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Journal articles on the topic 'Electron gas states'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Klahn, Th, and P. Krebs. "Dipole-bound electron states in HCN gas." Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie 98, no. 12 (December 1994): 1630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19940981221.

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2

Hernandez, John P., and L. W. Martin. "Analysis of excess electron states in neon gas." Physical Review A 43, no. 8 (April 1, 1991): 4568–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.43.4568.

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3

Feng, Guobao, Huiling Song, Yun Li, Xiaojun Li, Guibai Xie, Jian Zhuang, and Lu Liu. "Gas Desorption and Secondary Electron Emission from Graphene Coated Copper Due to E-Beam Stimulation." Coatings 13, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020370.

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The gas desorption and secondary electron multiplication induced by electron bombardment tend to induce severe low-pressure discharge effects in space microwave device cavities. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on both secondary electron emission and electron-stimulated gas desorption (ESD). Although the suppression of secondary electrons by graphene was found to be better in our previous study, it is still unclear whether the surface modification of graphene, which brings about different interfacial states, can also be manifested in terms of ESD. The deep mechanism of gas desorption and secondary electron emission from this extremely thin two-dimensional material under electron bombardment still needs further investigation. Therefore, this paper investigates the mechanism of graphene modification on Cu metal surface on the gas release and secondary electron emission properties under electron bombardment. The surface states of graphene-modified Cu were characterized, and the ESD yield and secondary electron yield of Cu/GoCu were investigated using a self-researched platform and analyzed using molecular dynamics simulations and electron Monte Carlo simulations. The results of the study showed that the most released component on the Cu surface under the bombardment of electrons was H2O molecules, while the most released component on the GoCu surface was H2 molecules. The graphene-modified samples showed a significant suppression effect on the secondary electron yield and ESD only in the low-energy region below 400 eV. This study can provide a valuable reference for suppressing low-pressure discharge and multipactor phenomena in space microwave components.

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4

Laoutaris, A., I. Madesis, E. P. Benis, and T. J. M. Zouros. "Production of C4+ (2s2p 3,1P) hollow states in collisions of 6-18 MeV C4+ (1s2, 1s2s 3S) mixed-state beams with gas targets." HNPS Proceedings 26 (April 1, 2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.1808.

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Normalized electron yields of the formation of 2s2p 3,1P states from the metastable states 1s2s 3,1S and from the ground state 1s21S were obtained in 6-18MeV C4+ collisions with H2, He, Ne and Ar gas targets. The method of zero-degree Auger projectile spectroscopy was used to detect electrons emitted in the Auger decay C4+ (2s2p 3,1P) → C5+ (1s) + e-with high resolution. These states are of particular importance in the detailed study of fundamental excitation mechanisms, i.e. electron-nucleus excitation, electron-electron excitation and electron-electron excitation with spin exchange. Currently, the role of the above mechanisms in the production of the 2s2p 3,1P states is investigated utilizing variable 1s2s 3S metastable fraction beams as a function of collision energy and target species. Our latest results are presented.

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5

Mazzone, A. M. "Charge states of heavy ions in an electron gas." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 126, no. 1-4 (March 1993): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420159308219731.

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6

Borghesani, Armando Francesco. "Accurate Electron Drift Mobility Measurements in Moderately Dense Helium Gas at Several Temperatures." Atoms 9, no. 3 (August 4, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030052.

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We report new accurate measurements of the drift mobility μ of quasifree electrons in moderately dense helium gas in the temperature range 26K≤T≤300K for densities lower than those at which states of electrons localized in bubbles appear. By heuristically including multiple-scattering effects into classical kinetic formulas, as previously done for neon and argon, an excellent description of the field E, density N, and temperature T dependence of μ is obtained. Moreover, the experimental evidence suggests that the strong decrease of the zero-field density-normalized mobility μ0N with increasing N from the low up to intermediate density regime is mainly due to weak localization of electrons caused by the intrinsic disorder of the system, whereas the further decrease of μ0N for even larger N is due to electron self-trapping in cavities. We suggest that a distinction between weakly localized and electron bubble states can be done by inspecting the behavior of μ0N as a function of N at intermediate densities.

