Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electron spectroscopie'
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Vanzini, Marco. "Auxiliary systems for observables : dynamical local connector approximation for electron addition and removal spectra." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX012/document.
Full textThis thesis proposes an innovative theoretical method for studying one-electron excitation spectra, as measured in photoemission and inverse photoemission spectroscopy.The current state-of-the-art realistic calculations rely usually on many-body Green’s functions and complex, non-local self energies, evaluated specifically for each material. Even when the calculated spectra are in very good agreement with experiments, the computational cost is very large. The reason is that the method itself is not efficient, as it yields much superfluous information that is not needed for the interpretation of experimental data.In this thesis we propose two shortcuts to the standard method. The first one is the introduction of an auxiliary system that exactly targets, in principle, the excitation spectrum of the real system. The prototypical example is density functional theory, in which the auxiliary system is the Kohn-Sham system: it exactly reproduces the density of the real system via a real and static potential, the Kohn-Sham potential. Density functional theory is, however, a ground state theory, which hardly yields excited state properties: an example is the famous band-gap problem. The potential we propose (the spectral potential), local and frequency-dependent, yet real, can be viewed as a dynamical generalisation of the Kohn-Sham potential which yields in principle the exact spectrum.The second shortcut is the idea of calculating this potential just once and forever in a model system, the homogeneous electron gas, and tabulating it. To study real materials, we design a connector which prescribes the use of the gas results for calculating electronic spectra.The first part of the thesis deals with the idea of auxiliary systems, showing the general framework in which they can be introduced and the equations they have to fulfill. We then use exactly-solvable Hubbard models to gain insight into the role of the spectral potential; in particular, it is shown that a meaningful potential can be defined wherever the spectrum is non-zero, and that it always yields the expected spectra, even when the imaginary or the non-local parts of the self energy play a prominent role.In the second part of the thesis, we focus on calculations for real systems. We first evaluate the spectral potential in the homogeneous electron gas, and then import it in the auxiliary system to evaluate the excitation spectrum. All the non-trivial interplay between electron interaction and inhomogeneity of the real system enters the form of the connector. Finding an expression for it is the real challenge of the procedure. We propose a reasonable approximation for it, based on local properties of the system, which we call dynamical local connector approximation.We implement this procedure for four different prototypical materials: sodium, an almost homogeneous metal; aluminum, still a metal but less homogeneous; silicon, a semiconductor; argon, an inhomogeneous insulator. The spectra we obtain with our approach agree to an impressive extent with the ones evaluated via the computationally expensive self energy, demonstrating the potential of this theory
Abbas, Chahine. "Optical spectroscopy of indirect excitons and electron spins in semiconductor nanostructures." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS049.
Full textThis work provides an optical study of spin dynamics in two different systems: electrons gas in n-doped CdTe thin layers, and indirect excitons in asymmetric GaAs coupled quantum wells. Time and polar resolved photoluminescence and pump-probe spectroscopy allowed the determination of both the lifetime and the relaxation time of indirect excitons.The global behaviour of the dedicated biased sample has been described, major technical constraints have been pointed out and optimal working conditions have been identified. In photoluminescence, we obtained a lifetime of 15 ns and a spin relaxation time of 5 ns. Pump-probe spectroscopy with an exceptional delay range shown that longer characteristic times could be obtained increasing the delay between two laser pulses.An other optical method has been used to study electrons in CdTe thin layers. Spin noise spectroscopy has recently emerged as an ideal tool to study dynamics of spin systems through their spontaneous fluctuations which are encoded in the polarisation state of a laser beam by means of Faraday rotation. Common spin noise setups provide only temporal fluctuations, spatial information being lost averaging the signal on the laser spot. Here, we demonstrate the first implementation of a spin noise setup providing both spatial and temporal spin correlations thanks to a wave vector selectivity of the scattered light. This gave us the opportunity to measure both the spin relaxation time and the spin diffusion coefficient. This complete vision of the spin dynamics in CdTe has been compared to our understanding of spin physics in GaAs. Against all odds, this knowledge seems not to be directly transposable from GaAs to CdTe
Nilforoushan, Niloufar. "Out-of-equilibrium electron dynamics of Dirac semimetals and strongly correlated materials." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS573/document.
Full textQuantum materials is a new term in condensed matter physics that unifies all materials in which strong electronic correlation governs physical properties of the system (e.g. Mott insulators) and materials whose electronic properties are determined by the geometry of the electronic wave function (e.g. Dirac materials). These materials show emergent properties– that is, properties that only appear by intricate interactions among many degrees of freedom, such as charge, spin and orbital, giving rise to topological properties of electrons. The study of these interactions and competitions between the relevant degrees of freedom demands applying ultrafast pump-probe techniques. Particularly, femtosecond laser pulses act only on the electrons and set them to an out-of-equilibrium state inexplicable by the Fermi-Dirac distribution. The ensuing dynamics involves various processes and the rate at which the relaxation occurs is related to the coupling constants. Moreover, in time-resolved pump-probe techniques light can act as an additional external parameter to change of the phase diagram – different from thermodynamic parameters. It gives us the opportunity of stabilizing new states inaccessible by quasi-adiabatic thermal pathways or eventually manipulating the physical properties of the systems.In this thesis, we performed different experiments in order to study the equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium properties of two correlated compounds: BaCo₁₋ₓNiₓS₂ and (V₁₋ₓMₓ)₂O₃.The first part of the project was mainly devoted to the study of BaNiS₂ that is the metallic precursor of the Mott transition in BaCo₁₋ₓNiₓS₂. By applying ARPES, we studied the electronic band structure of BaNiS₂ in its entire Brillouin zone. These results combined with some theoretical calculations give evidence of a novel correlation-induced and two-dimensional Dirac cone with d-orbital character. The band crossing is protected by the specific symmetries of the crystal structure. We also investigated the electronic band structure of the Mott insulator BaCoS₂ in its magnetic and nonmagnetic phases.In the second part, we studied the out-of-equilibrium electron dynamics of BaNiS₂ and (V₁₋ₓMx)₂O₃. By means of tr-ARPES and tr-reflectivity measurements, we observed an ultrafast and non-thermal renormalization of the Dirac cone in BaNiS₂ . This phenomenon is purely provoked by the electronic excitation and is stabilized by the interplay between the electrons and phonons. Moreover, by applying various pump-probe techniques (XFEL-based tr-XRD and tr-Reflectivity) we also explored the out-of-equilibrium phases of the prototype Mott-Hubbard material (V₁₋ₓMx)₂O₃ in different parts of its phase diagram. Our results show a transient non-thermal phase developing immediately after ultrafast photoexcitation and lasting few picoseconds in both metallic and insulating phases. This transient phase is followed by a structural distortion that corresponds to a lattice hardening and is marked by a “blue shift” of the A₁g phonon mode. These results underline the importance of the orbital filling as well as the strong effect of the selective electron-lattice coupling in the strongly correlated materials
Beato, Medina Daniel. "Characterization of 2D architectures on metallic substrates by electron spectroscopy and microscopy." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4730/document.
Full textNanosciences and surface science are key elements in the conception of a diversity of innovative materials designed to better cope with the needs of current technology. Within this context, we have resolved to characterise the properties of different two-dimensional structures grown on silver substrates with the help of several complementary techniques of surface analysis.Firstly, we have studied auto-assembled 2D films of cobalt phthalocyanine on Ag(100) substrates. In situations with coverages close to the monolayer, two phases were observed: the (5x5) and the (7x7). The electron energy loss spectroscopy has allowed us to support the existence of two inequivalent charge transfer mechanisms between the substrate and the molecules due to differences in the adsoprtion sites. Secondly, we have synthesised both monolayer and multilayer silicene by evaporating silicon atoms on Ag(111) substrates. We have decided to delve into the characteristics of multilayer silicene as it’s less well-known than its monolayer counterpart. With this aim, the system has been subjected to experiments of photoemission spectroscopy and diffraction. In this manner, several hypotheses on the very nature of this material have been tested. On another matter also related to silicene, we have studied its functionalization by adsorption of F4TCNQ molecules and atomic hydrogen
Marie, Xavier. "Spectroscopie optique dans les puits quantiques. Couplage electron-reseau : aspect statique et dynamique." Toulouse, INSA, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ISAT0007.
Full textNataf, Guillaume F. "New approaches to understand conductive and polar domain walls by Raman spectroscopy and low energy electron microscopy." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS436/document.
