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Journal articles on the topic 'Electron rays'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Witherspoon, Kenny C., Brian J. Cross, and Mandi D. Hellested. "Combined Electron Excitation and X-Ray Excitation for Spectrometry in the SEM." Microscopy Today 21, no. 4 (2013): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929513000709.

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Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) is an analytical technique used to determine elemental composition. It is a powerful, easy-to-use, non-destructive technique that can be employed for a wide variety of materials. In this technique the electron beam of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) impinges on the sample and excites atomic electrons causing the production of characteristic X rays. These characteristic X rays have energies specific to elements in the sample. The EDS detector collects these X rays as a signal and produces a spectrum. Samples also can be excited by X rays. Collim

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2

Hlava, Paul F., and William F. Chambers. "Electron microprobe analysis: The upper limit of submicron spectroscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 744–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100145091.

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In the electron microprobe, a beam of high energy electrons is focussed to a fine point on the surface of a fairly thick specimen and the x rays produced are analyzed to determine the chemistry of the "point". The spa- cial resolution of this instrument for chemical analysis, then, is defined by the volume of material from which the x ray signal originates. This, in turn, is related to factors such as the diameter of the electron beam, the spreading of the electron beam as it penetrates into the sample and interacts with the atoms of the sample to generate x rays, and the extent to which these

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3

Cao, Zhen, F. Aharonian, Q. An, et al. "Peta–electron volt gamma-ray emission from the Crab Nebula." Science 373, no. 6553 (2021): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg5137.

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The Crab Nebula is a bright source of gamma rays powered by the Crab Pulsar’s rotational energy through the formation and termination of a relativistic electron-positron wind. We report the detection of gamma rays from this source with energies from 5 × 10−4 to 1.1 peta–electron volts with a spectrum showing gradual steepening over three energy decades. The ultrahigh-energy photons imply the presence of a peta–electron volt electron accelerator (a pevatron) in the nebula, with an acceleration rate exceeding 15% of the theoretical limit. We constrain the pevatron’s size between 0.025 and 0.1 pa

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4

Falconer, Isobel. "Corpuscles, Electrons and Cathode Rays: J.J. Thomson and the ‘Discovery of the Electron’." British Journal for the History of Science 20, no. 3 (1987): 241–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400023955.

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On 30 April, 1897, J. J. Thomson announced the results of his previous four months' experiments on cathode rays. The rays, he suggested, were negatively charged subatomic particles. He called the particles ‘corpuscles’. They have since been re-named ‘electrons’ and Thomson has been hailed as their ‘discoverer’. Contrary to the accounts of most later writers, I show that this discovery was not the outcome of a concern with the nature of cathode rays which had occupied Thomson since 1881 and had shaped the course of his experiments during the period 1881–1897. An examination of his work shows th

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5

Moodie, A. F., and J. C. H. Spence. "John Maxwell Cowley 1923 - 2004." Historical Records of Australian Science 17, no. 2 (2006): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr06012.

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John Cowley contributed significantly to all of the fields that relate to electron diffraction and electron microscopy, and helped to found not a few of them. His name is associated in particular with n-beam dynamical theory, high-resolution electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, instrumental design, and the application of the techniques of electron scattering to structure analysis. His experimental work was not, however, confined to the scattering of electrons: to take but one instance, his seminal work on the theory of short-range order was stimulated initially by hi

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6

Carmichael, Stephen W. "An Electron Optical Achromat." Microscopy Today 5, no. 6 (1997): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500056029.

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Spherical and chromatic aberrations have been the bane of optical lenses ever since they were first ground from a piece of glass. As light travels through a convex (converging) lens, the rays at the center of the optical axis are refracted (bent) less than the peripheral rays, so that the central rays are focused behind the peripheral rays. This is the essence of spherical aberration. Light of differing wavelengths (colors) interact differently with the lens so that longer wavelengths (red) are focused behind shorter wavelengths (blue). This is chromatic aberration. In the early days of light

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7

Bednarik, Martin, David Manas, Miroslav Manas, Martin Ovsik, Jan Navratil, and Ales Mizera. "Surface and Adhesive Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene after Radiation Cross-Linking." Key Engineering Materials 606 (March 2014): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.606.265.

