Relevant bibliographies by topics / Electron rays

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Electron rays'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Electron rays"

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Witherspoon, Kenny C., Brian J. Cross, and Mandi D. Hellested. "Combined Electron Excitation and X-Ray Excitation for Spectrometry in the SEM." Microscopy Today 21, no. 4 (July 2013): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929513000709.

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Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) is an analytical technique used to determine elemental composition. It is a powerful, easy-to-use, non-destructive technique that can be employed for a wide variety of materials. In this technique the electron beam of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) impinges on the sample and excites atomic electrons causing the production of characteristic X rays. These characteristic X rays have energies specific to elements in the sample. The EDS detector collects these X rays as a signal and produces a spectrum. Samples also can be excited by X rays. Collimated and focused X rays from an X-ray source produce characteristic X rays that can be detected by the same EDS detector. When X rays are used as the source of excitation, the method is then called X-ray fluorescence (XRF) or micro-XRF.
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Hlava, Paul F., and William F. Chambers. "Electron microprobe analysis: The upper limit of submicron spectroscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 744–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100145091.

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In the electron microprobe, a beam of high energy electrons is focussed to a fine point on the surface of a fairly thick specimen and the x rays produced are analyzed to determine the chemistry of the "point". The spa- cial resolution of this instrument for chemical analysis, then, is defined by the volume of material from which the x ray signal originates. This, in turn, is related to factors such as the diameter of the electron beam, the spreading of the electron beam as it penetrates into the sample and interacts with the atoms of the sample to generate x rays, and the extent to which these primary x rays penetrate beyond the region of electron beam interaction and generate secondary x rays by the process of fluorescence. Beam voltage, current, and diameter can all be easily controlled by the analyst. Once the electrons enter the specimen, however, the analyst loses control of their density. Each individual electron follows a unique, erratic path as it passes near, passes through, or collides with parts of the atoms in the specimen. Monte Carlo calculations are a means by which many investigators have tried to model the paths of individual electrons and the interation volume that large numbers of such electrons define.3 “* It is well known that the size and shape of the region into which the electron beam penetrates and expends its energy is controlled primarily by the average atomic number, atomic weight, and density of the specimen in the region of interest and the beam voltage.
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Falconer, Isobel. "Corpuscles, Electrons and Cathode Rays: J.J. Thomson and the ‘Discovery of the Electron’." British Journal for the History of Science 20, no. 3 (July 1987): 241–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400023955.

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On 30 April, 1897, J. J. Thomson announced the results of his previous four months' experiments on cathode rays. The rays, he suggested, were negatively charged subatomic particles. He called the particles ‘corpuscles’. They have since been re-named ‘electrons’ and Thomson has been hailed as their ‘discoverer’. Contrary to the accounts of most later writers, I show that this discovery was not the outcome of a concern with the nature of cathode rays which had occupied Thomson since 1881 and had shaped the course of his experiments during the period 1881–1897. An examination of his work shows that he paid scant attention to cathode rays until late 1896.
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Carmichael, Stephen W. "An Electron Optical Achromat." Microscopy Today 5, no. 6 (August 1997): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500056029.

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Spherical and chromatic aberrations have been the bane of optical lenses ever since they were first ground from a piece of glass. As light travels through a convex (converging) lens, the rays at the center of the optical axis are refracted (bent) less than the peripheral rays, so that the central rays are focused behind the peripheral rays. This is the essence of spherical aberration. Light of differing wavelengths (colors) interact differently with the lens so that longer wavelengths (red) are focused behind shorter wavelengths (blue). This is chromatic aberration. In the early days of light microscopy, these two inherent flaws seriously limited the quality of images.
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Cao, Zhen, F. Aharonian, Q. An, Axikegu, L. X. Bai, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, et al. "Peta–electron volt gamma-ray emission from the Crab Nebula." Science 373, no. 6553 (July 8, 2021): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg5137.