Full textWe investigate the structural and electronic properties of domain walls to achieve a better understanding of the conduction mechanisms in domain walls of lithium niobate and the polarity of domain walls in calcium titanate. In a first part, we discuss the interaction between defects and domain walls in lithium niobate. A dielectric resonance with a low activation energy is observed, which vanishes under thermal annealing in monodomain samples while it remains stable in periodically poled samples. Therefore we propose that domain walls stabilize polaronic states. We also report the evolution of Raman modes with increasing amount of magnesium in congruent lithium niobate. We identified specific frequency shifts of the modes at the domain walls. The domains walls appear then as spaces where polar defects are stabilized. In a second step, we use mirror electron microscopy (MEM) and low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) to characterize the domains and domain walls at the surface of magnesium-doped lithium niobate. We demonstrate that out of focus settings can be used to determine the domain polarization. At domain walls, a local stray, lateral electric field arising from different surface charge states is observed. In a second part, we investigate the polarity of domain walls in calcium titanate. We use resonant piezoelectric spectroscopy to detect elastic resonances induced by an electric field, which is interpreted as a piezoelectric response of the walls. A direct image of the domain walls in calcium titanate is also obtained by LEEM, showing a clear contrast in surface potential between domains and walls. This contrast is observed to change reversibly upon electron irradiation due to the screening of polarization charges at domain walls
Pommeret, Stanislas. "Mecanismes primaires du couplage electron-especes protiques en phase aqueuse pure : etude par spectroscopie laser femtoseconde; approche quantique de l'interaction electron-eau." Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA112050.
Full textPiccardo, Marco. "Spectroscopie des processus photoélectriques dans les structures et dispositifs III-N." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX056/document.
Full textIn spite of the rapid technological progress in nitrides, the intrinsic properties of nitride alloys and the physics of III-N devices are still not well understood. In the course of my thesis work, novel experimental and theoretical approaches to tackle the study of the microscopic mechanisms governing the electronic properties of nitride semiconductors have been developed. A new experimental technique allowing to directly measure the energy distribution of conduction electrons of an operating LED is explored. This approach allows the direct observation of hot electron populations excited in the optoelectronic device under electrical operation and emitted in ultra-high vacuum. A recent theory of localization in disordered systems is applied to nitride materials and optoelectronic devices. This method allows for the first time the determination of the localization landscape induced by alloy disorder without resorting to the Schrödinger equation. Experimentally, a clear signature of alloy disorder is observed by biased photocurrent spectroscopy of InGaN quantum wells in the form of an Urbach tail for below-gap excitation and is found to be in excellent agreement with the predictions given by the novel localization theory
Zhou, Jianqiang. "Theory of electron spectroscopy : beyond the state-of-the-art." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX017/document.
Full textThe topic of this thesis is situated in the framework of theoretical spectroscopy. In particular, I propose a new ab-initio derivation to find approximations for the one-body Green's function (GF) . This approach leads to an improved description of fermion-plasmon coupling in the framework of many-body perturbation theory (MBPT), which can be used to study direct and inverse photoemission spectroscopy. Although the observed phenomena have been well known before, my formulation yields a better description than previous state-of-the-art approaches. It answers several open questions, cures some fundamental shortcomings and suggests a way for systematic improvement.In photoemission spectroscopy, a sample is irradiated by photons and electrons are emitted. From the energy difference of the incoming photon and outgoing electron, a great deal of information on the properties of the sample can be obtained, e.g. the band structures or lifetimes of excitations. In an independent-particle picture, this energy difference corresponds to the one-particle energy level that the emitted electron was occupying before the measurement. This leads to a sharp peak in the spectrum, with weight normalized to one. In reality, photoemission is not just photons in and independent electrons out, because the sample is an interacting many-body system. The Coulomb interaction and the anti-symmetric nature of fermions give rise to the so-called exchange-correlation effects, which makes the problem fundamentally difficult to solve. The description, understanding and prediction of the effects of the Coulomb interaction on the properties of materials has been one of the big challenges of theoretical condensed matter physics for ages. In the framework of this thesis one can imagine that first, the photoemission creates a hole (i.e., a missing electron) in the sample, which causes all remaining electrons to relax. Due to the attractive interaction between positively charged holes and negatively charged electrons, the electrons move towards to the holes and dress them to create ''quasi-particles''. The effective interaction between quasi-particles is the dynamically screened Coulomb interaction. It is in general weaker than the bare Coulomb interaction. Consequently, the observed band structure is a quasi-particle band structure, which differs from the result of an independent-particles band structure calculation. Second, when the hole propagates in the sample the remaining electrons can show collective oscillations, the density response to the perturbation. These are neutral excitations with approximately bosonic nature, because they are constituted by pairs of fermions.The coupling of the hole to the neutral excitations leads to additional structures in the photoemission spectrum, called satellites. This reduces the quasi-particle weight that is now fractional. Most often, the dominant satellites are due to plasmons, collective long-range oscillations, but one can also observe interband transitions or excitons, or other satellites that are due to more complicated couplings.This overview shows that in order to have a good description of photoemission spectroscopy, we should study the propagation of particles, as well as the interaction between particles and plasmons or other excitations. The Green's function gives the probability amplitude of particles propagating from one point to another. Its imaginary part yields the spectral function that has a direct link to the spectrum measured in a photoemission experiment. The derivations and approximations proposed in this thesis give a new way to calculate the Green's function, which improves the description of photoemission spectroscopy. Moreover, it gives access to other quantities that can be obtained from the one-body Green's function, in particular total energies
Wopperer, Philipp. "Electron photoemission from sodium and carbon clusters." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00860445.
Full textLourenço-Martins, Hugo. "Experiment and theory of plasmon coupling physics, wave effects and their study by electron spectroscopies." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS284/document.
Full textSurface plasmons (SP) are electromagnetic waves propagating at the interface between two media typically a metal and a dielectric. SPs can confine electromagnetic fields in very short volumes (typically one to few nanometers), well below the light diffraction limit. This property has a tremendous number of applications ranging from fundamental physics (e.g. quantum optics) to applications (e.g. cancer therapy). However, the price to pay is that SPs suffer from huge ohmic losses in the metal which leads to very short lifetimes (typically few femtoseconds). Theoretically, this presence of dissipation dramatically hardens the theoretical description of SPs. Another consequence of the sub-wavelength confinement of light associated with SPs is that their observation requires a nanometric resolution - which excludes the use of standard optical techniques. Yet, the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is a particularly suitable tool to study SPs as it employs fast electrons with typical wavelength from 1 to 10 picometers. Thus, the last decade has seen the tremendous development of electron-based spectroscopies applied to nano-optics such as electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (CL) or STEM- Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry (HBT). In this thesis, I explored different open problems of plasmonics and nano-optics under the scope of electron microscopy and spectroscopies. In chapter 3, I develop a formalism taking into account both the quantum and relativistic nature of EELS experiments using elements of quantum field theory. In chapter 4, I apply the latter formalism to the case of EELS measurements of SPs using electrons with shaped phase. In chapter 5, I give several theoretical and experimental results on coupling experiments involving SPs. Particularly, I demonstrate a counterintuitive type of coupling, the so-called self- hybridization which is a consequence of the non-Hermitian nature of the LSP eigenproblem and draw analogy with open quantum system. Finally, in chapter 6, I discuss the recent result on vibrational EELS in monochromated STEM
Rödel, Tobias. "Two-dimensional electron systems in functional oxides studied by photoemission spectroscopy." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS197/document.
