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Journal articles on the topic 'Electron donating and electron accepting groups'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Cao, Wei, Kang Wang, Isabelle Ledoux-Rak, and Jianzhuang Jiang. "ABAB-type phthalocyanines simultaneously bearing electron donating and electron accepting groups. Synthesis, spectroscopy, and structure." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 3, no. 9 (2016): 1146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6qi00147e.

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Mg(trans-TPTCPc) was successfully prepared and structurally characterized, representing the first structurally characterized ABAB-type phthalocyanine compound simultaneously bearing electron-donating and electron-accepting groups.

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2

Gudimetla, Vittal B., Liqing Ma, Marlena P. Washington, John L. Payton, M. Cather Simpson, and John D. Protasiewicz. "meta-Terphenyl Phosphaalkenes Bearing Electron-Donating and -Accepting Groups." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2010, no. 6 (February 2010): 854–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.200900870.

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3

Sugihara, Yoshiaki, Naoto Inai, Masayasu Taki, Thomas Baumgartner, Ryosuke Kawakami, Takashi Saitou, Takeshi Imamura, Takeshi Yanai, and Shigehiro Yamaguchi. "Donor–acceptor–acceptor-type near-infrared fluorophores that contain dithienophosphole oxide and boryl groups: effect of the boryl group on the nonradiative decay." Chemical Science 12, no. 18 (2021): 6333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sc00827g.

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Combination of electron-accepting diarylboryl terminal groups and dithienophosphole oxide spacers with electron-donating triarylamine moieties produces donor–acceptor–acceptor type π-systems, which exhibit emissions in the near-infrared region.

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4

Wierzbicka, Małgorzata, Irena Bylińska, Artur Sikorski, Cezary Czaplewski, and Wiesław Wiczk. "Experimental and theoretical studies of spectroscopic properties of simple symmetrically substituted diphenylbuta-1,3-diyne derivatives." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 14, no. 12 (2015): 2251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5pp00150a.

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A series of symmetrically substituted diphenylbuta-1,3-diyne (DPB) derivatives possessing electron-donating or electron-accepting groups have been prepared and studied with emphasis on their spectral and photophysical properties.

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5

Zhang, Luqiong, Li Tian, Ming Li, Rongxing He, and Wei Shen. "A theoretical study on tuning the electronic structures and photophysical properties of newly designed platinum(ii) complexes by adding substituents on functionalized ligands as highly efficient OLED emitters." Dalton Trans. 43, no. 17 (2014): 6500–6512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3dt53209g.

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6

Setsoafia, Daniel Dodzi Yao, Kiran Sreedhar Ram, Hooman Mehdizadeh-Rad, David Ompong, and Jai Singh. "Density Functional Theory Simulation of Optical and Photovoltaic Properties of DRTB-T Donor-Based Organic Solar Cells." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (October 19, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6696446.

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Using the density functional theory (DFT), the influence of substitution of electron-donating (OCH3 and OH) and electron-accepting (F and Cl) groups on the peripheral thiophene units of DRTB-T donor molecule is studied. By optimizing the geometric structure, HOMO and LUMO energies, reorganization energies, optical properties, and photovoltaic properties are simulated. It is found that the ionization potential of the electron-donating derivatives (DRTB-4OCH3 and DRTB-4OH) reduces, but it increases for the electron-accepting derivatives (DRTB-4F and DRTB-4Cl) in comparison with that of DRTB-T. It is also found that the absorption spectra of the electron-donating derivatives (DRTB-4OCH3 and DRTB-4OH) get redshifted, but these get blue shifted for the electron-accepting derivatives (DRTB-4F and DRTB-4Cl) in comparison with those of DRTB-T. These changes in the electronic and optical properties of the modified structures result in higher PCE in BHJ OSCs with the blended active layer of DRTB-4F: NITI, DRTB-4Cl: NITI, in comparison with that of OSC with the active layer of DRTB-T: NITI and the highest being 15.0% in DRTB-4Cl: NITI. Our results may be expected to provide valuable insights into design optimization, leading to the fabrication of more efficient OSCs.

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7

Yang, Fang-Ling, Ka Lu, Xing Yang, Chao-Xian Yan, Rui Wang, Weichun Ye, Pan-Pan Zhou, and Zhaoyong Yang. "Computational investigations of intermolecular interactions between electron-accepting bromo- and iodo-pentafluorobenzene and electron-donating furan and thiophene." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 24 (2018): 20101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj04611e.

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C₆F₅X (X = Br, I) exhibits intriguing σ- and π-hole characters, which enable it to accept electrons from the electron-rich atoms or groups in C₄H₄O and C₄H₄S via various intermolecular interactions.

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8

YUASA, MAKOTO, BEAT STEIGER, and FRED C. ANSON. "Hydroxy-substituted Cobalt Tetraphenylporphyrins as Electrocatalysts for the Reduction of O2." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 01, no. 02 (April 1997): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1409(199704)1:2<181::aid-jpp22>3.0.co;2-r.

