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Journal articles on the topic 'Electron-transport layers'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Assi, Ahmed Ali, Wasan R. Saleh, and Ezzedin Mohajerani. "Effect of Deposit Au thin Layer Between Layers of Perovskite Solar Cell on Cell's Performance." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 19, no. 51 (December 1, 2021): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v19i51.696.

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The present work aims to fabricate n-i-p forward perovskite solar cell (PSC) withئ structure (FTO/ compact TiO2/ compact TiO2/ MAPbI3 Perovskite/ hole transport layer/ Au). P3HT, CuI and Spiro-OMeTAD were used as hole transport layers. A nano film of 25 nm gold layer was deposited once between the electron transport layer and the perovskite layer, then between the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer. The performance of the forward-perovskite solar cell was studied. Also, the role of each electron transport layer and the hole transport layer in the perovskite solar cell was presented. The structural, morphological and electrical properties were studied with X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscope and current-voltage (J-V) characteristic curves, respectively. J-V curves revealed that the deposition of the Au layer between the electron transport layer (ETL) and Perovskite layer (PSK) reduced the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 3% to 0.08% when one layer of C. TiO2 is deposited in the PSC and to 0.11% with two layers of C. TiO2. Power conversion efficiency, with CuI as the hole transport layer (HTL), showed an increase from 0.5% to 2.7% when Au layer was deposited between PSK and CuI layers. Also, Isc increased from 6.8 mA to 17.4 mA and Voc from 0.3 V to 0.5V. With depositing Au layer between P3HT and PSK layers, the results showed an increase in the efficiency from 1% to 2.6% and an increase in Isc from 10.7 mA to 30.5 mA, while Voc decreased from 0.75 V to 0.5V
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2

Vasan, R., H. Salman, and M. O. Manasreh. "All inorganic quantum dot light emitting devices with solution processed metal oxide transport layers." MRS Advances 1, no. 4 (2016): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.129.

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ABSTRACTAll inorganic quantum dot light emitting devices with solution processed transport layers are investigated. The device consists of an anode, a hole transport layer, a quantum dot emissive layer, an electron transport layer and a cathode. Indium tin oxide coated glass slides are used as substrates with the indium tin oxide acting as the transparent anode electrode. The transport layers are both inorganic, which are relatively insensitive to moisture and other environmental factors as compared to their organic counterparts. Nickel oxide acts as the hole transport layer, while zinc oxide nanocrystals act as the electron transport layer. The nickel oxide hole transport layer is formed by annealing a spin coated layer of nickel hydroxide sol-gel. On top of the hole transport layer, CdSe/ZnS quantum dots synthesized by hot injection method is spin coated. Finally, zinc oxide nanocrystals, dispersed in methanol, are spin coated over the quantum dot emissive layer as the electron transport layer. The material characterization of different layers is performed by using absorbance, Raman scattering, XRD, and photoluminescence measurements. The completed device performance is evaluated by measuring the IV characteristics, electroluminescence and quantum efficiency measurements. The device turn on is around 4V with a maximum current density of ∼200 mA/cm2 at 9 V.
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3

Wang, Yuxin, and Sin Tee Tan. "Composition of Electron Transport Layers in Organic Solar Cells (OSCs)." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 12 (August 26, 2022): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v12i.1411.

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The research on organic solar cells has attracted researcher attention because of their flexibility, low cost and relatively simple processing methods. However, the efficiency issue is the shortcoming of organic solar energy, and one of the key factors affecting the power conversion rate is the utilization of electron transport layer. Among the materials used for the electron transport layer, metal oxides are widely used due to their stability, ease of preparation and tunable energy band structure. This article review the advantages and disadvantages of metal oxides as electron transport layers particulary focus on SnO2, TiO2 and ZnO. The different nanostructures properties of the materials is also explores. A brief discussion on the use of metal oxides as electron transport layers in improving the performance of organic solar cells in the future is also elucidated.
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4

Yusuf, Abubakar Sadiq, A. M. Ramalan, A. A. Abubakar, and I. K. Mohammed. "Progress on Electron Transport Layers for Perovskite Solar Cells." Nigerian Journal of Physics 32, no. 4 (February 5, 2024): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.62292/njp.v32i4.2023.156.

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The photovoltaic industry is very interested in designing and developing next-generation device architectures using organic-inorganic perovskite hybrid solar cell materials. In fact, perovskites represent one of the most promising materials for high efficiency, low-cost solar cells. This is most apparent in the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) going from 3.8 to 24.2 % in recent years. One of the primary challenges of developing PSC’s however is the realization of an appropriate electron transport layer. As such, this review focuses on recent developments in the electron transport layer (ETL) of perovskite solar cells. It examines and summarises designs, electron transport layers and perovskite active layers for efficient perovskite solar cells. The performance and stability issues with organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells are also discussed with some recommendations for additional research on the ETL and perovskite active layer were offered.
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5

Li, Bairu, Jieming Zhen, Yangyang Wan, Xunyong Lei, Lingbo Jia, Xiaojun Wu, Hualing Zeng, Muqing Chen, Guan-Wu Wang, and Shangfeng Yang. "Steering the electron transport properties of pyridine-functionalized fullerene derivatives in inverted perovskite solar cells: the nitrogen site matters." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 7 (2020): 3872–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta12188a.

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Three pyridine-functionalized fullerene derivatives with variable nitrogen sites were synthesized and used as electron transport layers of iPSCs, exhibiting tunable interactions with the perovskite layer and different electron transport properties.
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6

Vannikov, Anatolii V., Antonina D. Grishina, and S. V. Novikov. "Electron transport and electroluminescence in polymer layers." Russian Chemical Reviews 63, no. 2 (February 28, 1994): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/rc1994v063n02abeh000074.