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The Crab Nebula is a bright source of gamma rays powered by the Crab Pulsar’s rotational energy through the formation and termination of a relativistic electron-positron wind. We report the detection of gamma rays from this source with energies from 5 × 10−4 to 1.1 peta–electron volts with a spectrum showing gradual steepening over three energy decades. The ultrahigh-energy photons imply the presence of a peta–electron volt electron accelerator (a pevatron) in the nebula, with an acceleration rate exceeding 15% of the theoretical limit. We constrain the pevatron’s size between 0.025 and 0.1 parsecs and the magnetic field to ≈110 microgauss. The production rate of peta–electron volt electrons, 2.5 × 1036 ergs per second, constitutes 0.5% of the pulsar spin-down luminosity, although we cannot exclude a contribution of peta–electron volt protons to the production of the highest-energy gamma rays.
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Moodie, A. F., and J. C. H. Spence. "John Maxwell Cowley 1923 - 2004." Historical Records of Australian Science 17, no. 2 (2006): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr06012.

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John Cowley contributed significantly to all of the fields that relate to electron diffraction and electron microscopy, and helped to found not a few of them. His name is associated in particular with n-beam dynamical theory, high-resolution electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, instrumental design, and the application of the techniques of electron scattering to structure analysis. His experimental work was not, however, confined to the scattering of electrons: to take but one instance, his seminal work on the theory of short-range order was stimulated initially by his experiments using X-rays, and it was only later that he extended the technique to include electron diffraction. Finally, to all those who practise the techniques of scattering electrons, X-rays, or neutrons in the study of solids, liquids or gases, his book Diffraction Physics remains not only eminently readable but authoritative.
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Bednarik, Martin, David Manas, Miroslav Manas, Martin Ovsik, Jan Navratil, and Ales Mizera. "Surface and Adhesive Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene after Radiation Cross-Linking." Key Engineering Materials 606 (March 2014): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.606.265.

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Radiation cross-linking gives inexpensive commodity plastics and technical plastics the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of high-performance plastic. This upgrading of the plastics enables them to be used in conditions which they would not be able to with stand otherwise. The irradiation cross-linking of thermoplastic materials via electron beam or cobalt 60 (gammy rays) is performed separately, after processing. Generally, ionizing radiation includes accelerated electrons, gamma rays and X-rays. Radiation processing with an electron beam offers several distinct advantages when compared with other radiation sources, particularly γ-rays and x-rays. The process is very fast, clean and can be controlled with much precision. There is no permanent radioactivity since the machine can be switched off. In contrast to γ-rays and x-rays, the electron beam can steered relatively easily, thus allowing irradiation of a variety of physical shapes. The energy-rich beta rays trigger chemical reactions in the plastics which results in networking of molecules (comparable to the vulcanization of rubbers which has been in industrial use for so long). The energy from the rays is absorbed by the material and cleavage of chemical bonds takes place. This releases free radicals which in next phase from desired molecular bonds. This article describes the effect of radiation cross-linking on the surface and adhesive properties of low-density polyethylene.
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Vrakking, Marc J. J., and Thomas Elsaesser. "X-rays inspire electron movies." Nature Photonics 6, no. 10 (October 2012): 645–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.247.

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Shao, Tao, Victor F. Tarasenko, Cheng Zhang, Evgeni KH Baksht, Ping Yan, and Yuliya V. Shut'Ko. "Repetitive nanosecond-pulse discharge in a highly nonuniform electric field in atmospheric air: X-ray emission and runaway electron generation." Laser and Particle Beams 30, no. 3 (May 25, 2012): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034612000201.

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AbstractRepetitive nanosecond-pulse discharge with a highly inhomogeneous electric field was investigated in air at atmospheric pressure. Three repetitive nanosecond generators were used, and the rise times of the voltage pulses were 15, 1, and 0.2 ns, respectively. Under different experimental conditions, X-rays and runaway electron beams were directly measured using various setups. The variables affecting X-rays and runaway electrons, including gap distance, pulse repetition frequency, anode geometry, and material, were investigated. It was shown that it was significantly easier to record the X-rays than the runaway electrons in the repetitive nanosecond-pulse discharge. It was confirmed that a volume diffuse discharge was attributed to the generation of runaway electrons and the corresponding X-rays.
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Bell, David C., Anthony J. Garratt-Reed, and Linn W. Hobbs. "RDF Analysis of Radiation-Amorphized SiC using a field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 700–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760002362x.