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The possible effects of the electron-donating properties of p-hydroxyphenyl groups on the catalytic activity of cobalt porphyrins toward the electro-reduction of O 2 were explored with three cobalt porphyrins having p-hydroxyphenyl substituents in the meso position of the porphyrin ring. The porphyrins were examined as electrocatalysts adsorbed on the surfaces of pyrolytic graphite electrodes in aqueous solution and as homogeneous catalysts dissolved in methanolic solutions. The adsorbed molecules exhibited a higher catalytic activity than those in solution and accomplished the reduction of a portion of the O 2 molecules reaching the electrode to H 2 O . However, the four-electron reduction was indirect, with H 2 O 2 being formed as an intermediate that was subsequently reduced. Although the introduction of the electron-donating p-hydroxyphenyl substituents on the porphyrin ring altered the catalytic activity of the cobalt porphyrins, the effect was not as great as can be obtained by coordinating ruthenium (II) complexes to π-accepting ligands in the meso position of the porphyrin ring.

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9

Juma, Juma Mzume, and Said AH Vuai. "Computational studies of the thermodynamic properties, and global and reactivity descriptors of fluorescein dye derivatives in acetonitrile using density functional theory." Journal of Chemical Research 45, no. 7-8 (February 19, 2021): 800–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747519821994518.

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This work reports density functional theory calculations of the optimized geometries, molecular reactivity, energy gap, and thermodynamic properties of molecular dyes fluorescein (FS), fluorescein attached with methoxy (FSO), fluorescein attached with amine (FSA), fluorescein attached with methane (FSM), fluorescein attached with ethene (FSE), and fluorescein attached with thiophene (FST) using the hybrid functional B3LYP and 6-311G basis sets. When donating groups are attached to the molecular dye, the bond lengths are slightly decreased which is important for easy transfer of electron from donating to the accepting group. For all dyes, highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest occupied molecular orbital analysis results in positive outcomes upon electron injection to semiconductors and subsequent dye regeneration by the electrolyte. The ionization potential increases with increasing conjugation; therefore, the molecular dye attached to thiophene has the highest ionization potential. Meanwhile, a donating group with increased conjugation results in low electron affinity.

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10

Yamaguchi, Isao, and Ryosuke Yamaji. "Synthesis of hydroxyoligophenylenes containing electron-donating, electron-accepting groups, or π-deficient aromatic ring and their solvatochromic behavior." Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 30, no. 10 (November 25, 2016): e3671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.3671.

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11

Sutradhar, Tanushree, and Anirban Misra. "Theoretical Study on the Nonlinear Optical Property of Boron Nitride Nanoclusters Functionalized by Electron Donating and Electron Accepting Groups." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 125, no. 12 (March 22, 2021): 2436–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11101.

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12

Jabłoński, Mirosław. "The Ultrashort Spike–Ring Interaction in Substituted Iron Maiden Molecules." Molecules 28, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 2244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052244.

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The in forms of molecular iron maidens are known for their unique ultrashort interaction between the apical hydrogen atom or its small substituent and the surface of the benzene ring. It is generally believed that this forced ultrashort X⋯π contact is associated with high steric hindrance, which is responsible for specific properties of iron maiden molecules. The main aim of this article is to investigate the influence of significant charge enrichment or depletion of the benzene ring on the characteristics of the ultrashort C-X⋯π contact in iron maiden molecules. For this purpose, three strongly electron-donating (-NH2) or strongly electron-withdrawing (-CN) groups were inserted into the benzene ring of in-[34,10][7]metacyclophane and its halogenated (X = F, Cl, Br) derivatives. It is shown that, despite such extremely electron-donating or electron-accepting properties, the considered iron maiden molecules surprisingly reveal quite high resistance to changes in electronic properties.

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13

Schmitt, Volker, Stefan Glang, and Heiner Detert. "Synthesis, Optical and Electrical Properties of Oligo(phenylenevinylene)s Substituted with Electron-Accepting Sulfonyl Groups." Advances in Science and Technology 75 (October 2010): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.75.103.

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Oligo(phenylenevinylene)s (OPV) composed of five rings and electron donating or withdrawing sulfonyl substituents on the central and lateral rings have been investigated. Two strategies were used for the syntheses of the C2-symmetrical OPVs both include PO-activated olefinations as central steps. Six flexible side chains guarantee good solubility in toluene or dichloromethane. In solution and in films stabilised by polystyrene (60%), the chromophores are strongly fluorescent, with emissions in the violet-blue domain from solutions and in the green to orange region from solid films. The redox potentials, determined by cyclic voltammetry, and the optical properties are strongly depending on the position of the acceptor groups.

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14

Kosaka, Yozo, and Toshiyuki Uryu. "Synthesis and Liquid Crystallinity of Polymethacrylate Systems Containing both Electron-Donating (Quinolinylmethylene)aniline and Electron-Accepting (4'-Nitrobenzylidene)aniline Groups." Macromolecules 28, no. 24 (November 1995): 8295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00128a045.

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15

Greulich, Tobias W., Naoya Suzuki, Constantin G. Daniliuc, Aiko Fukazawa, Eriko Yamaguchi, Armido Studer, and Shigehiro Yamaguchi. "A biphenyl containing two electron-donating and two electron-accepting moieties: a rigid and small donor–acceptor–donor ladder system." Chemical Communications 52, no. 11 (2016): 2374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc03063c.

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16

Maleckaitė, Karolina, Domantas Narkevičius, Rugilė Žilėnaitė, Jelena Dodonova-Vaitkūnienė, Stepas Toliautas, Sigitas Tumkevičius, and Aurimas Vyšniauskas. "Give or Take: Effects of Electron-Accepting/-Withdrawing Groups in Red-Fluorescent BODIPY Molecular Rotors." Molecules 27, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010023.

