by the DEMETER satellite before strong earthquakes." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 1 (January 29, 2013): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-197-2013.

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Abstract. This case study developed a method for data processing over six years, from 2004 to 2010, of 70 keV–2.3 MeV electrons recorded by the DEMETER (Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) satellite. Short time increases in electron counting rates, having 99% probabilities of not being Poisson fluctuations, were statistically selected using geomagnetic invariant space and called electron bursts. Temporal series were analysed confirming the seasonal variations in low energy bands of 70–450 keV. Differently from previous results, the DEMETER results exhibited two peaks of electron bursts: one in the period June–August and one in the period December–February annually. Specifically, six earthquake cases are presented in detail having increases in electron burst number prior to events. Moreover, electron burst precipitation occurring before each strong earthquake of the entire period over the life of the satellite with M ≥ 7.0 was verified as having a probability greater than 97% of not being of a statistical origin. Low energetic electrons in 70–330 keV resulted occurring more frequently near seismic activity than those observed in 330 keV–2.34 MeV energy bands at the satellite altitude in the ionosphere.

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17

Davydov, Alexandr S., and Ivan I. Ukrainskii. "Electron states and electron transport in quasi-one-dimensional molecular systems." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 1899–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-314.

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It is shown that the concept of electron pairs may be introduced in conducting quasi-one-dimensional systems with electron delocalization such as (CH)x and the stacks of molecule-donors and acceptors of electrons TMTSF, TTT, TCNQ, etc. The introduction of pairing proves to be useful and electronic structure and electronic processes can be easily visualized. The two causative factors in the appearance of pairs in a many-electron system with repulsion are pointed out. The first one is the electron Fermi-statistics that does not allow a spatial region to be occupied by more than two electrons. The second one is the interaction of electrons with a soft lattice. The first of these factors is important at large and intermediate electron densities ρ ≥ 1, the second one dominates at [Formula: see text]. The kink-type excitation parameters in (CH)x are considered with a non-linear potential obtained in an electron-pair approach for the many-electron wave function of (CH)x.

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18

Kochelap, V. A. "Rotating bi-electron in two-dimensional systems with mexican-hat single-electron energy dispersion." Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 25, no. 3 (October 6, 2022): 240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo25.03.240.

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A number of novel two-dimensional materials and nanostructures demonstrate complex single-electron energy dispersion, which is called the mexican-hat dispersion. In this paper, we analyze interaction of a pair of electrons with such an energy dispersion. We show that relative motion of the electron pair is of a very peculiar character. For example, the real space trajectories corresponding to electron-electron scattering can have three reversal points, reversal points at non-zero radial momentum and other unusual features. Despite the repulsive Coulomb interaction, two electrons can be coupled forming a composite quasi-particle – the bi-electron. The bi-electron corresponds to excited states of the two-electron system. Because the bi-electron coupled states exist in continuum of extended (free) states of the electron pair, these states are quasi-resonant and have ﬁnite times of life. We found that rotating bi-electron is a long-living composite quasi-particle. The rotating bi-electrons can be in motion. For slowly moving bi-electrons, we have determined the kinetic energy and the effective mass. Due to strongly nonparabolic energy dispersion, the translational motion of the bi-electron is coupled to its internal motion. This results in effective masses dependent on quantum states of the bi-electron. In the paper, properties of the bi-electron have been illustrated for the example of bigraphene in a transverse electric ﬁeld. We have suggested that investigation of rotating bi-electrons at the mexican-hat single-electron energy dispersion may bring new interesting effects in low-dimensional and low-temperature physics.

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19

Seol, Youbin, Hong Young Chang, Seung Kyu Ahn, and Shin Jae You. "Effect of mixing CF₄ with O₂ on electron characteristics of capacitively coupled plasma." Physics of Plasmas 30, no. 1 (January 2023): 013503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0120850.