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AbstractFast electrons are a particularly useful chemical and structural probe for the small sample volumes associated with ion- or fast electron-irradiation-induced amorphization, because of their much stronger interaction with matter than for X-rays or neutrons, and also because they can be readily focused to small probes. Three derivative signals are particularly rich in information: the angular distribution of scattered electrons (which is utilized in both diffraction and imaging studies); the energy loss spectrum of scattered electrons (electron energy loss spectroscopy, or EELS); and the emission spectrum of characteristic X-rays resulting from ionization energy losses (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, or EDXS). We have applied the first two to the study of three amorphized compounds (AIPO4, SiO2, SiC) using MIT's Vacuum Generators HB603 field-emission (FEG) scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), operating at 250 kV and equipped with a Gatan digital parallel-detection electron energy-loss spectrometer (digiPEELS).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electron rays"

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Prade, H. "Workshop on X-rays from electron beams." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-30011.

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Prade, H. "Workshop on X-rays from electron beams." Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, 2000. https://hzdr.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21828.

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Nilsson, Daniel. "Zone Plates for Hard X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Biomedicinsk fysik och röntgenfysik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-122161.

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Hard x-ray free-electron lasers are novel sources of coherent x-rays with unprecedented brightness and very short pulses. The radiation from these sources enables a wide range of new experiments that were not possible with previous x-ray sources. Many of these experiments require the possibility to focus the intense x-ray beam onto small samples. This Thesis investigates the possibility to use diffractive zone plate optics to focus the radiation from hard x-ray free-electron lasers. The challenge for any optical element at free-electron laser sources is that the intensity in a single short pulses is high enough to potentially damage the optics. This is especially troublesome for zone plates, which are typically made of high Z elements that absorb a large part of the incident radiation. The first part of the Thesis is dedicated to simulations, where the temperature behavior of zone plates exposed to hard x-ray free-electron laser radiation is investigated. It is found that the temperature increase in a single pulse is several hundred Kelvin but still below the melting point of classical zone plate materials, such as gold, tungsten, and iridium. Even though the temperature increases are not high enough to melt a zone plate it is possible that stresses and strains caused by thermal expansion can damage the zone plate. This is first investigated in an experiment where tungsten gratings on diamond substrates are heated to high temperatures by a pulsed visible laser. It is found that the gratings are not damaged by the expected temperature fluctuations at free-electron lasers. Finally, a set of tungsten zone plates are tested at the Linac Coherent Light Source where they are exposed to a large number of pulses at varying fluence levels in a prefocused beam. Damage is only observed at fluence levels above those typically found in an unfocused x-ray free-electron laser beam. At higher fluences an alternative is to use a diamond zone plate, which has significantly less absorption and should be able to survive much higher fluence. Damage in diamond structures is investigated during the same experiment, but due to a remaining tungsten etch mask on top of the diamond the results are difficult to interpret. Additionally, we also demonstrate how the classical Ronchi test can be used to measure aberrations in focusing optics at an x-ray free-electron laser in a single pulse. The main result of this Thesis is that tungsten zone plates on diamond substrates can be used at hard x-ray free-electron laser sources.

QC 20130514

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Chandril, Sandeep. "In situ structural and compositional analysis using RHEED electrons induced x-rays." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10641.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 97 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-97).
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Chighvinadze, Tamar. "A spectroscopic Compton scattering reconstruction algorithm for 2D cross-sectional view of breast CT geometry." Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology, IOS press, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23846.

