Relevant bibliographies by topics / Electron gas states

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Electron gas states'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Electron gas states"

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Klahn, Th, and P. Krebs. "Dipole-bound electron states in HCN gas." Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie 98, no. 12 (December 1994): 1630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19940981221.

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Hernandez, John P., and L. W. Martin. "Analysis of excess electron states in neon gas." Physical Review A 43, no. 8 (April 1, 1991): 4568–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.43.4568.

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Feng, Guobao, Huiling Song, Yun Li, Xiaojun Li, Guibai Xie, Jian Zhuang, and Lu Liu. "Gas Desorption and Secondary Electron Emission from Graphene Coated Copper Due to E-Beam Stimulation." Coatings 13, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020370.

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The gas desorption and secondary electron multiplication induced by electron bombardment tend to induce severe low-pressure discharge effects in space microwave device cavities. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on both secondary electron emission and electron-stimulated gas desorption (ESD). Although the suppression of secondary electrons by graphene was found to be better in our previous study, it is still unclear whether the surface modification of graphene, which brings about different interfacial states, can also be manifested in terms of ESD. The deep mechanism of gas desorption and secondary electron emission from this extremely thin two-dimensional material under electron bombardment still needs further investigation. Therefore, this paper investigates the mechanism of graphene modification on Cu metal surface on the gas release and secondary electron emission properties under electron bombardment. The surface states of graphene-modified Cu were characterized, and the ESD yield and secondary electron yield of Cu/GoCu were investigated using a self-researched platform and analyzed using molecular dynamics simulations and electron Monte Carlo simulations. The results of the study showed that the most released component on the Cu surface under the bombardment of electrons was H2O molecules, while the most released component on the GoCu surface was H2 molecules. The graphene-modified samples showed a significant suppression effect on the secondary electron yield and ESD only in the low-energy region below 400 eV. This study can provide a valuable reference for suppressing low-pressure discharge and multipactor phenomena in space microwave components.
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Laoutaris, A., I. Madesis, E. P. Benis, and T. J. M. Zouros. "Production of C4+ (2s2p 3,1P) hollow states in collisions of 6-18 MeV C4+ (1s2, 1s2s 3S) mixed-state beams with gas targets." HNPS Proceedings 26 (April 1, 2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.1808.

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Normalized electron yields of the formation of 2s2p 3,1P states from the metastable states 1s2s 3,1S and from the ground state 1s21S were obtained in 6-18MeV C4+ collisions with H2, He, Ne and Ar gas targets. The method of zero-degree Auger projectile spectroscopy was used to detect electrons emitted in the Auger decay C4+ (2s2p 3,1P) → C5+ (1s) + e-with high resolution. These states are of particular importance in the detailed study of fundamental excitation mechanisms, i.e. electron-nucleus excitation, electron-electron excitation and electron-electron excitation with spin exchange. Currently, the role of the above mechanisms in the production of the 2s2p 3,1P states is investigated utilizing variable 1s2s 3S metastable fraction beams as a function of collision energy and target species. Our latest results are presented.
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Mazzone, A. M. "Charge states of heavy ions in an electron gas." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 126, no. 1-4 (March 1993): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420159308219731.

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Borghesani, Armando Francesco. "Accurate Electron Drift Mobility Measurements in Moderately Dense Helium Gas at Several Temperatures." Atoms 9, no. 3 (August 4, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030052.

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We report new accurate measurements of the drift mobility μ of quasifree electrons in moderately dense helium gas in the temperature range 26K≤T≤300K for densities lower than those at which states of electrons localized in bubbles appear. By heuristically including multiple-scattering effects into classical kinetic formulas, as previously done for neon and argon, an excellent description of the field E, density N, and temperature T dependence of μ is obtained. Moreover, the experimental evidence suggests that the strong decrease of the zero-field density-normalized mobility μ0N with increasing N from the low up to intermediate density regime is mainly due to weak localization of electrons caused by the intrinsic disorder of the system, whereas the further decrease of μ0N for even larger N is due to electron self-trapping in cavities. We suggest that a distinction between weakly localized and electron bubble states can be done by inspecting the behavior of μ0N as a function of N at intermediate densities.
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GHAZALI, A., and I. C. DA CUNHA LIMA. "QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL IMPURITY STATES IN Ga1−xAlxAs/GaAs HETEROSTRUCTURE." Modern Physics Letters B 06, no. 10 (April 30, 1992): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984992000673.