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Mapping microviscosity, temperature, and polarity in biosystems is an important capability that can aid in disease detection. This can be achieved using fluorescent sensors based on a green-emitting BODIPY group. However, red fluorescent sensors are desired for convenient imaging of biological samples. It is known that phenyl substituents in the β position of the BODIPY core can shift the fluorescence spectra to longer wavelengths. In this research, we report how electron-withdrawing (EWG) and -donating (EDG) groups can change the spectral and sensory properties of β-phenyl-substituted BODIPYs. We present a trifluoromethyl-substituted (EWG) conjugate with moderate temperature sensing properties and a methoxy-substituted (EDG) molecule that could be used as a lifetime-based polarity probe. In this study, we utilise experimental results of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, as well as quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory (DFT). We also explain how the energy barrier height (Ea) for non-radiative relaxation affects the probe’s sensitivity to temperature and viscosity and provide appropriate Ea ranges for the best possible sensitivity to viscosity and temperature.

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17

Zgierski, Marek Z., and Edward C. Lim. "On the mechanism of intramolecular charge transfer in para-disubstituted diphenylacetylenes containing electron-donating and electron-accepting groups: role of state in electron-transfer dynamics." Chemical Physics Letters 393, no. 1-3 (July 2004): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.05.098.

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18

Labidi, N. S. "Nonlinear Optical Properties of Novel Mono-O-Hydroxy Bidentate Schiff Base: Quantum Chemical Calculations." International Journal of Metals 2013 (December 17, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/964328.

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The semiempirical AM1 SCF method is used to study the first static hyperpolarizabilities β of some novel mono-O-Hydroxy bidentate Schiff base in which electron donating (D) and electron accepting (A) groups were introduced on either side of the Schiff base ring system. Geometries of all molecules were optimized at the semiempirical AM1. The first static hyperpolarizabilities of these molecules were calculated using Hyperchem package. To understand this phenomenon in the context of molecular orbital picture, we examined the molecular HOMO and molecular LUMO generated via Hyperchem. The study reveals that the mono-O-Hydroxy bidentate Schiff bases have large β values and hence in general may have potential applications in the development of nonlinear optical materials.

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19

Wieczorkiewicz, Paweł A., Halina Szatylowicz, and Tadeusz M. Krygowski. "Energetic and Geometric Characteristics of Substituents, Part 3: The Case of NO2 and NH2 Groups in Their Mono-Substituted Derivatives of Six-Membered Heterocycles." Symmetry 14, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14010145.

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Substituted heterocyclic arenes play important roles in biochemistry, catalysis, and in the design of functional materials. Exemplary six-membered heteroaromatic molecules, that differ from benzene by inclusion of one heteroatom, are pyridine, phosphorine, arsabenzene, and borabenzene. This theoretical study concerns the influence of the heteroatom present in these molecules on the properties of substituents of two types: electron-donating (ED) NH2 group and electron-accepting (EA) NO2 group, attached at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position. The effect is evaluated by the energy of interaction (Erel) between the substituent and the substituted system and electronic properties of the substituents described by the charge of the substituent active region (cSAR) index. In addition, several geometric descriptors of the substituent and heteroaromatic ring, as well as changes in the aromaticity, are considered. The latter are assessed using the Electron Density of Delocalized Bonds (EDDBs) property of delocalized π electrons. The obtained results show that the electronegativity (EN) of the heteroatom has a profound effect on the EA/ED properties of the substituents. This effect is also reflected in the geometry of studied molecules. The Erel parameter indicates that the relative stability of the molecules is highly related to the electronic interactions between the substituent and the heteroarene. This especially applies to the enhancement or weakening of π-resonance due to the EN of the heteroatom. Additionally, in the 2-heteroarene derivatives, specific through-space ortho interactions contribute to the heteroatom effects.

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20

Hou, Jiapeng, Deepak H. Veeregowda, Joop de Vries, Henny C. Van der Mei, and Henk J. Busscher. "Structured free-water clusters near lubricating surfaces are essential in water-based lubrication." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 123 (October 2016): 20160554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0554.

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Water-based lubrication provides cheap and environmentally friendly lubrication and, although hydrophilic surfaces are preferred in water-based lubrication, often lubricating surfaces do not retain water molecules during shear. We show here that hydrophilic (42° water contact angle) quartz surfaces facilitate water-based lubrication to the same extent as more hydrophobic Si crystal surfaces (61°), while lubrication by hydrophilic Ge crystal surfaces (44°) is best. Thus surface hydrophilicity is not sufficient for water-based lubrication. Surface-thermodynamic analyses demonstrated that all surfaces, regardless of their water-based lubrication, were predominantly electron donating, implying water binding with their hydrogen groups. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that Ge crystal surfaces providing optimal lubrication consisted of a mixture of –O and =O functionalities, while Si crystal and quartz surfaces solely possessed –O functionalities. Comparison of infrared absorption bands of the crystals in water indicated fewer bound-water layers on hydrophilic Ge than on hydrophobic Si crystal surfaces, while absorption bands for free water on the Ge crystal surface indicated a much more pronounced presence of structured, free-water clusters near the Ge crystal than near Si crystal surfaces. Accordingly, we conclude that the presence of structured, free-water clusters is essential for water-based lubrication. The prevalence of structured water clusters can be regulated by adjusting the ratio between surface electron-donating and electron-accepting groups and between –O and =O functionalities.

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21

Lin, Haitao, Liyun Ding, Bingyu Zhang, and Jun Huang. "Detection of nitrite based on fluorescent carbon dots by the hydrothermal method with folic acid." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 5 (May 2018): 172149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172149.

