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Journal articles on the topic 'Electron coincidence spectrometer'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Paripás, B., and B. Palásthy. "Coincidence electron spectrometer for studying electron–atom collisions." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 76, no. 3 (March 2007): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2006.01.024.

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2

Itou, Masayoshi, Shunji Kishimoto, Hiroshi Kawata, Makoto Ozaki, Hiroshi Sakurai, and Fumitake Itoh. "Development of an (X, eX) spectrometer for measuring the energies of the scattered photon and recoil electron." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 676–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597017913.

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The design and performance of a new spectrometer for coincidence measurements between the Compton scattered photon and the recoil electron are described. Coincidence measurements give direct information on the three-dimensional electron momentum density (EMD) of condensed matter. The present spectrometer measures energy spectra of both the photon and the electron. The energy spectrum of electrons is measured by a time-of-flight method using single-bunch operation at the Photon Factory Accumulator Ring (PF-AR). The energy resolution obtained for the recoil electron is 190 eV, which is better than that of the photon detector, so that a momentum resolution of the three-dimensional EMD of 0.3 atomic units can be achieved.

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3

Murray, Andrew J., Brian C. H. Turton, and Frank H. Read. "Real‐time computer‐optimized electron coincidence spectrometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 63, no. 6 (June 1992): 3346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142551.

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4

Wallauer, Robert, Stefan Voss, Lutz Foucar, Tobias Bauer, Deborah Schneider, Jasmin Titze, Birte Ulrich, et al. "Momentum spectrometer for electron-electron coincidence studies on superconductors." Review of Scientific Instruments 83, no. 10 (October 2012): 103905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4754470.

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5

Víkor, György, Sándor Ricz, Ákos Kövér, Béla Sulik, László Tóth, and Imre Kádár. "Ion-electron coincidence extensions for an electrostatic electron spectrometer." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 381, no. 1 (October 1996): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(96)00672-9.

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6

Graham, Lisa A., S. J. Desjardins, and A. D. O. Bawagan. "Coincidence electron-scattering experiments: the statistics of coincidence counting." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 71, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v93-032.

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A new coincidence electron-scattering spectrometer for electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) experiments is described. The new features include the use of a single 360° cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA) for energy analysis and a coincidence data acquisition system based on a qVt-multichannel analyser and CAMAC electronics. The CMA energy resolution and coincidence time resolution are 0.32 ± 0.03% ΔE/E fwhm and 3.5 ± 0.5 ns fwhm, respectively. The helium 1s orbital binding energy spectrum is obtained at 1000 eV binding energy and 100 eV pass energy, yielding a coincidence binding energy resolution of 1.5 ± 0.2 eV fwhm. The coincidence data analysis procedure that is introduced provides experimental verification of some basic statistics of coincidence counting.

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7

Hattass, M., T. Jalowy, A. Czasch, Th Weber, T. Jahnke, S. Schössler, L. Ph. Schmidt, O. Jagutzki, R. Dörner, and H. Schmidt-Böcking. "A 2π spectrometer for electron–electron coincidence studies on surfaces." Review of Scientific Instruments 75, no. 7 (July 2004): 2373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1765764.

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8

Dogan, Mevlut, Melike Ulu, and Omer Sise. "Design, simulation and construction of an electron–electron coincidence spectrometer." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 161, no. 1-3 (October 2007): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2007.02.027.

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9

Matsuda, Akitaka, Mizuho Fushitani, Chien-Ming Tseng, Yasumasa Hikosaka, John H. D. Eland, and Akiyoshi Hishikawa. "A magnetic-bottle multi-electron-ion coincidence spectrometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 82, no. 10 (October 2011): 103105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3648133.

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10

Fournier, Marine, Lucie Huart, Rémi Dupuy, Régis Vacheresse, Maximilian Reinhardt, Denis Cubaynes, Denis Céolin, et al. "Coupling a magnetic bottle multi-electron spectrometer with a liquid micro-jet device: a comprehensive study of solvated sodium benzoate at the O 1 s threshold." EPJ Web of Conferences 273 (2022): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202227301009.

