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Journal articles on the topic 'Electron gas'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

SENATORE, GAETANO, F. RAPISARDA, and S. CONTI. "NOVEL ELECTRON GAS SYSTEMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 13, no. 05n06 (March 10, 1999): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979299000370.

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We review recent progress on the physics of electrons in the bilayered electron gas, relevant to coupled quantum wells in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. First, we focus on the phase diagram of a symmetric bilayer at T=B=0, obtained by diffusion Monte Carlo simulations. It is found that inter–layer correlations stabilize crystalline structures at intermediate inter–layer separation, while favouring a liquid phase at smaller distance. Also, the available DMC evidence is in contrast with the recently (Hartree–Fock) predicted total charge transfer (TCT), whereby all the electron spontaneously jump in one layer. In fact, one can show that such a TCT state is never stable in the ideal bilayer with no tunneling. We finally comment on ongoing DMC investigations on the electron-hole bilayer, where excitonic condensation is expected to take place.

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2

Khirnyi, V. F. "Electron gas pressure in pure metals and metal superconductors." Functional materials 23, no. 3 (September 27, 2016): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm23.03.364.

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3

DOLOCAN, ANDREI, VOICU OCTAVIAN DOLOCAN, and VOICU DOLOCAN. "SOME ASPECTS OF THE ELECTRON-BOSON INTERACTION AND OF THE ELECTRON-ELECTRON INTERACTION VIA BOSONS." Modern Physics Letters B 21, no. 01 (January 10, 2007): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984907012335.

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By using a Hamiltonian of interaction between fermions via bosons1 we derive some properties of the electro-phonon and electron-photon interaction and also of the electron-electron interaction. We have obtained that in a degenerate electron gas there is an attraction between two electrons via acoustical phonons. Also, in certain conditions, there may be an attraction between two electrons via longitudinal optical phonons. Although our expressions for the polaron energy in both cases of the acoustical and longitudinal optical phonons are different from that obtained in the standard theory, their magnitudes are the same with these and they are in good agreement with experimental data. The total emission rate of an electron against a phonon system at absolute zero is directly proportional to the electron momentum. Also, an attraction between two electrons may appear via photons.

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4

Seol, Youbin, Hong Young Chang, Seung Kyu Ahn, and Shin Jae You. "Effect of mixing CF₄ with O₂ on electron characteristics of capacitively coupled plasma." Physics of Plasmas 30, no. 1 (January 2023): 013503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0120850.

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Effect of mixing CF4 with O2 on electron parameters in capacitively coupled RF plasma was studied. Adding CF4 gas to fixed O2 flow, electron energy probability functions were measured by a Langmuir probe method. As the CF4 gas was added, the decrease in the probability of low energy electrons was observed. The proportion of low energy electrons decreased gradually as the CF4 gas ratio increased, respectively. From electron energy probability functions, electron densities and electron temperatures were calculated. As the CF4 gas ratio increased, electron density decreased and electron temperature increased. Collision cross sections of low energy electrons can explain electron parameter behaviors. By the strong electron attachment of fluorine species which were generated from CF4, low energy electrons depleted by attachment, and the overall electron temperature increased. However, as the elastic collision cross section of CF4 is not different from that of O2, the heating mechanism and physics of high energy electrons did not change.

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5

Kohn, Walter, and Ann E. Mattsson. "Edge Electron Gas." Physical Review Letters 81, no. 16 (October 19, 1998): 3487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.81.3487.

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6

Nityananda, Rajaram, P. Hohenberg, and W. Kohn. "Inhomogeneous electron gas." Resonance 22, no. 8 (August 2017): 809–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12045-017-0529-3.

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7

Steutel, F. W. "Avalanches of electrons in a gas." Journal of Applied Probability 23, no. 04 (December 1986): 867–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200118662.

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The motion of electrons through a gas of particles is modelled as a two-state process: an electron is alternatingly moving and being held captive by a non-moving particle, during exponentially distributed periods. The model contains a parameter p, the probability that collision of an electron with a gas particle does not lead to its capture but produces an extra electron. The quantity of interest is the current C(t) produced by the moving electrons, as a function of time.

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8

Tovstyuk, C. C. "Thermodynamic functions of quantum electron gas in strongly anisotropic materials." Functional materials 23, no. 1 (March 15, 2016): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm23.01.083.