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A fluorescent carbon dots probe for the detection of aqueous nitrite was fabricated by a one-pot hydrothermal method, and the transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, UV–Vis absorption spectrometer and fluorescence spectrophotometer were used to study the property of carbon dots. The fluorescent property of carbon dots influenced by the concentration of aqueous nitrite was studied. The interaction between the electron-donating functional groups and the electron-accepting nitrous acid could account for the quenching effect on carbon dots by adding aqueous nitrite. The products of the hydrolysis of aqueous nitrite performed a stronger quenching effect at lower pH. The relationship between the relative fluorescence intensity of carbon dots and the concentration of nitrite was described by the Stern–Volmer equation ( I 0 / I − 1 = 0.046[ Q ]) with a fine linearity ( R 2 = 0.99). The carbon dots-based probe provides a convenient method for the detection of nitrite concentration.

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22

Hamada, Tatsuo, Atsushi Nishida, and Osamu Yonemitsu. "Selective removal of electron-accepting p-toluene- and naphthalenesulfonyl protecting groups for amino function via photoinduced donor acceptor ion pairs with electron-donating aromatics." Journal of the American Chemical Society 108, no. 1 (January 1986): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00261a023.

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23

Fiodorova, Irina, Tomas Serevičius, Rokas Skaisgiris, Saulius Juršėnas, and Sigitas Tumkevicius. "Substituent effect on TADF properties of 2-modified 4,6-bis(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9-carbazolyl)-5-methylpyrimidines." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 18 (May 5, 2022): 497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.18.52.

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The interest in organic materials exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) significantly increased in recent years owing to their potential application as emitters in highly efficient organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Simple modification of the molecular structure of TADF compounds through the selection of different electron-donating or accepting fragments opens great possibilities to tune the emission properties and rates. Here we present the synthesis of a series of novel pyrimidine–carbazole emitters and their photophysical characterization in view of effects of substituents in the pyrimidine ring on their TADF properties. We demonstrate that electron-withdrawing substituents directly connected to the pyrimidine unit have greater impact on the lowering of the energy gap between singlet and triplet states (ΔEST) for efficient TADF as compared to those attached through a phenylene bridge. A modification of the pyrimidine unit with CN, SCH3, and SO2CH3 functional groups at position 2 is shown to enhance the emission yield up to 0.5 with pronounced TADF activity.

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24

Xu, Zhiyuan, Zhen Yang, Hongping Wang, and Jie Jiang. "Assessing Redox Properties of Natural Organic Matters with regard to Electron Exchange Capacity and Redox-Active Functional Groups." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (April 14, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2698213.

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Redox processes in groundwater play an important role in bioavailability, toxicity, and mobility of redox-active elements and contaminants. A recent study has demonstrated that low-molecular-weight fraction (LMWF) of humic substances with great number of redox-active functional groups (RAFGs) exhibits great reducing capacity. However, whether LMWF of natural organic matter (NOM) exhibits high redox capacity still remains unclear. Therefore, this study extracted Pahokee peat NOM (PPNOM) and Leonardite NOM (LNOM) from soils, and then LMWFs in these NOMs were collected using a dialysis method. Electron exchange capacities (EEC) and RAFGs of LMWF NOMs at different Eh were analyzed using a novel electrochemical method and a three-dimensional excitation emission fluorescence (3DEEM) spectroscopy. We found that the reducing capacity in LMWF PPNOM was approximately 5-6 times higher than the bulk NOM, while only 7.8% LMWF PPNOM was accounted for in the bulk NOM. An increasing in EEC (EAC + EDC, where EAC is the electron accepting capacity and EDC is the electron donating capacity) of LMWF PPNOM and LNOM with Eh reduced from −0.49 V to −0.69 V. Additionally, an obvious increase in fluorescent intensities of quinone-like fluorophores before and after being reduced LMWF LNOM is responsible for high EAC of LMWF LNOM. These findings provide a better understanding of relationship between RAFGs Eh in LMWF of NOM, further helping in predicting and protection of groundwater environment and fate of transformation and transport for redox-active contaminants in groundwater.

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25

Abdullah, Kiran, Yanli Chen, and Jianzhuang Jiang. "Synthesis, fabrication of self-assembled film and ambipolar chemical sensing properties of triple-decker (phthalocyaninato) (porphyrinato) europium complex." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 21, no. 12 (December 2017): 893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424617500985.

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A mixed (phthalocyaninato) (porphyrinato) europium triple-decker complex, named (TPyP)Eu[Formula: see text][Pc(OC[Formula: see text]H[Formula: see text]][Formula: see text][TPyP [Formula: see text] dianion of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-tert-pyridyl) porphyrin, Pc(OC[Formula: see text]H[Formula: see text] 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octabutoxyphthalocyaninate] is synthesized and characterized by MALDI-TOF, 1HNMR, UV-visible spectra and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. Introduction of electron-donating butoxy groups at the periphery of the phthalocyanine ligands and electron-withdrawing pyridyl substituents onto the meso-positions of the porphyrin ring not only increases the solubility of the triple decker but successfully tunes the HOMO and LUMO energy levels into a soluble ambipolar organic semiconductor. A simple quasi-Langmuir–Shäfer (QLS) method is used to fabricate self-assembled film of (TPyP)Eu[Formula: see text][Pc(OC[Formula: see text]H[Formula: see text]][Formula: see text]. Excellent sensitivity, reproducible [Formula: see text]-type and [Formula: see text]-type responses to electron-accepting gas NO[Formula: see text] and electron-donating gas NH[Formula: see text] are found for the films of (TPyP)Eu[Formula: see text][Pc(OC[Formula: see text]H[Formula: see text]][Formula: see text]complex at room temperature. The detection limit towards NO[Formula: see text] and NH[Formula: see text] is as low as 0.4 ppm and 1 ppm, respectively, with percentage current change of 4.2% and 1.6%, depending on the uniform molecular packing and intermolecular interactions among the triple decker molecules. The present results represent not only the excellent example of ambipolar triple-decker phthalocyanine-based sensors obtained by a solution-based method, but more importantly provide a new strategy for the molecular design to obtain soluble ambipolar organic semiconductors in sensing device fabrication.