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Radiation cross-linking gives inexpensive commodity plastics and technical plastics the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of high-performance plastic. This upgrading of the plastics enables them to be used in conditions which they would not be able to with stand otherwise. The irradiation cross-linking of thermoplastic materials via electron beam or cobalt 60 (gammy rays) is performed separately, after processing. Generally, ionizing radiation includes accelerated electrons, gamma rays and X-rays. Radiation processing with an electron beam offers several distinct advantages when com

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8

Bell, David C., Anthony J. Garratt-Reed, and Linn W. Hobbs. "RDF Analysis of Radiation-Amorphized SiC using a field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (1998): 700–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760002362x.

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AbstractFast electrons are a particularly useful chemical and structural probe for the small sample volumes associated with ion- or fast electron-irradiation-induced amorphization, because of their much stronger interaction with matter than for X-rays or neutrons, and also because they can be readily focused to small probes. Three derivative signals are particularly rich in information: the angular distribution of scattered electrons (which is utilized in both diffraction and imaging studies); the energy loss spectrum of scattered electrons (electron energy loss spectroscopy, or EELS); and the

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9

Jagodziński, P., D. Banaś, M. Pajek, et al. "A high-resolution asymmetric von Hamos spectrometer for low-energy X-ray spectroscopy at the CRYRING@ESR electron cooler." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 11 (2023): P11002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/p11002.

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Abstract We present research program and project for high-resolution wavelength-dispersive spectrometer dedicated to low-energy X-ray spectroscopy at the electron cooler of the CRYRING@ESR storage ring, which is a part of the international Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) currently being built in Darmstadt. Due to the unique shape of the electorn-ion recombination X-ray source, resulting from the overlapping of the electron and ion beams in the electron cooler, the spectrometer can work in the specific asymmetric von Hamos (AvH) geometry. In order to completely eliminate the inf

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10

Shao, Tao, Victor F. Tarasenko, Cheng Zhang, Evgeni KH Baksht, Ping Yan, and Yuliya V. Shut'Ko. "Repetitive nanosecond-pulse discharge in a highly nonuniform electric field in atmospheric air: X-ray emission and runaway electron generation." Laser and Particle Beams 30, no. 3 (2012): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034612000201.

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AbstractRepetitive nanosecond-pulse discharge with a highly inhomogeneous electric field was investigated in air at atmospheric pressure. Three repetitive nanosecond generators were used, and the rise times of the voltage pulses were 15, 1, and 0.2 ns, respectively. Under different experimental conditions, X-rays and runaway electron beams were directly measured using various setups. The variables affecting X-rays and runaway electrons, including gap distance, pulse repetition frequency, anode geometry, and material, were investigated. It was shown that it was significantly easier to record th

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11

Pettinato, Sara, Marco Girolami, Antonella Stravato, et al. "A Highly Versatile X-ray and Electron Beam Diamond Dosimeter for Radiation Therapy and Protection." Materials 16, no. 2 (2023): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020824.

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Radiotherapy is now recognized as a pillar in the fight against cancer. Two different types are currently used in clinical practice: (1) external beam radiotherapy, using high-energy X-rays or electron beams, both in the MeV-range, and (2) intraoperative radiotherapy, using low-energy X-rays (up to 50 keV) and MeV-range electron beams. Versatile detectors able to measure the radiation dose independently from the radiation nature and energy are therefore extremely appealing to medical physicists. In this work, a dosimeter based on a high-quality single-crystal synthetic diamond sample was desig

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12

Aoshima, Keito, Masahiro Horita, and Jun Suda. "Correlation between non-ionizing energy loss and production rate of electron trap at E_C − (0.12–0.20) eV formed in gallium nitride by various types of radiation." Applied Physics Letters 122, no. 1 (2023): 012106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0128709.

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Production rate (PR = trap concentration/incident fluence) of traps formed by energetic particles is important for predicting device degradation caused by radiation when developing radiation-resistant devices. We demonstrate a clear correlation between non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL) and PR of an electron trap at about 0.12–0.20 eV below the conduction band edge [ EC − (0.12–0.20) eV] for various types of energetic particles in gallium nitride (GaN). NIEL values in GaN for electrons, protons, and [Formula: see text]-rays were calculated using a screened-relativistic treatment, and NIEL values

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13

Zeng, Mingjing, Yangyi Zhang, Yifan Chang, and Youwei Tian. "Highly Collimated Monochromatic X-rays Generated by Collision of High-Energy Electrons with Tightly Focused Linearly Polarized Laser Pulse." Crystals 14, no. 1 (2023): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst14010013.