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7

Synowiec, Z., and B. Paszkiewicz. "Electron transport in implant isolation GaAs layers." Microelectronics Reliability 43, no. 4 (April 2003): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-2714(03)00016-7.

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8

Moiz, Syed Abdul. "Optimization of Hole and Electron Transport Layer for Highly Efficient Lead-Free Cs2TiBr6-Based Perovskite Solar Cell." Photonics 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9010023.

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The methylammonium lead halide solar cell has attracted a great deal of attention due to its lightweight, low cost, and simple fabrication and processing. Despite these advantages, these cells are still far from commercialization because of their lead-based toxicity. Among lead-free perovskites, cesium-titanium (IV) bromide (Cs2TiBr6) is considered one of the best alternatives, but it faces a lack of higher PCE (power conversion efficiency) due to the unavailability of the matched hole and electron transport layers. Therefore, in this study, the ideal hole and electron transport layer parameters for the Cs2TiBr6-based solar cell were determined and discussed based on a simulation through SCAPS-1D software. It was observed that the maximum PCE of 20.4% could be achieved by using the proper hole and electron transport layers with optimized parameters such as energy bandgap, electron affinity, doping density, and thickness. Unfortunately, no hole and electron transport material with the required electronic structure was found. Then, polymer NPB and CeOx were selected as hole and electron transport layers, respectively, based on their closed electronic structure compared to the simulation results, and, hence, the maximum PCE was found as ~17.94% for the proposed CeOx/Cs2TiBr6/NPB solar cell.
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9

Rani, R., K. Monga, and S. Chaudhary. "Recent development in electron transport layers for efficient tin-based perovskite solar cells." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1258, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1258/1/012015.

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Hybrid organic-inorganic tin (Sn)-based perovskite materials became a promising choice as an alternative to lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their outstanding optical and electrical properties. But, so far, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of only 13% has been achieved for Sn-based PSCs. To achieve highly efficient and stable PSCs, not only the properties of the active layer but the charge selective contacts (electron and hole transport layers) should be selected wisely. The interfaces between the perovskite active layer and charge transport layers play an important role in achieving the better performance of PSCs. In the present review, the spotlight is on the recent developments made on the optimization of electron transport layers (ETLs) for the efficient Sn-based hybrid organic-inorganic PSCs. Further, we comprehensively discuss the significance and the impact of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level of electron transport material on the charge transport, which additionally affects the photovoltaic performance of the device. In summary, with continuous research on the Sn-based hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite materials as an absorbing layer, conventional ETLs (metal oxides) cannot be used. Thus, the optimum candidate for befitted ETLs must be explored and investigated in detail for efficient PSCs.
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10

Mityashin, Alexander, David Cheyns, Barry P. Rand, and Paul Heremans. "Understanding metal doping for organic electron transport layers." Applied Physics Letters 100, no. 5 (January 30, 2012): 053305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3681383.

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11

Bailey, G. R. "Two-dimensional electron transport in InP surface layers." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 5, no. 4 (July 1987): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.583828.

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12

Wei, Huiyun, Jionghua Wu, Peng Qiu, Sanjie Liu, Yingfeng He, Mingzeng Peng, Dongmei Li, Qingbo Meng, Francisco Zaera, and Xinhe Zheng. "Plasma-enhanced atomic-layer-deposited gallium nitride as an electron transport layer for planar perovskite solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 44 (2019): 25347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08929b.

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13

Kim, Yujin, Sung Hwan Joo, Seong Gwan Shin, Hyung Wook Choi, Chung Wung Bark, You Seung Rim, Kyung Hwan Kim, and Sangmo Kim. "Effect of Annealing in ITO Film Prepared at Various Argon-and-Oxygen-Mixture Ratios via Facing-Target Sputtering for Transparent Electrode of Perovskite Solar Cells." Coatings 12, no. 2 (February 4, 2022): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020203.

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Normal perovskite solar cells (PSCs) consist of the following layers: transparent electrode, electron-transport layer (ETL), light-absorbing perovskite layer, hole-transport layer (HTL), and metal electrode. Energy, such as electricity, is produced through light absorbance and electron–hole generation/transport between two electrode types (metal film and transparent conducting film). Among stacked layers in a PSC, the transparent electrode plays the high-performance-power-conversion-efficiency role. Transparent electrodes should have high-visible-range transparency and low resistance. Therefore, in this study, we prepared indium tin oxide (ITO) films on a glass substrate by using facing-target sputtering without substrate heating treatment and investigate the heating-treatment effect on the ITO-film properties for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Moreover, we fabricated PSCs with ITO films prepared at various oxygen flows during the sputtering process, and their energy-conversion properties are investigated.
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14

Yang, Jien, Qiong Zhang, Jinjin Xu, Hairui Liu, Ruiping Qin, Haifa Zhai, Songhua Chen, and Mingjian Yuan. "All-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells Based on CsPbIBr2 and Metal Oxide Transport Layers with Improved Stability." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (November 22, 2019): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121666.

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Despite the successful improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the issue of instability is still a serious challenge for their commercial application. The issue of the PSCs mainly originates from the decomposition of the organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials, which will degrade upon humidity and suffer from the thermal environment. In addition, the charge transport layers also influence the stability of the whole devices. In this study, inorganic transport layers are utilized in an inverted structure of PSCs employing CsPbIBr2 as light absorbent layer, in which nickel oxide (NiOx) and cerium oxide (CeOx) films are applied as the hole transport layer (HTL) and the electron transport layer (ETL), respectively. The inorganic transport layers are expected to protect the CsPbIBr2 film from the contact of moisture and react with the metal electrode, thus preventing degradation. The PSC with all inorganic components, inorganic perovskite and inorganic transport layers demonstrates an initial PCE of 5.60% and retains 5.56% after 600 s in ambient air at maximum power point tracking.
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15

Jang, Ji Geun, and Hyun Jin Ji. "Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Devices with the Emissive Layer of mCP:FCNIr(pic)." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/192731.