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Effect of mixing CF4 with O2 on electron parameters in capacitively coupled RF plasma was studied. Adding CF4 gas to fixed O2 flow, electron energy probability functions were measured by a Langmuir probe method. As the CF4 gas was added, the decrease in the probability of low energy electrons was observed. The proportion of low energy electrons decreased gradually as the CF4 gas ratio increased, respectively. From electron energy probability functions, electron densities and electron temperatures were calculated. As the CF4 gas ratio increased, electron density decreased and electron temperature increased. Collision cross sections of low energy electrons can explain electron parameter behaviors. By the strong electron attachment of fluorine species which were generated from CF4, low energy electrons depleted by attachment, and the overall electron temperature increased. However, as the elastic collision cross section of CF4 is not different from that of O2, the heating mechanism and physics of high energy electrons did not change.

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20

SINGH, NAVINDER. "HOT ELECTRON RELAXATION IN A METAL NANOPARTICLE: ELECTRON SURFACE-PHONON INTERACTION." Modern Physics Letters B 18, no. 24 (October 20, 2004): 1261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984904007797.

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The relaxation of hot electrons is considered in a metal nanoparticle. When the particle size is of the order of electron mean free path, the main channel of hot electron energy loss is through surface-phonon generation, rather than bulk phonon generation. A calculation for the hot electron relaxation by the generation of surface-phonons is given, assuming that electrons and surface-phonons are described by their equilibrium Fermi and Bose distribution functions. The assumption is valid because the time required to establish equilibrium in the electron gas is much less than the time for achieving equilibrium between the electrons and the surface-phonons. The expressions obtained for low-temperature and high-temperature regimes are inversely proportional to the radius of the particle. This shows that size dependency of electron surface-phonon energy exchange arises from the geometric effect.

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21

Salvat-Pujol, Francesc, Harald O. Jeschke, and Roser Valentí. "Simulation of electron transport during electron-beam-induced deposition of nanostructures." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 4 (November 22, 2013): 781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.4.89.

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We present a numerical investigation of energy and charge distributions during electron-beam-induced growth of tungsten nanostructures on SiO2 substrates by using a Monte Carlo simulation of the electron transport. This study gives a quantitative insight into the deposition of energy and charge in the substrate and in the already existing metallic nanostructures in the presence of the electron beam. We analyze electron trajectories, inelastic mean free paths, and the distribution of backscattered electrons in different compositions and at different depths of the deposit. We find that, while in the early stages of the nanostructure growth a significant fraction of electron trajectories still interacts with the substrate, when the nanostructure becomes thicker the transport takes place almost exclusively in the nanostructure. In particular, a larger deposit density leads to enhanced electron backscattering. This work shows how mesoscopic radiation-transport techniques can contribute to a model that addresses the multi-scale nature of the electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) process. Furthermore, similar simulations can help to understand the role that is played by backscattered electrons and emitted secondary electrons in the change of structural properties of nanostructured materials during post-growth electron-beam treatments.

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22

Devanandhan, S., S. V. Singh, G. S. Lakhina, and R. Bharuthram. "Electron acoustic solitons in the presence of an electron beam and superthermal electrons." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 18, no. 5 (September 23, 2011): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-18-627-2011.

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Abstract. Arbitrary amplitude electron acoustic solitons are studied in an unmagnetized plasma having cold electrons and ions, superthermal hot electrons and an electron beam. Using the Sagdeev pseudo potential method, theoretical analysis is carried out by assuming superthermal hot electrons having kappa distribution. The results show that inclusion of an electron beam alters the minimum value of spectral index, κ, of the superthermal electron distribution and Mach number for which electron-acoustic solitons can exist and also changes their width and electric field amplitude. For the auroral region parameters, the maximum electric field amplitudes and soliton widths are found in the range ~(30–524) mV m−1 and ~(329–729) m, respectively, for fixed Mach number M = 1.1 and for electron beam speed of (660–1990) km s−1.