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This article delves into the generation and modulation process of X-rays as high-energy photon sources. Using the principles of classical electrodynamics, this study enables nonrelativistic short pulse lasers to collide with high-energy electrons while the collision center is away from the focal point. This scattering method may produce X-rays with good collimation and monochromaticity, and it progressively approaches inverse Thomson scattering. We studied and analyzed the effects of different electron characteristics and laser parameter settings on the high-energy angular distribution and spe

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14

Jabłoński, Ł., P. Jagodziński, D. Banaś, et al. "Measurements of X-rays excited by pulsed beams of highly charged ions from EBIS." Journal of Instrumentation 20, no. 06 (2025): C06004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/20/06/c06004.

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Abstract The measurements of X-rays excited by pulsed beams of highly charged ions from an Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS), which were performed using fast silicon drift detector (SDD), are discussed in context of count losses due to the detector dead time effect. We demonstrate that for pulsed X-rays the measured intensities can be strongly affected both by a SDD dead time and pulse length. In a dedicated measurements with constant intensity X-rays, which were excited by electrons from an electron gun, we showed that a SDD detector used is of paralyzable type and its dead time can be determin

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15

Wu, Jin-tao, Ming-jun Feng, and Jian-hong Ruan. "Research on electron and positron spectrum in the high-energy region based on the gluon condensation model." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2023, no. 10 (2023): 059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2023/10/059.

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Abstract Electron (positron), proton and nuclei can be accelerated to very high energy by local supernova remnants (SNR). The famous excesses of electron and proton (nuclei) potentially come from such kind of local sources. Recently, the DAMPE experiment measured the electron spectrum (including both electrons and positrons) of cosmic rays with high-accuracy. It provides an opportunity to further explore the excess of electrons. According to the gluon condensation (GC) theory, once GC occurs, huge number of gluons condense at a critical momentum, and the production spectra of electron and prot

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16

Vrakking, Marc J. J., and Thomas Elsaesser. "X-rays inspire electron movies." Nature Photonics 6, no. 10 (2012): 645–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.247.

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17

Wittry, D. B. "Focusing x rays for microprobe x-ray fluorescence analysis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (1992): 1730–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010013328x.

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X-ray microprobes that use focused monochromatic x rays for fluorescence excitation have four significant advantages over electron microprobes that use focused electrons for direct excitation, namely: 1) less background radiation is produced, 2) there is little or no charging of insulating specimens, 3) less damage is caused to the specimen, and 4) the specimen often does not need a high vacuum environment. These advantages result from the difference in interaction of photon and electron beams with matter. In the first place, because the x-ray photon is uncharged, bremsstrahlung which is alway

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18

ELIASSON, BENGT, and CHUAN SHENG LIU. "An electromagnetic gamma-ray free electron laser." Journal of Plasma Physics 79, no. 6 (2013): 995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377813000779.

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AbstractWe present a theoretical model for the generation of coherent gamma rays by a free electron laser, where a high-energy electron beam interacts with an electromagnetic wiggler. By replacing the static undulator with a 1-μm laser wiggler, the resulting radiation would go from X-rays currently observed in experiments, to gamma rays. Coherent light in the gamma-ray range would have wide-ranging applications in the probing of matter on sub-atomic scales.

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19

Winner, Georg, Christoph Pfrommer, Philipp Girichidis, Maria Werhahn, and Matteo Pais. "Evolution and observational signatures of the cosmic ray electron spectrum in SN 1006." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 499, no. 2 (2020): 2785–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2989.

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ABSTRACT Supernova remnants (SNRs) are believed to be the source of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs). SNR shocks accelerate CR protons and electrons which reveal key insights into the non-thermal physics by means of their synchrotron and γ-ray emission. The remnant SN 1006 is an ideal particle acceleration laboratory because it is observed across all electromagnetic wavelengths from radio to γ-rays. We perform 3D magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations where we include CR protons and follow the CR electron spectrum. By matching the observed morphology and non-thermal spectrum of SN 1006 in radio, X-r

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20

Luo 骆, Yingjie 英杰, Eduard P. Kontar, and Debesh Bhattacharjee. "Flare-accelerated Electrons in the Kappa Distribution from X-Ray Spectra with the Warm-target Model." Astrophysical Journal 974, no. 1 (2024): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad6a59.