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7

GHAZALI, A., and I. C. DA CUNHA LIMA. "QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL IMPURITY STATES IN Ga1−xAlxAs/GaAs HETEROSTRUCTURE." Modern Physics Letters B 06, no. 10 (April 30, 1992): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984992000673.

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The advances in submicron lithography on semiconductor devices allow to produce very narrow inversion channels in which the electron gas behaves as quasi-one-dimensional. The presence of shallow donor impurities introduces bound states for electrons which have their binding energies depending on the impurity location in the plane perpendicular to the channel. In this paper we calculate these binding energies and plot the iso-energy curves for the dilute regime, assuming a confinement potential separable into a square well (caused by the barriers at the interfaces creating the quantum well) and an electrically induced harmonic potential in a direction perpendicular to the growth axis.

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8

MANSOURI, FARES, JANOS POLONYI, KARIMA ZAZOUA, and NOUREDIN ZEKRI. "PROTON SCATTERING ON AN ELECTRON GAS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, no. 18 (July 20, 2013): 1350091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13500917.

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It is shown in the case of proton scattering on an electron gas target that the Closed Time Path formalism can handle final state interactions of the target in equilibrium in a simple and natural manner. The leading-order cross-section is proportional to the photon density of states. The scattering needs a partial resummation of the perturbation series when the electron gas forms long living quasi-particles with high density of state during the collision. A strong cancellation between real and virtual electron-hole pairs is found in this case.

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9

Gleizer, N. V., A. M. Ermolaev, and Babak Khakiki. "High-frequency conductivity of a two-dimensional electron gas with impurity electron states." Russian Physics Journal 40, no. 7 (July 1997): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02514959.

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10

Xia, X., X. Zhu, and J. J. Quinn. "Hydrogenic impurity states in quasi-two-dimensional electron-gas systems." Physical Review B 45, no. 3 (January 15, 1992): 1341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.45.1341.

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11

Kravchenko, S. V., V. M. Pudalov, and S. G. Semenchinsky. "Negative density of states of a two-dimensional electron gas." Physica B: Condensed Matter 169, no. 1-4 (February 1991): 559–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(91)90325-9.

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12

Echenique, P. M., and R. H. Ritchie. "Wake states of fast protons moving in an electron gas." Physics Letters A 111, no. 6 (September 1985): 310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(85)90635-8.

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13

Morawitz, H., I. Bozovic, V. Z. Kresin, G. Rietveld, and D. van der Marel. "The plasmon density of states of a layered electron gas." Zeitschrift für Physik B Condensed Matter 90, no. 3 (September 1993): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01433048.

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14

Gombos, G., P. Tuza, and B. Pödör. "On the Density of States in N-Dimensional Electron Gas." physica status solidi (b) 169, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): K23—K24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221690132.

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15

Gleizer, N. V., A. M. Ermolaev, and A. D. Rudnev. "High-frequency spin susceptibility of a two-dimensional electron gas with electron impurity states." Low Temperature Physics 23, no. 10 (October 1997): 820–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.593454.

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16

Barnes, C. H. W., J. M. Shilton, and A. M. Robinson. "Quantum computation using electrons trapped by surface acoustic waves." Quantum Information and Computation 1, Special (December 2001): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic1.s-9.

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We outline a set of ideas for implementing a quantum processor based on technology used in surface acoustic wave (SAW) single-electron transport devices. These devices allow single electrons to be captured from a two-dimensional electron gas by a SAW. We discuss how these devices can be adapted to capture electrons in pure spin states and how both single and two-qubit gates can be constructed. We give designs for readout gates and discuss possible sources of error and decoherence.

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17

Ovcharenko, V. E., Yuriy F. Ivanov, A. A. Mohovikov, A. S. Ignatyev, Yu Baohai, and Hong Wei Zhang. "Formation of Nano-Sized Structural-Phase States in Surface Layers of a Cermet Alloy and the Influence of the States on the Tool Life of Cermet Plates in Metal Cutting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 770 (June 2015): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.770.144.