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New high-efficiency blue-light-emitting phosphorescent devices with 300 Å-thick emissive layer of N,N′-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene [mCP] doped with 10 vol.% bis[(3,5-difluoro-4-cyanophenyl)pyridine]iridium picolinate [FCNIr(pic)] were fabricated with the different treatments of hole and electron transport layers. In the experiments, a single layer of 1,1-bis-(di-4-polyaminophenyl)cyclohexane [TAPC] and a double layer of N,N′-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine [NPB] and mCP were used as hole transport layers (HTLs). In addition, 500 Å-thick double layers of tris-[3-(3-pyridyl)mesityl]borane [3TPYMB] and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline [Bphen] were used as electron transport layers (ETLs) with various thickness combination of 3TPYMB/Bphen. Among the fabricated devices, the one using TAPC as an HTL and 3TPYMB(100 Å)/Bphen(400 Å) as an ETL showed best electroluminescent characteristics with a maximum quantum efficiency of 13.3% and a luminance of 950 cd/m2at 10 V. The color coordinates were (0.14, 0.22) on the Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) chart, and the electroluminescent spectra showed the double-peak emissions at 458 nm and 483 nm.
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16

Rashed, Shukri, Vishnu Vilas Kutwade, Ketan Prakash Gattu, Ghamdan Mahmood Mohammed Saleh Gubari, and Ramphal Sharma. "Growth and Exploration of Inorganic Semiconductor Electron and Hole Transport Layers for Low-Cost Perovskite Solar Cells." Trends in Sciences 20, no. 10 (June 19, 2023): 5839. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.5839.

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The perovskite exhibited outstanding performance and was a promising alternative material for a low-cost, high power conversion efficiency (PCE) solar cell application. To avoid the high-cost organic materials as electron transport layers (ETL) and hole transport layers (HTL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), here introduce the inorganic semiconductor nanomaterials ZnS and CuS work as an ETL and HTL, respectively. In this work, we selected chalcogenides such as zinc sulfide (ZnS) and copper sulfide (CuS) as the 2-electron and hole transport layers and utilized them for perovskite solar cell application. For the proposed cell structure FTO/ZnS/perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3)/CuS/Ag, the deposition of layers has been achieved via different techniques such as thermal evaporation, spin coating and doctor blade, respectively. X-ray diffraction and Field effect scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to characterize the structural and morphological properties of the prepared samples. UV-Visible spectrophotometer and current density-voltage curve were used to measure the optical and electrical parameters of the deposited layers, respectively. From the J-V characteristics, for the proposed and fabricated PSCs, the estimated PCE is about 0.28 %, open-circuit voltage (VOC) = 0.29 V, and short-circuit current density (JSC) = 3.96 mA/cm2. The results are good and the inorganic nanomaterial layers used in this study are promising for future studies. HIGHLIGHTS In this study, chalcogenide materials such as zinc sulphide (ZnS) as the electron transport layer and cadmium sulfide (CdS) as the hole transport layer in solar perovskite cell applications were investigated Use easy and simple deposit methods such as chemical bath deposition and doctor blade method The possibility of using chalcogenide materials in the field of perovskite solar cells, although the efficiency of the obtained cell is very small, is an indication of the response of such materials in the application of perovskite solar cells GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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17

Davis, Denet, M. S. Shamna, K. S. Nithya, and K. S. Sudheer. "Graphene as a hole transport layer for enhanced performance of P3HT: PCBM bulk heterojunction organic solar cell: a numerical simulation study." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1248, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1248/1/012011.

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Abstract As sustainable and green energy technologies advance, academic and industrial researchers have been more interested in organic solar cells. Organic solar cells have some key advantages, such as lightweight, flexibility and cheapness that make them an ideal choice as an alternative to other types of solar cells. Bulk heterojunction solar cells combine the advantages of easier fabrication and higher conversion efficiency, making them the best structure currently. In this work P3HT: PCBM is used as the active layer material. PDINO and PFN-Br are used as the electron transport layers in this work. Graphene, which is taken as the hole transport layer in this work, is a unique material for future applications in organic photovoltaics due to its remarkable optical properties and excellent electron/hole transport properties. Corresponding to two different electron transport layers two different device configurations are studied in the work. Bulk hetero-junction organic solar cell simulation study is done using the solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS1D). The thickness, electron and hole mobilities, and defect density of the active layer are varied for each device configuration, and their effect on device output performance is analysed. A comparative study of device performance between the different configurations has been done.
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18

Mizuta, Yosuke, Mayumi Nagayama, Kazunari Sasaki, and Akari Hayashi. "Investigation of a Method of Evaluating Proton Transport Resistance in PEFC Catalyst Layers." ECS Transactions 109, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10909.0369ecst.

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Since there is no method to directly measure proton conductivity in the catalyst layer in PEFC even though proton conduction in the catalyst layer is one of the critical factors for high performance and durability. A method to directly measure proton transport resistance in the catalyst layers was investigated by sandwiching a sample layer by two Nafion® membranes to block electron transfer, and two gas diffusion electrodes to reduce gas diffusion resistance, in this study. Direct current was applied to the system in the hydrogen atmosphere, and measurements for proton transport resistance were performed in various sample layers. As a result, proton transport resistance in sample layers was successfully evaluated, and such measurements lead to improvement of current-voltage performance of PEFC.
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19

McCarthy, Melissa M., Arnaud Walter, Soo-Jin Moon, Nakita K. Noel, Shane O’Brien, Martyn E. Pemble, Sylvain Nicolay, Bernard Wenger, Henry J. Snaith, and Ian M. Povey. "Atomic Layer Deposited Electron Transport Layers in Efficient Organometallic Halide Perovskite Devices." MRS Advances 3, no. 51 (2018): 3075–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.515.