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9

TRIPATHI, P., and A. C. SHARMA. "ENERGY EXCHANGE RATE IN NON-DEGENERATE ELECTRON GAS CONFINED TO A GaAs HETEROSTRUCTURE." Modern Physics Letters B 21, no. 29 (December 20, 2007): 2009–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984907014334.

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The rate of energy exchange via dynamically screened electron–electron interaction in a two-dimensional and quasi two-dimensional semiconductor is described analytically for the situation where the electron gas obeys classical statistics and is therefore applicable to many cases involving hot-electrons. It is shown that the interaction is resonantly enhanced by coupled-phonon–plasmon mode effects. The magnitudes of energy and momentum exchange rates in GaAs suggest that in cases where optical phonon scattering is not dominant, hot-electron transport will be describable in terms of drifted Maxwellian distribution. Even where optical-phonon scattering is dominant, the coupled phonon–plasmon mode enhancement of the electron–electron energy exchange rate offers substantial contribution.

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10

Nizhankovskii, V. I. "Thermodynamics of Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in a Magnetic Field." Physics Research International 2011 (February 7, 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/742158.

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Change of the chemical potential of electrons in a GaAs-AlxGa1−xAs heterojunction was measured in magnetic fields up to 6.5 T at several temperatures from 2.17 to 12.3 K. A thermodynamic equation of state of two-dimensional electron gas well describes the experimental results.

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11

RIDLEY, B. K., and N. A. ZAKHLENIUK. "TRANSPORT IN A POLARIZATION-INDUCED 2D ELECTRON GAS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 11, no. 02 (June 2001): 479–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156401000927.

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AlGaN/GaN structures constitute a new class of 2D systems in that a large population of electrons can be produced without doping as a result of spontaneous and strain-induced polarization. Electron transport can, in principle, be mediated solely by phonon scattering and, for the first time, it is possible to realistically envisage the formation of a drifted Maxwellian or Fermi-Dirac distribution in hot-electron transport. We first describe a simple model that relates electron density in a heterostructure to barrier width and then explore electron-electron (e-e) energy and momentum exchange in some depth. We then illustrate the novel hot-electron transport properties that can arise when only phonon and e-e scattering are present. These include S-type NDR, electron cooling and squeezed electrons.

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12

Yang, Jie, Markus Guehr, Theodore Vecchione, Matthew S. Robinson, Renkai Li, Nick Hartmann, Xiaozhe Shen, et al. "Femtosecond gas phase electron diffraction with MeV electrons." Faraday Discussions 194 (2016): 563–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00071a.

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We present results on ultrafast gas electron diffraction (UGED) experiments with femtosecond resolution using the MeV electron gun at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. UGED is a promising method to investigate molecular dynamics in the gas phase because electron pulses can probe the structure with a high spatial resolution. Until recently, however, it was not possible for UGED to reach the relevant timescale for the motion of the nuclei during a molecular reaction. Using MeV electron pulses has allowed us to overcome the main challenges in reaching femtosecond resolution, namely delivering short electron pulses on a gas target, overcoming the effect of velocity mismatch between pump laser pulses and the probe electron pulses, and maintaining a low timing jitter. At electron kinetic energies above 3 MeV, the velocity mismatch between laser and electron pulses becomes negligible. The relativistic electrons are also less susceptible to temporal broadening due to the Coulomb force. One of the challenges of diffraction with relativistic electrons is that the small de Broglie wavelength results in very small diffraction angles. In this paper we describe the new setup and its characterization, including capturing static diffraction patterns of molecules in the gas phase, finding time-zero with sub-picosecond accuracy and first time-resolved diffraction experiments. The new device can achieve a temporal resolution of 100 fs root-mean-square, and sub-angstrom spatial resolution. The collimation of the beam is sufficient to measure the diffraction pattern, and the transverse coherence is on the order of 2 nm. Currently, the temporal resolution is limited both by the pulse duration of the electron pulse on target and by the timing jitter, while the spatial resolution is limited by the average electron beam current and the signal-to-noise ratio of the detection system. We also discuss plans for improving both the temporal resolution and the spatial resolution.

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13

Yasuda, Hirotsugu, Loic Ledernez, Fethi Olcaytug, and Gerald Urban. "Electron dynamics of low-pressure deposition plasma." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 9 (January 1, 2008): 1883–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880091883.