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The advances in submicron lithography on semiconductor devices allow to produce very narrow inversion channels in which the electron gas behaves as quasi-one-dimensional. The presence of shallow donor impurities introduces bound states for electrons which have their binding energies depending on the impurity location in the plane perpendicular to the channel. In this paper we calculate these binding energies and plot the iso-energy curves for the dilute regime, assuming a confinement potential separable into a square well (caused by the barriers at the interfaces creating the quantum well) and an electrically induced harmonic potential in a direction perpendicular to the growth axis.
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MANSOURI, FARES, JANOS POLONYI, KARIMA ZAZOUA, and NOUREDIN ZEKRI. "PROTON SCATTERING ON AN ELECTRON GAS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, no. 18 (July 20, 2013): 1350091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13500917.

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It is shown in the case of proton scattering on an electron gas target that the Closed Time Path formalism can handle final state interactions of the target in equilibrium in a simple and natural manner. The leading-order cross-section is proportional to the photon density of states. The scattering needs a partial resummation of the perturbation series when the electron gas forms long living quasi-particles with high density of state during the collision. A strong cancellation between real and virtual electron-hole pairs is found in this case.
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Gleizer, N. V., A. M. Ermolaev, and Babak Khakiki. "High-frequency conductivity of a two-dimensional electron gas with impurity electron states." Russian Physics Journal 40, no. 7 (July 1997): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02514959.

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Xia, X., X. Zhu, and J. J. Quinn. "Hydrogenic impurity states in quasi-two-dimensional electron-gas systems." Physical Review B 45, no. 3 (January 15, 1992): 1341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.45.1341.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electron gas states"

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Yu, Wing Wa. "Low temperature spintronics : probing charge and spin states with two-dimensional electron gas." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12580.

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This thesis is based on two low temperature experiments in spintronics - physics and engineering of electronic spins. The measurements were performed on a GaAs/AlGaAs two-dimensional electron gas with geometries defined by tunable surface gates. The first experiment is about detection of electrons in a quantum dot. A quantum point contact (QPC) and a quantum wire (QW) is coupled to a single-lead few-electron quantum dot. By measuring the conductance of the QPC and the QW, one can gain information on the average number of electrons in the dot as well as energy-level structure of the dot. The second experiment investigates anisotropy of spin-orbit interaction in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure by measuring spin polarization in a narrow channel. Polarized electrons are injected into the channel through a spin-selective injector QPC and diffuse towards the end of the channel. This diffusion generates a pure spin current and the spin polarization 25 microns away is measured by a detector QPC. A periodic spin-orbit field induced by motion of the electrons in the channel causes the spins to resonate with external magnetic field. Spin-orbit anisotropy is demonstrated by the different resonance strength observed in channels aligned along two different crystal axes.
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Yokota, Takeru. "Functional-renormalization-group aided density-functional theory - ab-inito description of ground and excited states of quantum many-body systems -." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242609.

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Wright, Timothy Grahame. "Studies of some gas-phase oxidation reactions using electron spectroscopy and the electronic structure of some small molecules." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358873.

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Ouali, Fatma Fouzia. "Phonon emission from a two dimensional electron gas." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293620.

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McFadden, C. "Electron transport in GaAs semiconductor devices." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332168.

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Gilbert, Timothy George. "Electronic states of ultrathin GaAs/AlAs superlattices." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35893.

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The continuing refinement of crystal growth techniques has made possible the fabrication of semiconductor superlattices where the period can be as small as one lattice constant. Prediction of many of the properties of such systems requires a detailed description of their electronic structure. In this thesis, a self-consistent pseudopotential method which includes a parametrization scheme has been used to calculate the electronic properties of (GaAs)n(AlAs)n superlattices with n ranging from 1 to 4. The parametrization scheme is used to reproduce energy gaps at the principal symmetry points for the bulk constituents and the resulting parameter set is employed in all subsequent calculations. The n=l superlattice is found to be indirect with the conduction band minimum at R (equivalent to the zincblende L point) and all the thicker systems are pseudodirect in good agreement with experimental results. The lowest conduction band state at the zone centre for all systems is found to be mainly X-derived reflecting the importance of zone translating effects here. By analysing the states near to the band edges, the observed pattern of confinement in states of the n=l superlattice shows the band offsets to have at most a small role, in contrast to the thicker systems where a definite relationship was established. Moreover, the results suggest that Dingle's "15% rule" is consistently violated and that a valence band offset of about 30-40% is obtained which changes little with layer thickness. Attempts to study the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the n=3 superlattice were in part successful and predicted quite complex behaviour for the electronic states. Much of the discrepancy between the results obtained and the experimental data was attributed to the inadequacies of the empty-core pseudopotential to model the ions.
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Hedberg, James. "Low temperature force microscopy on a deeply embedded two dimensional electron gas." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97016.