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26

Wei, Jinguang, Yang Xu, Minzhen Bao, Yanglun Yu, and Wenji Yu. "Effect of Resin Content on the Surface Wettability of Engineering Bamboo Scrimbers." Coatings 13, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010203.

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Bamboo scrimber refers to a lignocellulosic structural material, which is usually attacked by water, ultraviolet radiation and fungus. Surface coating is an effective way to protect it, and its coating properties depend on surface wettability. In this study, the surface wettability of bamboo scrimbers with varying resin content was investigated via the comprehensive analysis of surface roughness, surface contact angle, surface free energy, surface chemical composition and coating properties. The resultant scrimbers had a similar profile with low roughness. Their surface was hydrophilic, but the hydrophilicity decreased with the increase in resin content. High resin content gave rise to low total free energy, in which the Lifshitz–van der Waals component was dominant and it decreased with the increasing resin content. Meanwhile, the ratio of the electron-accepting component to the electron-donating component becomes higher. This was due to the decreasing hydrophilic groups (e.g., -OH and -COOH groups) and the increasing oxygen-free groups (e.g., C-H and -CH2 groups) on the scrimber surface. The resin content affected the adhesion by decreasing the surface wettability, but the coating adhesion still reached the level of 2 for all bamboo scrimbers. The results will provide a theoretical reference for the surface coating of bamboo scrimbers in the structural application for good coating durability.

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27

Karabıyık, Hasan, Cumhur Kırılmış, and Hande Karabıyık. "Geometry dependence of electron donating or accepting abilities of amine groups in 4,4′-disulfanediylbis(methylene)dithiazol-2-amine: Pyramidal versus planar." Journal of Molecular Structure 1141 (August 2017): 650–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.04.022.

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28

Han, Deming, Xiaoqiang Ji, Lihui Zhao, and Chunying Pang. "Theoretical insight on electronic structure and photophysical properties of a series of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes bearing the substituted phenylpyrazole with different electron-donating or electron-accepting groups." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 20, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 1487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43630-021-00125-8.

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29

Morales-Verdejo, Cesar, Ivonne Chávez, Rodrigo Faúndez, Francisco Castillo, Marcelo Preite, Eduardo Schott, Ximena Zarate, Juan Manriquez, and Elies Molins. "Novel and Convenient Synthesis of 2,7-Dialkyl-1,8-dihydro-as-indacenes." Synthesis 51, no. 02 (September 11, 2018): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610631.

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A novel and convenient synthetic route towards dialkyl as-indacenes was achieved by alkylation of malonic esters with o-xylylene dibromide, to give the corresponding tetraester, and related diacid. The alkyl groups on the central benzene ring induce intramolecular, regiospecific cycloeliminations leading selectively to the diketones, the precursors of the corresponding 1,8-dihydro-as-indacenes. The structure of the 2,7-dimethyl-1,8-dihydro-as-indacene was determined by X-ray diffraction. The compound 2,7-diethyl-1,8-dihydro-as-indacene was characterized by means of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, UV/Vis measurements, electrochemistry, and elemental analysis. On the other hand, quantum chemical computations based on DFT methods were carried out to get insight into the molecular and electronic structures of the studied ligands. TDDFT approach was employed to calculate the vertical excitations and characterize the nature the UV/Vis absorption bands present in the experiments showing a very good agreement between experimental and calculated values. Finally, the reactivity of the compounds was assessed using the chemical potential (μ), chemical hardness (η), and electrophilicity (ω). Also, the electron-donating (ω–), electron-accepting (ω+), and the net electrophilicity powers (ω±) indexes were studied.

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30

Hu, Zheyao, and Jordi Marti. "In Silico Drug Design of Benzothiadiazine Derivatives Interacting with Phospholipid Cell Membranes." Membranes 12, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12030331.

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The use of drugs derived from benzothiadiazine, a bicyclic heterocyclic benzene derivative, has become a widespread treatment for diseases such as hypertension, low blood sugar or the human immunodeficiency virus, among others. In this work we have investigated the interactions of benzothiadiazine and four of its derivatives designed in silico with model zwitterionic cell membranes formed by dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine and cholesterol at the liquid–crystal phase inside aqueous potassium chloride solution. We have elucidated the local structure of benzothiadiazine by means of microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of systems including a benzothiadiazine molecule or one of its derivatives. Such derivatives were obtained by the substitution of a single hydrogen site of benzothiadiazine by two different classes of chemical groups, one of them electron-donating groups (methyl and ethyl) and another one by electron-accepting groups (fluorine and trifluoromethyl). Our data have revealed that benzothiadiazine derivatives have a strong affinity to stay at the cell membrane interface although their solvation characteristics can vary significantly—they can be fully solvated by water in short periods of time or continuously attached to specific lipid sites during intervals of 10–70 ns. Furthermore, benzothiadiazines are able to bind lipids and cholesterol chains by means of single and double hydrogen-bonds of characteristic lengths between 1.6 and 2.1 Å.