Full textMany transition metal oxides (TMOs) show complex physics, ranging from ferroelectricity to magnetism, high-Tc superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance. The existence of a variety of ground states often occurs as different degrees of freedom (e.g. lattice, charge, spin, orbital) interact to form different competing phases which are quite similar in energy. The capability to epitaxially grow heterostructures of TMOs increased the complexity even more as new phenomena can emerge at the interface. One typical example is the two-dimensional electron system (2DES) at the interface of two insulating oxides, namely LaAlO3/SrTiO3, which shows metal-to-insulator transitions, magnetism or gate-tunable superconductivity. The origin of this thesis was the discovery of a similar 2DES at the bare surface of SrTiO3 fractured in vacuum, making it possible to study its electronic structure by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES).In this thesis, the study of well-prepared surfaces, instead of small fractured facets, results in spectroscopic data showing line widths approaching the intrinsic value. This approach allows a detailed analysis of many-body phenomena like the renormalization of the self-energy due to electron-phonon interaction.Additionally, the understanding of the electronic structure of the 2DES at the surface of SrTiO3(001) was given an additional turn by the surprising discovery of a complex spin texture measured by spin-ARPES. In this thesis data is presented which contradicts these conclusions and discusses possible reasons for the discrepancy.One major motivation of this thesis was the question if and how the electronic structure and the properties of the 2DES can be changed or controlled. In this context, the study of 2DESs at (110) and (111) surface revealed that the electronic band structure of the 2DES (orbital ordering, symmetry of the Fermi surface, effective masses) can be tuned by confining the electrons at different surface orientations of the same material, namely SrTiO3.A major achievement of this thesis is the generalization of the existence of a 2DES in SrTiO3 to many other surfaces and interfaces of TMOs (TiO2 anatase, CaTiO3, BaTiO3) and even simpler oxides already used in modern applications (ZnO). In all these oxides, we identify oxygen vacancies as the origin for the creation of the 2DESs.In anatase and other doped d0 TMOs, both localized and itinerant electrons (2DES) can exist due to oxygen vacancies. Which of the two cases is energetically favorable depends on subtle differences as demonstrated by studying two polymorphs of the same material (anatase and rutile).In CaTiO3, the oxygen octahedron around the Ti ion is slightly tilted. This symmetry breaking results in the mixing of different d-orbitals demonstrating again why and how the electronic structure of the 2DES can be altered.In BaTiO3, the creation of a 2DES results in the coexistence of the two, usually mutual exclusive, phenomena of ferroelectricity and metallicity in the same material by spatially separating the two.Moreover, this work demonstrates that the 2DES also exists in ZnO which is - compared to the Ti-based oxides - rather a conventional semiconductor as the orbital character of the itinerant electrons is of s and not d-type.The main result of this thesis is the demonstration of a simple and versatile technique for the creation of 2DESs by evaporating Al on oxide surfaces. A redox reaction between metal and oxide results in a 2DES at the interface of the oxidized metal and the reduced oxide. In this thesis the study of such interfacial 2DESs was limited to photoemission studies in ultra high vacuum. However, this technique opens up the possibility to study 2DESs in functional oxides in ambient conditions by e.g. transport techniques, and might be an important step towards cost-efficient mass production of 2DESs in oxides for future applications
Mongin, Denis. "Spectroscopie ultrarapide de nanoparticules métalliques et hybrides." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10129/document.
Full textThe usse of a pump-probe experimental setup allowed the study of different specific physical properties of different types of nano-objects. First, the selective study of an hybrid nanoparticles comosed of a CdS nanostick and a particle directly groxwn on the semiconductor part proved the existence of a transfer between the two part of the hybrid nanoparticle and showed that this phenomenon occurs in less than 15 femtosecondes. The study of optical propertie of gold nanoparticles with an extra charge due to the transfer showed that adding few electrons to a small gold nanoparticles leads to a red shift of the plasmon resonance. Secondly, measurment of the period of fundamental vibration modes of a bilayer nano-object (spheric or elongated) composed of a metallic core and a dielectric or metallic shell lead to information on the relative thickness of the layers and the contact quality between them. LAstly, the study of the characteristic time of electron-phonon interactions in metallic nanoparticles has proven that there are two different methods of measuring this characteristic time, and its investigation for small nanoparticles (less than 250 atoms) leads to the observation of a transition form a "bulk" to a molecular behaviour
Mrezguia, Hela. "Croissance et propriétés électroniques du silicène hétéroépitaxié sur B : Si(111)-(√3×√3)R30° et Ag/Si(111)-(√3×√3)R30°." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0502.
Full textWe realized the heteroepitaxy of silicene on Si(111) substrates passivated in two ways, either by B or Ag atoms. We deposited Si atoms on the UHV-prepared substrates B:Si(111)-(√3×√3)R30° and Ag/Si(111)-(√3×√3)R30° kept at controlled temperatures. we used LEED, AES, IPES/ARIPES. According to LEED, the adsorption of roughly one monolayer of Si on both substrates leads to the formation of a compact Si bidimensional layer which adopts the (√3×√3)R30° symmetry of the substrates. TCS and the evolution of the work function indicate strong perturbations of the substrate space-charge layer, while IPES reveals the disappearance of the surface states characteristic of each substrate. On Ag/Si(111)-(√3×√3)R30°, the disappearance of the well-known S1 « free-electron-like » surface state induces a metal/insulator transition. Instead of these surface states, new unoccupied electronic states UB and U0 appear which are associated to silicene on each substrate, with dispersions profiles which do not show the characteristics of a (√3×√3)R30° symmetry. Their limited overall bandwidths (resp. ~0.3 and ~0.45 eV) indicate rather large effective masses for electrons and suggest possible correlation effects which could justify the rather large measured bandgaps (resp. 2 eV and ~1 eV). The positions of UB and U0, far from the Fermi level, manifest a non-covalent but sizable interaction silcene/substrate, most probably a charge transfer which may be spatially inhomogeneous. The dispersion profiles of UB and U0 measured by ARIPES are compatible with the symmetry of a silicene layer with the Γ-KSilicene direction oriented along the Γ-M√3 direction of the reconstruction (√3×√3)R30°
Soroushian, Behrouz. "Solvatation de l'électron dans l'éthylène glycol : étude par spectroscopie d'absorption résolue en temps à l'échelle femtoseconde." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112263.
Full textBecause of its relatively high viscosity, analogy of the molecule with those of water and methanol and because of having two OH-groups, the ethylene glycol is an interesting media for studying solvation mechanisms of electron. A pomp-probe setup for transient absorption spectroscopy was realised and allowed the spectral measurements over a range of 400 to 750 nm. The solvated electrons were produced in the solvent using a pomp pulse at 263 nm. Time dependent evolution of the sample's absorption spectra show a fast localisation of the ejected electrons by its molecules. The overall evolution of the absorption spectra was described firstly by a model considering discrete transformations between three electron states: quasi-free, presolvated and solvated. In a second model we supposed that after discrete transformation of the quasi-free electron to the presolvated electron, this entity is continuously relaxed to the solvated electron in its equilibrium state. Geminate recombination of the solvated electrons in the ethylene glycol is studied and the coefficient of mutual diffusion and initial separation distance between the ejected electrons and their geminate counterparts are determined. We were studied reactions of the solvated electrons and the silver ions. The photlysis experiments made us able to study dependencies of the reaction rate constant to the distance between reactants
Torche, Abderrezak. "Simulations ab-initio des spectres Raman résonants dans le graphène, les multicouches de graphène et le graphite." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066522/document.
Full textMulti-layer graphene with rhombohedral ABC stacking is considered as a promising carbon phase possibly displaying correlated states like magnetism or high-T c superconductivity due to the occurrence of an ultraflat electronic surface band at the Fermi level. Despite Bernal graphite being the most stable form of graphite, three and four layers graphene samples with rhombohedral stacking can be synthesized. Recently, flakes of thickness up to 17 layers were tentatively attributed ABC sequences although the Raman fingerprint of rhombohedral multilayer graphene is currently unknown and the 2D two-phonon resonant Raman spectrum of Bernal graphite not completely theoretically understood. Here we provide a complete first principles description of the 2D Raman peak in three and four layer graphene for all possible stackings, as well as for bulk Bernal, rhombohedral and an alternation of Bernal and rhombohedral graphite, that can be seen as a periodic sequence of ABA and ABC trilayers. Calculations for several laser energies are performed and we give practical prescriptions are proposed to identify long range sequences of ABC multi-layer graphene flakes
Ramond, Céline. "Probing the femtosecond dynamics of laser-cluster interaction via X-ray and electron spectroscopy : = Sonder la dynamique sub picoseconde de l'interaction laser agrégats par spectroscopie X et d'électrons énergétiques." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066272.