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We have developed a magnetic bottle time-of-flight electron-electron coincidence spectrometer to perform measurements on solvated molecules in a liquid micro-jet. We present here the first results obtained after ionization of the oxygen 1s inner-shell of sodium benzoate molecules and show the possibilities to filter out the electron signal arising from the liquid phase from the signal of water molecules in the gas phase. Both photoelectrons and Auger electrons spectra (unfiltered and filtered) are presented.

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11

Bourgalais, Jérémy, Zied Gouid, Olivier Herbinet, Gustavo A. Garcia, Philippe Arnoux, Zhandong Wang, Luc-Sy Tran, et al. "Isomer-sensitive characterization of low temperature oxidation reaction products by coupling a jet-stirred reactor to an electron/ion coincidence spectrometer: case of n-pentane." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 3 (2020): 1222–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp04992d.

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Using a tunable vacuum ultraviolet synchrotron beam line and first principle computations, a jet-stirred reactor was coupled for the first time to a photoionization mass spectrometer using electron/ion coincidence imaging.

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12

Bleeker, A. J., and P. Kruit. "Design of a UHV STEM for Through-The-Lens Electron Spectroscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 2 (August 12, 1990): 380–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100135502.

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Combining of the high spatial resolution of a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope and the wealth of information from the secondary electrons and Auger spectra opens up new possibilities for materials research. In a prototype instrument at the Delft University of Technology we have shown that it is possible from the optical point of view to combine STEM and Auger spectroscopy [1]. With an Electron Energy Loss Spectrometer attached to the microscope it also became possible to perform coincidence measurements between the secondary electron signal and the EELS signal. We measured Auger spectra of carbon aluminium and Argon gas showing energy resolutions better than 1eV [2]. The coincidence measurements on carbon with a time resolution of 5 ns yielded basic insight in secondary electron emission processes [3]. However, for serious Auger spectroscopy, the specimen needs to be in Ultra High Vacuum. ( 10−10 Torr ). At this moment a new setup is in its last phase of construction.

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13

Ma, Chien-I., Kaidee Lee, De Ji, Dae Young Kim, and David M. Hanson. "A time-of-flight spectrometer for energy-resolved, Auger-electron, multiple-ion coincidence spectrometry." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 347, no. 1-3 (August 1994): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)91926-7.

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14

Field, Thomas A., and John H. D. Eland. "An electron ion coincidence spectrometer for single and double photoionization studies." Measurement Science and Technology 9, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 922–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/9/6/009.

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15

Judge, SM, P. Christmas, P. Cross, D. Smith, and WD Hamilton. "An electron-gamma coincidence system for the NPL beta-ray spectrometer." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part A. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 38, no. 10 (January 1987): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2889(87)90181-x.

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16

TIXIER, S., Y. ZHENG, T. TIEDJE, G. COOPER, and C. E. BRION. "ELECTRON MOMENTUM SPECTROSCOPY OF SURFACES." Surface Review and Letters 06, no. 05 (October 1999): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x99000524.

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Electron momentum spectroscopy [binary (e,2e) spectroscopy] using transmission geometry is a unique experimental tool for imaging the electron momentum distribution in gas phase samples as well as in thin films. In a solid, the electron momentum distribution is related to the band structure. Development of the (e,2e) technique using a more versatile reflection geometry is attractive since a much wider range of surfaces could be studied. The design of a new reflection (e,2e) spectrometer is presented. It is based on a two-step scattering model in which an incident electron successively reflects and ejects a valence electron from the surface. The scattered and ejected electrons are detected in coincidence and their energies and momentum vectors are simultaneously determined using a high throughput 90° truncated spherical electrostatic analyzer and position-sensitive detectors.