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23

Joy, David C., and Carolyn S. Joy. "Study of the Dependence of E2 Energies on Sample Chemistry." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, no. 5 (October 1998): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927698980448.

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Specimens that charge under electron beam irradiation in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be stabilized by choosing the beam energy to be such a value that the sum of the secondary and backscatter electron yields is unity, as this establishes a dynamic charge balance. We show here that for pure elements, the energies El and E2, for which charge balance occurs, are related directly to the atomic number of the material. Although generally there is no comparable relation for compounds, we also show that for polymers, the E2 energy is related both to the ratio of the number of valence electrons to molecular weight and to the electro-negativity of the monomer units that form the polymer.

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24

LAPPAS, D. G., R. GROBE, and J. H. EBERLY. "IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRON–ELECTRON INTERACTION FOR HARMONIC GENERATION." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 04, no. 03 (July 1995): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863595000252.

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We compute the spectrum of the high-order harmonic radiation that is emitted during the interaction of a short laser pulse with a one-dimensional two-electron system. The flexibility of our numerical approach allows us to determine the relative importance of the e–e interaction for the scattered light by coupling only one of the two electrons to the field. The harmonic emission from each electron can then be determined. The e–e interaction appears to be at least as important as the coupling of one electron to the laser field. The coupling of both electrons to the field enhances the nonlinear response of the system.

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25

Дурнев, М. В. "Влияние электрон-дырочной асимметрии на электронную структуру спиральных краевых состояний в квантовой яме HgTe/HgCdTe." Физика твердого тела 62, no. 3 (2020): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2020.03.49012.629.

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We study the effects of electron-hole asymmetry on the electronic structure of helical edge states in HgTe/HgCdTe quantum wells. In the framework of the four-band kp-model, which takes into account the absence of a spacial inversion centre, we obtain analytical expressions for the energy spectrum and wave functions of edge states, as well as the effective g-factor tensor and matrix elements of electro-dipole optical transitions between the spin branches of the edge electrons. We show that when two conditions - electron-hole asymmetry and the absence of an inversion centre - are simultaneously satisfied, the spectrum of edge electrons deviates from the linear one, and we obtain the corresponding corrections.

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26

Chen, H., and S. Q. Liu. "Electron-acoustic solitary structures in two-electron-temperature plasma with superthermal electrons." Astrophysics and Space Science 339, no. 1 (January 13, 2012): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10509-011-0971-8.

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27

Kotera, Masatoshi, Keiji Yamamoto, and Hiroshi Suga. "Applications of a direct simulation of electron scattering to quantitative electron-probe microanalysis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1670–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100132984.

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A direct simulation of electron scatterings in solids is developed. The simulation takes into account elastic processes, and inelastic processes including inner-shell electron ionization, conduction electron ionization, bulk plasmon excitation, and bulk plasmon decay. After the ionization and the plasmon decay processes, the trajectories of hot electrons which are liberated from atomic electrons are calculated, and cascade multiplication of hot electrons is simulated in the solid. The theoretical equations used in the present simulation are in the following. For the elastic scattering of electrons by an atomic potential, we use the Mott cross section, which is obtained by the partial wave expansion method of the solution of the Dirac wave equation. For the inner-shell electron ionization, we use the cross section obtained from the generalized oscillator strength for each sub-shell in an atom. Under a condition of the Born approximation, cross section of an inner-shell electron excitation to the various continuum angular momentum channels for ionization is calculated using the generalized oscillator strength.

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28

Frank, L., Š. Mikmeková, Z. Pokorná, and I. Müllerová. "Scanning Electron Microscopy With Slow Electrons." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S2 (August 2013): 372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613003851.

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29

Moldovan, G., X. Li, P. Wilshaw, and AI Kirkland. "Counting Electrons in Transmission Electron Microscopes." Microscopy and Microanalysis 14, S2 (August 2008): 912–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927608084912.