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When the electric field in the dark gas phase reaches the threshold value, an electron avalanche (breakdown) occurs, which causes dissociation of organic molecules, excitation of chemically reactive molecular gas, and/or ionization of atomic gas, depending on the type of gas involved. The principles that govern these electron-impact reactions are collectively described by the term "electron dynamics". The electron-impact dissociation of organic molecules is the key factor for the deposition plasma. The implications of the interfacial avalanche of the primary electrons on the deposition plasma and also other plasma processes are discussed. The system dependency of low-pressure plasma deposition processes is an extremely important factor that should be reckoned, because the electron dynamic reactions are highly dependent on every aspect of the reaction system. The secondary electron emission from the cathode is a misinterpretation of the interfacial electron avalanche of the primary electrons described in this paper.

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14

DONKÓ, Z., and I. PÓCSIK. "ON THE FRACTAL STRUCTURE OF ELECTRON AVALANCHES." Fractals 01, no. 04 (December 1993): 939–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x9300099x.

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The motion of electrons in helium gas in the presence of a homogeneous external electric field was studied. Moving between the two electrodes, the electrons participate in elastic and inelastic collision processes with gas atoms. In ionizing collisions, secondary electrons are also created and in this way self-similar electron avalanches build up. The statistical distribution of the fractal dimension and electron multiplication of electron avalanches was obtained based on the simulation of a large number of electron avalanches. The fractal dimension shows a power-law dependence on electron multiplication with an exponent of ≈0.33.

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15

Engelhardt, I. A. D., A. I. Eriksson, E. Vigren, X. Valliéres, M. Rubin, N. Gilet, and P. Henri. "Cold electrons at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko." Astronomy & Astrophysics 616 (August 2018): A51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833251.

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Context. The electron temperature of the plasma is one important aspect of the environment. Electrons created by photoionization or impact ionization of atmospheric gas have energies ~10 eV. In an active comet coma, the gas density is high enough for rapid cooling of the electron gas to the neutral gas temperature (a few hundred kelvin). How cooling evolves in less active comets has not been studied before. Aims. We aim to investigate how electron cooling varied as comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko changed its activity by three orders of magnitude during the Rosetta mission. Methods. We used in situ data from the Rosetta plasma and neutral gas sensors. By combining Langmuir probe bias voltage sweeps and mutual impedance probe measurements, we determined at which time cold electrons formed at least 25% of the total electron density. We compared the results to what is expected from simple models of electron cooling, using the observed neutral gas density as input. Results. We demonstrate that the slope of the Langmuir probe sweep can be used as a proxy for the presence of cold electrons. We show statistics of cold electron observations over the two-year mission period. We find cold electrons at lower activity than expected by a simple model based on free radial expansion and continuous loss of electron energy. Cold electrons are seen mainly when the gas density indicates that an exobase may have formed. Conclusions. Collisional cooling of electrons following a radial outward path is not sufficient to explain the observations. We suggest that the ambipolar electric field keeps electrons in the inner coma for a much longer time, giving them time to dissipate energy by collisions with the neutrals. We conclude that better models are required to describe the plasma environment of comets. They need to include at least two populations of electrons and the ambipolar field.

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16

Tsubaki, Kotaro, Akira Sugimura, and Kenji Kumabe. "Warm electron system in then‐AlGaAs/GaAs two‐dimensional electron gas." Applied Physics Letters 46, no. 8 (April 15, 1985): 764–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.95501.

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17

Steutel, F. W. "Avalanches of electrons in a gas." Journal of Applied Probability 23, no. 4 (December 1986): 867–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3214461.

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The motion of electrons through a gas of particles is modelled as a two-state process: an electron is alternatingly moving and being held captive by a non-moving particle, during exponentially distributed periods.The model contains a parameter p, the probability that collision of an electron with a gas particle does not lead to its capture but produces an extra electron.The quantity of interest is the current C(t) produced by the moving electrons, as a function of time.

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18

Steutel, F. W. "Avalanches of electrons in a gas." Journal of Applied Probability 23, no. 04 (December 1986): 867–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200116055.

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The motion of electrons through a gas of particles is modelled as a two-state process: an electron is alternatingly moving and being held captive by a non-moving particle, during exponentially distributed periods.The model contains a parameterp, the probability that collision of an electron with a gas particle does not lead to its capture but produces an extra electron.The quantity of interest is the currentC(t) produced by the moving electrons, as a function of time.