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17

Kooser, Kuno, Antti Kivimäki, Paavo Turunen, Rainer Pärna, Liis Reisberg, Marco Kirm, Mika Valden, Marko Huttula, and Edwin Kukk. "Gas-phase endstation of electron, ion and coincidence spectroscopies for diluted samples at the FinEstBeAMS beamline of the MAX IV 1.5 GeV storage ring." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 4 (June 22, 2020): 1080–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520007146.

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Since spring 2019 an experimental setup consisting of an electron spectrometer and an ion time-of-flight mass spectrometer for diluted samples has been available for users at the FinEstBeAMS beamline of the MAX IV Laboratory in Lund, Sweden. The setup enables users to study the interaction of atoms, molecules, (molecular) microclusters and nanoparticles with short-wavelength (vacuum ultraviolet and X-ray) synchrotron radiation and to follow the electron and nuclear dynamics induced by this interaction. Test measurements of N2 and thiophene (C4H4S) molecules have demonstrated that the setup can be used for many-particle coincidence spectroscopy. The measurements of the Ar 3p photoelectron spectra by linear horizontal and vertical polarization show that angle-resolved experiments can also be performed. The possibility to compare the electron spectroscopic results of diluted samples with solid targets in the case of Co2O3 and Fe2O3 at the Co and Fe L 2,3-absorption edges in the same experimental session is also demonstrated. Because the photon energy range of the FinEstBeAMS beamline extends from 4.4 eV up to 1000 eV, electron, ion and coincidence spectroscopy studies can be executed in a very broad photon energy range.

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18

Thurgate, SM. "Auger Photoelectron Coincidence Spectroscopy." Australian Journal of Physics 43, no. 5 (1990): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph900443.

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Auger photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS) involves measuring an Auger line in coincidence with the corresponding photoelectron line of an X ray excited spectrum. Such spectra are free of many of the complicating features of conventional data and display the correlations that exist between the lines. APECS has been used to study a number of fundamental aspects of Auger spectroscopy, such as the removal of complicating effects due to Coster-Kronig transitions in the LZ.3 VV spectra of Cu. We have been able to show similar behaviour in the Auger spectra of Co. In principle, APECS can also be used to make measurements of surface core level shifts, to examine the process of electron scattering in solids, and it holds some promise as a technique for the routine examination of materials. The coincidence technique discriminates against secondary electrons in the background, the Auger and photoelectron peaks appear on a flatter background, and this helps to make the interpretation of Auger data collected in coincidence more straightforward. A number of successful APECS experiments have been constructed, using either X ray tubes or synchrotrons as sources. When an X ray tube is used as a source, the principal problem has been with the length of time needed to acquire a sufficient number of counts. We have recently completed construction of a novel spectrometer that goes someway towards overcoming this problem, however the challenge still remains to produce an instrument that will permit routine measurement of these features.

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19

Liu, Jingai, and C. A. Quarles. "An accelerator based electron-photon coincidence spectrometer for the study of inelastic electron-atom collisions." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 79, no. 1-4 (June 1993): 825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(93)95478-n.

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20

Hikosaka, Yasumasa. "Multi-electron–ion coincidence spectrometer with a high-efficiency microchannel plate detector." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 255 (February 2022): 147158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2022.147158.

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21

Hall, R. I., A. McConkey, K. Ellis, G. Dawber, L. Avaldi, M. A. MacDonald, and G. C. King. "A penetrating field electron-ion coincidence spectrometer for use in photoionization studies." Measurement Science and Technology 3, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/3/3/011.

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22

Ford, M. J., J. P. Doering, J. H. Moore, and M. A. Coplan. "Multiple detector triple coincidence spectrometer for (e,3e) electron impact double‐ionization measurements." Review of Scientific Instruments 66, no. 5 (May 1995): 3137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145542.

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23

Kaneyasu, T., Y. Hikosaka, and E. Shigemasa. "Electron-ion coincidence spectrometer for studies on decay dynamics of core-excited molecules." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 156-158 (May 2007): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2006.12.014.