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30

XIE, AI-GEN, HAN-SUP UHM, YUN-YUN CHEN, and EUN-HA CHOI. "MAXIMUM SECONDARY ELECTRON YIELD AND PARAMETERS OF SECONDARY ELECTRON YIELD OF METALS." Surface Review and Letters 23, no. 05 (August 24, 2016): 1650039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x16500396.

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On the basis of the free-electron model, the energy range of internal secondary electrons, the energy band of a metal, the formula for inelastic mean escape depth, the processes and characteristics of secondary electron emission, the probability of internal secondary electrons reaching surface and passing over the surface barrier into vacuum B as a function of original work function [Formula: see text] and the distance from Fermi energy to the bottom of the conduction band [Formula: see text] was deduced. According to the characteristics of creation of an excited electron, the definition of average energy required to produce an internal secondary electron [Formula: see text], the energy range of excited electrons and internal secondary electrons and the energy band of a metal, the formula for expressing [Formula: see text] using the number of valence electron of the atom V, [Formula: see text] and atomic number Z was obtained. Based on the processes and characteristics of secondary electron emission, several relationships among the parameters of the secondary electron emission and the deduced formulae for B and [Formula: see text], the formula for expressing maximum secondary electron yield of metals [Formula: see text] using Z, V, back-scattering coefficient r, incident energy of primary electron at which secondary electron yield reaches [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] was deduced and demonstrated to be true. According to the deduced formula for [Formula: see text] and the relationships among [Formula: see text] and several parameters of secondary electron emitter, it can be concluded that high [Formula: see text] values are linked to high V, Z and [Formula: see text] values, and vice versa. Based on the processes and characteristics of secondary electron emission and the deduced formulae for the B, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], the influences of surface properties on [Formula: see text] were discussed.

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31

Lukiyanets, B., and D. Matulka. "Quantum mechanical effects in the Coulomb interaction of electrons which are localized in opposite double electron layers." Mathematical Modeling and Computing 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/mmc2016.02.173.

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32

Wight, S. A., and C. J. Zeissler. "Phosphor Imaging Plate Measurement of Electron Scattering in the Environmental Scanning Electron Micrsoscope." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 798–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600036485.

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In this work, phosphor imaging plate technology is applied to measure electron scattering directly in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) specimen chamber. The scattering of electrons from the primary electron beam, under relatively high-pressure conditions (266 Pa) in the ESEM sample chamber, degrades the analytical accuracy of elemental analysis. The degree of this degradation is poorly known. To date, attempts to measure experimentally the spatial distribution of the scattered electrons have been limited to observing secondary effects such as the intensity of x-rays produced from copper targets positioned at various distances from the primary electron beam interaction point. A more accurate distribution of the scattered electron intensity can be obtained from a direct measurement of both the scattered and unscattered electrons over a large area with single electron sensitivity. Improvements to the accuracy of Monte Carlo models of the scattering process will be made possible by the direct measurement data.

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33

Mitchell, J. J., S. J. Schwartz, and U. Auster. "Electron cross talk and asymmetric electron distributions near the Earth's bowshock." Annales Geophysicae 30, no. 3 (March 6, 2012): 503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-503-2012.

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Abstract. Electron distributions in the magnetosheath display a number of far from equilibrium features. It has been suggested that one factor influencing these distributions may be the large distances separating locations at which electrons with different energies and pitch angles must cross the bowshock in order to reach a given point in the magnetosheath. The overall heating requirements at these distant locations depends strongly on the shock geometry. In the absence of collisions or other isotropization processes this suggests that the convolution of electrons arriving from different locations should give rise to asymmetries in the distribution functions. Moreover, such cross-talk could influence the relative electron to ion heating, rendering the shock heating problem intrinsically non-local in contrast to classic shock physics. Here, we study electron distributions measured simultaneously by the Plasma Electron and Current Experiment (PEACE) on board the Cluster spacecraft and the Electrostatic Analyser (ESA) on board THEMIS b during a time interval in which both the Cluster spacecraft and THEMIS b are in the magnetosheath, close to the bowshock, and during which the local magnetic field orientation makes it likely that electron trajectories may connect both spacecraft. We find that the relevant portions of the velocity distributions of such electrons measured by each spacecraft display remarkable similarities. We map trajectories of electrons arriving at each spacecraft back to the locations at which they crossed the bowshock, as a function of pitch angle and energy. We then use the Rankine-Hugoniot relations to estimate the heating of electrons and compare this with temperature asymmetries actually observed. We conclude that the electron distributions and temperatures in the magnetosheath depend heavily on non-local shock properties.