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X-ray imaging exams are widely used procedures in medical diagnosis. Whenever an x-ray imaging procedure is performed, it is accompanied by scattered radiation. Scatter is a significant contributor to the degradation of image quality in breast CT. This work uses our understanding of the physics of Compton scattering to overcome the reduction in image quality that typically results from scattered radiation. By measuring the energy of the scattered photons at various locations about the object, an electron density (ρe) image of the object can be obtained. This work investigates a system modeled using a 2D cross-sectional view of a breast CT geometry. The ρe images can be obtained using filtered backprojection over isogonic curves. If the detector has ideal energy and spatial resolution, a single projection will enable a high quality image to be reconstructed. However, these ideal characteristics cannot be achieved in practice and as the detector size and energy resolution diverge from the ideal, the image quality degrades. To compensate for the realistic detector specifications a multi-projection Compton scatter tomography (MPCST) approach was introduced. In this approach an x-ray source and an array of energy sensitive photon counting detectors located just outside the edge of the incident fan-beam, rotate around the object while acquiring scattering data. The ρe image quality is affected by the size of the detector, the energy resolution of the detector and the number of projections. These parameters, their tradeoffs and the methods for the image quality improvement were investigated. The work has shown that increasing the energy and spatial resolution of the detector improves the spatial resolution of the reconstructed ρe image. These changes in the size and energy resolution result in an increase in the noise. Thus optimizing the image quality becomes a tradeoff between blurring and noise. We established that a suitable balance is achieved with a 500 eV energy resolution and 2×2 mm2 detector. We have also established that using a multi-projection approach can offset the increase in the noise.
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Chen, Hai Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Precision measurement of electron and positron flux in cosmic rays with the AMS-02 Detector." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103243.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 159-169).
The cosmic ray electron and positron flux measurement can address a series of astrophysics and particle physics questions. This thesis presents an analysis of electron and positron flux from 0.5 GeV to 1 TeV using the first 30 months of data taking( over 41 billion events), with the AMS-02 detector on the International Space Station(ISS) 330-410 km above earth. A precise calibration of the Electromagnetic Calorimeter(ECAL) signals is performed to obtain stable energy measurement. A reconstruction algorithm for electromagnetic showers is implemented to measure energy and achieve high particle identification accuracy of electron and positron separating them from the proton background. The result of combined electron and positron flux measurement shows a smooth spectrum with no sharp structure. The spectral index ... above 30 GeV is observed to be ... (energy scale). This provides precise measurement for cosmic ray electrons and positrons and can contribute to probing the origin of cosmic rays, informing the studies of new physics..
by Hai Chen.
Ph. D.
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Checchia, Caterina. "Study of cosmic-ray light nuclei on the ISS: identification of the interaction point in the CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET)." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1054668.

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At present, Astro-particle Physics is one of the most interesting and alive fields in experimental physics. Direct measurements of cosmic rays will help answering many open questions about the sources and the processes of acceleration and propagation in the interstellar medium of high-energy particles (from GeV to PeV energy scale). For example, the measurement of both light and heavy nuclei spectra and their relative abundances for energies of tens of TeV/nucleon is one of the main topic to understand acceleration and propagation mechanisms in our Galaxy. The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is a Japanese-led international space mission by JAXA (Japanese Aerospace Agency) in collaboration with the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and NASA, designed to perform precise measurements of high energy cosmic rays. CALET reached the ISS on August 24th , 2015 and started a campaign of scientific observations on October 13th the same year. After the first two-year period of the mission, an extension has been approved for additional three years. The broad scientific program of this space-based experiment includes many topics: the detection of possible nearby sources of high energy electrons; searches for signatures of dark matter in the spectra of electrons and γ rays; monitoring gamma-ray transients and solar modulation; long exposure observations of cosmic nuclei from proton to iron and trans-iron elements; measurements of the cosmic-ray relative abundances and secondary-to-primary ratios. The detector is composed by a Total Absorption Shower Calorimeter (TASC), an homogeneous calorimeter with a thickness of 27 radiation length (corresponding to 1.2 interaction length), a sampling IMaging Calorimeter (IMC) that adds 3 radiation length to the total thickness of the instrument and a CHarge Detector (CHD) for the identification of nuclear species in a wide dynamic range up to Z=40. The TASC detector has the function of measuring all the energy deposited by crossing particles. The IMC with its fine granularity allows for the reconstruction of the incident direction of particles with high angular resolution. This thesis illustrates the study on light nuclear components (such as protons and helium nuclei) with the aim to reconstruct the interaction vertex in the CALET detector. In addition to a previously developed algorithm for the reconstruction of the interaction point inside the IMC, a completely new one has been developed and tested for the TASC detector. Knowing with high precision the starting point of a shower inside the IMC detector is of fundamental importance for the CALET experiment because it allows for a redundant measurement of the charge of incoming particles with the IMC detector, in addition to the independent one provided by the CHD. Studying instead the interaction taking place in the depth of the TASC can help to understand whether those events have to be taken into account for flux measurements. The first chapter of this thesis is dedicated to a review of cosmic-ray physics with particular attention to acceleration and propagation mechanisms. Chapter 2 describes the CALET detector in detail, summarizes the architecture of the trigger system, provides the acceptance definition, and underlines the expected performance of the CHD detector, the electron/proton separation and the tracking reconstruction. Chapter 3 introduces the main scientific objectives of the CALET mission anticipating the expected measurements after five years of data taking. The original work of this thesis is described in chapters 4 and 5. The former contains the description of the interaction point reconstruction inside CALET while the latter shows how the potentiality of the algorithm can be exploited to observe energy deposits inside the TASC detector. Last, chapter 6 summarizes the results obtained by CALET after two years of data taking.
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Petersen, Timothy W. "Tabletop internal source ensemble x ray holography /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9747.