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ABSTRACTAmorphous TiO2 and SnO2 electron transport layers (ETLs) were deposited by low-temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD). Surface morphology and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate uniform and pinhole free coverage of these ALD hole blocking layers. Both mesoporous and planar perovskite solar cells were fabricated based on these thin films with aperture areas of 1.04 cm2 for TiO2 and 0.09 cm2 and 0.70 cm2 for SnO2. The resulting cell performance of 18.3 % power conversion efficiency (PCE) using planar SnO2 on 0.09 cm2 and 15.3 % PCE using mesoporous TiO2 on 1.04 cm2 active areas are discussed in conjunction with the significance of growth parameters and ETL composition.
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20

Mehdi, S., R. Amraoui, and A. Aissat. "Numerical investigation of organic light emitting diode OLED with different hole transport materials." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 17, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2022.173.781.

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In this paper, a comparative study between four OLEDs devices is carried out. The bi- layers device (A) (consists of) Hole Injection Layer (HIL)/Electron Transport Layer (ETL), the multilayer device (B) (consists of) HIL Layer/Hole Transport Layer (HTL)/ETL Layer. The influence of the hole transporting material on the performance of the three layers OLEDs was investigated. Three different HTL materials were used: α- NPD, TAPC and p-TTA with the same electron transporting material as Alq3; (these holes transport material consists the devices (B), (C) and (D) respectively). The carrier injection, Langevin recombination rate, singlet exciton density and the power of luminescent are demonstrated. The simulation results shows that the insertion of a thin HTL layer between HIL and ETL layers increases the characteristics of the device (B)as: 6.19.1025 cm-3s-1 of the Langevin recombination rate, 1.16.1015cm-3 of the singlet exciton density and 0.04232 W/μm2 of the luminescence power. Moreover, the insertion of TAPC as HTL material gives rise to 1.36.1026 cm-3s-1 of the Langevin recombination rate, 2.1015cm-3 of the singlet exciton density and 0.075 w/μm2 of the luminescence power.
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21

Friedl, Jared D., Ramez Hosseinian Ahangharnejhad, Adam B. Phillips, and Michael J. Heben. "Materials requirements for improving the electron transport layer/perovskite interface of perovskite solar cells determined via numerical modeling." MRS Advances 5, no. 50 (2020): 2603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.319.

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AbstractPerovskite solar cells continue to garner significant attention in the field of photovoltaics. As the optoelectronic properties of the absorbers become better understood, attention has turned to more deeply understanding the contribution of charge transport layers for efficient extraction of carriers. Titanium oxide is known to be an effective electron transport layer (ETL) in planar perovskite solar cells, but it is unlikely to result in the best device performance possible. To investigate the importance of band energy alignment between the electron transport layer and perovskite, we employ numerical modeling as a function of conduction band offset between these layers, interface recombination velocity, and ETL doping levels. Our simulations offer insight into the advantages of energy band alignment and allow us to determine a range of surface recombination velocities and ETL doping densities that will allow us to identify novel high performance ETL materials.
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22

Jung, Jaroslaw, Arkadiusz Selerowicz, Paulina Maczugowska, Krzysztof Halagan, Renata Rybakiewicz-Sekita, Malgorzata Zagorska, and Anna Stefaniuk-Grams. "Electron Transport in Naphthalene Diimide Derivatives." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 4026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14144026.

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Two naphthalene diimides derivatives containing two different (alkyl and alkoxyphenyl) N-substituents were studied, namely, N,N′-bis(sec-butyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide (NDI-s-Bu) and N,N′-bis(4-n-hexyloxyphenyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide (NDI-4-n-OHePh). These compounds are known to exhibit electron transport due to their electron-deficient character evidenced by high electron affinity (EA) values, determined by electrochemical methods and a low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level, predicted by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These parameters make the studied organic semiconductors stable in operating conditions and resistant to electron trapping, facilitating, in this manner, electron transport in thin solid layers. Current–voltage characteristics, obtained for the manufactured electron-only devices operating in the low voltage range, yielded mobilities of 4.3 × 10−4 cm2V−1s−1 and 4.6 × 10−6 cm2V−1s−1 for (NDI-s-Bu) and (NDI-4-n-OHePh), respectively. Their electron transport characteristics were described using the drift–diffusion model. The studied organic semiconductors can be considered as excellent candidates for the electron transporting layers in organic photovoltaic cells and light-emitting diodes
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23

Shih, Wei-Kai, Srinivas Jallepalli, Mahbub Rashed, Christine M. Maziar, and Al F. Tasch Jr. "Study of Electron Velocity Overshoot in NMOS Inversion Layers." VLSI Design 8, no. 1-4 (January 1, 1998): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/65364.

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Non-local electron transport in nMOSFET inversion layers has been studied by Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Inversion layer quantization has been explicitly included in the calculation of density of states and scattering rate for low-energy electrons while bulk band structure is used to describe the transport of more energetic electrons. For uniform, high-lateral field conditions, the effects of quantization are less pronounced due to the depopulation of electrons in the lower-lying subbands. On the other hand, Monte Carlo results for carrier transport in spatially varying lateral fields (such as those in the inversion layer of MOSFETs) clearly indicate that depopulation of the low-lying subbands is less evident in the non-local transport regime. Quasi-2D simulations have shown that, at high transverse effective field, the inclusion of a quantization domain does have an impact on the calculated spatial velocity transient.
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24

Kwak, Hee Jung, Collins Kiguye, Minsik Gong, Jun Hong Park, Gi-Hwan Kim, and Jun Young Kim. "Enhanced Performance of Inverted Perovskite Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diode Using Electron Suppression Layer and Surface Morphology Control." Materials 16, no. 22 (November 15, 2023): 7171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16227171.