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Huang, Chong-Lin, Dongkai Qiao, Ching-Yen Ho, and Chang-Wei Xiong. "Effects of Plasma and Evaporated Atoms on the Spatial Distribution of Coating Film Thickness for Electron Beam-Induced Material Evaporation." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.3007.

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This paper investigates the spatial distributions of electron beam-evaporated atoms and electron beam-induced plasma in the coating process. The materials evaporated by electron beams first form vapour and then a little of plasma is generated in the vapour. The spatial distributions of electron beam-induced atoms and plasma play an important role on the coating uniformity of composition and thickness. The radial distribution of coating deposition thickness of electron beam-evaporated atoms predicted by this study agrees with the available experimental data. The predicted distribution of ion density in the electron beam-induced plasma agrees with the available measured data. The results reveal that the normalized coating thicknesses at the divergence angle of 6 and 14 degrees of vapor source, respectively, are 0.8 and 0.2 of these at divergence angle of 0 degree of vapor source for titanium and aluminum evaporated separately. The similar tendency for the decreasing coating thickness with the radial distance is also obtained for the co-evaporation of aluminum, titanium, and copper. High rotation rate of substrate of vapor source leads to the small deposition rate. Most ions in the electron beam-induced plasma are attracted by electrons of the electon beam and are located at the neighbourhood of the beam region. Therefore, the ion and ion-attracted electron densities rapidly decrease with the increasing radial distance from the electron beam.

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Kameya, Hiromi. "ESR (Electron Spin Resonance)." Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi 60, no. 4 (2013): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.60.198.

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Kun Meng, Kun Meng, Zeren Li Zeren Li, and Qiao Liu Qiao Liu. "Analysis and optimization of the performance of the electro-optic technique used for ultrashort relativistic electron bunches." Chinese Optics Letters 9, s1 (2011): s10206–310208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201109.s10206.

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37

Stevens Kalceff, Marion A. "Irradiation Induced Effects in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600014707.

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When a poorly conducting specimen is irradiated with an electron beam in a variable pressure electron microscope, the excess charge on the surface of the specimen can be neutralized by incident gas ions to prevent deflection and retarding of the electron beam. A small fraction (<10∼6) of the incident electrons are trapped at irradiation induced or pre-existing defects within the irradiated micro-volume of specimen. The trapped charge induces an electric field, which may result in the electro-migration and micro-segregation of charged mobile defect species within the irradiated volume of specimen. These charge induced effects are dependent on the density of trapping centers and their capture cross sections. In particular, evidence of these micro-diffusion processes can be directly observed in electron beam irradiated ultra pure silicon dioxide (SiO2) polymorphs using Cathodoluminescence (CL) microanalysis (spectroscopy and imaging). CL microanalysis enables both pre-existing and irradiation induced defects in wide band gap materials (i.e. semiconductors and insulators) to be monitored and characterized with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. Depth resolution is achieved by varying the electron beam energy.

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38

Zerova, V. L., G. G. Zegrya, and L. E. Vorob’ev. "Effect of electron-electron and electron-hole collisions on intraband population inversion of electrons in stepped quantum wells." Semiconductors 38, no. 9 (September 2004): 1053–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1797484.