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A comparative analysis of the surface-layer microstructure of a tungsten-based cermet alloy modified with pulsed high-energy electron beams generated by gas-discharge plasmas and of the tool life of metal-cutting plates prepared from this alloy is performed. The choice of a plasma-forming gas providing for the emission of electrons out of the plasma-filled cathode is shown to have a profound influence both on the formation process of nanosized structural-phase states in the surface layer of the cermet alloy and on the tool life of the metal-cutting plates prepared from this alloy.

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18

Lafont, Fabien, Amir Rosenblatt, Moty Heiblum, and Vladimir Umansky. "Counter-propagating charge transport in the quantum Hall effect regime." Science 363, no. 6422 (January 3, 2019): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aar3766.

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The quantum Hall effect, observed in a two-dimensional (2D) electron gas subjected to a perpendicular magnetic field, imposes a 1D-like chiral, downstream, transport of charge carriers along the sample edges. Although this picture remains valid for electrons and Laughlin’s fractional quasiparticles, it no longer holds for quasiparticles in the so-called hole-conjugate states. These states are expected, when disorder and interactions are weak, to harbor upstream charge modes. However, so far, charge currents were observed to flow exclusively downstream in the quantum Hall regime. Studying the canonical spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized v = 2/3 hole-like states in GaAs-AlGaAs heterostructures, we observed a significant upstream charge current at short propagation distances in the spin unpolarized state.

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19

Hipps, K. W., and Ursula Mazur. "Electron affinity states of metal supported phthalocyanines measured by tunneling spectroscopy." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 16, no. 03 (March 2012): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424612004574.

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Orbital Mediated Tunneling Spectroscopy OMTS (elastic electron tunneling) was employed in measuring electron affinity levels (EA) of unsubstituted, alkylated, sulfonated, and metalated phthalocyanines (Pc) adsorbed as single molecules or aggregates on metal substrates and imbedded in metal-insulator-metal (M-I-M) devices. MPc complexes were vapor deposited, solution phase doped, or transferred as Langmuir–Blodgett films. It was determined that while the nature of the substituents has a large effect on the gas phase electron affinities, they play a minimal role on the electron affinities of metal supported phthalocyanines. Moreover, the orientation of monolayer films and the method of film deposition (vapor, solution, Langmuir–Blodgett) also appear to play only a minor role in determining the electron affinities. Electrochemical reduction potentials obtained for the solution phase molecular systems are compared to the OMTS data and a strong correlation is observed. In contrast, the predicted EA values for the gas phase molecules show little correspondence with their OMTS equivalents for adsorbed phthalocyanines. Inelastic scattering from phthalocyanine π→π* transitions and metal centered d–d transitions are observed for chromophores imbedded in tunnel diodes. Both the observed lowest spin forbidden transitions and the calculated gas phase HOMO–LUMO gaps are only weakly affected by Pc substitution and surface orientation.

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20

Кислов, К. С., А. А. Нариц, and В. С. Лебедев. "Анализ эффективностей процессов захвата электронов ионами в ридберговские состояния и неупругих переходов n n-=SUP=--=/SUP=- в плазме смесей инертных газов." Журнал технической физики 128, no. 4 (2020): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2020.04.49195.319-19.

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We have carried out the comparative analysis of the efficiencies of resonant and non-resonant mechanisms of electron capture by ions into Rydberg states of atoms, Xe(n), and the inelastic n → n′ transitions between the highly-excited states in the plasmas of rare gas mixtures, Rg/Xe, containing atomic, Xe$^{+}$, and molecular, RgXe$^{+}$ and Xe$_{2}^{+}$, ions (Rg = Ne, Ar and Kr, [Xe]≪[Rg]). The rate constants of resonant electron capture by Xe$^{+}$ ions in ternary collisions with rare gas atoms, Rg($^{1}S_{0}$), and dissociative recombination of heteronuclear, RgXe$^{+}$, and homonuclear, Xe$_{2}^{+}$, ions were evaluated on the basis of the original approach within the framework of the theory of non-adiabatic transitions between electronic terms of RgXe$^{+}+e$ system. For the alternative mechanism of the three-body electron capture by Xe$^{+}$ ions in collisions with Ne, Ar and Kr atoms the calculations of the rate constants were carried out in the impulse approximation by taking into account both short-range and polarization electron-atom interactions. The rate constants of the three-body electron capture by ions and n → n′ transitions in collisions with electrons were calculated on the basis of the well-known theoretical models. We have determined the ranges of plasma ionization degree and electronic and gas temperatures as well as the principal quantum number of Xe atom which correspond to situations when the resonant free-bound and bound-bound transitions of electron play a key role.