Full textThe work performed during my thesis aims to study the sub-picosecond dynamics of laser- argon cluster interaction using X-ray and energetic electron spectroscopy. One of the key parameter to reveal the temporal competition between the electron heating mechanisms and the cluster expansion is the laser intensity threshold needed to create inner-shell vacancy in cluster atoms. Its evolution with pulse duration has been measured very accurately for two wavelengths, 400 and 800 nm. For long pulse durations, typically more than 800 fs in IR light and 600 fs in blue light, this intensity threshold is a low as 1014 W/cm2, confirming previous results at 610 fs. At this laser intensity, only ionization of the least bound electrons of the argon atom is possible via tunnel effect. This demonstrates that the production of Ar1+ is the ignition process for production of K-shell vacancy in highly charged Arq+. It has also been possible to compare, for the first time, the efficiency of the electron heating mechanisms between both wavelengths (400 and 800 nm) under similar experimental conditions. The mid- IR light is found to be always 10 times more efficient than blue light to create inner-shell vacancies, whatever the pulse duration up to 635 fs. This finding is in clear disagreement with the results present in the literature, as a -6 scaling law was found. Finally, by recording electron energy distribution under the same experimental conditions than the X-ray yield, we demonstrated a strong correlation between the high energy tail of the electron distribution (for energy typically higher than the inner-shell binding energy of the argon atom) and the X-ray emission
Peña, Manchón Francisco Javier de la. "Advanced methods for Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy core-loss analysis." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112379.
Full textModern analytical transmission electron microscopes are able to gather a large amount of information from the sample in the form of multi-dimensional datasets. Although the analytical procedures developed for single spectra can be extended to the analysis of multi-dimensional datasets, for an optimal use of this highly redundant information, more advanced techniques must be deployed. In this context, we investigate alternatives to the standard quantification methods and seek to optimise the experimental acquisition for accurate analysis. This addresses the current challenges facing the electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) community, for whom beam damage and contamination are often the limiting factors. EELS elemental quantification by the standard integration method is limited to well-behaved cases. As an alternative we use curve fitting which, as we show, can overcome most of the limitations of the standard method. Furthermore, we extend the method to obtain, in addition to elemental maps, the first bonding maps at the nanoscale. A major difficulty when analysing multi-dimensional datasets of samples of unknown composition is that the quantitative methods require as an input the composition of the sample. We show that blind source separation methods enable fast and accurate analysis of multi-dimensional datasets without defining a model. In optimal conditions these methods are capable of extracting signals from the dataset corresponding to the different chemical compounds in the sample and their distribution
Goldsztejn, Gildas. "Processus de corrélations électroniques dans la photoionisation d'atomes et de molécules en couche profonde." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066221/document.
Full textSynchrotron radiation in the tender x-ray energy range (2-13 keV) allows deep core-shell excitation/ionization of atoms and molecules. The electronic states populated have ultrashort lifetimes, in the order of one femtosecond. The atoms will then relax through emission of a photon or an electron. In this thesis, we used electron spectroscopy as a tool to study the different processes implied by the interaction between the matter and highly energetic radiation. In the first part, the lifetime of the excited electronic states is used as an intern clock allowing to measure nuclear dynamics in the sub-femtosecond timescale. The lifetime broadenings of the populated electronic states are large enough so that these states overlap, thus allowing their coherent excitation which may lead to interferences phenomena during the relaxation step. This is the subject of the second part of this work, in which we present a model that allows the extraction of these interference terms. In the last part, we show it is also possible to form multiply excited/ionized electronic states, and that our experimental setup allows to measure their lifetimes, and the disentanglement of the many contributions overlapping in the electron spectra. The Ariadne’s thread of this work is to try to apprehend the different electronic correlation processes following the excitation of the studied system by a highly energetic photon, such as how electrons share the incident excess energy or the angular momentum transferred by the incident photon
Badjeck, Vincent. "Etude par spectro-microscopie électronique d'aciers ODS non irradiés et implantés par hélium." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS086.
Full textIrradiated and non-irradiated (Y-Ti-O) oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steels are investigated by scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with electron energy-loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS) to study their chemical structure and the effects of radiation. Analytical methods such as multivariate statistical analysis (MVA) and EELS curve-fitting are carried out to achieve elemental quantification or study the edge fine structures (ELNES). Using MVA, the spectrum-images (SI) can be separated into independent spectral responses to gain insights into the valence state of various elements such as Ti or Cr. Investigations on post-mechanical-alloyed (MA) powders show that the nanoparticle (NP) precipitation occurs only after a further high-temperature treatment (consolidation). In non-irradiated consolidated samples, medium-sized NPs (> 3-4 nm) are found to adopt a Y2Ti2O7-d defective pyrochlore structure with a (Y-Ti-O)-Cr core-shell structure with a reduced-Ti layer also depleted in Y. Cr is also shown to segregate to the grain boundaries in non-irradiated samples. The measured O/Ti ratio of 3.2 found for medium-sized NPs and the observed non-homogeneity of the inter-reticular distance d222 through the particle is interpreted as being due to defects in the particles’ structure; it is indeed confirmed that Y2Ti2O7 medium-sized NPs in ODS steels present numerous defects and are non-stoichiometric. The Ti oxidation state is shown to vary from the centre of the NPs to their periphery from Ti4+ in distorted Oh symmetry to a valency often lower than 3+. Independent component analysis (ICA) allows us to generate bonding maps and extract a Ti-Cr interfacial response. An inter-diffusion of Ti and Cr atoms is observed at this interface. The smallest NPs present a different and ill-defined structure and interface with the Fe-Cr matrix. They either consist of a highly oxygen-deficient pyrochlore structure (Y2Ti2O6+d) or an unknown YaTibOc chemical structure. The O/Ti ratio decreases from 3-3.5 to below 1 for an NP size going from 4 to 1.8 nm. A few large particles (sized from tens to hundreds of nm) present a N-Ti-O or Ti-O chemistry but represent only a small percentage of all the NPs (< 1%). To study the neutron irradiation-induced changes, a number of ODS samples were implanted with He+ ions and irradiated with Fe+ ions. After irradiation, they display a homogeneous distribution of high-pressure He bubbles and radiation-induced Cr depletion, segregation and precipitation (RID, RIS and RIP). The He bubbles are frequently trapped at the NP-matrix interface, although bubbles can exist freely in the matrix, trapped by dislocations and at grain boundaries. The He-K line (21.218 eV for free atoms) shifts to higher energy in the bubbles (ΔE = 0.5 to 4 eV); this is shown to be correlated with the He density. He quantification is carried out with three different methods: spatial difference, curve-fitting and MVA. The density and pressure values are found to reach 100 nm-3 and 8 GPa respectively, although the pressure measurement is only semi-quantitative given that the error bars can reach 30%. The curve-fitting method allows us to map the He-K energy position and intensity, yielding the density, in individual bubbles. The spectral response of individual bubbles can be separated in an SI containing many bubbles at different densities using ICA or vertex component analysis (VCA). Bubbles larger than 4 nm are shown to be under-pressurized or at equilibrium with the Fe-Cr matrix. Below 3.5 nm, the He pressure is shown to increase markedly, passing into the over-pressurised regime
NUR, MUHAMMAD. "Etudes des décharges couronne dans l'argon et l'azote très purs : transport des charges, spectroscopie et influence de la densité." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10297.
Full textCalka, Pauline. "Nanocaractérisation d'oxydes à changement de résistance pour les mémoires résistives." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770174.
Full textTavitian, Bernard. "Etude par spectroscopie differentielle infrarouge a transformee de fourier des reactions primaires de la photosynthese." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066642.
Full textIvanov, Victor V. "Separation de phases et interaction electron-phonon dans yba#2 cu#3 o#7## : une etude par spectroscopie raman." Nantes, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NANT2023.
Full textKusumawati, Yuly. "Oxide and composite electron transport layers for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066240/document.
Full textThree kinds of ETL have been developed and studied in this present work as a photoelectrode in DSSC. Those composed of (1) two kinds of TiO2-brookite nanoparticles, (TiO2_B1 and TiO2_B2), (2) the composite of anatase and graphene (TiO2_Gr) and (3) the nanorods like ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO_NR), respectively. All photoelectrode are prepared by doctor blading technique. The morphology of photoelectrodes have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The layer thicknesses were measured using profilometry. For the film structural characterizations, a high-resolution X-ray diffractometer was used. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and micro Raman measurement have been carried out to verify the TiO2_Gr composite preparation. The optical film properties (total transmission and total reflection) were recorded with a spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere techniques. The cell performances were obtained by measuring the I-V curves of the cells under calibrated illumination. To achieve an in-deep understanding of the cell functioning, the impedance spectroscopy (IS) technique has been studied over a large applied potential range. By doing IS study, the electronic structure, charge carrier lifetime (tn), transport/collection time (ttr) and electron transport parameters of the layers have been determined. The carefully study of their properties has revealed not only their advantages but also their limitation. This information will be beneficial as a consideration for the future work
Khalal, Mehdi Abdelbaki. "Photoionisation multiple des vapeurs métalliques Multi-electron coincidence spectroscopy: Triple Auger decay of Ar 2p and 2s holes 4d -inner-shell ionization of Xe+ ions and subsequent Auger decay." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS552.