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The energy level offset at inorganic layer–organic layer interfaces and the mismatch of hole/electron mobilities of the individual layers greatly limit the establishment of balanced charge carrier injection inside the emissive layer of halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeQLEDs). In contrast with other types of light-emitting devices, namely OLEDs and QLEDs, various techniques such as inserting an electron suppression layer between the emissive and electron transport layer have been employed as a means of establishing charge carrier injection into their respective emissive layers. Hence, in this study, we report the use of a thin layer of Poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVPy) (an electron suppression material) placed between the emissive and electron transport layer of a halide PeQLEDs fabricated with an inverted configuration. With ZnO as the electron transport material, devices fabricated with a thin PVPy interlayer between the ZnO ETL and CsPbBr3 -based green QDs emissive layer yielded a 4.5-fold increase in the maximum observed luminance and about a 10-fold increase in external quantum efficiency (EQE) when compared to ones fabricated without PVPy. Furthermore, the concentration and coating process conditions of CsPbBr3 QDs were altered to produce various thicknesses and film properties which resulted in improved EQE values for devices fabricated with QDs thin films of lower surface root-mean-square (RMS) values. These results show that inhibiting the excessive injection of electrons and adjusting QDs layer thickness in perovskite-inverted QLEDs is an effective way to improve device luminescence and efficiency, thereby improving the carrier injection balance.
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25

Jana, Atanu, Vijaya Gopalan Sree, Qiankai Ba, Seong Chan Cho, Sang Uck Lee, Sangeun Cho, Yongcheol Jo, Abhishek Meena, Hyungsang Kim, and Hyunsik Im. "Efficient organic manganese(ii) bromide green-light-emitting diodes enabled by manipulating the hole and electron transport layer." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 34 (2021): 11314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc02550c.

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26

Curzon, A. E. "The structure and properties of misfit layer compounds." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 708–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100166002.

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The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to the class of compounds known as misfit layer compounds.An example of a misfit layer compound is (NdS)1.2NbS2 In the present study this material was made by heating appropriate amounts of sulphur powder, niobium powder and neodymium chips in an evacuated quartz tube at 850°C for 12 hours. A subsequent five day process involving transport and back transport at 1000°C in the presence of iodine as transport agent led to the formation of lustrous crystal platelets suitable for electron microscopy and electron diffraction studies. The orthorhombic material consists of alternate layers of NdS (two atoms thick) and layers of NbS2 (three atoms thick) each perpendicular to the c-axis. Fig. 1 shows a [100] view of the structure observed in recent studies. Though it differs from the structure reported in other work, both reported forms have features in common which are characteristic of all misfit layer compounds.
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Li, Chang, Ge Wang, Yajun Gao, Chen Wang, Shanpeng Wen, Huayang Li, Jiaxin Wu, Liang Shen, Wenbin Guo, and Shengping Ruan. "Highly efficient polymer solar cells based on low-temperature processed ZnO: application of a bifunctional Au@CNTs nanocomposite." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 9 (2019): 2676–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc05653f.

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Erdogar, Kubra, Ozgun Yucel, and Muhammed Enes Oruc. "Investigation of Structural, Morphological, and Optical Properties of Novel Electrospun Mg-Doped TiO2 Nanofibers as an Electron Transport Material for Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 13, no. 15 (August 5, 2023): 2255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13152255.

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are quickly becoming efficient solar cells due to the effective physicochemical properties of the absorber layer. This layer should ideally be placed between a stable hole transport material (HTM) layer and a conductive electron transport material (ETM) layer. These outer layers play a critical role in the current densities and cell voltages of solar cells. In this work, we successfully fabricated Mg-doped TiO2 nanofibers as ETM layers via electrospinning. This study systematically investigates the morphological and optical features of Mg-doped nanofibers as mesoporous ETM layers. The existence of the Mg element in the lattice was confirmed by XRD and XPS. These optical characterizations indicated that Mg doping widened the energy band gap and shifted the edge of the conduction band minimum upward, which enhanced the open circuit voltage (Voc) and short current density (Jsc). The electron-hole recombination rate was lowered, and separation efficiency increased with Mg doping. The results have demonstrated the possibility of improving the efficiency of PSCs with the use of Mg-doped nanofibers as an ETM layer.
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Jenkins, Michael B., Barbara S. Eaglesham, Larry C. Anthony, Scott C. Kachlany, Dwight D. Bowman, and William C. Ghiorse. "Significance of Wall Structure, Macromolecular Composition, and Surface Polymers to the Survival and Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 6 (January 22, 2010): 1926–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02295-09.

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ABSTRACT The structure and composition of the oocyst wall are primary factors determining the survival and hydrologic transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts outside the host. Microscopic and biochemical analyses of whole oocysts and purified oocyst walls were undertaken to better understand the inactivation kinetics and hydrologic transport of oocysts in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Results of microscopy showed an outer electron-dense layer, a translucent middle layer, two inner electron-dense layers, and a suture structure embedded in the inner electron-dense layers. Freeze-substitution showed an expanded glycocalyx layer external to the outer bilayer, and Alcian Blue staining confirmed its presence on some but not all oocysts. Biochemical analyses of purified oocyst walls revealed carbohydrate components, medium- and long-chain fatty acids, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Purified walls contained 7.5% total protein (by the Lowry assay), with five major bands in SDS-PAGE gels. Staining of purified oocyst walls with magnesium anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid indicated the presence of hydrophobic proteins. These structural and biochemical analyses support a model of the oocyst wall that is variably impermeable and resistant to many environmental pressures. The strength and flexibility of oocyst walls appear to depend on an inner layer of glycoprotein. The temperature-dependent permeability of oocyst walls may be associated with waxy hydrocarbons in the electron-translucent layer. The complex chemistry of these layers may explain the known acid-fast staining properties of oocysts, as well as some of the survival characteristics of oocysts in terrestrial and aquatic environments. The outer glycocalyx surface layer provides immunogenicity and attachment possibilities, and its ephemeral nature may explain the variable surface properties noted in oocyst hydrologic transport studies.
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Vogelsang, Th, and K. R. Hofmann. "Electron transport in strained Si layers on Si1−xGexsubstrates." Applied Physics Letters 63, no. 2 (July 12, 1993): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.110394.