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21

Filinov, Vladimir, Alexander Larkin, and Pavel Levashov. "Bound States of the Exchange—Correlation Excitons in the Uniform Electron Gas by the Monte Carlo Simulations." Universe 8, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8020079.

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The modified path integral representation of Wigner functions and the new Monte Carlo approach has been suggested to account for the impact of the interparticle interaction on the Pauli exclusion principle of fermions. This approach also allows to calculate the momentum distribution functions and to reduce the “sign problem” that is inaccessible to the standard path integral Monte Carlo methods. The obtained pair electron–electron distribution functions for the “uniform electron gas” demonstrate the short-range quantum ordering of electrons associated with exchange-correlation excitons. The exchange-correlation exciton is caused by the interaction of electrons with positively charged exchange holes and the excluded volume effect. The developed approach allows one to study the density–temperature range of the exciton arising, existence, and decay. Using the potential of the mean force and semiclassical Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization condition, we have demonstrated the existence of bound states disturbing the Maxwellian distribution and estimated their average energy levels. The exchange-correlation excitons have not been observed earlier in the standard path integral Monte Carlo simulations.

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22

McCarthy, Ian E. "The Development of Electron Momentum Spectroscopy." Australian Journal of Physics 51, no. 4 (1998): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/p97081.

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Electron momentum spectroscopy measures relative differential cross sections as a function of recoil momentum for energy-resolved states of the ion in a kinematically-complete electron- impact ionisation experiment. The experiment is done in a kinematic range where correct cross sections are obtained by simple reaction approximations. It amounts to a measurement of orbital momentum densities and coeffcients describing electron correlations in the ion for most ion states of a gas target. Certain ion states give information about ground-state correlations. For a solid target it amounts to a measurement of the energy-momentum density of occupied electron bands.

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23

Papp, D., N. A. M. Hafz, and C. Kamperidis. "Self-induced ionization injection LWFA and generation of sub-fs electron bunches with few-cycle sub-TW laser pulses." Laser and Particle Beams 37, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034619000260.

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AbstractWe investigate an ionization injection scheme in a “weakly” non-linear regime of a wakefield, driven by sub-TW, few-cycle laser pulses in a single-stage, high-Z gas. This medium simultaneously provides the background wake fluid electrons from its lower ionization states and the necessary dephased electrons from its higher ionization states. Two dimensional-particle-in-cell simulations show the generation of relativistic electron beamlets having up to 15 MeV peak energy, with a narrow energy-spread and sub-fs duration. Since the currently-available sub-TW, few-cycle laser systems operate at kHz repetition rates, the presented scheme is capable of producing kHz attosecond electron bunches and their associated radiations which can find unique applications, for instance, in attosecond diffraction and microscopy.

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24

Ermolaev, A. M., and Babak Haghighi. "Deceleration of charged particles in a two-dimensional electron gas with impurity states of electrons." Low Temperature Physics 25, no. 6 (June 1999): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.593765.

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25

Eisenstein, J. P., H. L. Störmer, V. Narayanamurti, A. Y. Cho, and A. C. Gossard. "Magnetization and density of states of the 2D electron gas in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures." Surface Science Letters 170, no. 1-2 (April 1986): A233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2584(86)90564-5.

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26

Eisenstein, J. P., H. L. Störmer, V. Narayanamurti, A. Y. Cho, and A. C. Gossard. "Magnetization and density of states of the 2D electron gas in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures." Surface Science 170, no. 1-2 (April 1986): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(86)90974-x.

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27

Wallbank, B., J. K. Holmes, and A. Weingartshofer. "Simultaneous electron-photon excitation of metastable states of rare-gas atoms." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 22, no. 21 (November 14, 1989): L615—L619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/22/21/002.