Full textThe increasing availability of modern x-ray light sources with high tunability, high brightness and narrow photon-energy bandwidth has allowed a deep understanding of the physics behind light and matter interactions. During my PhD, I investigated experimentally different process of photoexcitation and photoionization of rare gas atoms (Argon and Xenon) and alkali metals (Potassium and Rubidium) by the means of synchrotron radiation. Our experimental setup is a 2m long magnetic bottle time-of-flight spectrometer that collect in coincidence almost all the electrons emitted in the 4π solid angle. We investigate the multiple Auger decay of the potassium 2p core holes which has an electronic configuration similar to Ar with an additional 4s valence electron. We show the spectator role of this electron in the decay mechanism and the enhancement of double and triple Auger rates comparing with the Argon 2p holes decay. We also investigated the multiple Auger decay of the rubidium 3d core holes. Finally, we investigated the core valence double photoionization of Xenon atom 4d-15p-1 which is compared with the direct ionization of Xe+ ions (MAIA experiment). We showed that the core valence double photoionization process will populate the same states that the ones populated by the photoionization of the ions. One should note that this process is very weak compared to the 4d inner shell ionization of Xe atom but thanks to the coincidence technique we are able to clearly separate and disentangle each ionization process. Our experiment confirmed the results of MAIA and allowed us to extract the Auger spectra associated with the decay of these Xe+ ions, when ionized in the 4d shell
Sala, Leo Albert. "Low-energy Electron Induced Chemistry in Supported Molecular Films." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS438/document.
Full textHigh-energy irradiation of condensed matter leads to the production of copious amounts of low-energy (0-20 eV) secondary electrons. These electrons are known to trigger various dissociative processes leading to observed damages including erosion and chemical modifications. The resulting reactive species within the condensed media can also lead to the synthesis of new molecules. This has implications in several applications most especially in the design of lithographic methods, focused beam-assisted deposition, as well as in astrochemistry. In all these applications, it is important to identify the processes induced by low-energy electrons, study the reactive fragments and stable molecules produced to determine possibilities of controlling them, and generate quantitative data to gauge the efficiencies of these processes. The approach developed for this PhD work consists of directly irradiating surfaces and interfaces using low-energy electrons and studying the processes that arise. The responses of different model molecular films (of varying thickness) were studied as a function of incident electron energy and dose. In favorable cases, methodologies proposed herein can be used to estimate effective cross sections of observed processes. Three complementary surface-sensitive techniques were utilized for this purpose. To characterize the deposited films and formed residues, the High Resolution Electron-Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS) and Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) were used. Neutral fragments (as opposed to their often-detected ionic counterparts) desorbing under electron irradiation were monitored using a mass spectrometer in a technique called Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD).Within the context of surface functionalization, the grafting of sp2-hybridized carbon centers on a polycrystalline hydrogenated diamond substrate was realized through electron irradiation of a thin layer of benzylamine precursor deposited on its surface. At 11 eV, the dominant mechanism is proposed to be neutral dissociation of the precursor molecules. The effective cross section of the grafting process was estimated in only a single measurement from the HREELS map of the sample surface, taking advantage of the electron beam profile. Within the context of astrochemistry, on the other hand, the responses of crystalline and amorphous NH3 ices were studied under electron impact. The desorption of intact NH3 was observed which resulted in the direct erosion of the film proceeding through a mechanism consistent with desorption induced by electronic transitions (DIET). Different fragmentation and recombination processes were also observed as evidenced by detected neutral species like NHx (x=1,2), N2, and H2. Aside from desorption, a wealth of chemical processes was also observed at 13 eV. Temporal ESD at this energy allowed for the estimation of the effective cross section of NH3 desorption and observing the delayed desorption of N2 and H2. TPD analysis of the residues also provided evidence of N2H2 and N2H4 synthesis in the film. These results can help explain the observed discrepancies in abundances of NH3 and N2 in dense regions in space. Lastly, this PhD work will present prospects for these electron-induced processes to be constrained spatially in microscopic dimensions for lithographic applications. The feasibility of the procedure utilizing Low-Energy Electron Microscope (LEEM) was demonstrated on a terphenylthiol self-assembled monolayer (TPT SAM) specimen. Spots of 5 μm in diameter with different work functions were imprinted on the surface using energies from 10-50 eV. Electron-induced reactions in thin-film resists (PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate)) were also studied at low-energy identifying opportunities for energy- and spatially-resolved surface modification
Tavener, P. "Electron spectroscopy of electrode materials." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370304.
Full textBücker, Kerstin. "Characterization of pico- and nanosecond electron pulses in ultrafast transmission electron microscopy." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAE014/document.
Full textThis thesis presents a study of ultrashort electron pulses by using the new ultrafast transmission electron microscope (UTEM) in Strasbourg. The first part focuses on the stroboscopic operation mode which works with trains of picosecond multi-electron pulses in order to study ultrafast, reversible processes. A detailed parametric study was carried out, revealing fundamental principles of electron pulse dynamics. New mechanisms were unveiled which define the pulse characteristics. These are trajectory effects, limiting the temporal resolution, and chromatic filtering, which acts on the energy distribution and signal intensity. Guidelines can be given for optimum operation conditions adapted to different experimental requirements. The second part starts with the setup of the single-shot operation mode, based on intense nanosecond electron pulses for the investigation of irreversible processes. Having the first ns-UTEM equipped with an electron energy loss spectrometer, the influence of chromatic aberration was studied and found to be a major limitation in imaging. It has to be traded off with spherical aberration and signal intensity. For the first time, the feasibility of core-loss EELS with one unique ns-electron pulse is demonstrated. This opens a new field of time-resolved experiments
Dai, Ji. "Low-dimensional electron systems studied by angle- and spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS345.
Full textMaterials in which many-body interactions, low-dimensional confinement, and/or strong spin-orbit coupling are present show a rich variety of phenomena, but are still poorly understood. Essential information about the origin of such phenomena can be obtained by measuring their electronic structure. This thesis presents an experimental study of the electronic structure of some low-dimensional and/or strongly correlated materials of current fundamental interest, using angle- and spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES and SARPES). In the introductory part, I present my work on two innovative textbook examples showing how interactions affect the band structure of a material: the coupling of electrons with phonons in a Debye distribution in a two-dimensional electron system (2DES) in ZnO, a wide-band-gap oxide semiconductor used in photovoltaic applications, and the splitting induced by strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in the bulk valence band of ZnTe, another important semiconductor used in optoelectronic devices. Then, in the rest of this thesis, I discuss my original results in three different low-dimensional systems of current interest: 1.The realisation of a 2DES at the (110) surface of SnO₂, the first of its kind in a rutile structure. Tunability of its carrier density by means of temperature or Eu deposition and robustness against surface reconstructions and exposure to ambient conditions make this 2DES promising for applications. By means of a simple redox reaction on the surface, this work has proven that oxygen vacancies can dope the conduction band minimum at the surface of SnO₂, solving a long-debated issue about their role in n-type doping in SnO₂. 2.The study of topological surface states in M₂Te₂X (with M = Hf, Zr, or Ti; and X = P or As), a new family of three-dimensional topological metals, originating from SOC and being protected by time-reversal symmetry. Their electronic structure and spin texture, studied by ARPES and SARPES, reveal the presence of massless Dirac fermions giving rise to Dirac-node arcs. 3.The investigation of the quasi-one-dimensional heavy-fermion material YbNi₄P₂, which presents a second-order quantum phase transition from a ferromagnetic to a paramagnetic phase upon partial substitution of phosphorous by arsenide. Such a transition is expected to occur only in zero- or one-dimensional systems, but a direct measurement of the electronic structure of ferromagnetic quantum-critical materials was missing so far. By careful in-situ preparation and cleaning of the surface of YbNi₄P₂ single crystals, which are impossible to cleave, their electronic structure has been successfully measured by ARPES, thus effectively unveiling the quasi-one-dimensionality of YbNi₄P₂. Moreover, the protocol used to make this material accessible to ARPES can be readily generalised to other exotic materials lacking a cleavage plane
Maigné, Alan. "Caractérisation et modélisation par microscopie électronique en transmission à balayage (STEM) et spectroscopie de perte d’énergie d’électrons (EELS) de « nanohorns » de carbone monofeuillet fonctionnalisés pour des applications pharmaceutiques Review of recent advances in spectrum imaging and its extension to reciprocal space Revealing the Secret of Water-Assisted Carbon Nanotube Synthesis by Microscopic Observation of the Interaction of Water on the Catalysts Role of Subsurface Diffusion and Ostwald Ripening in Catalyst Formation for Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Forest Growth Effect of hole size on the incorporation of C60 molecules inside single-wall carbon nanohorns and their release Adsorption Phenomena of Tetracyano-p-quinodimethane on Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns Carbon Nanohorns as Anticancer Drug Carriers Effect of Functional Groups at Hole Edges on Cisplatin Release from Inside Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns Optimum Hole-Opening Condition for Cisplatin Incorporation in Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns and Its Release Functionalization of Carbon Nanohorns with Azomethine Ylides: Towards Solubility Enhancement and Electron-Transfer Processes Aqueous carbon nanohorn–pyrene–porphyrin nanoensembles: Controlling charge-transfer interactions Photoinduced Electron Transfer on Aqueous Carbon Nanohorn–Pyrene– Tetrathiafulvalene Architectures Soluble Functionalized Carbon Nanohorns." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS600.