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31

Molski, Marcin. "Density Functional Theory Studies on the Chemical Reactivity of Allyl Mercaptan and Its Derivatives." Molecules 29, no. 3 (January 31, 2024): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29030668.

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On the basis of density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/cc-pVQZ level with the C-PCM solvation model, a comparative analysis of the reactivity of the garlic metabolites 2-propenesulfenic acid (PSA) and allyl mercaptan (AM, 2-propene-1-thiol) was performed. In particular, the thermodynamic descriptors (BDE, PA, ETE, AIP, PDE, and Gacidity) and global descriptors of chemical activity (ionization potential (IP), electron affinity (EA), chemical potential (μ), absolute electronegativity (χ), molecular hardness (η) and softness (S), electrophilicity index (ω), electro-donating (ω−) and electro-accepting (ω+) powers, and Ra and Rd indexes) were determined. The calculations revealed that PSA is more reactive than AM, but the latter may play a crucial role in the deactivation of free radicals due to its greater chemical stability and longer lifetime. The presence of a double bond in AM enables its polymerization, preserving the antiradical activity of the S-H group. This activity can be amplified by aryl-substituent-containing hydroxyl groups. The results of the calculations for the simplest phenol–AM derivative indicate that both the O-H and S-H moieties show greater antiradical activity in a vacuum and aqueous medium than the parent molecules. The results obtained prove that AM and its derivatives can be used not only as flavoring food additives but also as potent radical scavengers, protecting food, supplements, cosmetics, and drug ingredients from physicochemical decomposition caused by exogenous radicals.

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32

Mashweu, Adelaide R., Varsha P. Chhiba-Govindjee, Moira L. Bode, and Dean Brady. "Substrate Profiling of the Cobalt Nitrile Hydratase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous ATCC BAA 870." Molecules 25, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010238.

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The aromatic substrate profile of the cobalt nitrile hydratase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous ATCC BAA 870 was evaluated against a wide range of nitrile containing compounds (>60). To determine the substrate limits of this enzyme, compounds ranging in size from small (90 Da) to large (325 Da) were evaluated. Larger compounds included those with a bi-aryl axis, prepared by the Suzuki coupling reaction, Morita–Baylis–Hillman adducts, heteroatom-linked diarylpyridines prepared by Buchwald–Hartwig cross-coupling reactions and imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines prepared by the Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé multicomponent reaction. The enzyme active site was moderately accommodating, accepting almost all of the small aromatic nitriles, the diarylpyridines and most of the bi-aryl compounds and Morita–Baylis–Hillman products but not the Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé products. Nitrile conversion was influenced by steric hindrance around the cyano group, the presence of electron donating groups (e.g., methoxy) on the aromatic ring, and the overall size of the compound.

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33

Duan, Jingtao, Zhiyuan Xu, Zhen Yang, and Jie Jiang. "Insight to Microbial Fe(III) Reduction Mediated by Redox-Active Humic Acids with Varied Redox Potentials." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 6807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136807.

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Redox-active humic acids (HA) are ubiquitous in terrestrial and aquatic systems and are involved in numerous electron transfer reactions affecting biogeochemical processes and fates of pollutants in soil environments. Redox-active contaminants are trapped in soil micropores (<2 nm) that have limited access to microbes and HA. Therefore, the contaminants whose molecular structure and properties are not damaged accumulate in the soil micropores and become potential pollution sources. Electron transfer capacities (ETC) of HA reflecting redox activities of low molecular weight fraction (LMWF, <2.5) HA can be detected by an electrochemical method, which is related to redox potentials (Eh) in soil and aquatic environments. Nevertheless, electron accepting capacities (EAC) and electron donating capacities (EDC) of these LMWF HA at different Eh are still unknown. EDC and EAC of different molecular weight HA at different Eh were analyzed using electrochemical methods. EAC of LMWF at −0.59 V was 12 times higher than that at −0.49 V, while EAC increased to 2.6 times when the Eh decreased from −0.59 V to −0.69 V. Afterward, LMWF can act as a shuttle to stimulate microbial Fe(III) reduction processes in microbial reduction experiments. Additionally, EAC by electrochemical analysis at a range of −0.49–−0.59 V was comparable to total calculated ETC of different molecular weight fractions of HA by microbial reduction. Therefore, it is indicated that redox-active functional groups that can be reduced at Eh range of −0.49–−0.59 are available to microbial reduction. This finding contributes to a novel perspective in the protection and remediation of the groundwater environment in the biogeochemistry process.

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34

Gallis, David E., James A. Warshaw, Bruce J. Acken, and DeLanson R. Crist. "Electronic Nature of α-Methoxy, Amino, Cyano, and Mercapto Nitrones." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 58, no. 1 (1993): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19930125.