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28

López‐Villanueva, J. A., F. Gámiz, I. Melchor, and J. A. Jiménez‐Tejada. "Density of states of a two‐dimensional electron gas including nonparabolicity." Journal of Applied Physics 75, no. 8 (April 15, 1994): 4267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355967.

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29

ASHKINADZE, B. M., E. LINDER, E. COHEN, and L. N. PFEIFFER. "MICROWAVE-MODULATED PHOTOLUMINESCENCE OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GAS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 08n09 (April 10, 2007): 1541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207043166.

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The primary effect of microwave (mw) irradiation on a two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is heating due to mw absorption by the electrons. At low lattice temperatures, pronounced secondary effects are observed: mw-induced modification of the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum and mw-induced resistance oscillations (MIRO). We present an experimental study of mw-modulated PL (MPL) spectroscopy in modulation-doped GaAs/AlGaAs QW's At low magnetic field strengths (B < 0.5 T ), the analysis of the MPL spectra indicates that they arise of a redistribution of the photoexcited holes within the energy states of the top valence band. This is caused by absorbing low-energy acoustic phonons that are emitted by the mw-heated 2DEG. We propose that these nonequilibrium phonons also affect the 2DEG mobility leading to the MIRO's. For B > 0.5 T and intense mw-irradiation, new optically detected resonances (ODRs) are observed at magnetic fields that depend on the 2DEG density and approximately correspond to integer electron filling factors. We argue that these resonances result from a slight 2DEG density increase under mw irradiation with a concurent, low-energy PL spectral shift due to a small bandgap narrowing.

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30

Madesis, I., A. Laoutaris, E. P. Benis, A. Lagoyannis, M. Axiotis, and T. J. M. Zouros. "Zero-degree Auger Projectile Electron Spectroscopy of Li-like Ions obtained in Collisions of 1s2s 3S He-like Ions with Gaseous Targets." HNPS Proceedings 24 (April 1, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.1837.

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An experimental station has recently been completed with a beam line dedicated to atomic collision physics at the 5.5 MV TANDEM accelerator laboratory of the Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (INPP) at the National Center for Scientific Research (NCSR) “Demokritos” in Athens. A Zero-degree Auger Projectile Spectroscopy (ZAPS) apparatus composed of a single-stage Hemispherical Deflector Analyser (HDA) and a 2-dimensional Position Sensitive Detector (PSD), combined with a doubly differentially pumped gas target has been set up for high resolution studies of electrons emitted from projectile ions at θ = 0◦ with respect to the beam direction in collisions with dilute gas targets. A terminal gas stripper, as well as both a foil and a gas post-stripper, have also been newly installed, enhancing the capabilities of the TANDEM by allowing for the production of more intense, highly charged ion beams, thus complementing and expanding the range of the available energies and charge states of the TANDEM. Using this setup, a systematic isoelectronic investigation of high resolution K-Auger electron spectra emitted from pre-excited ions in collisions with gas targets has been commenced within the APAPES initiative. Here, we present some highlights of this program together with recent results. This investigation is expected to lead to a better understanding of electron capture to excited states of the ion beam and in particular the overlooked role of cascade feeding of metastable states contributing to the capture cross sections, recently a field of contested interpretations awaiting further resolution.

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31

KHOMKIN, ALEXANDER L., and ALEKSEY S. SHUMIKHIN. "Thermodynamics and transport properties of the supercritical fluid of metals." High Temperatures-High Pressures 49, no. 1-2 (2020): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32908/hthp.v49.811.

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The proposed model allows to calculate the composition, thermodynamic and transport properties of the supercritical metal vapors within unified approach. The model includes atoms, immersed in jellium, and thermally ionized electrons and ions. The jellium is the part of the bound states electron density. The density of electron jellium increases with the compression of atomic gas and does not depend on temperature directly. At compression, the electrical conductivity passes through the minimum from the conductivity of thermal electrons to the conductivity of electrons of jellium accordingly. Calculations of the equation of state and the electrical conductivity of supercritical metal vapors agree well with physical and numerical experimental data.

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32

STROCOV, V. N., P. O. NILSSON, R. CLAESSEN, F. ARYASETIAWAN, P. BLAHA, J. M. THEMLIN, G. NICOLAY, and S. HÜFNER. "SELF-ENERGY EFFECTS IN THE UNOCCUPIED AND OCCUPIED ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF Cu." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 02 (April 2002): 1281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x02003706.