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31

Osman, M. A. "Minority electron transport acrossp+doped submicron layers of GaAs." Journal of Applied Physics 71, no. 1 (January 1992): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350707.

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32

Roldán, J. B., F. Gámiz, J. A. López Villanueva, and P. Caetujo. "Electron transport properties of quantized silicon carbide inversion layers." Journal of Electronic Materials 26, no. 3 (March 1997): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-997-0151-3.

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Patil, M. B., Y. Okuyama, Y. Ohkura, T. Toyabe, and S. Ihara. "Transmission matrix approach for electron transport in inversion layers." Solid-State Electronics 37, no. 7 (July 1994): 1359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(94)90192-9.

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34

Thakur, Ujwal, Ryan Kisslinger, and Karthik Shankar. "One-Dimensional Electron Transport Layers for Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 7, no. 5 (April 29, 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano7050095.

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CHEN Ya-wen, 陈亚文, 黄. 航. HUANG Hang, 魏雄伟 WEI Xiong-wei, 李. 哲. LI Zhe, 宋晶尧 SONG Jing-yao, 谢相伟 XIE Xiang-wei, 付. 东. FU Dong, and 陈旭东 CHEN Xu-dong. "QLEDs with Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Double Electron Transport Layers." Chinese Journal of Luminescence 39, no. 10 (2018): 1439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/fgxb20183910.1439.

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36

Kojima, H., M. E. Gershenson, V. M. Pudalov, G. Brunthaler, A. Prinz, and G. Bauer. "Interaction Effects in Electron Transport in Si Inversion Layers." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 72, Suppl.A (January 3, 2003): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsjs.72sa.57.

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37

Chetverikov, A. P., W. Ebeling, G. Röpke, and M. G. Velarde. "Electron Transport Mediated by Nonlinear Excitations in Atomic Layers." Contributions to Plasma Physics 53, no. 4-5 (May 2013): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.201200124.

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38

Choi, Jongmin, Jea Woong Jo, F. Pelayo García de Arquer, Yong-Biao Zhao, Bin Sun, Junghwan Kim, Min-Jae Choi, et al. "Activated Electron-Transport Layers for Infrared Quantum Dot Optoelectronics." Advanced Materials 30, no. 29 (May 28, 2018): 1801720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201801720.

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39

Son, Hyojung, and Byoung-Seong Jeong. "Optimization of the Power Conversion Efficiency of CsPbIxBr3−x-Based Perovskite Photovoltaic Solar Cells Using ZnO and NiOx as an Inorganic Charge Transport Layer." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 8987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12188987.

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In this study, we analyzed the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a photovoltaic cell with an ITO/ZnO/CsPbIxBr3−x/NiOx/Au structure, using ZnO and NiOx as the inorganic charge transport layers and CsPbIxBr3−x as an absorption layer. We optimized the thickness of each layer and investigated the effects of the defect density and interface defect density. To achieve the highest PCE, the optimal thicknesses were 300 nm for the electron transport layer (ZnO), 60 nm for the hole transport layer (NiOx), and 1000 nm for the absorption layer. The absorber defect density was maintained at approximately 1015 cm−3, and the interface defect density was approximately 1011 cm−3. The highest PCE obtained through optimization of each of these factors was 23.07%. These results are expected to contribute to the performance optimization of perovskite solar cells that use inorganic charge carrier transport layers.
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Nguyen, Nguyen, Nguyen, Le, Vo, Ly, Kim, and Le. "Recent Progress in Carbon-Based Buffer Layers for Polymer Solar Cells." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 11, 2019): 1858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111858.

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Carbon-based materials are promising candidates as charge transport layers in various optoelectronic devices and have been applied to enhance the performance and stability of such devices. In this paper, we provide an overview of the most contemporary strategies that use carbon-based materials including graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, carbon quantum dots, and graphitic carbon nitride as buffer layers in polymer solar cells (PSCs). The crucial parameters that regulate the performance of carbon-based buffer layers are highlighted and discussed in detail. Furthermore, the performances of recently developed carbon-based materials as hole and electron transport layers in PSCs compared with those of commercially available hole/electron transport layers are evaluated. Finally, we elaborate on the remaining challenges and future directions for the development of carbon-based buffer layers to achieve high-efficiency and high-stability PSCs.
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41

Tarique, Walia Binte, Md Habibur Rahaman, Shahriyar Safat Dipta, Ashraful Hossain Howlader, and Ashraf Uddin. "Solution-Processed Bilayered ZnO Electron Transport Layer for Efficient Inverted Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells." Nanomanufacturing 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2024): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing4020006.