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Experimental physics in the low temperature limit has consistently produced major advances for condensed matter research. Likewise, scanning probe microscopy offers a unique view of the nanometer scale features that populate the quantum landscape. This work discusses the merger of the two disciplines via the development of the Ultra Low Temperature Scanning Probe Microscope, the ULT-SPM. We focus on the novel characterization of an exotic condensed matter system: a deeply buried two dimensional electron gas with a cleaved edge overgrowth geometry. By coupling the dynamics of the force sensing probe microscope to the electrostatics of the electron gas, we can remotely and non-invasively measure charge transport features which are normally only observable using physically contacted electrodes. Focusing on the quantum Hall regime, we can exploit the high sensitivity of the local force sensor to study spatially dependent phenomena associated with electronic potential distributions. The instrument shows promise for many exciting experiments in which low temperatures, high magnetic fields, and local measurements are critical.Designed for operation at 50 mK, in magnetic fields reaching 16 T, many components of the instrument are not commercially available and were therefore designed and constructed in- house. As such, the intricate details of its design, construction and operation are documented thoroughly. This includes: the microscope assembly, the modular components such as the scan head and coarse motors, the electronics developed for controlling the instrument, and the general integration into the low temperature infrastructure. A quartz tuning fork is used as the force sensor in this instrument, enabling a wide selection between different modes of operation, the most relevant being electrostatic force microscopy. Noise limits are investigated and matched sources of experimental noise are identified. Detailed schematics of the instrument are also included.
La physique expérimentale aux limites des basses températures contribue constamment à des percées majeures dans le domaine de la matière condensée. Pour sa part, la microscopie à balayage de sonde offre la possibilité unique d'observer les éléments nanométriques qui car- actérisent le paysage quantique. Ce projet allie les avantages de ces deux disciplines par le développement d'un microscope à balayage de sonde opérant à très basse température (Ultra Low Temperature Scanning Probe Microscope), le « ULT-SPM. » Nous étudions en particulier un système exotique de la matière condensée : un gaz d'électrons bidimensionnel profondément enfoui, comportant une croissance latérale sur le bord clivé. Le couplage des forces dynamiques de la sonde du microscope et électrostatiques du gaz à électrons, nous permet de mesurer à distance et de façon non invasive, les caractéristiques de transport des charges, qui ne sont normalement observables qu'à l'aide d'électrodes et donc, par un contact physique. Dans le régime de l'effet Hall quantique, nous pouvons exploiter la grande sensibilité du capteur de force local pour étudier des phénomènes spatiodépendants associés aux distribu- tions de potentiel électronique. L'instrument se révèle prometteur pour la poursuite de nom- breuses expériences passionnantes où les conditions de basse température, champ magnétique élevé et mesures locales sont essentielles. Comme il est conçu pour fonctionner à 50 mK et sous un champ magnétique pouvant at- teindre 16 T, plusieurs composantes du microscope ne sont pas disponibles commercialement et ont donc été entièrement conçues et fabriquées sur place. Les détails intrinsèques de la con- ception, de la construction et du fonctionnement sont ainsi documentés à fond. Ceci inclut : l'assemblage du microscope, les composantes modulaires comme la tête de balayage et les mo- teurs, l'électronique des contrôles de l'instrument et l'intégration à l'infrastructure opérant à basse température. Dans cet instrument, un diapason de quartz fait office de capteur, ce qui permet une grande flexibilité quant aux différents modes d'opération, le plus utile étant la mi- croscopie de force électrostatique. Les limites de bruit sont étudiées et comparées aux sources de bruit expérimentales. Les schémas détaillés de l'instrument sont également inclus.
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Woolfe, Adam. "Electronic transport through localised states in GaAs transistors." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390216.

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Brummell, M. A. "High magnetic field studies of the two-dimensional electron gas formed in semiconductor heterostructures." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355716.

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Ibraheim, K. S. "Angular and polarisation correlation measurements on the 2'1P and 3'1P states of helium." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375414.

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Books on the topic "Electron gas states"

1

Meehan, Bill. Empowering electric and gas utilities with GIS. Redlands, Calif: ESRI Press, 2007.

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NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Physics of the Two-Dimensional Electron Gas (1986 Oostduinkerke, Belgium). The physics of the two-dimensional electron gas. New York: Plenum Press, 1987.