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We report on self-energy effects in the electronic structure of Cu as a prototype weakly correlated system containing electron states of different localization. The unoccupied and occupied excited states were mapped fully resolved in the three-dimensional k using very-low-energy electron diffraction and photoemission, respectively. The self-energy corrections to the density-functional theory show distinct band- and k-dependence. These results are well described by quasiparticle GW calculations, especially for less localized states. We find correlation of the self-energy effects with spatial overlap of the one-electron wave function with the electron density, and elucidate the essential physics of this effect based on the electron-gas exchange correlation behavior.

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33

Klahn, Th, and P. Krebs. "Electron and anion mobility in low density hydrogen cyanide gas. I. Dipole-bound electron ground states." Journal of Chemical Physics 109, no. 10 (September 8, 1998): 3959–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.476506.

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34

Klahn, Th, and P. Krebs. "Electron and anion mobility in low density hydrogen cyanide gas. I. Dipole-bound electron ground states." Journal of Chemical Physics 109, no. 2 (July 8, 1998): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.476969.

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35

Micu, C., and E. Papp. "Applying the 1/N-Energy Solution of the Harper Equation to the Derivation of Thermodynamic Properties of Bloch Electrons." International Journal of Modern Physics B 12, no. 32 (December 30, 1998): 3503–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979298002854.

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The novel 1/N-energy solution to the Harper equation presented recently is applied to the derivation of thermodynamic properties of Bloch electrons on a two-dimensional lattice penetrated by a perpendicular uniform magnetic field. One procceeds by using an almost typical density of states such as proposed previously for a two-dimensional electron gas. Comparisons with recent data concerning rare earth componds as well as with results obtained before with the help of Dingle- and quantum-gas densities are done. One assumes that the Fermi level is fixed.

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36

Baymatov, P. J., A. G. Gulyamov, A. B. Davlatov, and B. B. Uzakov. "Broadening Thermal Energy Levels and Density States Quasi One-Dimensional Electron Gas." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 04, no. 04 (2016): 706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2016.44081.

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37

Sa-yakanit, V., N. Choosiri, and Henry R. Glyde. "Density of states between Landau levels in a two-dimensional electron gas." Physical Review B 38, no. 2 (July 15, 1988): 1340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.38.1340.

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38

LIU, Canhua, Iwao MATSUDA, Rei HOBARA, and Shuji HASEGAWA. "Interaction between Adatom-induced Localized States and Quasi-two-dimensional Electron Gas." Hyomen Kagaku 27, no. 12 (2006): 702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.27.702.

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39

Bernu, B., F. Delyon, Lucas Baguet, and Markus Holzmann. "Periodic ground states of the electron gas in two and three dimensions." Contributions to Plasma Physics 57, no. 10 (November 2017): 524–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.201700139.

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40

Torres, Manuel, and Alejandro Kunold. "Microwave induced negative resistance states in 2D electron gas with periodic modulation." physica status solidi (c) 4, no. 2 (February 2007): 645–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssc.200673339.

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41

OLSZEWSKI, S. "MAGNETIC MOMENT OF 2-DIMENSIONAL AND 3-DIMENSIONAL MANY-ELECTRON SYSTEMS EXAMINED WITH DEPENDENCE ON A COMMON SIZE PARAMETER." Modern Physics Letters B 16, no. 30 (December 30, 2002): 1183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984902004585.

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The orbital magnetic moments induced by a constant magnetic field in a two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) electron gas are calculated on the same footing independent of the conventional method based on statistical thermodynamics. The dependence of the moment on a common size parameter — defined as the cubic root of the volume occupied by one electron in a 3D gas — is found to be a similar monotonic function for both kinds of electron gas. This monotonic dependence is compared with the oscillating function of the size parameter obtained for the magnetic moment calculated in the case of a 2D slice of the tightly-bound s-electron states in a simple-cubic, or body-centred cubic, lattice.