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Abstract X-ray observations provide important and valuable insights into the acceleration and propagation of nonthermal electrons during solar flares. Improved X-ray spectral analysis requires a deeper understanding of the dynamics of energetic electrons. Previous studies have demonstrated that the dynamics of accelerated electrons with a few thermal speeds are more complex than those with significantly higher speeds. To better describe the energetic electrons after injection, a model considering energy diffusion and thermalization effects in flare conditions (the warm-target model) has recent

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21

Liu, Yiheng, Kai He, Gang Wang, et al. "Simulation of the impact of using a novel neutron conversion screen on detector time characteristics and efficiency." AIP Advances 12, no. 4 (2022): 045206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0073025.

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To directly measure the DT neutrons from inertial confinement fusion with a high time resolution, a new type of neutron conversion composed of a CH2 conversion layer, a metal moderation layer, and a CsI secondary electron emission layer is proposed. The conversion screen is based on the principle that recoil protons produced by elastic scattering of the neutrons in CH2 interact with CsI to generate secondary electrons. The moderation layer can filter the energy spectrum of protons to prevent low-energy protons from reaching CsI, which shortens the duration of the secondary electron pulse and i

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22

Yang, Qingyu, Yubo Wang, Yifei Cao, Jingwen Li, and Youwei Tian. "Spatial radiation features of the off-axis collision between a relativistic electron and a tightly focused linearly polarized laser." Laser Physics Letters 20, no. 4 (2023): 045301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/acb91f.

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Abstract The collision between relativistic electrons and a tightly focused linearly polarized laser pulse produced nonlinear inverse Thomson scattering (NITS), which generates backward x-rays. The effects of the initial transverse position of electrons with varied initial energy on the angular distribution of radiation power and spectrum are studied through numerical simulation. For the electrons with low initial energy (i.e. 2.56 MeV ), the off-axis collision breaks the spatial symmetry of x-ray radiation compared with the axial collision, the radiation direction is also torqued towards the

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KAWATSURA, K., T. HASEGAWA, N. TERAZAWA, et al. "CONTINUUM X RAYS IN HIGHLY CHARGED ION-ATOM COLLISIONS." International Journal of PIXE 06, no. 03n04 (1996): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083596000478.

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Continuous X rays produced by highly charged heavy ion-atom collisions have been studied experimentally. 2–5.5 MeV/u F, Si, S and Cl ions with zero or one electron were bombarded with a thin gas target of H 2 and He. Emitted X-ray spectra were measured by using a Si(Li) X-ray detector at 90°. The characteristic X rays and radiative electron capture X rays were observed clearly, which were superimposed on the continuum X rays. The continuum X rays can be well explained by two types of radiative processes: mainly quasi-free electron bremsstrahlung (QFEB), and partly atomic bremsstrahlung (AB). I

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24

Dremin, I. M., and D. O. Chernyshov. "Production of Positrons by Cosmic Rays." JETP Letters 120, no. 2 (2024): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0021364024601970.

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It is shown that electromagnetic interactions of cosmic ray protons provide a noticeable contribution to positrons production. This is due to a combination of low energy threshold of electron–positron pair creation compared to the thresholds of pion creation in strong interactions and rapid decrease of the cosmic rays energy spectrum. Moreover, the electromagnetically produced positrons are very soft, therefore their annihilation with background electrons directly produces the observed 511 keV gamma-line.

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Sehwook, Sehwook. "Experiments Using High-Energy Electron Accelerator." Physics and High Technology 34, no. 3 (2025): 8–14. https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.34.005.

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The Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free Electron Laser (PAL-XFEL) generates high-brightness X-rays from 10 GeV/c electron beam. This high-energy electron beam is produced at a high quality, adequate for conducting particle and nuclear physics experiments. This article elucidates the essential role that electrons have played at the forefront of particle physics, contributing to the intellectual progress of humankind, as well as their practical applications in experiments. At the end, a specifically designed experiment utilizing the electron beam from PAL-XFEL is introduced.