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Reppart, William J. "Magnetic and crystallographic investigations of selected single crystal systems /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487262513407635.

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Snavely, Richard Adolph. "Physics of laser driven relativistic plasmas, energetic X-rays, proton beams and relativistic electron transport in Petawatt laser experiments /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Books on the topic "Electron rays"

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Optical systems for soft X rays. New York: Plenum Press, 1986.

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Dyson, D. J. X-ray and electron diffraction studies in materials science. London: Maney for the Institute of Materials, Minerals, and Mining, 2004.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. GRO: Red-shifted electron-positron annihilation gamma-rays from radiopulsars. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. GRO: Red-shifted electron-positron annihilation gamma-rays from radiopulsars. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. GRO: Red-shifted electron-positron annihilation gamma-rays from radiopulsars. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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Garratt-Reed, A. J. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis in the electron microscope. Oxford: BIOS, 2003.

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Electron dynamics by inelastic X-ray scattering. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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1938-, Wiedemann Helmut, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division., eds. Electron-photon interaction in dense media. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2002.

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Flash of the cathode rays: A history of J.J. Thomson's electron. Bristol: Institute of Physics Pub., 1997.

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K, Freund Andreas, Freund H. P, Howells Malcolm R, and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. Coherent electron-beam x-ray sources : techniques and applications: 31 July-1 August 1997, San Diego, California. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electron rays"

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Goldstein, Joseph I., Dale E. Newbury, Joseph R. Michael, Nicholas W. M. Ritchie, John Henry J. Scott, and David C. Joy. "X-Rays." In Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 39–63. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6676-9_4.

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Kipnis, Nahum. "From "β-rays" to "electron"." In History of Modern Physics, 189–96. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.dda-eb.4.00747.

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Reimer, Ludwig. "Elemental Analysis and Imaging with X-Rays." In Scanning Electron Microscopy, 365–403. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13562-4_9.

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Ul-Hamid, Anwar. "Characteristics of X-Rays." In A Beginners' Guide to Scanning Electron Microscopy, 233–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98482-7_6.

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Popp, Bruce D. "Discovery of the Electron: Cathode Rays." In Henri Poincaré: Electrons to Special Relativity, 133–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48039-4_7.

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Forster, D. W., M. Goodman, G. Herbert, J. C. Martin, and T. Storr. "Electron Beam Diagnostics Using X-Rays." In J. C. Martin on Pulsed Power, 375–412. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1561-0_31.