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Organic solar cells (OSCs) are becoming increasingly popular in the scientific community because of their many desirable properties. These features include solution processability, low weight, low cost, and the ability to process on a wide scale using roll-to-roll technology. Enhancing the efficiency of photovoltaic systems, particularly high-performance OSCs, requires study into not only material design but also interface engineering. This study demonstrated that two different types of OSCs based on the PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F and PM6:Y6 active layers use a ZnO bilayer electron transport layer (ETL). The ZnO bilayer ETL comprises a ZnO nanoparticle (ZnO NP) and a ZnO layer created from a sol-gel. The effect of incorporating ZnO NPs into the electron transport layer (ETL) was studied; in particular, the effects on the electrical, optical, and morphological properties of the initial ZnO ETL were analyzed. The ability of ZnO films to carry charges is improved by the addition of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), which increase their conductivity. The bilayer structure had better crystallinity and a smoother film surface than the single-layer sol-gel ZnO ETL. This led to a consistent and strong interfacial connection between the photoactive layer and the electron transport layer (ETL). Therefore, inverted organic solar cells (OSCs) with PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F and PM6:Y6 as photoactive layers exhibit improved power conversion efficiency and other photovoltaic properties when using the bilayer technique.
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42

Cui Yupeng, 崔玉鹏, 弓爵 Gong Jue, and 刘明侦 Liu Mingzhen. "钙钛矿太阳能电池中的二氧化锡电子传输层调控." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 61, no. 5 (2024): 0516002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop230905.

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43

Huang, Wen, Rui Zhang, Xuwen Xia, Parker Steichen, Nanjing Liu, Jianping Yang, Liang Chu, and Xing’ao Li. "Room Temperature Processed Double Electron Transport Layers for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020329.

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Zinc Oxide (ZnO) has been regarded as a promising electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) owing to its high electron mobility. However, the acid-nonresistance of ZnO could destroy organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite such as methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) in PSCs, resulting in poor power conversion efficiency (PCE). It is demonstrated in this work that Nb2O5/ZnO films were deposited at room temperature with RF magnetron sputtering and were successfully used as double electron transport layers (DETL) in PSCs due to the energy band matching between Nb2O5 and MAPbI3 as well as ZnO. In addition, the insertion of Nb2O5 between ZnO and MAPbI3 facilitated the stability of the perovskite film. A systematic investigation of the ZnO deposition time on the PCE has been carried out. A deposition time of five minutes achieved a ZnO layer in the PSCs with the highest power conversion efficiency of up to 13.8%. This excellent photovoltaic property was caused by the excellent light absorption property of the high-quality perovskite film and a fast electron extraction at the perovskite/DETL interface.
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44

Ivanova, A., A. Tokmakov, K. Lebedeva, M. Roze, and I. Kaulachs. "Influence of the Preparation Method on Planar Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3-xClx Solar Cell Performance and Hysteresis." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 54, no. 4 (August 1, 2017): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2017-0027.

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Abstract Organometal halide perovskites are promising materials for lowcost, high-efficiency solar cells. The method of perovskite layer deposition and the interfacial layers play an important role in determining the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In the paper, we demonstrate inverted planar perovskite solar cells where perovskite layers are deposited by two-step modified interdiffusion and one-step methods. We also demonstrate how PSC parameters change by doping of charge transport layers (CTL). We used dimethylsupoxide (DMSO) as dopant for the hole transport layer (PEDOT:PSS) but for the electron transport layer [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)) we used N,N-dimethyl-N-octadecyl(3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilyl chloride (DMOAP). The highest main PSC parameters (PCE, EQE, VOC) were obtained for cells prepared by the one-step method with fast crystallization and doped CTLs but higher fill factor (FF) and shunt resistance (Rsh) values were obtained for cells prepared by the two-step method with undoped CTLs.
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45

Chang, Tsung-Wen, Chzu-Chiang Tseng, Dave W. Chen, Gwomei Wu, Chia-Ling Yang, and Lung-Chien Chen. "Preparation and Characterization of Thin-Film Solar Cells with Ag/C60/MAPbI3/CZTSe/Mo/FTO Multilayered Structures." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 3516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123516.

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New solar cells with Ag/C60/MAPbI3/Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe)/Mo/FTO multilayered structures on glass substrates have been prepared and investigated in this study. The electron-transport layer, active photovoltaic layer, and hole-transport layer were made of C60, CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite, and CZTSe, respectively. The CZTSe hole-transport layers were deposited by magnetic sputtering, with the various thermal annealing temperatures at 300 °C, 400 °C, and 500 °C, and the film thickness was also varied at 50~300 nm The active photovoltaic MAPbI3 films were prepared using a two-step spin-coating method on the CZTSe hole-transport layers. It has been revealed that the crystalline structure and domain size of the MAPbI3 perovskite films could be substantially improved. Finally, n-type C60 was vacuum-evaporated to be the electronic transport layer. The 50 nm C60 thin film, in conjunction with 100 nm Ag electrode layer, provided adequate electron current transport in the multilayered structures. The solar cell current density–voltage characteristics were evaluated and compared with the thin-film microstructures. The photo-electronic power-conversion efficiency could be improved to 14.2% when the annealing temperature was 500 °C and the film thickness was 200 nm. The thin-film solar cell characteristics of open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, fill factor, series-resistance, and Pmax were found to be 1.07 V, 19.69 mA/cm2, 67.39%, 18.5 Ω and 1.42 mW, respectively.
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46

Deo, Meenal, Alexander Möllmann, Jinane Haddad, Feray Ünlü, Ashish Kulkarni, Maning Liu, Yasuhiro Tachibana, et al. "Tantalum Oxide as an Efficient Alternative Electron Transporting Layer for Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 12, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12050780.

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Electron transporting layers facilitating electron extraction and suppressing hole recombination at the cathode are crucial components in any thin-film solar cell geometry, including that of metal–halide perovskite solar cells. Amorphous tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) deposited by spin coating was explored as an electron transport material for perovskite solar cells, achieving power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to ~14%. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) measurements revealed that the extraction of photogenerated electrons is facilitated due to proper alignment of bandgap energies. Steady-state photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) verified efficient charge transport from perovskite absorber film to thin Ta2O5 layer. Our findings suggest that tantalum oxide as an n-type semiconductor with a calculated carrier density of ~7 × 1018/cm3 in amorphous Ta2O5 films, is a potentially competitive candidate for an electron transport material in perovskite solar cells.
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47

Yusuf, Abubakar S., A. M. Ramalan, A. A. Abubakar, and I. K. Mohammed. "Effect of Electron Transport Layers, Interface Defect Density and Working Temperature on Perovskite Solar Cells Using SCAPS 1-D Software." East European Journal of Physics, no. 1 (March 5, 2024): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2024-1-31.