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Empowering electric and gas utilities with GIS. Redlands, Calif: ESRI Press, 2007.

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Little, Arthur D. inc. Management audit of New York State Electric & Gas Corporation. Cambridge, Mass: Arthur D. Little, Inc., 1985.

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Ryabov, Vladimir. Oil and Gas Chemistry. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1017513.

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The textbook provides up-to-date data on the composition and properties of hydrocarbons and other oil and gas compounds, on the physical and chemical methods and methods for separating and identifying oil components (molecular spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, atomic adsorption spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis). The chemistry and mechanism of thermal and catalytic transformations of oil components in the main processes of oil raw materials processing, as well as the problems of the origin of oil and the transformation of oil in the environment are considered. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for training in the course "Chemistry of oil and gas", for the preparation of bachelors, masters and certified specialists in the field of training "Oil and Gas business". It can be used for training in other areas in oil and gas universities and be of interest to specialists working in the field of chemistry and technology of oil refining and in other areas of the oil and gas industry.
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Out and running: Gay and lesbian candidates, elections, and policy representation. Washington D.C: Georgetown University Press, 2010.

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Selim, Jahan. Electric and gas company sizes and numbers in Iowa: A comparative analysis. [Iowa]: Utilities Division, Iowa Dept. of Commerce, Research, Economics and Finance Section, 1993.

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Bahl, I. J. Control components using Si, GaAs, and GaN technologies / Inder J. Bahl. Boston: Artech House, 2014.

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The disappearing God gap?: Religion in the 2008 presidential election. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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B, Danilov Oleg, Vserossiĭskiĭ nauchnyĭ t͡s︡entr "Gosudarstvennyĭ opticheskiĭ institut im. S.I. Vavilova." Institute for Laser Physics., Russia (Federation). Ministerstvo nauki i tekhnologiĭ., Technische Zentrum Nord (Germany), Thomson-CFS, Jenoptik AG, and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. Gas, liquid, and free-electron lasers: Laser Optics '98 : 22-26 June 1998, St. Petersburg, Russia. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electron gas states"

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Gornik, Erich. "Density of States of 2 Dimensional Systems in High Magnetic Fields." In The Physics of the Two-Dimensional Electron Gas, 365–92. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1907-8_11.

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Wiegers, S., E. Bibow, L. P. Lévy, V. Bayot, M. Simmons, and M. Shayegan. "Magnetization and Orbital Properties of the Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in the Quantum Limit." In Exotic States in Quantum Nanostructures, 99–138. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9974-0_3.

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Das Sarma, S. "Density of States of a Two Dimensional Electron Gas in High Magnetic Fields." In Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, 394–409. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84408-9_57.

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Efros, A. L. "Density of states of a 2-D electron gas in a magnetic field." In Lecture Notes in Physics, 402–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-18244-6_53.

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D’Iorio, M., V. M. Pudalov, and S. G. Semenchinsky. "Magnetic Field Induced Transitions Between Quantized Hall and Insulator States in a Dilute 2D Electron Gas." In Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, 74–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84408-9_10.

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Efetov, K. B., and V. G. Marikhin. "Density of States and Kinetic Coefficients of a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in a Strong Magnetic Field." In Localization and Confinement of Electrons in Semiconductors, 216–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84272-6_23.

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Gudmundsson, V., and R. R. Gerhardts. "A Statistical Model for Inhomogeneities Explaining the Apparent Density of States Between Landau Levels of a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas." In Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, 67–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83114-0_10.

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Rössler, Ulrich. "The Free Electron Gas." In Solid State Theory, 75–117. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92762-4_4.

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Ghazali, A., and A. Gold. "Screened Interaction Potential and Bound States between Two Negative Charged Particles in the Three- and Two-Dimensional Electron Gas." In Strongly Coupled Coulomb Systems, 439–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47086-1_79.

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Johnston, R., and L. Schweitzer. "The Density of States of a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in a Perpendicular Magnetic Field Under the Influence of a Correlated Random Potential." In Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, 71–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83114-0_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Electron gas states"

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PLANAT, M., and R. BARRÈRE. "1/F NOISE OF THE DENSITY OF STATES OF AN ELECTRON GAS." In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812811165_0131.

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Baer, Tomas. "Time Resolved Studies in the Gas Phase: Reaction Dynamics and Threshold Photoelectron Spectroscopy." In Free-Electron Laser Applications in the Ultraviolet. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fel.1988.fb2.