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Rochow, Theodore George, and Paul Arthur Tucker. "Transmission Electron Microscopy and Electron Diffraction." In Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics, 265–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1513-9_14.

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Dröge, Wolfgang. "Electron Acceleration in Impulsive Solar Flares." In Cosmic Gamma Rays, Neutrinos, and Related Astrophysics, 537–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0921-2_38.

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Bucksbaum, P. H., D. A. Reis, and J. Hastings. "Ultrafast Hard X-Rays from Electron Accelerators." In Springer Series in OPTICAL SCIENCES, 333–40. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34756-1_43.

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Yamauchi, Kazuto, Hidekazu Mimura, Satoshi Matsuyama, Hirokatsu Yumoto, Takashi Kimura, Yukio Takahashi, Kenji Tamasaku, and Tetsuya Ishikawa. "Focusing Mirror for Coherent Hard X-Rays." In Synchrotron Light Sources and Free-Electron Lasers, 1–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04507-8_54-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Electron rays"

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Stein, William E., Brian E. Newnam, and Alex H. Lumpkin. "Generation of Backscattered X-Rays within an FEL Oscillator for Coronary Angiography*." In Free-Electron Laser Applications in the Ultraviolet. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fel.1988.fc7.

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X-rays produced within an infrared free-electron laser (FEL) and imaged with a gated, intensified television camera may provide an inexpensive alternative to the use of synchrotrons for transvenous coronary angiography. The energy of these x-rays is dependent on the electron energy that can be controlled electronically. Variation of the x-ray energy will allow radiography above and below the K-edge of a number of elements. Image enhancement can be accomplished by digital subtraction of the radiographs. The x-ray intensities based on photon and electron intracavity powers in the operating Los Alamos 10-μm FEL compare favorably with those obtained from larger and much more expensive synchrotrons and electron storage rings. The FEL x-ray source and gated television camera can be synchronized with different phases of breathing and cardiac motion to allow the study of the heart and blood vessels at various stages of these motions.
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Schmitt, M. J., C. J. Elliott, K. Lee, and B. D. McVey. "Overtone Production of Soft X-Rays With Free-Electron Lasers*." In Short Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1986.tue13.

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A one-dimensional free-electron laser code has been written that includes harmonic generation. In this code the electrons are driven by a spatially-averaged superposition of the fundamental and its overtones. The waves are driven by the Fourier-analyzed transverse current. The initial wave amplitude at all harmonics originates from a stochastic placement of particles. We show that when the overtones are small compared to the fundamental, a self-consistent description is not necessary, thereby reducing the computational complexity.
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3

Diaz, H., O. Ravinez, D. Romero, J. Reyes, Carlos Javier Solano Salinas, Jose Bellido, David Wahl, and Oscar Saavedra. "Electron muon scattering in the exotic Z(0)ʹ pole." In COSMIC RAYS AND ASTROPHYSICS: Proceedings of the 3rd School on Cosmic Rays and Astrophysics. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3141359.

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4

Chattopadhyay, S., A. Chin, E. Glover, K. J. Kim, W. Leemans, R. Schoenlein, and C. V. Shank. "Femtosecond X-rays by Orthogonal Thomson Scattering." In High Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hrfts.1994.wd4.

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Scattering of femtosecond optical and near infrared pulses off a low energy relativistic electron beam at 90° offers an interesting possibility to generate ultrashort pulses of x-rays. The x-ray pulses are short since the electron beam can be squeezed and focussed hard transversely, thus matching the interaction time with the femtosecond optical pulse duration. This is difficult with collinear scattering since electron beams with lengths less than a few picoseconds are hard to produce. The method has some intrinsic attractive features, e.g. simplicity of concept, directivity, tunability, etc. Experiments are under preparation in the Beam Test Facility of the Center for Beam Physics at LBL where a 30 MeV electron beam from the ALS injector linac will be scattered against a 0.8 μm, 100 mJ/pulse Terawatt femtosecond laser. Short pulse x-ray detection schemes are under development as well.
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5

Zhang, Guoqing, Xuexin Wang, Jiangang Zhang, Dajie Zhuang, Chaoduan Li, and Fan Gao. "Electron and Beta Dose Rates of UO2 Pellet and Fuel Rod." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15219.