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Perovskite solar cells have garnered significant attention from solar cell researchers due to their potential for achieving high efficiency, primarily attributed to their exceptional Electron Transport layer (ETL). One of the key elements of perovskite solar cells for transporting electrons to generate current is the ETL material. Moreover, there is a promising avenue for enhancing stability and reducing fabrication costs by substituting the transport layer. In this study, TiO2 and SnO2 were used as ETL materials in the architecture of perovskite solar cells for a comparative analysis between two devices featuring distinct structures: TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3/Spiro-OMeTAD and SnO2/CH3NH3PbI3/Spiro-OMeTAD. To evaluate the performance of each electron transport layer (ETL), the SCAPS 1D tool was employed. The investigation involved varying the thickness of the electron transport layers, interface defect density and working temperature, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of key parameters such as voltage at open circuit (Voc), short circuit current density (Jsc), fill factor (FF), and overall efficiency (PCE%). Remarkably, when employing SnO2 as the ETL, the achieved efficiency stands at 10.10 %. In contrast, utilizing TiO2 as the ETL yields a slightly higher efficiency of 12.84%. These findings underline the nuanced influence of transport layer materials on the overall performance of perovskite solar cells.
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Hattori, Nagisa, Kazuhiro Manseki, Yuto Hibi, Naohide Nagaya, Norimitsu Yoshida, Takashi Sugiura, and Saeid Vafaei. "Simultaneous Li-Doping and Formation of SnO2-Based Composites with TiO2: Applications for Perovskite Solar Cells." Materials 17, no. 10 (May 14, 2024): 2339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17102339.

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Tin oxide (SnO2) has been recognized as one of the beneficial components in the electron transport layer (ETL) of lead–halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its high electron mobility. The SnO2-based thin film serves for electron extraction and transport in the device, induced by light absorption at the perovskite layer. The focus of this paper is on the heat treatment of a nanoaggregate layer of single-nanometer-scale SnO2 particles in combination with another metal-dopant precursor to develop a new process for ETL in PSCs. The combined precursor solution of Li chloride and titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) was deposited onto the SnO2 layer. We varied the heat treatment conditions of the spin-coated films comprising double layers, i.e., an Li/TTIP precursor layer and SnO2 nanoparticle layer, to understand the effects of nanoparticle interconnection via sintering and the mixing ratio of the Li-dopant on the photovoltaic performance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) measurements of the sintered nanoparticles suggested that an Li-doped solid solution of SnO2 with a small amount of TiO2 nanoparticles formed via heating. Interestingly, the bandgap of the Li-doped ETL samples was estimated to be 3.45 eV, indicating a narrower bandgap as compared to that of pure SnO2. This observation also supported the formation of an SnO2/TiO2 solid solution in the ETL. The utilization of such a nanoparticulate SnO2 film in combination with an Li/TTIP precursor could offer a new approach as an alternative to conventional SnO2 electron transport layers for optimizing the performance of lead–halide perovskite solar cells.
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Rani, Sweta, and Jitendra Kumar. "Modeling charge transport mechanism in inorganic quantum dot light-emitting devices through transport layer modification strategies." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 10 (March 14, 2023): 104302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0139599.

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Quantum dot light-emitting devices (QLEDs) are potential candidates for lighting and display applications. The charge transport mechanism which plays an essential part in the performance of these devices, however, needs to be explored and analyzed for further improvement. The imbalance of the injection and transport of charge carriers within the device adversely affects the efficiency and stability of the device. Charge balance can be improved by better charge injection of holes while suppressing the excessive electrons. A simple and effective strategy to achieve this is using double transport layers or doped transport layers to modulate the band alignment and injection of charge carriers. Here, we propose a new structure and investigate the physical processes within a QLED with a double hole transport layer for improved charge injection of holes and a doped electron transport layer for controlled charge injection of electrons. We find that the process of charge injection, tunneling, and recombination is significantly improved within the quantum dot layer and a better charge balance is achieved in the emissive layer. Through the theoretical simulation model, useful results are obtained which pave the way for designing high-performing QLEDs.
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Pham, Hoang Minh, Syed Dildar Haider Naqvi, Huyen Tran, Hung Van Tran, Jonabelle Delda, Sungjun Hong, Inyoung Jeong, Jihye Gwak, and SeJin Ahn. "Effects of the Electrical Properties of SnO2 and C60 on the Carrier Transport Characteristics of p-i-n-Structured Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 13, no. 24 (December 6, 2023): 3091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13243091.

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Recently, metal halide perovskite-based top cells have shown significant potential for use in inexpensive and high-performance tandem solar cells. In state-of-the-art p-i-n perovskite/Si tandem devices, atomic-layer-deposited SnO2 has been widely used as a buffer layer in the top cells because it enables conformal, pinhole-free, and highly transparent buffer layer formation. In this work, the effects of various electrical properties of SnO2 and C60 layers on the carrier transport characteristics and the performance of the final devices were investigated using a numerical simulation method, which was established based on real experimental data to increase the validity of the model. It was found that the band alignment at the SnO2/C60 interface does, indeed, have a significant impact on the electron transport. In addition, as a general design rule, it was suggested that at first, the conduction band offset (CBO) between C60 and SnO2 should be chosen so as not to be too negative. However, even in a case in which this CBO condition is not met, we would still have the means to improve the electron transport characteristics by increasing the doping density of at least one of the two layers of C60 and/or SnO2, which would enhance the built-in potential across the perovskite layer and the electron extraction at the C60/SnO2 interface.
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