Full textIn this manuscript, we will expose the characterization and modelling of Single Wall Nanohorns (SWNH) and Nanotube Forests by analytical microscopy and the functionalization of SWNH for drug delivery applications. Firstly, we will introduce the microscopy and spectroscopy methods used for our experiments. We will then study the growth process of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) forests (within the framework of a collaboration with AIST, Japan). SWCH, their structure, modifications and filling properties will be analysed in details. An original method will be presented to study the porosity of inorganic material with EELS. Ab initio calculation will also be used to explore the effect of the defects present in the SWNH wall on the oxidation and filling process. We will study the potentialities of Single Wall Carbon nanohorns as Drug Delivery Systems and particularly as anticancer drug carriers
Timrov, Iurii. "Ab initio study of plasmons and electron-phonon coupling in bismuth: from free-carrier absorption towards a new method for electron energy-loss spectroscopy." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/82/37/58/PDF/thesis.pdf.
Full textThis work has been devoted to the theoretical study of bulk semimetallic bismuth with methods based on the density functional theory (DFT). Effects of spin-orbit coupling and of the exchange-and-correlation functionals in the local density (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) have been systematically investigated. I have found that electron and hole pockets at the Fermi level are accurately reproduced, which has enabled me to successfully interpret the pump-probe experiments in the photoexcited bismuth performed in the Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés. The strong dependence on the electronic wave vector, of the calculated electronic coupling of the upper valence band with the zone-center A1g LO phonon, explains the observation of a strongly k-dependent oscillation amplitude of the upper valence band in time-resolved photoemission experiments upon activation of the coherent A1g phonon under photoexcitation. I have also shown that the presence of local extrema in the conduction and valence bands structure, where the carrier mass can be as large as 18 m0, favours an accumulation of photoexcited carriers in these extrema and contributes to the augmentation of the plasma frequency as a function of time after the photoexcitation, an effect which has no analogy in other materials (as yet). Finally, I have developed a new ab initio approach in the time-dependent density functional perturbation theory (TDDFPT), which allows us to calculate the electronic response of materials for any momentum transfer. This approach based on the Lanczos recursion method has enabled me to calculate for the first time the electron energy-loss spectrum of Bi in the 0-100 eV energy range, bridging the gap between valence and core losses. This method opens the way to the routine calculation of surface plasmons
Ferté, Suzanne. "Exploring the diversity of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in microalgae species." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS615.
Full textMicroalgae supplies virtually all the oceanic trophic chains and participate in almost half of photosynthesis on Earth. Although their genetic diversity is well known, their functional diversity remains little explored. The main route of photosynthesis, the linear flux of electrons from water to CO2, seems to be well conserved among phylogeny. It involves two photosystems working in series, the photosystem II (PSII) and I (PSI). In plants and green algae, there is a cyclic electron flow that involves only the PSI which would be crucial for photosynthetic regulation. The study of this cyclic electron flow is hampered by the absence of robust method to measure it. We have shown that the most used method for estimating PSI activity is unreliable. On this basis, we propose an alternative method to detect the presence of cyclic electron flow and to study its dependence on the linear flux. We could show very different behaviors between species of microalgae. Finally, the study of an efflorescence of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in mesocosm allowed us to highlight a signature of the cells infection by a virus which could involve the cyclic electron flow around the PSI
Dacosta, Fernandes Benoit. "Etude des propriétés électroniques et vibrationnelles de nano-objets métalliques et hybrides par spectroscopie femtoseconde." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0047/document.
Full textElectronic and vibrational dynamics have been studied in metallic and hybrid nano-object using femtosecond timeresolved spectroscopy. The study of electron-lattice energy exchanges in two-dimensional metallic systems showed an acceleration of the energy transfer between electrons and phonons due to confinement. This acceleration is governed by the smallest dimension of the nano-objects (2D-silver nano triangles ) when it becomes smaller than 10 nm. We also studied the vibrational dynamics of metallic nanoparticles, bimetallic and metal-dielectric. We investigated the longitudinal and radial modes of vibration of gold bipyramids which depend on their size, and studied their evolution under silver deposition. A high sensitivity of periods and amplitudes for small deposition were demonstrated. Our work on the evolution of acoustic vibrations of core-shell nano-objects (silver-silica and goldsilica) allowed us to obtain information on the quality of mechanical contact at the metal-dielectric interface. Finally, we studied the electronic interactions in hybrid metal / semiconductor (ZnO-Ag) nano-systems, and especially the charge transfer and energy exchanges between the two components. We showed a strong influence of the environment on the electron dynamics of ZnO and proved the existence of an electron transfer, photoinduced by an infrared pulse, from the metal particle to the semiconductor conduction band
Levshov, Dmitry. "Raman modes in index-identified individual single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01023001.
Full textMahé, Jérôme. "Far infrared/Tera-Hertz spectroscopy in the gas phase : experiments and theory." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLE043/document.
Full textInfrared spectroscopy allows the assignment of three dimensional structures of molecular systems, by comparing experimental and theoretical spectra. Our investigations take place in the gas phase, where molecules and clusters are free of intermolecular interactions.Our work combines experimental IR-UV ion dip spectroscopy and theoretical DFT-MD anharmonic spectroscopy. The infrared spectrum is calculated for low energy 3Dstructures and the best match between theory and experiment provides the information about the structure present in the experimental conditions.We demonstrate for several systems that far infrared/THz spectroscopy (<800 cm-1, <24THz) allows conformational assignment without ambiguities, contrary to the more traditional 1000-4000 cm-1 range. Systems investigated here are dipeptides, a β-sheet model, phenol derivatives (also complexe dwith water molecules), DNA base pairs, all these structures being built on intra-/intermolecular hydrogen bonds
Joly, Laure. "Couplage spectroscopie optique - spectrométrie de masse : propriétés optiques et photofragmentation de biomolécules." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10085.
Full textThis manuscript discusses optical properties and photofragmentation of gas phase biomolecules. These experiments are performed with a quadrupolar ion trap coupled to a UV-visible tunable laser. Molecules are isolated at the center of the trap, and irradiated by the laser beam. The most intense relaxation channel observed for multiply negatively charged ions is electron emission. This loss of one electron leads to radical anion formation. The first part of this manuscript is dedicated to the study of the mechanisms leading to the electron loss. Photodetachment experiments performed in Lyon were completed by photoelectron spectroscopy experiments performed in Karlsruhe (Pr. Kappes). The radical anion production has an important analytical potential. One of the main objectives of this work was to study the reactivity of this radical anion and to show the interest of radical fragmentation for the structural analysis of peptides. An other objective was to probe electronical properties of gas phase peptides and proteins. The electron detachment yield is recorded as a function of laser wavelength. We have determinated optical fingerprints for neutral, deprotonated and radical chromophores localized in the heart of proteins. These results are compared to computational methods (TD DFT)
Chakma, Rikel. "Characterization of the multi-detector GABRIELA and decay spectroscopy of ²⁵⁵Rf and ²⁵¹No." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP066.