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Østgaard, N., J. Stadsnes, K. Aarsnes, et al. "Simultaneous measurements of X-rays and electrons during a pulsating aurora." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 2 (1998): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0148-0.

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Abstract. The PULSAUR II rocket was launched from Andøya Rocket Range at 23.43 UT on 9 February 1994 into a pulsating aurora. In this paper we focus on the observations of precipitating electrons and auroral X-rays. By using models it is possible to deduce the electron energy spectrum from X-ray measurements. Comparisons are made between the deduced electron fluxes and the directly measured electron fluxes on the rocket. We found the shape of the observed and the deduced electron spectra to fit very well, with almost identical e-folding energies in the energy range from 10 ke V to ~60–80 ke V.

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Wight, S. A., and C. J. Zeissler. "Phosphor Imaging Plate Measurement of Electron Scattering in the Environmental Scanning Electron Micrsoscope." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (2000): 798–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600036485.

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In this work, phosphor imaging plate technology is applied to measure electron scattering directly in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) specimen chamber. The scattering of electrons from the primary electron beam, under relatively high-pressure conditions (266 Pa) in the ESEM sample chamber, degrades the analytical accuracy of elemental analysis. The degree of this degradation is poorly known. To date, attempts to measure experimentally the spatial distribution of the scattered electrons have been limited to observing secondary effects such as the intensity of x-rays produc

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Yamamoto, Seiichi, Airi Hiramatsu, Yui Shimizu, Takuya Yabe, Katsunori Yogo, and Jun Kataoka. "Three-dimensional (3D) optical imaging of electron beam and X-rays from medical linear accelerators (LINAC) using a plastic scintillator plate in water." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 08 (2022): P08015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/08/p08015.

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Abstract Although optical imaging of electron beams and X-rays from medical linear accelerators (LINAC) is a possible method for dose distribution measurements, it has been limited to two-dimensional (2D) projection images. For the precise measurement of an optical image of electron beams and X-rays, three-dimensional (3D) imaging is desired. To measure 3D dose distributions, we conducted imaging of electron beams and X-rays using a plastic scintillator plate set in a water phantom. When this plate was immersed in the water phantom, irradiation with electron beams or X-rays was carried out fro

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29

Letaw, John R., J. H. Adams, Rein Silberberg, and C. H. Tsao. "Electron capture decay of cosmic rays." Astrophysics and Space Science 114, no. 2 (1985): 365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00653983.

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Armstrong, John T., and Paul K. Carpenter. "X-ray spatial resolution in electron microbeam analysis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 462–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100086611.

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The spatial resolution of characteristic x-ray production from electron bombardment in thick specimens is dependent upon the rate of energy loss of the primary electrons, the degree of electron scattering, the degree of x-ray absorption by the matrix, and the extent of secondary fluorescence of the x-rays by higher energy characteristic and continuum x-rays. The x-ray spatial resolution in thick specimens is much coarser than the secondary or backscattered electron resolution, typically being of the order of a fraction of a μm to several μm when secondary fluorescence is not significant, or as

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M. MacRae, Colin, N. C. Wilson, and M. Otsuki. "Holistic Mapping in an Electron Microprobe." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (2001): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600026805.

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When an electron beam interacts with a solid target a number of interactions occur which produce electrons, x-rays and light. Typically in an electron microprobe analyser (EPMA) both the electron and x-ray signals are collected for analysis and imaging. However, if the EPMA is equipped with an optical spectrometer then all three signals can be collected. Commonly, the optical or CathodoLuminescence (CL) spectrometer is a monochromator type and can only collect a single frequency or small range of frequencies at a time. Simultaneous collection of the complete visible spectrum is not possible. T

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Tanaka, Motohiko, and K. Papadopoulos. "Creation of High-Energy Electron Tails by the Lower-Hybrid Waves and its Relevance to Type II and III Bursts." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 107 (1985): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900076026.

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It is commonly anticipated that high-energy electrons play an important role for the wave emission in flare bursts. For instance, electrons with >100 KeV are considered to create microwave emissions through gyro-synchrotron process and hard x-rays may be due to bremstrahlung with >25 KeV electrons. However, electron acceleration mechanism itself is still in speculations.