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19

Dubois, A. B., S. I. Kucheryavyy, and A. S. Safoshkin. "Intersubband electron-electron interactions in two-dimensional electron gas." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/00213411/64/4/163.

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20

He, Li Jun. "Influence of Pressure of Electron Gas on Elastic Property of Metal." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.857.

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A balloon filled with electron gas model was built to simulate metal for calculating its bulk elastic. Electron gas obeyed Fermi-Dirac distribution and satisfied with theory of ideal gas. Expression of metal bulk elastic modulus was derived, and the comparison between the new method given in this paper with current method according to theory of atom potential energy on calculation accuracy was also given. It showed that, pressure of electron gas closely related to bulk elastic modulus, and maybe it was the major factor in determining bulk elastic modulus of metal; not all of valence electrons of atom in metal became conduction electrons to form the electron gas; new model of present work is superior to traditional method based on calculating derivative of potential energy.

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21

Gauvin, Raynald. "The Computation of the Skirt in VP-SEM OR ESEM With Monte Carlo Simulations." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760001480x.

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It is well known that the interaction of the electron beam with the gas in the VP-SEM or ESEM generate the so-called skirt as a result of the elastic collisions between the electrons and the molecules. Since the electrons in the skirt hit the specimen far away from the electron beam, they degrade the resolution of the analyses performed in the VPSEM or ESEM. However, the magnitude and the shape of the skirt are still a matter of controversy despite the fundamental importance of knowing these two factors. In this context, a Monte Carlo program has been developed to simulate the interaction of the electron beam with a gas as a function of the gas composition, gas pressure, electron beam energy and working distance (in reality, we should talk of the total distance traveled by the electron beam in the gas). This Monte Carlo program used a single scattering approach considering elastic collisions only since energy loss is negligible owing to the low density of the gas. 10 millions electron trajectories have been simulated for each conditions.

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22

Nesterenkov, V. M., L. A. Kravchuk, Yu A. Arkhangelsky, I. A. Petrik, and Yu A. Marchenko. "Electron beam welding of medium-pressure chamber of gas turbine engine." Paton Welding Journal 2015, no. 12 (December 28, 2015): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2015.12.06.

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23

Vavrukh, M., D. Dzikovskyi, V. Solovyan, and N. Tyshko. "Correlation functions of the degenerate relativistic electron gas with high density." Mathematical Modeling and Computing 3, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/mmc2016.01.097.

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24

Danilatos, G. D. "Electron Beam Profile in the ESEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100103048.

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The examination of specimens in the presence of gas in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) requires the electron beam to pass through a minimum (optimum) 1ayer of gas before it strikes the specimen. The electron scattering by the gas molecules results in a modification of the original beam profile. Some conclusions from a study on these profiles are presented here but more details can be found elsewhere.When an electron beam travels a distance L through a gas with n particles per unit volume, the average number of collisions per electron m= σ⊤nL, where σ⊤ is the characteristic total collision cross section for the gas. The electron beam collision process is described by the Poisson distribution P (x) =mx e-m/X!, where P(x) is the probability that an electron undergoes x number of collisions (X=0, 1 ,2. . . ) . Thus, when m=1 , about 37% of electrons undergo no collisions, 37% undergo a single collision, 18% two collisions, 6%. three collisions etc.

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25

DMITRIEV, ALEXANDER, VALENTIN KACHOROVSKI, MICHAEL S. SHUR, and MICHAEL STROSCIO. "ELECTRON DRIFT VELOCITY OF THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GAS IN COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 10, no. 01 (March 2000): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156400000131.

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We show that, as a consequence of an enhanced electron runaway for two-dimensional (2D) electrons, the peak electron drift velocity and peak electric field in compound semiconductors are smaller than in bulk semiconductors. This prediction agrees with the results of Monte-Carlo simulations for the 2D electrons at a GaAs/GaAlAs heterointerface and with the measured peak velocities in InGaAs/InAlAs quantum wells.

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26

Razin, V. I. "Metal Gas Electron Multiplier." Universal Journal of Physics and Application 8, no. 7 (August 2014): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujpa.2014.020701.

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27

RADINSCHI, I., F. RAHAMAN, M. KALAM, and K. CHAKRABORTY. "CHAPLYGIN ELECTRON GAS MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics D 18, no. 09 (September 2009): 1413–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271809015187.