Full textOne unanswered question that lies at the crossroad of physics and chemistry is: what is the limit of the periodic table. Nuclear theories suggest the existence of the so-called "island of stability", inhabited by long-lived superheavy elements. These elements can materialize only because of strong quantum shell stabilizing effects. Thus, superheavy elements form a unique laboratory for studying nuclear structure and dynamics under the influence of very large Coulomb forces between the numerous protons in the nucleus. However, a theoretical challenge lies in the prediction the exact position of this island as different models predict the position of the next shell closures at Z = 114, 120, or 126, and N=172, 184 beyond the closed spherical shells at Z = 82 and N = 126 rather inharmoniously. To better understand the behavior of nuclear matter for extreme values of proton and neutron numbers and constrain nuclear models it is, therefore, necessary to investigate the nature and sequence of states in lighter, more accessible, transactinide nuclei through spectroscopic studies. In this work, states of ²⁵⁵Rf were populated through the fusion-evaporation reaction ⁵⁰Ti(²⁰⁷Pb,2n)²⁵⁵Rf using an intense ⁵⁰Ti beam provided by the U400 cyclotron of FLNR in Dubna. The evaporation residues were separated from the beam and background of other reaction products using the recoil separator SHELS and implanted into the implantation detector of the GABRIELA setup. The GABRIELA multidetector array allows to perform time and position correlations between the implanted nuclei and their subsequent decays and is sensitive to the emission of gamma rays, internal conversion electrons, alpha particles and fission products. To interpret the experimental decay spectra, the GABRIELA multidetector was characterized using GEANT4 simulations, which were validated with calibration data. In particular, the impact of summing on the gamma-ray- and electron-detection efficiencies was investigated and showed that simulations are vital for interpreting experimental results obtained using compact and efficient setups like GABRIELA. A novel method to estimate the implantation depth profile of the evaporation residues was devised, which is essential especially for internal-conversion-electron spectroscopy.To be able to use GEANT4 for elements heavier than Fm (Z=100), the source code was modified and the Fluorescence and the Auger emission data were extrapolated to allow accurate radioactive decay simulations up to the element Rf. Using ²⁵⁷Rf experimental data obtained in Dubna and the known decay scheme of the 21/2+ high-K isomer, the functionality of the modified GEANT4 code was validated. Simulations were then used to study the fine structure alpha decay of ²⁵⁵Rf and derive branching ratios to states in ²⁵¹No. The gamma-decay branching ratios and internal conversion coefficients for transitions in ²⁵¹No were also extracted. In ²⁵⁵Rf, two new high-K isomeric states were identified and the existence of a low-lying spin isomer was confirmed. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons of the experimental spectra to simulations have allowed to establish the likely decay schemes and assign possible quasiparticle configurations for all 3 isomers
Bonin, Julien. "Solvatation de l'électron dans des solutions aqueuses et des alcools : étude par spectroscopie d'absorption femtoseconde." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112142.
Full textIn this PhD work we studied, with a time-resolved femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy method, the influence of the environment on the optical absorption spectrum of the solvated electron. First, we studied the absorption spectrum of the solvated electron in concentrated aqueous solutions of salts. Reviewing ten cations and two counterions, we observed a continuous shift of the absorption band toward shorter wavelengths without any change in shape and the bandwidth. The spectral shift depends on the characteristics of the cation (size and charge) but also on the counterion (screening effect and salt dissociation). Then, we studied the electron solvation dynamics in several alcohols (propane-1-ol, pentane-1-ol, propane-1,2-diol, propane-1,3-diol and glycerol). The transient absorption spectra recorded on 450 ps and between 440 and 710 nm have showed that, after its formation, the solvated electron mainly absorbs in the near-IR, then its spectrum evolves toward the visible domain to reach the spectrum of the stable species after a few tens of picoseconds. Global analysis of these data by two solvation models (stepwise and continuous) using a powerful Bayesian inference method coupled with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method has allowed us to obtain characteristic times that correlate the macroscopic properties of the liquids (viscosity and dielectric relaxation times)
Baida, Hatim. "Propriétés optiques et spectroscopie non-linéaire de nanoparticules individuelles." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00713129.
Full textKarraï, Khaled. "Etude de propriétés magnéto-optiques des hétérostructures de semiconducteurs III-V par spectroscopie submillimétrique." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10127.
Full textElloumi, Hatem. "Prise en compte des écarts à l'équilibre thermodynamique local dans le diagnostic des décharges dans le mercure par spectroscopie des raies atomiques." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30184.
Full textCastro, Vaz Diogo. "Spin-to-charge current conversion in SrTiO3-based two-dimensional electron gases." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS449.pdf.
Full textThis thesis is composed by four chapters. In the first, we start by introducing basic concepts in spintronics, such as the electron spin, a definition of spin current, and how spins behave in real materials. Then, we review the main consequences of the relation between charge and spin currents in different materials, and how a charge current can be converted in a spin current (and vice-versa). In particular scenarios, the physics of the interconversion follows special symmetry considerations in the framework of the Dressllehaus and Rashba effects, which in turn explain the spin-to-charge current interconversion in 2D electron gases through the direct and inverse Edelstein effect. In the second chapter, we introduce the main material used throughout this thesis: strontium titanate (SrTiO3). After reviewing its main features, we explore the remarkable 2D elec-tron gas found in the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 system. We discuss in detail the origin of the interfacial conductivity that arises between these two insulators, the critical thickness for conduction of 4 unit cells of LaAlO3, and the main mechanisms that lead to the 2D electron gas formation (polar catastrophe, cation interdiffusion, surface reactions and polarity-induced defects). Then, we thoroughly describe the experimental procedure to obtain such heterostructures, including a comprehensive guide on the surface treatment of SrTiO3 single crystals, the pulsed laser deposition growth of ultra-thin LaAlO3 films and magnetron sputtering. In addition, we elaborate on the two main techniques used to evaluate the interfacial properties, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and magnetotransport, while showing some results for LaAlO3/SrTiO3 samples. Lastly, we show how a thin deposition of a metallic layer on top of LaAlO3/SrTiO3 can drastically change the interfacial properties, by reducing (if the metal is reactive) or increasing (for noble metals) the critical thickness for conduction. We end this chapter by giving a blueprint that describes how a 2D electron gas can be created in other oxide systems. In the third chapter we investigate spin-tocharge conversion phenomena. We start by giving an overview on experimental observations of Rashba 2D electron gases, as well as spin-to-charge current conversion through the inverse Edelstein effect in semiconductor quantum wells, topological insulators and oxide-based systems. Then, we thoroughly introduce spin pumping, a technique used to generate pure spin currents. Results for spin-to-charge current conversion in the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 and metal-capped SrTiO3 systems are shown, accompanied by an interpretation of the large and tunable conversion efficiency. For the metal-capped SrTiO3 case, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and notions of electronic band mixing and topology are introduced to describe the extremely large efficiency. In the last chapter, we show additional experiments performed on the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 system regarding anisotropic and unidirectional magnetoresistance, while reviewing the scarce bibliography on these effects in 2D electron gases. After that, we introduce a recently discovered effect, the unidirectional spin Hall magnetoresistance, and develop a simple conceptual model for an analogous effect in 2D electron gases: the unidirectional Edesltein magnetoresistance. This effect is based on the expected strong charge-to-spin conversion in 2D electrons gas, and the interaction of the generated spin currents with an adjacent ferromagnet. We finish by very briefly showing preliminary experiments in NiFe/ LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures
Modeley, Derek. "Etude des états doublement excités de H- et des processus de seuil dans les collisions H-/gaz rare par spectroscopie électronique à zéro degré." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066458.
Full textTorche, Abderrezak. "Simulations ab-initio des spectres Raman résonants dans le graphène, les multicouches de graphène et le graphite." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066522.