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The high intensity, resolution, and brightness of the free electron laser (FEL) radiation is now making possible pump-probe experiments of excited state lifetimes in the picosecond domain in energy ranges not previously attainable by standard lasers. In addition, the short pulses will make possible electron TOF studies for measuring threshold photoelectron spectra with resolutions to 1 cm-1. The major requirement for pump-probe experiment is that the sum of the two laser energies be greater than the ionization potential of the molecule being investigated. The FEL can be used either as a pump to investigate high energy states, or as a probe for low energy states excited by infra-red or visible lasers. TPES of cold molecules will provide new information about vibrational modes in ions and structural information from the analysis of the rotational structure.
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Portella-Oberli, Marcia T., Catherine Jeannin, and Majed Chergui. "“Bubble” dynamics following Rydberg state excitation in rare gas matrices." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1996.pdp.3.

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The dynamics of Rydberg states in condensed matter is still a field to be unravelled. The radius of low-n Rydberg states is comparable to the nearest neighbour distance in rare gas solids. Consequently, following photoexcitation of such states in a solid matrix, there will be a short-range repulsive interaction between the Rydberg electron and the electronic cloud of the neighbouring matrix atoms. This repulsion leads to a local expansion around the electronically excited center and results in the formation of a "microscopic cavity", or "bubble", surrounding the molecule as the solvent atoms are pushed asunder to a new equilibrium position /1-4/. In conventional spectroscopy, this is inferred from the large blue gas-to-matrix shifts of absorption bands and the strong absorption-emission Stokes shifts.
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Efros, A. L. "Density of states and the metal - non-metal transition in the 2-D electron gas." In Frontiers in condensed matter theory. AIP, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.39725.

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Duarte, Leonardo José, and Roy Edward Bruns. "Infrared intensities of imaginary frequencies: Gas-Phase SN2 Transition States." In VIII Simpósio de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular. Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21826/viiiseedmol202032.

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The gas phase SN2 reaction transition state structures for nine [XCZ_3 Y]^- systems, where X,Y=H,F,Cl and Z = H,F were optimized and their normal modes of vibrations were determined at the QCISD/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. Using Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM), the atomic charges and atomic dipoles were obtained and used to calculate the Charge – Charge Transfer – Dipolar Polarization (CCTDP) contributions to the imaginary normal mode intensity of transition states. The results show that the imaginary bands are strong, ranging from 1217 to 16086 〖km∙mol〗^(-1), much higher than occurs for most bands found in molecules. For all systems, the CT contribution is responsible for 80% of the total intensity on average. The Charge contributions are slightly higher for transitions states with Z = F. Dipolar polarization contributions are always small. The contributions from the Z atoms are negligible, thus only atoms aligned with the reaction axis X-C-Y contribute to total intensity. All charge transfers were evaluated taking the carbon atom as reference, implying that almost all infrared intensity is determined by electron transfers from the nucleophile and carbon and from carbon to the leaving group. The mechanism of charge transfer revealed by the CCTDP model is consistent with the reaction mechanism itself, which points towards the connection between the imaginary normal mode and the reaction coordinate.
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Avouris, Phaedon. "STM Imaging of Electron Scattering and Confinement at Metal Surfaces." In Microphysics of Surfaces: Nanoscale Processing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/msnp.1995.msaa3.

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Electrons in Shockley-type metal surface states act as a quasi-two-dimensional free-electron gas (2DFEG). We show that scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) can be used to study the interactions of this 2DFEG with features such as individual steps and adsorbed or embedded atoms1,2. Two approaches were utilized in our studies. One is based on the fact that an incident surface electron-wave when partially reflected by localized potentials such as those produced by steps, can interfere with the incident wave. This interference leads to an oscillatory local density-of-states near the step. Such oscillations were observed in dI/dV maps of Au(111) and Ag(111) surfaces. From dI/dV images as a function of the bias voltage the dispersion of the surface states and the scattering phase-shifts were obtained. Point-defects lead to isotropic scattering which appears in the form of concentric circles surrounding the defect. Because of the finite penetration depth of the surface state, not only adsorbed but also ebbeded species were found to act as scatterers. The electron oscillations observed at 300K decay exponentially as a function of the distance from the scattercr. We attribute this to the temperature-dependent Δk-width of the STS measurement which leads to the dephasing of the thus formed wave-packet. Another approach we used to study the interactions of the 2DFEG involves the spectroscopy of the onset region of the surface state band as a function of the distance from the scatterer2. In this way, the range of strong perturbation of the surface state was estimated to be 15-20 Å, and evidence was found for defect-induced bulk-surface state mixing.
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Nishio, Y., T. Tange, N. Hirayama, T. Iida, and Y. Takanashi. "Comparison between theoretical and experimental results for energy states of two-dimensional electron gas in pseudomorphically strained InAs-HEMTs." In 2013 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2013.ps-6-17.