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Thuillier, T., J. Benitez, S. Biri, and R. Rácz. "X-ray diagnostics of ECR ion sources—Techniques, results, and challenges." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 2 (2022): 021102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0076321.

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The high magnetic confinement provided by the minimum-B structure of electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRIS) hosts a non-equilibrium plasma, composed of cold multi-charged ions and hot electrons whose energy can expand up to ≈1 MeV. With a very limited accessibility, the ECR plasma is difficult to study. The x-ray photons generated by the interaction of the warm and hot electron populations within the plasma, as well as the photons generated by electrons lost to the chamber wall, are a signal of great interest as it gives an insight to the properties of the ECR plasma. After an introd

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Zimek, Zbigniew. "Economical evaluation of radiation processing with high-intensity X-rays." Nukleonika 65, no. 3 (2020): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2020-0027.

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AbstractX-rays application for radiation processing was introduced to the industrial practice, and in some circumstances is found to be more economically competitive, and offer more flexibility than gamma sources. Recent progress in high-power accelerators development gives opportunity to construct and apply reliable high-power electron beam to X-rays converters for the industrial application. The efficiency of the conversion process depends mainly on electron energy and atomic number of the target material, as it was determined in theoretical predictions and confirmed experimentally. However,

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Nonnecke, G. R., D. G. Olson, C. A. Reitmeier, R. J. Gladon, and M. L. Gleason. "NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR IRRADIATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES." HortScience 28, no. 5 (1993): 469a—469. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.469a.

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The fruit and vegetable industry attempts to deliver to the consumer products of the highest quality. Irradiation of fruits and vegetables may allow the industry to achieve this goal more efficiently. A new and developing technology for enhancing food quality and safety is irradiation by using an electron beam linear accelerator, a source of high-speed electrons and x-rays. Advantages provided by this method of irradiation, as compared with other forms of irradiation, are: the direct use of electrons or conversion to x-rays; increased flexibility for irradiating a variety of products; variatio

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Luccio, A., G. Matone, L. Miceli, and G. Giordano. "Coherent backscattering in the soft X-ray region." Laser and Particle Beams 8, no. 3 (1990): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600008636.

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Coherent X rays can be produced by Compton scattering of laser light on a relativistic electron beam, whose current is periodically modulated by the same laser radiation in a suitable miniundulator. If electron and laser photon energy are properly matched, the modulated electron beam acts as a moving diffraction grating and the X rays show a high degree of coherence. A practical implementation of this scheme is shown.

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Vij, K. K., and D. Venkatesan. "Propagation of bremsstrahlung X rays through the atmosphere." Canadian Journal of Physics 69, no. 8-9 (1991): 994–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p91-157.

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To understand auroral phenomena and associated magnetospheric processes, balloon-borne measurements of bremsstrahlung X rays produced by electrons precipitating in our atmosphere have been made by various scientists. Measurements made by balloon-borne payloads have an advantage over direct measurements of electrons by satellites or rockets as these measurements provide an intense coverage at one location. These observations are usually made between 30–35 km altitude, and to relate them to the parent electron flux at the top of the atmosphere, it is necessary to understand the effect of propaga

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Wang, Wei-Min, Zheng-Ming Sheng, Paul Gibbon, Li-Ming Chen, Yu-Tong Li, and Jie Zhang. "Collimated ultrabright gamma rays from electron wiggling along a petawatt laser-irradiated wire in the QED regime." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 40 (2018): 9911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809649115.

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Even though high-quality X- and gamma rays with photon energy below mega-electron volt (MeV) are available from large-scale X-ray free electron lasers and synchrotron radiation facilities, it remains a great challenge to generate bright gamma rays over 10 MeV. Recently, gamma rays with energies up to the MeV level were observed in Compton scattering experiments based on laser wakefield accelerators, but the yield efficiency was as low as10−6, owing to low charge of the electron beam. Here, we propose a scheme to efficiently generate gamma rays of hundreds of MeV from submicrometer wires irradi

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Ritchie, Nicholas W. M. "Using DTSA-II to Simulate and Interpret Energy Dispersive Spectra from Particles." Microscopy and Microanalysis 16, no. 3 (2010): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927610000243.