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We provide a new electromagnetic mass model admitting the Chaplygin gas equation of state. We investigate three specializations, the first characterized by a vanishing effective pressure, the second provided with a constant effective density and the third described by a constant effective pressure p0. For these specializations we will discuss the models assuming that [Formula: see text], where σ, σ0, λ and s represent the charge density of the spherical distribution, the charge density at the center of the system, the metric potential and a constant, respectively. In addition, for specialization I, we have found the isotropic coordinate as well as the Kretschmann scalar for a particular case, and for specialization III two special scenarios have been studied.

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28

Gholizade, H., and D. Momeni. "Ferromagnetism of Electron Gas." Journal of Statistical Physics 141, no. 6 (November 12, 2010): 957–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10955-010-0091-9.

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29

Høye, Johan S., and Enrique Lomba. "Uniform quantized electron gas." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 28, no. 41 (August 22, 2016): 414001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/28/41/414001.

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30

Loos, Pierre-François, and Peter M. W. Gill. "The uniform electron gas." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science 6, no. 4 (April 22, 2016): 410–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcms.1257.

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31

KATILIUS, R., and A. MATULIONIS. "MICROWAVE FLUCTUATIONS IN ELECTRON GAS WITH PAIR COLLISIONS." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 01, no. 01 (March 2001): R81—R100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477501000147.

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The paper overviews recent progress in the field of hot-electron microwave noise and fluctuations with an emphasis on contribution due to inter-electron collisions that are inevitable in doped semi-conductors at a relatively high density of mobile electrons. A special attention is paid to the problem of hot-electron diffusion in the range of electric fields where inter-electron collisions are important and Price's relation connecting diffusion and noise characteristics is not necessarily valid. The basic and up-to-date information is presented on methods and advances in the field where combined analytic and Monte Carlo methods of investigation are indispensable while seeking coherent understanding of experimental results.

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32

Minakshi, Pankaj Kumar Modi, Shailesh Kumar Singh, Sushil Kumar, and Satyabrat Shastri. "Transmission probability of electrons traversing two dimensional electron gas." Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences- Physics 33d, no. 1and2 (2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-3218.2014.00004.9.

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33

Alducin, M., J. I. Juaristi, and I. Nagy. "Relaxation rate of excited electrons in an electron gas." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 129, no. 2-3 (June 2003): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0368-2048(03)00059-8.

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34

Dubois, A. B., S. I. Kucheryavyy, and A. S. Safoshkin. "Inter-Subband Electron-Electron Interactions in Two-Dimensional Electron Gas." Russian Physics Journal 64, no. 4 (August 2021): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11182-021-02366-7.

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35

Laikhtman, B. "Electron-electron angular relaxation in a two-dimensional electron gas." Physical Review B 45, no. 3 (January 15, 1992): 1259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.45.1259.

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36

Gurzhi, R. N., A. N. Kalinenko, and A. I. Kopeliovich. "Electron-electron momentum relaxation in a two-dimensional electron gas." Physical Review B 52, no. 7 (August 15, 1995): 4744–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.52.4744.

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37

Wang, Jianli, Mengqi Yuan, Gang Tang, Huichao Li, Junting Zhang, and Sandong Guo. "Two-dimensional electron gas in GaAs/SrHfO3 heterostructure." Journal of Applied Physics 119, no. 23 (June 21, 2016): 235304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4954076.

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38

SHUR, MICHAEL S., and MICHEL DYAKONOV. "TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRONS IN FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 09, no. 01 (March 1998): 65–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156498000051.

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In deep submicron silicon MOSFETs, GaAs-based HEMTs, and in new emerging heterostructure systems, such as AlGaN/GaN, electrons forming a two-dimensional (2D) conducting channel exhibit new interesting effects that might find important device applications. Some of these effects are related to the space dependence of the electron mass. Other effects are linked to a large sheet electron concentration, when electrons behave not as a 2D gas but rather as a 2D electron electron fluid. We consider plasma effects in this fluid and discuss plasma wave electronic devices that rely on these effects. We also discuss the properties of 2D electrons in silicon devices, where plasma effects might also play an important role in deep submicron MOSFETs.

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39

Boiko, I. I., and Yu M. Sirenko. "Scattering of Two-Dimensional Electron Gas on the Semibounded Three-Dimensional Electron Gas." physica status solidi (b) 159, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 805–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221590228.