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The electronic nature of various C-substituted nitrones was investigated by IR spectroscopy and 13C NMR as well as MNDO calculations. These include α-methoxy nitrones (imidate N-oxides) RC(OMe)=N(O)t-Bu with R = p-MeOC6H4 (Ia), C6H5 (Ib), p-NO2C6H4 (Ic), and H (Id) and nitrones YCH=N(O)t-Bu with Y = CN (IIIa), n-BuS (IIIb), C6H5CH2NH (IIIc). Upfield 13C shifts of C(α), the iminyl (C=N) carbon, of imidate N-oxides I versus the corresponding imidates are less than the usual upfield shifts of imine N-oxides versus imines, suggesting less buildup of electron density on C(α) in the case of alcoxy nitrones. Charge density and π bond order values from MNDO calculations for C-methoxy-C-phenyl nitrones versus model systems confirm this result and indicate a more localized C=N π bond in nitrones bearing an α-methoxy group. For N-tert-butyl nitrones with an α heteroatom (nitrogen or sulfur), phenyl, or cyano group, C(α) shifts move downfield for π-donating groups and upfield for π-accepting groups. This "reverse substituent effect" as well as C=N stretching frequencies can also be readily explained by C=N π bond containment by lone pair groups. The reported enhanced cycloaddition reactivity of α-alkoxy nitrones and their electrochemical behavior are discussed in terms of HOMO energy levels.

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35

Zawadzka, Magdalena, Paweł Nitschke, Marta Musioł, Mariola Siwy, Sandra Pluczyk-Małek, Damian Honisz, and Mieczysław Łapkowski. "Naphthalene Phthalimide Derivatives as Model Compounds for Electrochromic Materials." Molecules 28, no. 4 (February 11, 2023): 1740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041740.

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Electrochromism of organic compounds is a well-known phenomenon; however, nowadays, most research is focused on anodic coloring materials. Development of efficient, cathodic electrochromic materials is challenging due to the worse stability of electron accepting materials compared with electron donating ones. Nevertheless, designing stable cathodic coloring organic materials is highly desired—among other reasons—to increase the coloration performance. Hence, four phthalimide derivatives named 1,5-PhDI, 1,4-PhDI, 2,6-PhDI and 3,3′-PhDI were synthesized and analyzed in depth. In all cases, two imide groups were connected via naphthalene (1,5-PhDI, 1,4-PhDI, 2,6-PhDI) or 3,3′-dimethylnaphtidin (3,3′-PhDI) bridge. To observe the effect of chemical structure on physicochemical properties, various positions of imide bond were considered, namely, 1,5- 1,4- and 2,6-. Additionally, a compound with the pyromellitic diimide unit capped with two 1-naphtalene substituents was obtained. All compounds were studied in terms of their thermal behavior, using differential calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Moreover, electrochemical (CV, DPV) and spectroelectrochemical (UV–Vis and EPR) analyses were performed to evaluate the obtained materials in terms of their application as cathodic electrochromic materials. All obtained materials undergo reversible electrochemical reduction which leads to changes in their optical properties. In the case of imide derivatives, absorption bands related to both reduced and neutral forms are located in the UV region. However, importantly, the introduction of the 3,3′-dimethylnaphtidine bridge leads to a noticeable bathochromic shift of the reduced form absorption band of 3,3′-PhDI. This indicates that optimization of the phthalimide structure allows us to obtain stable, cathodic electrochromic materials.

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36

Kharchenko, Oksana, Vitalii Smokal, and Oleksii Kolendo. "SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NEW STYRYLQUINOLINE-CONTAINING POLYMERS." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 88, no. 5 (June 24, 2022): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.88.05.2022.15-24.

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Compounds 1a, 1b and 5c, 5d were obtained by Knoevenagel condensation with the corresponding aromatic aldehydes during 14 hours. The new methacrylic monomers with styrylquinoline containing moiety were synthesized by reaction the alcohols with methacryloyl chloride. Polymers were synthesized by free radical polymerization. Polymerization ability was investigated and kinetic parameters were determined for compounds 2a, 2b and 6c, 6d during thermoinitiated homopolymerization. Polymerization was carried out for 10% solutions of monomers in DMF at 80 °C in argon atmosphere with 1% AIBN. Polymers were characterized by 1HNMR spectroscopy. The speed of polymerization of all new monomers was higher than for MMA and phenyl methacrylate due to the effect of the substituent in the p-position of the aromatic ring of the styrylquinoline fragment. In addition, the speed of polymerization increased due to the donor effect of the substituent. It was established that the speed of polymerization for 2b is higher than for monomer 2a. It is possible that decrease in the speed of polymerization occurs due to the substituent, which exhibits electron-accepting properties and can be a trap for free radicals. The results of photochemical and optical activities of the corresponding polymers are presented. Investigations of the absorption spectra of the synthesized polymers prove that the optically active styrylquinoline fragment in the polymers is preserved. Thus the photochemical properties of the new polymers will correspond to the properties of styrylquinoline-containing compounds. It was established that the introduction of electron-donating groups in the styrylquinoline fragment leads to a bathochromic shift of the absorption spectrum. Changes in absorption maxima during UV irradiation of compound 3a demonstrate photoinduced trans-cis isomerization. From the obtained and presented results, it can be concluded that polymers with styrylquinoline and iminostyrylquinoline fragments can be considered as promising materials for creating materials based on them that require photosensitivity in a certain range of wavelengths.

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37

Gudeika, D., R. Lygaitis, V. Mimaitė, J. V. Grazulevicius, V. Jankauskas, M. Lapkowski, and P. Data. "Hydrazones containing electron-accepting and electron-donating moieties." Dyes and Pigments 91, no. 1 (October 2011): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2011.02.002.