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AbstractA high quality X-ray spectrum image of a 3.3 μm diameter sphere of K411 glass resting on a copper substrate was collected at 25 keV. The same sample configuration was modeled using the NISTMonte Monte Carlo simulation of electron and X-ray transport as is integrated into the quantitative X-ray microanalysis software package DTSA-II. The distribution of measured and simulated X-ray intensity compare favorably for all the major lines present in the spectra. The simulation is further examined to investigate the influence of angle-of-incidence, sample thickness, and sample diameter on the

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Kenik, E. A., and J. Bentley. "Influence of Tilt Angle on Hole Count and Secondary Fluorescence in x-ray Microanalysis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 2 (1990): 462–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100135915.

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The spatial resolution and accuracy of X-ray microanalysis in an analytical electron microscope (AEM) are limited by a variety of factors, two of which are the hole count and secondary fluorescence. The hole count arises from uncollimated radiation, either electrons or X rays, which excites areas of the specimen other than that excited by the primary electron beam. This can result in X-ray generation even when the probe does not hit the specimen; hence the name hole count. Secondary fluorescence deals with X-ray generation resulting from radiation produced by the interaction of the incident pr

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Jannis, Daen, Knut Müller-Caspary, Armand Béché, and Jo Verbeeck. "Coincidence Detection of EELS and EDX Spectral Events in the Electron Microscope." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (2021): 9058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199058.

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Recent advances in the development of electron and X-ray detectors have opened up the possibility to detect single events from which its time of arrival can be determined with nanosecond resolution. This allows observing time correlations between electrons and X-rays in the transmission electron microscope. In this work, a novel setup is described which measures individual events using a silicon drift detector and digital pulse processor for the X-rays and a Timepix3 detector for the electrons. This setup enables recording time correlation between both event streams while at the same time pres

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Ruban, Yuliia, Ondrej Ploc, Jakub Šlegl, et al. "Reconstruction of high energy thunderstorm radiation effects on soil matrix using Monte Carlo simulations." EPJ Web of Conferences 292 (2024): 09002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202429209002.

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Due to their electromagnetic properties, thunderclouds can act as natural particle accelerators. Electrons accelerated in the thunderclouds can reach energies up to tens of MeV. Large populations of high energetic electrons formed by avalanche growth driven by electric fields in the Earth atmosphere called Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanches (RREA) propagate through matter. They are decelerated and deflected in the course of collisions with particles in the atmosphere and emit gamma rays known as bremsstrahlung. The produced gamma rays can further trigger photonuclear reactions in the air

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Heinrich, Kurt F. J. "Going Nondispersive." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (1998): 162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600020936.

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In February 1968 Ray Fitzgerald, Klaus Keil and myself published in Science a communication titled “Solid-State Energy-Dispersion Spectrometer for Electron Microprobe X-ray Analysis”. The authors describe the use of a lithium-drifted silicon detector for the direct identification of x-rays, without a diffracting crystal, in an electron probe. The subject of this paper was to modify profoundly the development of x-ray microanalysis in the years to follow.Pulse-height analysis of gamma rays detected in scintillation counters was widely used at the time. For radiation of energies below 30 keV, ga

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Zhang, Jian, Tao Yi, Ming Su, Wei Ming Yang, and Shen Ye Liu. "Ultrafast Electron Cascades in X-Rays Detector." Materials Science Forum 850 (March 2016): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.850.226.

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A new detection method based on the ultrafast refractive index change of semiconductor was used for X-rays detection. Since temporal and spatial resolutions are important parameters of the ultrafast X-rays detector, the electron cascades in gallium arsenide and cadmium selenide were studied using Monte Carlo method. According to the calculations, the energy deposition time and scale are similar in gallium arsenide and cadmium selenide at low energy region, but different at high energy region. Electron cascades don’t have much impact on getting picosecond time resolution and high spatial resolu

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Tawara, H., P. Richard, U. I. Safronova, A. A. Vasilyev, and M. Stockli. "M X-ray emission from low-energy, highly charged Taq+ (q = 4549) ions colliding with neutral atoms due to singly and doubly excited states formed through single-electron capture." Canadian Journal of Physics 80, no. 8 (2002): 821–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p02-014.