Full textMulti-layer graphene with rhombohedral ABC stacking is considered as a promising carbon phase possibly displaying correlated states like magnetism or high-T c superconductivity due to the occurrence of an ultraflat electronic surface band at the Fermi level. Despite Bernal graphite being the most stable form of graphite, three and four layers graphene samples with rhombohedral stacking can be synthesized. Recently, flakes of thickness up to 17 layers were tentatively attributed ABC sequences although the Raman fingerprint of rhombohedral multilayer graphene is currently unknown and the 2D two-phonon resonant Raman spectrum of Bernal graphite not completely theoretically understood. Here we provide a complete first principles description of the 2D Raman peak in three and four layer graphene for all possible stackings, as well as for bulk Bernal, rhombohedral and an alternation of Bernal and rhombohedral graphite, that can be seen as a periodic sequence of ABA and ABC trilayers. Calculations for several laser energies are performed and we give practical prescriptions are proposed to identify long range sequences of ABC multi-layer graphene flakes
Burema, Shiri. "Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy with the Scanning Tunneling Microscope : a combined theory-experiment approach." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENSL0821.
Full textInelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy (IETS) with the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) is a novel vibrational spectroscopy technique that permits to characterize very subtle properties of molecules adsorbed on metallic surfaces. Its proposed symmetry-based propensity selection rules, however, fail to fully capture its exact mechanism and influencing factors; are not directly retraceable to an adsorbate property and are cumbersome. In this thesis, a theoretical approach was taken to improve them. An IETS simulation protocol has been developed, parameterized and benchmarked, and consequently used to calculate IETS spectra for a set of systematically related small molecules on copper surfaces. Extending IETS principles were deduced that refer to the tunneling state’s vacuum extension, the selective activating/quenching of certain types of modes due to the moieties’ electronic properties, and the applicability of a sum rule of IETS signals. Also, fingerprinting IETS-signals that enable discrimination between adsorbate orientations, the chemical nature of atoms and structural isomers were determined and a strategy using straightforward electronic density distribution properties of the isolated molecule to predict IETS activity without (large) computational cost was developed. This expertise was used to rationalize and interpret experimentally measured IETS spectra for adsorbed metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines, being the first IETS studies of this large size. This experimental approach permitted to determine the current limitations of IETS-simulations. The associated identification shortcomings were resolved by conducting complementary STM-image simulations
Pinet, Véronique. "Approche quantitative de la spectroscopie auger : influence de la procedure experimentale et des facteurs correctifs." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066482.
Full textMahmoud, Salman. "Étude théorique des molécules diatomiques BN, SiN et LaH, structure électronique et spectroscopie." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20080/document.
Full textIn the present work a theoretical investigation of the lowest molecular states of BN, SiN and LaH molecule, in the representation 2s+1Λ(+/-), has been performed via complete active space self-consistent field method (CASSCF) followed by multireference single and double configuration interaction method (MRSDCI). The Davidson correction noted as (MRSDCI+Q) was then invoked in order to account for unlinked quadruple clusters. The entire CASSCF configuration space was used as a reference in the MRCI calculation which has been performed via the computational chemistry program MOLPRO and by taking advantage of the graphical user interface Gabedit. Forty-two singlet, triplet, and quintet lowest electronic states in the 2s+1Λ(+/-) representation below 95000 cm-1 have been investigated of the molecule BN. While twenty-eight electronic states in the representation2s+1Λ(+/-)up to 70000 cm-1 of the SiN molecule have been investigated.On the other hand the Twenty four low-lying electronic states of LaH in the representation 2s+1Λ(+/-) below 35000 cm-1 have been studied by two different methods and by taking into consideration the spin orbit effect of the molecule LaH we give in the energy splitting of the eight electronic states. The potential energy curves (PECs) together with the harmonic frequency ωe, the equilibrium internuclear distance re, the rotational constants Be and the electronic energy with respect to the ground state Te have been calculated for the considered electronic states of BN, SiN and LaH molecule respectively. Using the canonical functions approach, the eigenvalues Ev, the rotational constants Bv ,the centrifugal distortion constants Dv and the abscissas of the turning points Rmin and Rmax have been calculated for electronic states up to the vibrational level v =51 for LaH molecule.Eighteen and Nine electronic states have been investigated here for the first time for the molecules of BN and SiN respectively, while for LaH, news results are performed for twenty three electronic states of LaH molecule and the spin-orbit effect of LaH molecule is given here for the first time. A comparison with experimental and theoretical data for most of the calculated constants demonstrated a very good accuracy. Finally, we expect that the results of our work should invoke further experimental investigations for these molecules. Our results have been published in Canadian journal of chemistry, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer and we have two other papers in preparation to submit
Molas, Maciej. "Complexes multiexcitoniques dans des boites quantiques semiconductrices." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY041/document.
Full textThe studies of energy levels and of recombination processes of single quantum dots, optically filled with up to four electron-hole pairs are the subject of this work. The dots used in the present experiments, formed out of the Ga(Al)As matrix, represent relatively strongly confined zero-dimensional systems, and display several, atomic-like s-, p-,. . . shells. Single dots can be easily selected in our structures as they exhibit an extremely low surface density. Experimental techniques applied in this work include the methods of single dot spectroscopy, polarization resolved techniques, application of magnetic fields and photon correlation measurements. Distinct, below- and above-dot-barrier laser excitation has been used for photoluminescence experiments. Importantly, the photoluminescence excitations experiments (in magnetic fields) have been carried out, as well.Depending on excitation conditions (power and wavelength of laser), the investigated dots show a multitude of relatively sharp lines, each dot displaying the same, characteristic pattern of lines, grouped into distinct clusters corresponding to subsequent atomic-like shells. Spectral range covering the s- and p-shells region has been explored in the present studies. The assignment of spectral lines has been at large provided by the results of polarization resolved micro-photoluminescence and photon correlation experiments. Those experiments depict three distinct families of emission lines, each related to recombination of, correspondingly, neutral, positively charged and negatively charged electron-hole (excitonic) complexes. The emission lines observed within a four step cascade of a neutral quadexciton down to the recombination of a neutral exciton and two step cascades of positively charged biexcitons down to the recombination of a singlet and triplet state of positively charged excitons have been studied in details. The fine structure, induced by exchange interactions and preliminarily seen in (linear) polarization resolved emission experiment at zero magnetic field, has been studied for various emission lines (related to s- and p- shells). The evolution of this splitting has been then investigated as a function of the magnetic field. The results are interpreted in terms of the shape anisotropy of dots and an interplay between spin- and orbital-mediated effects, characteristic of different recombination processes. A significant portion of this work has aimed to compare the emission spectra measured at a relatively high excitation power (which include the recombination processes of up to quadexciton complexes) with photoluminescence excitation spectra (which probe the excited states of a single exciton). Such experiments have been also carried out as a function of the magnetic field. As expected the emission spectra of high order excitonic complexes are indeed greatly affected by Coulomb interactions between carriers and in consequence are in general very different from the photoluminescence excitation spectra (quasi absorption) of a neutral and charged exciton. Two types of the magnetic field evolution of detected absorption lines (resonant peaks), the s- and p-shell related, have been measured. The s-shell like resonant peaks were attributed to the transition between the excited hole levels in the valence band and the ground s-shell level in the conduction band. Nevertheless, there exists an emission line which is observed within the p-shell cluster, and which coincides with the absorption line. That "coinciding resonance" is concluded to be an excited excitonic state which recombines radiatively due to efficient blocking of its relaxation towards the ground state
Haddad, Noël. "Étude des propriétés diélectriques des phases Mn+1AXn par spectroscopie de pertes d'énergies des électrons." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112349.
Full textThe MAX phases are ternary carbides and nitrides which exhibit remarkable properties half way between metals end ceramics. In this work, we have measured the complex dielectric constant Ɛ(ω) as a function of the composition of the sample. The samples are thin films of single crystal grown by magnetron sputtering and bulk polycristals processed by hot isostatic pressure. The measurements have been performed by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the infrated - soft x-ray range and by V-UV ellipsometry in the infrated-ultraviolet range (1. 6 to 5. 5 eV). The dielctric properties of the Ti2A1C and Ti2A1N samples are remarkably different with the crystallographic orientation. In particular, a shift of the energy position of the plasmon of Ti1A1C with respect to the orientation of the crystal is observed. The dielectric constants of thin films of Ti2GeC, Ti2SnC and V2GeC have also been determined. A empirical semi-classical Drude-Lorentz model is fitted to the experimental spectra enabled us to extract the microscopic parameters such as the relaxation times and the electron density and the lifetime of free electrons. In addition, we show that the DC conductivity is indeed anisotropic in these compounds, a fact which has not been possible to address so far on macroscopic measurements. The dielectric function has been modelled in the framework of the time dependant density functional theory. Our calculations showed that the various dielctric functions in Ti2A1C are clearly influenced by strong local effect created by the presence of the d band in this material