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Khudobina, Olga, and Igor Fedulov. "Energy spectrum of the magnetic bloch states of the 2D electron gas with spin-orbit interaction rashba-type and hexagonal warping effect." In 2017 IEEE 7th International Conference "Nanomaterials: Application & Properties" (NAP). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nap.2017.8190151.

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Agista, Madhan Nur, Mahmoud Khalifeh, and Arild Saasen. "Evaluation of Zonal Isolation Material for Low Temperature Shallow Gas Zone Application." In SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210751-ms.

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Abstract Methane gas leaks from shallow gas zone have been reported in some areas in the North Sea. In the North Sea, shallow gas zones can have temperatures below 25°C with relatively low pore pressure. It is necessary to prevent the flow of this gas behind casings by performing proper zonal isolation with cementitious materials. A series of experiments were performed on three different types of industrially used and state-of-the-art cementitious materials and a rock-based geopolymer to evaluate their performance for shallow gas zonal isolation. Neat class G Portland cement, industrial rapid-hardening cement, gas-tight cement, and granite-based geopolymer were the selected materials. The research aims to reveal the performance of these zonal isolation materials and their potential shortcomings due to the low-temperature effect. Material characterizations were performed on three states of the materials: liquid-state, gel phase, and solid-state. Rheological properties and consistency are evaluated at the liquid state of the materials. Static gel strength tests were performed to evaluate the strength of gel structure and transition time. The compressive strength of samples was evaluated using an ultrasonic cement analyzer (UCA) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). In addition, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was utilized to reveal microstructure of the materials. To have a similar hydration process as in the low-temperature shallow gas zone, slurries were mixed and pre-conditioned at temperatures of 4 and 25°C. The experiment shows that the hydration process of the cement is less optimum in the low-temperature condition, which affects the gel strength development of the cement during the transition from liquid to a solid phase. It also resulted in the lower final compressive strength of the cured specimens.
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Wilson, D. W., E. N. Glytsis, and T. K. Gaylord. "Electron waveguiding in quantum wells, voltage- induced quantum wells, and quantum barriers." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.thf5.

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Recent experiments have produced ballistic electron transport over micron lengths in semiconductor 2-D electron gas (2DEG) systems. This has made possible the demonstration of electron devices that exhibit impressive optical like behavior.1-3 In these devices, the quantum well at the 2DEG interface acts as a slab waveguide for ballistic electron waves. We show how finite- potential heterostructure wells, homostructure voltage-induced wells, and heterostructure barriers can act as electron slab waveguides. We find that the waveguiding in all these structures is described by a single dispersion relation and can occur at energies above all band edges. The guided-mode cutoffs, electron velocity, effective mass, density of states, and ballistic current density are determined. A multiple layer theory is developed to analyze wells and barriers with arbitrary potential energy profiles. The maximum ballistic guided current flowing in a given direction for a ten-monolayer Ga0.75Al0.25As/GaAs/- Ga0.9Al0.1. As waveguide is found to be 2.3 mA/μm of waveguide width. This relatively large value suggests that interconnecting multiple ballistic electron devices through a single slab waveguide may be feasible.
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Reports on the topic "Electron gas states"

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Sheldon, Tamara, Rubal Dua, and Omar Al Harbi. Are Electric Vehicle Subsidies Becoming More Impactful Over Time? King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp04.

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Various subsidies for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) have been implemented worldwide at the federal, state and regional levels. These subsidies aim to promote PEV adoption to help reduce both local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (Hardman 2019). In the United States (U.S.), the federal government began subsidizing PEVs in 2010.
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Willson. L51709 Development-Test Electronic Gas Admission for Large Bore Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010114.