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DONKÓ, Z., and I. PÓCSIK. "ON THE FRACTAL STRUCTURE OF ELECTRON AVALANCHES." Fractals 01, no. 04 (December 1993): 939–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x9300099x.

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The motion of electrons in helium gas in the presence of a homogeneous external electric field was studied. Moving between the two electrodes, the electrons participate in elastic and inelastic collision processes with gas atoms. In ionizing collisions, secondary electrons are also created and in this way self-similar electron avalanches build up. The statistical distribution of the fractal dimension and electron multiplication of electron avalanches was obtained based on the simulation of a large number of electron avalanches. The fractal dimension shows a power-law dependence on electron multiplication with an exponent of ≈0.33.

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40

Christopher, Joshua, Masoud Taleb, Achyut Maity, Mario Hentschel, Harald Giessen, and Nahid Talebi. "Electron-driven photon sources for correlative electron-photon spectroscopy with electron microscopes." Nanophotonics 9, no. 15 (September 18, 2020): 4381–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0263.

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AbstractElectron beams in electron microscopes are efficient probes of optical near-fields, thanks to spectroscopy tools like electron energy-loss spectroscopy and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. Nowadays, we can acquire multitudes of information about nanophotonic systems by applying space-resolved diffraction and time-resolved spectroscopy techniques. In addition, moving electrons interacting with metallic materials and optical gratings appear as coherent sources of radiation. A swift electron traversing metallic nanostructures induces polarization density waves in the form of electronic collective excitations, i.e., the so-called plasmon polariton. Propagating plasmon polariton waves normally do not contribute to the radiation; nevertheless, they diffract from natural and engineered defects and cause radiation. Additionally, electrons can emit coherent light waves due to transition radiation, diffraction radiation, and Smith-Purcell radiation. Some of the mechanisms of radiation from electron beams have so far been employed for designing tunable radiation sources, particularly in those energy ranges not easily accessible by the state-of-the-art laser technology, such as the THz regime. Here, we review various approaches for the design of coherent electron-driven photon sources. In particular, we introduce the theory and nanofabrication techniques and discuss the possibilities for designing and realizing electron-driven photon sources for on-demand radiation beam shaping in an ultrabroadband spectral range to be able to realize ultrafast few-photon sources. We also discuss our recent attempts for generating structured light from precisely fabricated nanostructures. Our outlook for the realization of a correlative electron-photon microscope/spectroscope, which utilizes the above-mentioned radiation sources, is also described.

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41

Morris, Paul J., Artem Bohdan, Martin S. Weidl, and Martin Pohl. "Preacceleration in the Electron Foreshock. I. Electron Acoustic Waves." Astrophysical Journal 931, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac69c7.

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Abstract To undergo diffusive shock acceleration, electrons need to be preaccelerated to increase their energies by several orders of magnitude, else their gyroradii will be smaller than the finite width of the shock. In oblique shocks, where the upstream magnetic field orientation is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the shock normal, electrons can escape to the shock upstream, modifying the shock foot to a region called the electron foreshock. To determine the preacceleration in this region, we undertake particle-in-cell simulations of oblique shocks while varying the obliquity and in-plane angles. We show that while the proportion of reflected electrons is negligible for θ Bn = 74.°3, it increases to R ∼ 5% for θ Bn = 30°, and that, via the electron acoustic instability, these electrons power electrostatic waves upstream with energy density proportional to R 0.6 and a wavelength ≈2λ se, where λ se is the electron skin length. While the initial reflection mechanism is typically a combination of shock-surfing acceleration and magnetic mirroring, we show that once the electrostatic waves have been generated upstream, they themselves can increase the momenta of upstream electrons parallel to the magnetic field. In ≲1% of cases, upstream electrons are prematurely turned away from the shock and never injected downstream. In contrast, a similar fraction is rescattered back toward the shock after reflection, reinteracts with the shock with energies much greater than thermal, and crosses into the downstream.