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MACDONALD, A. H. "CORRELATIONS WEAK AND STRONG: DIVERS GUISES OF THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GAS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 13, no. 05n06 (March 10, 1999): 447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979299000345.

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The three-dimensional electron-gas model has been a major focus for many-body theory applied to the electronic properties of metals and semiconductors. Because the model neglects band effects, whereas electronic systems are generally more strongly correlated in narrow band systems, it is most widely used to describe the qualitative physics of weakly correlated metals with unambiguous Fermi liquid properties. The model is more interesting in two space dimensions because it provides a quantitative description of electrons in quantum wells and because these can form strongly correlated many-particle states. We illustrate the range of possible many-particle behaviors by discussing the way correlations are manifested in 2D tunneling spectroscopy experiments.

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Lim, Geunsik, Tariq Manzur, and Aravinda Kar. "Laser-Doped SiC as Wireless Remote Gas Sensor Based on Semiconductor Optics." Materials Science Forum 717-720 (May 2012): 1195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.717-720.1195.

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An uncooled SiC-based electro-optic device is developed for gas sensing applications. P-type dopants Ga, Sc, P and Al are incorporated into an n-type crystalline 6H-SiC substrate by a laser doping technique for sensing CO2, CO, NO2 and NO gases, respectively. Each dopant creates an acceptor energy level within the bandgap of the substrate so that the energy gap between this acceptor level and the valence band matches the quantum of energy emitted by the gas of interest. The photons of the gas excite electrons from the valence band to the acceptor level, which alters the electron density in these two states. Consequently, the refractive index of the substrate changes, which, in turn, modifies the reflectivity of the substrate. This change in reflectivity represents the optical signal of the sensor, which is probed remotely with a laser such as a helium-neon laser. Although the midwave infrared (3-5 mm) band is studied in this paper, the approach is applicable to other spectral bands.

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Shimizu, Sunao, Mohammad Saeed Bahramy, Takahiko Iizuka, Shimpei Ono, Kazumoto Miwa, Yoshinori Tokura, and Yoshihiro Iwasa. "Enhanced thermopower in ZnO two-dimensional electron gas." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 23 (May 24, 2016): 6438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1525500113.

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Control of dimensionality has proven to be an effective way to manipulate the electronic properties of materials, thereby enabling exotic quantum phenomena, such as superconductivity, quantum Hall effects, and valleytronic effects. Another example is thermoelectricity, which has been theoretically proposed to be favorably controllable by reducing the dimensionality. Here, we verify this proposal by performing a systematic study on a gate-tuned 2D electron gas (2DEG) system formed at the surface of ZnO. Combining state-of-the-art electric-double-layer transistor experiments and realistic tight-binding calculations, we show that, for a wide range of carrier densities, the 2DEG channel comprises a single subband, and its effective thickness can be reduced to ∼ 1 nm at sufficiently high gate biases. We also demonstrate that the thermoelectric performance of the 2DEG region is significantly higher than that of bulk ZnO. Our approach opens up a route to exploit the peculiar behavior of 2DEG electronic states and realize thermoelectric devices with advanced functionalities.

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Gleizer, N. V., A. M. Ermolaev, and G. I. Rashba. "Thermodynamic functions of a relativistic electron gas on a tube in a magnetic field." International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, no. 22 (September 10, 2019): 1950253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219502539.

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On the basis of the one-particle Dirac equation, an exact solution for the problem of the energy spectrum of a relativistic electron on the surface of a tube in a magnetic field is obtained. The spectra of a relativistic rotator and a relativistic electron in a two-dimensional electron gas are obtained in limiting cases. The density of electron states and the main thermodynamic functions of a relativistic electron gas on a tube in a magnetic field are calculated. These values experience Aharonov–Bohm oscillations and oscillations of the de Haas–van Alphen type with a change of the magnetic field and parameters of the problem. The asymptotics of thermodynamic functions at low- and high-temperatures are obtained. The results can be used in studies of nanotubes of a two-dimensional electron gas and in astrophysics.

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Eberhardt, W., EW Plummer, CT Chen, and WK Ford. "Deexcitation Electron Spectroscopy: A Probe for the Localisation of Valence Wavefunctions in Free and Adsorbed Molecules." Australian Journal of Physics 39, no. 5 (1986): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph860853.