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40

Akbari-Moghanjoughi, M. "Resonant electron–plasmon interactions in drifting electron gas." Physics of Plasmas 28, no. 2 (February 2021): 022109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0039067.

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41

Matthews, P., M. J. Kelly, V. J. Law, D. G. Hasko, M. Pepper, H. Ahmed, D. C. Peacock, J. E. F. Frost, D. A. Ritchie, and G. A. C. Jones. "Two-dimensional electron gas base hot electron transistor." Electronics Letters 26, no. 13 (1990): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19900565.

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42

Hyllested, Jes Ærøe, and Marco Beleggia. "Investigation of gas-electron interactions with electron holography." Ultramicroscopy 221 (February 2021): 113178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113178.

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43

Sivan, U., A. Palevski, M. Heiblum, and C. P. Umbach. "Hot electron transport in two dimensional electron gas." Solid-State Electronics 33, no. 7 (July 1990): 979–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(90)90084-r.

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44

Filip, V., D. Nicolaescu, H. Wong, M. Nagao, and P. L. Chu. "Field electron emission from two-dimensional electron gas." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 23, no. 2 (2005): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1886820.

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45

Shul’man, G. A. "Electron polarization in nonrelativistic nondegenerate magnetized electron gas." Russian Physics Journal 40, no. 2 (February 1997): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02806178.

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46

Maglevanny, I. I., V. A. Smolar, and T. I. Karyakina. "Weak Signals Amplification Through Controlled Bifurcations in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Electron Gas." Nelineinaya Dinamika 14, no. 4 (2018): 453–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20537/nd180403.

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Cutolo, Antonello, and Salvatore Solimeno. "Gas lenses for gas loaded free electron lasers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 272, no. 1-2 (October 1988): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(88)90274-4.

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KATILIUS, R., S. V. GANTSEVICH, V. D. KAGAN, and M. I. MURADOV. "FLUCTUATIONS IN NON-EQUILIBRIUM ELECTRON GAS: EFFECT OF QUANTUM STATISTICS." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 09, no. 04 (December 2010): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477510000290.

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Abstract:

Here we develop a mathematical apparatus to describe quasi-classical fluctuations in a non-equilibrium electron gas with electron-electron collisions. We substantiate the method by deriving, from general principles of quantum kinetics, an equation recently proposed by us for an equal-time electron-electron correlation function. The derivation is performed using the kinetic diagram technique. In degenerate non-equilibrium gas, the theory predicts that there exists a specific equal-time correlation between electrons. Due to the prevalence of small-angle electron-electron scattering, the equation in question takes a rather simple and treatable form (the Coulomb-type electron-electron interaction stands out against the background of all other types of interaction as one that does not generate, in the framework of quasi-classical approach, any direct exchange effects).

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Thiel, B. L. "Review of Electron-Gas Interactions in the Environmental SEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 272–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600014689.

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Understanding the various interactions between electrons and the specimen chamber gas is essential to using environmental and low-vacuum SEM’s to their full potential. The problem can be divided into two main topics: distortion of the primary beam on its way to the sample surface, and amplification of the various electron signals leaving the sample. These issues are important for all low-vacuum SEM’s, regardless of the system design or signal detection method. All instruments must contend with scattering of the primary beam in the gas, and the subsequent effects on resolution, background signals,.and x-ray generation. Similarly, while some instrument designs rely more heavily than others on signal amplification in the gas, all benefit from the concomitant charge neutralisation.As the electron probe travels through the gas on its way to the specimen, elastic collisions occur with molecules in the gas.[1] Fortunately, for gas pressures of a few torr, the mean free path is on the order of tens of millimetres, and the vast majority of electrons reach the specimen unscattered.

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Grado-Caffaro, M. A., and M. Grado-Caffaro. "Exchange interaction in itinerant-electron metamagnetism." Journal of Research in Physics 39, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jrp-2018-0003.

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Abstract The exchange interaction in itinerant-electron metamagnetism is investigated theoretically. In fact, by considering spin-up and spin-down electrons in an itinerant-electron metamagnetic gas in the presence of an external magnetic field, we show that the difference between the Fermi energies of the spin-up and spin-down electrons equals, up to a multiplicative constant, the absolute value of the matrix element of the Hamiltonian operator relative to the interaction in question. Furthermore, the Stoner formula for the electronic energy of the gas is used to study the size of the exchange interaction.

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