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Feist, Armin, Guanhao Huang, Germaine Arend, Yujia Yang, Jan-Wilke Henke, Arslan Sajid Raja, F. Jasmin Kappert, et al. "Cavity-mediated electron-photon pairs." Science 377, no. 6607 (August 12, 2022): 777–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abo5037.

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Quantum information, communication, and sensing rely on the generation and control of quantum correlations in complementary degrees of freedom. Free electrons coupled to photonics promise novel hybrid quantum technologies, although single-particle correlations and entanglement have yet to be shown. In this work, we demonstrate the preparation of electron-photon pair states using the phase-matched interaction of free electrons with the evanescent vacuum field of a photonic chip–based optical microresonator. Spontaneous inelastic scattering produces intracavity photons coincident with energy-shifted electrons, which we employ for noise-suppressed optical mode imaging. This parametric pair-state preparation will underpin the future development of free-electron quantum optics, providing a route to quantum-enhanced imaging, electron-photon entanglement, and heralded single-electron and Fock-state photon sources.

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43

Rathkey, Doug. "Evolution and Comparison of Electron Sources." Microscopy Today 1, no. 4 (June 1993): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500067432.

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Over the years, we've seen major developments in electron source technologies in response to the demands for better performance. This article presents a brief overview of the cathode technologies in use today.Two types of electron sources are used in commercially available scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), scanning Auger microprobes, and electron beam lithography systems: thermionic and field emission electron cathodes. Thermionic cathodes reiease electrons from the cathode material when they are heated while field emission cathodes rely on a high electric field to draw electrons from the cathode material.

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Xie, Ai-Gen, Hao-Feng Zhao, and Tie-Bang Wang. "Ratio of the mean secondary electron generation of backscattered electrons to primary electrons at high electron energy." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 268, no. 6 (March 2010): 687–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2009.12.026.

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45

Lozovik, Yu E., S. L. Ogarkov, and A. A. Sokolik. "Electron–electron and electron–hole pairing in graphene structures." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1932 (December 13, 2010): 5417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0224.

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The superconducting pairing of electrons in doped graphene owing to in-plane and out-of-plane phonons is considered. It is shown that the structure of the order parameter in the valley space substantially affects conditions of the pairing. Electron–hole pairing in a graphene bilayer in the strong coupling regime is also considered. Taking into account retardation of the screened Coulomb pairing potential shows a significant competition between the electron–hole direct attraction and their repulsion owing to virtual plasmons and single-particle excitations.

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SAKABE, Shuji, Hiroki KURATA, Masaki HASHIDA, Shigeki TOKITA,, Shunsuke INOUE, Takashi NEMOTO, Mitsutaka HARUTA, and Kota WATANABE. "Evolution of Electron-Microscopes and the Ultrafast Electron Diffraction with Laser Accelerated Electrons." Review of Laser Engineering 43, no. 3 (2015): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.43.3_138.

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47

Dykman, M. I., M. J. Lea, P. Fozooni, and J. Frost. "Magnetoresistance in 2D electrons on liquid helium: Many-electron versus single-electron kinetics." Physical Review Letters 70, no. 25 (June 21, 1993): 3975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.70.3975.

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Seidenbusch, W., E. Gornik, and G. Weimann. "Electron heating and electron temperature dependent polaron interaction of 2D-electrons in GaAs." Physica B+C 134, no. 1-3 (November 1985): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4363(85)90362-6.

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Yang, Yang. "Electron localization in nonplanar conjugated macrocycles: Failure of electron buffers to delocalize electrons." Chemical Physics Letters 516, no. 4-6 (November 2011): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2011.09.090.

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Buntar, V. A., V. N. Grigoriev, O. I. Kirichek, Yu Z. Kovdrya, Yu P. Monarkha, and S. S. Sokolov. "Kinetic properties of surface electrons over liquid helium under strong electron-electron interaction." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 79, no. 5-6 (June 1990): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00682290.

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