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Deexcitation electron spectroscopy (DES) is the measurement of the kinetic energy distribution of electrons emitted in the decay of highly excited states of molecules formed by core to bound resonant photon absorption. This spectroscopy has the potential of becoming a new probe of the localised properties of the valence electronic states in molecules as well as furnishing new insights into the dynamics of the electronic decay and screening processes. This paper describes the basic principles of DES by following the evolution of the DES spectra in CO, from the isolated CO molecule in the gas phase, through the transition metal carbonyls, to CO adsorbed on a surface. In all three cases the energetics, intensities and dynamics of DES will be compared with photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES).

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Awobode, A. M. "Anomaly in the electron orbital g-factor: analysis of data on Ar, Ne and He." Physica Scripta 96, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 125411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac379a.

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Abstract Deviations from the exact value 1, of the electron orbital g-factor g L , are determined from the measured g J ratios of some states of the noble gas atoms He, Ne and Ar. The calculated values are compared with those previously found from the ratio of the Lande g-factors measured on the atoms of In, Ga and Na. The anomalies obtained from some of the rare gas atoms are, at least, one order of magnitude higher, in absolute value, than those from the one-valence-electron atoms. Configuration interactions and perturbations are considered for the atomic states analyzed and are found to be negligible. Thus, the electron’s orbital g-factor appears significantly anomalous. The implications for QED and the structure of the electron are discussed.

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Johansson, J. Olof, Elvira Bohl, and Eleanor E. B. Campbell. "Super-atom molecular orbital excited states of fullerenes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2076 (September 13, 2016): 20150322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0322.

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Super-atom molecular orbitals are orbitals that form diffuse hydrogenic excited electronic states of fullerenes with their electron density centred at the centre of the hollow carbon cage and a significant electron density inside the cage. This is a consequence of the high symmetry and hollow structure of the molecules and distinguishes them from typical low-lying molecular Rydberg states. This review summarizes the current experimental and theoretical studies related to these exotic excited electronic states with emphasis on femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy experiments on gas-phase fullerenes. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Fullerenes: past, present and future, celebrating the 30th anniversary of Buckminster Fullerene’.

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EMİNBEYLİ, RAMAZAN, BAHŞELI GULİYEV, ALI IHSAN DEMİREL, and ABUZER YAMAN. "ELECTRON GAS STATISTICS IN SIZE-QUANTIZED THIN FILMS WITH NON-PARABOLIC ENERGY SPECTRA." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 25 (October 10, 2005): 3825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205032413.

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The electron gas statistics in semiconducting thin films with arbitrary isotropic energy spectra was found in this theoretical work. General expressions for the density of states of the charge carriers and for the chemical potential were deduced according to the two-band Kane model approach. The ratio of the expression obtained for the density of states to that of the expression deduced according to the parabolic approach was shown to be a function of the energy. The Fermi energy of the electron gas was observed to be a function of the thin film thickness, the non-parabolic parameter, the concentration and the temperature. In the strong non-parabolic approach the dependency of the Fermi energy on the thin film thickness was shown to exhibit non-monotonic characteristics.

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Schreiber, Katherine A., and Gábor A. Csáthy. "Competition of Pairing and Nematicity in the Two-Dimensional Electron Gas." Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics 11, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050550.

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Due to its extremely rich phase diagram, the two-dimensional electron gas exposed to perpendicular magnetic fields has been the subject of intense and sustained study. One particularly interesting problem in this system is that of the half-filled Landau level, where the Fermi sea of composite fermions, a fractional quantum Hall state arising from a pairing instability of the composite fermions, and the quantum Hall nematic were observed in the half-filled N = 0, N = 1, and N ≥ 2 Landau levels, respectively. Thus, different ground states developed in different half-filled Landau levels. This situation has recently changed, when evidence for both the paired fractional quantum Hall state and the quantum Hall nematic was reported in the half-filled N = 1 Landau level. Furthermore, a direct quantum phase transition between these two ordered states was found. These results highlight an intimate connection between pairing and nematicity, which is a topic of current interest in several strongly correlated systems, in a well-understood and low-disorder environment.

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