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38

Scharl, Tobias, Alejandro Cadranel, Philipp Haines, Volker Strauss, Sarah Bernhardt, Sonia Vela, Carmen Atienza, Franziska Gröhn, Nazario Martín, and Dirk M. Guldi. "Fine-tuning the assemblies of carbon nanodots and porphyrins." Chemical Communications 54, no. 82 (2018): 11642–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc05069d.

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39

Moon, Yejin, Chulyeon Lee, Hwajeong Kim, Jisu Park, and Youngkyoo Kim. "Synthesis of indacenodithienothiophene-based conjugated polymers containing electron-donating/accepting comonomers and their phototransistor characteristics." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 46 (2019): 6324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01411j.

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40

Wierzbicka, Małgorzata, Irena Bylińska, Cezary Czaplewski, and Wiesław Wiczk. "Experimental and theoretical studies of the spectroscopic properties of simple symmetrically substituted diphenylacetylene derivatives." RSC Advances 5, no. 37 (2015): 29294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra01077b.

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A series of symmetrically substituted diphenylacetylene derivatives possessing electron-donating or electron-accepting character were prepared and studied with respect to their spectral and photophysical properties.

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41

Rajamalli, Pachaiyappan, Dongyang Chen, Wenbo Li, Ifor D. W. Samuel, David B. Cordes, Alexandra M. Z. Slawin, and Eli Zysman-Colman. "Enhanced thermally activated delayed fluorescence through bridge modification in sulfone-based emitters employed in deep blue organic light-emitting diodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 22 (2019): 6664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc01498e.

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42

Yue, Yuankai, Tod Grusenmeyer, Zheng Ma, Peng Zhang, Russell H. Schmehl, David N. Beratan, and Igor V. Rubtsov. "Electron transfer rate modulation in a compact Re(i) donor–acceptor complex." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 18 (2015): 8609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt02145b.

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43

Schmelzer, M., M. Burghard, S. Roth, and P. Báurle. "New LB Heterostructures Containing Electron Donating and Accepting Molecules." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 253, no. 1 (August 1, 1994): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259408055256.

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44

Knysh, Iryna, Anna Kozakiewicz-Piekarz, Andrzej Wojtczak, Damian Plażuk, Glib Baryshnikov, Rashid Valiev, Rinat Nasibullin, et al. "Less is more: on the effect of benzannulation on the solid-state emission of difluoroborates." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 44 (2021): 15820–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc03316f.

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45

Pang, Xuelei, Xudong Yu, Dongyan Xie, Yajuan Li, Lijun Geng, Jujie Ren, and Xiaoli Zhen. "Tunable multicolor emissions in a monocomponent gel system by varying the solvent, temperature and fluoride anion." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 47 (2016): 11176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob02007k.

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By introducing electron-donating and electron-accepting units into the organogelator N1, multicolor emission could be facilely obtained by tuning the solvent, temperature and anion in a monocomponent organogel system.

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46

Jeon, Young Pyo, Kyu Sung Kim, Kyeong Kyun Lee, In Kyu Moon, Dong Chul Choo, Jun Yeob Lee, and Tae Whan Kim. "Blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices based on carbazole/thioxanthene-S,S-dioxide with a high glass transition temperature." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 24 (2015): 6192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc00279f.

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A bipolar host material for blue organic light-emitting devices was synthesized by incorporating electron-donating carbazole and electron-accepting thioxanthene-S,S-dioxide into one molecule using a solventless green reaction.

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47

Öztürk, Gülsiye, Hasan Karabıyık, Muhittin Aygün, Serap Alp, and Serdar Özçelik. "Tuning Photoinduced Intramolecular Electron Transfer by Electron Accepting and Donating Substituents in Oxazolones." Journal of Fluorescence 23, no. 4 (March 15, 2013): 733–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10895-013-1198-6.

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48

Honório, K. M., and A. B. F. Da Silva. "An AM1 study on the electron-donating and electron-accepting character of biomolecules." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 95, no. 2 (2003): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.10661.

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49

Guzauskas, Matas, Dmytro Volyniuk, Ausra Tomkeviciene, Anna Pidluzhna, Algirdas Lazauskas, and Juozas Vidas Grazulevicius. "Dual nature of exciplexes: exciplex-forming properties of carbazole and fluorene hybrid trimers." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 1 (2019): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc04708a.

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Two exciplexes were detected for the first time for the known exciplex-forming system consisting of electron donating 1,3-bis(N-carbazolyl)benzene and electron accepting 2,4,6-tris[3-(diphenylphosphinyl)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine.

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50

Nakanotani, Hajime, Taro Furukawa, Kei Morimoto, and Chihaya Adachi. "Long-range coupling of electron-hole pairs in spatially separated organic donor-acceptor layers." Science Advances 2, no. 2 (February 2016): e1501470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501470.

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Understanding exciton behavior in organic semiconductor molecules is crucial for the development of organic semiconductor-based excitonic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes and organic solar cells, and the tightly bound electron-hole pair forming an exciton is normally assumed to be localized on an organic semiconducting molecule. We report the observation of long-range coupling of electron-hole pairs in spatially separated electron-donating and electron-accepting molecules across a 10-nanometers-thick spacer layer. We found that the exciton energy can be tuned over 100 megaelectron volts and the fraction of delayed fluorescence can be increased by adjusting the spacer-layer thickness. Furthermore, increasing the spacer-layer thickness produced an organic light-emitting diode with an electroluminescence efficiency nearly eight times higher than that of a device without a spacer layer. Our results demonstrate the first example of a long-range coupled charge-transfer state between electron-donating and electron-accepting molecules in a working device.

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