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M X-rays have been observed from 140 keV/u 181Taq+ (q = 4549) ions colliding with neutral Ar atoms under single collisions. The most dominant X-rays have been found to be due to transitions of 4p3d and 4f3d when the projectiles bring 3d-shell vacancies into collisions. Though much weaker, M X-rays also have been observed in collisions with Ta45+ ions that initially have no 3d-shell vacancy and are understood to originate from transitions of the doubly excited states 3d9nln'l' formed through strong electronelectron interactions after single-electron capture. The observed M X-ray spectra ha

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Rigler, Mark, and William Longo. "High Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy Theory and Applications." Microscopy Today 2, no. 5 (1994): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500066256.

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A variety of energy emissions occur as a result of primary beam interaction with the specimen surface. Secondary electrons, x-rays, visible photons, near IR photons, and Auger electrons are emitted during inelastic scattering of electrons. Backscattered electrons (BSE) are emitted during elastic scattering of primary electrons. Backscattered electrons are those electrons which pass through the electron cloud of an atom and change direction without much energy loss. BSEs may diffuse into the sample or may escape from the sample surface. In practice, the primary electron beam penetrates deeply i

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Ardasheva, Raina, Veselin Popov, Viktor Yotov, et al. "Accelerated Electron Ionization-Induced Changes in the Myenteric Plexus of the Rat Stomach." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 12 (2024): 6807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126807.

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The influence of accelerated electrons on neuronal structures is scarcely explored compared to gamma and X-rays. This study aims to investigate the effects of accelerated electron radiation on some pivotal neurotransmitter circuits (cholinergic and serotonergic) of rats’ myenteric plexus. Male Wistar rats were irradiated with an electron beam (9 MeV, 5 Gy) generated by a multimodality linear accelerator. The contractile activity of isolated smooth muscle samples from the gastric corpus was measured. Furthermore, an electrical stimulation (200 μs, 20 Hz, 50 s, 60 V) was performed on the samples

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Woo, Jooyun, Kaya Mori, Charles J. Hailey, et al. "Spectrum and Location of Ongoing Extreme Particle Acceleration in Cassiopeia A." Astrophysical Journal 979, no. 1 (2025): 72. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad98f1.

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Abstract Young supernova remnants (SNRs) are believed to be the origin of energetic cosmic rays (CRs) below the “knee” of their spectrum at ∼3 PeV (1015 eV). Nevertheless, the precise location, duration, and operation of CR acceleration in young SNRs are open questions. Here, we report on multiepoch X-ray observations of Cassiopeia A (Cas A), a 350 yr old SNR, in the 15–50 keV band that probes the most energetic CR electrons. The observed X-ray flux decrease (15% ± 1% over 10 yr), contrary to the expected >90% decrease based on previous radio, X-ray, and gamma-ray observations, provides una

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Adischev, Yuri, Victor Zabaev, Valery Kaplin, Sergey Kuznetsov, Sergey Uglov, and Vitaly Ivanov. "Coherent X-Rays Generated by Relativistic Electrons in a Tungsten Monocrystal." Advanced Materials Research 1084 (January 2015): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1084.217.

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In an experiment conducted at the Tomsk synchrotron "Sirius", the photon yield of parametric X-ray radiation generated by 500 MeV electrons in a tungsten monocrystal in Bragg geometry has been studied. The (111) tungsten monocrystal, having a thickness of 1.7 mm and a surface mosaicity of not more than 80², was oriented at the Bragg angle θB= 45°to the direction of the electron beam. The photons were detected at the angle 2θB= 90° relative to the electron beam. A comparison of PXR angular distributions with calculations has been carried out with taking into account the actual conditions of the

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BACCI, A., C. MAROLI, V. PETRILLO, L. SERAFNI, and M. FERRARIO. "STUDY OF TRANSVERSE EFFECTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS WITH A FREE-ELECTRON LASER BASED ON AN OPTICAL UNDULATOR." International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, no. 23 (2007): 4270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x07037822.

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The interaction between high-brilliance electron beams and counter-propagating laser pulses produces X rays via Thomson back-scattering. If the laser source is long and intense enough, the electrons of the beam can bunch and a regime of collective effects can establish. In this case of dominating collective effects, the FEL instability can develop and the system behaves like a free-electron laser based on an optical undulator. Coherent X-rays can be irradiated, with a bandwidth very much thinner than that of the corresponding incoherent emission. The emittance of the electron beam and the dist

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