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The isotopes of uranium and their daughter nuclides inside the UO2 pellet emit mono-energetic electrons and beta rays, which generate rather high dose rate near the UO2 pellet and could cause exposure to workers. In this work calculations of electron dose rates have been carried out with Monte Carlo codes, MCNPX and Geant4, for a UO2 pellet and a fuel rod. Comparisons between calculations and measurements have been carried out to verify the calculation results. The results could be used to estimate the dose produced by electrons and beta rays, which could be used to make optimization for radiation protection purpose.
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Millane, R. P., and W. J. Stroud. "Phase Retrieval for Icosahedral Particles." In Signal Recovery and Synthesis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/srs.1995.rtub3.

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X-ray crystallography is a technique for determining the structures of molecules [1,2]. It involves irradiating a crystalline specimen of the molecule with a monochromatic beam of x-rays and measuring the resulting diffraction pattern. The complex amplitude of the diffracted x-rays is equal to the Fourier transform of the electron density in the crystalline specimen, and only the intensity, but not the phase, of the diffracted x-rays can be measured. Reconstruction of the electron density therefore constitutes a phase problem.
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Wahab, Razak, Mohamad Saiful Sulaiman, Ros Syazmini Mohd Ghani, Nasihah Mokhtar, and Mohd Tamizi Mustafa. "Study on the microstructure properties of a tropical bamboo species by scanning electron and transmission electron microscopes." In MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION USING X-RAYS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES. Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5089318.

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Aritome, Hiroaki, and Susumu Namba. "Fabrication Of X-Ray Optical Elements By Electron Beam Lithography." In Soft X-Rays Optics and Technology, edited by E. Koch and Guenther A. Schmahl. SPIE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.964944.

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Bogli, V., P. Unger, and H. Beneking. "Electron beam lithography and nanometer structures-fabrication of microzone plates." In Soft X-Rays Optics and Technology, edited by E. Koch and Guenther A. Schmahl. SPIE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.964945.

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Moran, M. J., B. A. Dahling, M. A. Piestrup, B. L. Berman, and J. O. Kephart. "Transition Radiation as a Coherent Soft X-ray Source." In Short Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1986.mb4.

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A series of experiments using 54 MeV electrons from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory electron-positron linear accelerator has measured the spectral and angular distributions of soft x-ray transition radiation generated by targets of thin low-Z foils. Early results demonstrated the spatial coherence of x-rays generated at the two surfaces of single foils.1,2
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Reports on the topic "Electron rays"

1

Nuhn, H. From Storage Rings to Free Electron Lasers for Hard X-Rays. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/826691.

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2

Berger, M. Calculation of electron emission from a tantalum foil irradiated by 100-kV and 50-kV x-rays. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/585067.

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3

Southworth, S. H., R. D. Deslattes, M. A. MacDonald, and T. LeBrun. Electron-ion-x-ray spectrometer system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10188662.

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4

Len, Patrick Michael. Atomic holography with electrons and x-rays: Theoretical and experimental studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/539829.

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Cornacchia, Massimo. The Path Towards X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/798886.

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Mears, C. A., S. E. Labov, M. Frank, and H. Netel. Hot-Electron Tunneling sensors for high-resolution x-ray and gamma-ray spectroscopy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/513595.

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Espy, Michelle A., and Amanda E. Gehring. Measuring x-ray spectra with a Compton electron spectrometer. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1115546.

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Zholents, A. Electron beam-based sources of ultrashort x-ray pulses. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/990520.

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9

Gibson, D. Novel Multiple-Gigahertz Electron Beams for Advanced X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Light Sources. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1178389.

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10

Malyzhenkov, Alexander. PHASE-SPACE MANIPULATIONS OF ELECTRON BEAMS FOR X-RAY FREE-ELECTRON LASERS AND INVERSE COMPTON SCATTERING SOURCES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1489921.

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