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The pipeline industry uses over 8,000 large bore engines in gas transmission/compression service". These engines are typically gas fueled and spark ignited. Some early versions of the engines are piston scavenged, but most are turbocharged. Some models, especially those equipped for lean burn operation, utilize pre-combustion chambers for enhanced ignition. Typically, the gaseous fuel is admitted directly into the top of the engine combustion chamber by a cam-operated, mechanical gas admission valve (MGAV). The MGAV is operated by an engine driven cam, cam follower, push rod, and rocker assembly. Such mechanisms offer little in the way of adjustability of the gas admission event: the ability to change the start of gas admission (SOA) and end of gas admission (EOA). The gas admission system is generally optimized for a particular mode of engine operation, typically rated speed and full load, and is fixed in that state. Desired changes in the gas admission cycle are not easily accomplished. At the same time, however, undesired changes commonly occur due to wear, failure, and mis-adjustment of the MGAV drive train. This report documents the development of a natural gas-fueled large-bore engine test bed (LBET) at Colorado State University and the subsequent test of an electronic gas admissions valve (EGAV) with in-cylinder pressure feedback. The LBET is now a state-of-the-art natural gas-fueled test facility. It will be open for use in late 1994 or early 1995 to all parties interested in testing equipment that might lead to safer, more economical and cleaner burning gas fueled engines. The EGAV tests were successful. The valve allows for precise control of fuel admission and end of admission timing. This results in the engine running in a real-time balance condition. Laboratory tests showed a 30% reduction of hydrocarbons and nitrous oxides reductions with a 2% reduction in fuel consumption. Field testing will continue in 1995 prior to commercialization.
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Roa, Julio, Joseph Oldham, and Marina Lima. Recognizing the Potential to Reduce GHG Emissions Through Air Transportation Electrification. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2223.

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California is aggressively moving forward with efforts to deploy zero-emission transportation technology to fight climate change, especially the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from the high-impact transportation sector. However, to date, the investments California has made with Cap-and-Trade funding have focused on ground transportation and some marine sources and not the aircraft at the over 140 airports in the state. Through a California-focused comprehensive GHG emissions analysis, this research project seeks to determine how RAM using electric/hybrid electric aircraft can provide new high-speed transportation for high-priority passenger and cargo movement within Fresno County and connections to coastal urban centers. Using VISION, a model developed by the Argonne National Laboratory Transportation Systems Assessment Group, the research team identified and compared the emission per mile and emission per passenger mile between different modes of transportation using traditional petroleum fuel and other sustainable alternatives at an individual level and within the context of the transportation sector, by comparing different modes of transportation. With this estimation on hand, it becomes more viable for the state of California and other states, as well as the federal government, to establish guidelines and goals for transportation policies and investments.
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Latner, Michael. New analysis reveals the impact of organizing strategy on voter turnout. Union of Concerned Scientists, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47923/2023.15135.

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The Union of Concerned Scientists, in partnership with Greater Cleveland Congregations, has found that the a relational organizing strategy has succeeded in getting infrequent or new voters in Cleveland to commit to voting during the last two election cycles. This technique proved effective even though research indicates other GOTV strategies may actually worsen the gap between frequent and infrequent voters. But relational organizing alone cannot overcome all the structural barriers to voting that exist in states like Ohio. When combined with integrated voter engagement (IVE) technology and strong relationships with local election administrators, it can be scaled up to increase turnout nationwide.
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Fowler. L51754 Field Application of Electronic Gas Admission with Cylinder Pressure Feedback for LB Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010363.

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�The purpose of this project was to evaluate the performance of electronic fuel gas admission valves and effects of continuous automatic cylinder balancing of large bore natural gas engines under actual field conditions. These goals have already been met under laboratory conditions at the Colorado State University Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory in Fort Collins. The specific project objectives were to:1. Extend the feasibility of electronic fuel gas admission valves where gas valve timing and duration are varied to optimize fuel control and charge mixing from the laboratory environment to actual field applications. 2. Extend the feasibility of closed loop control using in-cylinder pressure sensors to achieve continuous, automatic power cylinder balancing from the laboratory environment to actual field applications. 3. Repeat the benefits of automatic continuous cylinder balancing shown in the laboratory testing under actual field conditions (i.e. fuel savings, improved cylinder misfire rates, improved emissions levels). In order to accomplish these objectives, the Woodward Governor Company AutoBalance TM 5000 control system was installed and tested at four host sites. Although the specific test plan differed slightly for the four host sites, the focus of the test program was consistent. The primary objective was to evaluate the effects of engine balance and the performance of the control system by testing a matrix of varying engine loads and speeds. Load and speed are the two primary control parameters affecting engine balance. Other tests were conducted to determine the effects of the electronic gas admission valve (EGAV) configuration (i.e. start of admission, end of admission, and duration).
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David R. Farley. Calculation of Ground State Rotational Populations for Kinetic Gas Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules including Electron-Impact Excitation and Wall Collisions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/988881.

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Gattoni and Olsen. PR-179-10211-R01 Advanced Control Techniques and Sensors for Gas Engines with NSCR. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010987.

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High exhaust emissions reduction efficiencies from a spark ignited (SI) internal combustion engine utilizing an NSCR catalyst system requires complex fuel control strategies. The allowable equivalence ratio operating range is very narrow where NSCR systems achieve high exhaust emissions reduction efficiencies of multiple species. Current fuel control technologies utilizing lambda sensor feedback are reported to be unable to sustain these demands for extended operation periods and when transients are introduced. Lambda sensor accuracy is the critical issue with current fuel controllers. The goal of this project was to develop a minimization control algorithm utilizing a Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) sensor installed downstream of the NSCR catalyst system for feedback air/fuel ratio control. When the engine is operated lean, NOx is produced and the NOx sensor responds accordingly. When the engine is operated rich, the NSCR catalyst system produces Ammonia. The NOx sensor has a cross sensitivity to Ammonia and responds as though it has been exposed to NOx. This behavior provides an opportunity for a unique control strategy that allows lambda sensor calibration to be ignored. Testing was performed on a 100kW rated Cummins-Onan generator set that was reconfigured to operate utilizing an electronic gas carburetor (EGC2) with lambda sensor feedback and high reduction efficiency NSCR catalyst system. The control algorithm was programmed utilizing a Labview interface that communicated with the electronic gas carburetor where the fuel trim adjustment was physically made. Improvement under steady state operation was observed. The system was also evaluated during load and fuel composition transients.
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Parkins. L51719 Overview of Intergranular SCC Research Activities. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010136.

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While much has been learned in the last 25 years of the mechanism and controlling parameters in the stress corrosion cracking of pipelines, remaining gaps in knowledge of the problem are indicated. The very early years of investigations followingthe recognition of the problem were concentrated on gathering field data and that was followed by about 20 years of research, largely carried out in laboratories, aimed at obtaining an understanding of the causes of pipelines stress corrosion cracking. While there remain matters that could be studied by laboratory-based research, there appears to be a stronger case for returning to field-based studies, with help in defining such from the increased understanding that has been developed since the early field studies. This work gives an overview on the past 25 years of research concerned with the phenomenon of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in high-pressure gas pipelines. But rather than review the various research programs in chronological order, the author proceeds with his review, after a brief historical introduction, in terms of the parameters that sequentially control SCC; the parameters being chemical environment, electro-potential, stress state (especially the influence of stress cycle) and pipeline steel susceptibility. Each parameter is treated as a \chapter\" and then the current state of knowledge for that parameter is summarized at the end of the chapter. The impact that some parameters could have on the ability to accurately model SCC in pipelines is explored and approaches to control of SCC are given in the final summary and recommendations.
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Білинський, І. В. Effect of the Electric Field on the Energy States of the Acceptor Impurity in the GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs Quantum Dot. Вид-во Прикарпатського нац. ун-ту ім. Василя Стефаника, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/5269.

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Ting, Wang, and Jeff Sutherland. PR-469-143708-R02 In-line Inspection and Assessment for Pipeline Girth Weld Defects. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011487.

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During 2010 to 2012, the United States reported a total of eight girth weld failures and economic loss amounted to $4,382,000 [Summarized from data provided by PHMSA, http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/library/data-stats/flagged-data-files]. PRCI has several projects (current and historic) that investigate various integrity concerns of vintage girth weld defects. Globally, the integrity of girth welds of oil and gas pipelines has increased as a concern due to failures with high consequences. A primary integrity issue to pipelines that has been the motivation of this project, considers defects originating during field construction but over time may also be subject to external loads and stresses due to earth movement. Girth weld defects in newly built pipelines are also assumed to exist but would be much smaller in size, and more difficult to detect, which motivated the investigation into minimum defect detection levels of the inspection technologies. The research objectives of this project were to characterize, and summarize, the applicability of ILI (In-line Inspection) technologies of MFL4 (Magnetic Flux Leakage), USCCD (UltraScan and trade; Circumferential Crack-Like Detection) and EMAT (Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer) for inspection of defects related to pipeline girth welds. Pull-through tests and infield site excavations of operational pipelines, have been collected and used here for detection, defect type classification and sizing quantification. From 2015 to 2016, a comparison of test results of MFL4 and USCCD and EMAT technology for girth weld defects is discussed. Based on the same pull test facility and manufactured defects for MFL4 and USCCD ILI inspection, comparison of the results were carried out for these two operational technologies for their inspection performances. The report also outlines the activities carried out to investigate a feasibility of EMAT technology to detect circumferentially oriented cracks based on current technology.
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