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24

Ahn, C. C., and O. L. Krivanek. "Excited State Lifetime Measurement By EEL-CL Coincidence." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100118904.

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The lifetime of an excited state can be measured by detecting both the excitation (by EELS) and the de-excitation (by catho- doluminescence), and measuring the delay between the two events. We have adapted this technique for the measurement of lifetimes in an electron microscope.The experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The arrival time and the energy loss of single electrons is monitored by the EELS (Gatan 607), and the arrival time and wavelength of single photons is monitored by the CL spectrometer. Pulses corresponding to the two events are fed to a time-to-amplitude converter (TAC), which outputs a variable height pulse proportional to the delay between the events. If no second (stop) pulse is detected within a preset time interval, the TAC recognizes a “false start”, does not output anything, and starts looking for a “start” pulse again. Since the count rate in the CL channel was typically 10 to 100 times weaker than in the EEL channel, we minimized the false starts by using the CL signal as the start pulse and the EEL signal, suitably delayed, as the stop pulse. This yields a “reversed time” spectrum, but minimizes the dead time of the electronics.

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25

Kirschner, J., G. Kerhervé, and C. Winkler. "Reflection-time-of-flight spectrometer for two-electron (e,2e) coincidence spectroscopy on surfaces." Review of Scientific Instruments 79, no. 7 (July 2008): 073302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2949869.

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26

Price, S. D., and J. H. D. Eland. "An electron spectrometer to record gas phase photoelectron-photoelectron coincidence spectra following double photoionization." Measurement Science and Technology 3, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/3/3/010.

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27

Hikosaka, Yasumasa, Francis Penent, Pascal Lablanquie, Richard Hall, and Kenji Ito. "An Auger electron-threshold photoelectron coincidence spectrometer for studies of atomic and molecular dications." Measurement Science and Technology 11, no. 12 (November 20, 2000): 1697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/11/12/307.

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28

Bastian, Björn, Jakob D. Asmussen, Ltaief Ben Ltaief, Achim Czasch, Nykola C. Jones, Søren V. Hoffmann, Henrik B. Pedersen, and Marcel Mudrich. "A new endstation for extreme-ultraviolet spectroscopy of free clusters and nanodroplets." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 075110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0094430.

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In this work, we present a new endstation for the AMOLine of the ASTRID2 synchrotron at Aarhus University, which combines a cluster and nanodroplet beam source with a velocity map imaging and time-of-flight spectrometer for coincidence imaging spectroscopy. Extreme-ultraviolet spectroscopy of free nanoparticles is a powerful tool for studying the photophysics and photochemistry of resonantly excited or ionized nanometer-sized condensed-phase systems. Here, we demonstrate this capability by performing photoelectron–photoion coincidence experiments with pure and doped superfluid helium nanodroplets. Different doping options and beam sources provide a versatile platform to generate various van der Waals clusters as well as He nanodroplets. We present a detailed characterization of the new setup and show examples of its use for measuring high-resolution yield spectra of charged particles, time-of-flight ion mass spectra, anion–cation coincidence spectra, multi-coincidence electron spectra, and angular distributions. A particular focus of the research with this new endstation is on intermolecular charge and energy-transfer processes in heterogeneous nanosystems induced by valence-shell excitation and ionization.

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29

Chand, Bakhshish, Jatinder Goswamy, Devinder Mehta, Nirmal Singh, and P. N. Trehan. "Conversion-electron and gamma–gamma directional correlation measurements in 134Ba." Canadian Journal of Physics 68, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 1479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p90-213.

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Conversion electrons from the decay of 134Cs have been investigated using a mini-orange electron spectrometer. The electron intensities for the K-conversion of 242.7 keV and L, (M + N … ) conversion of 563.2, 795.9, 801.9, 1038.6, 1167.9, and 1365.2 keV transitions in 134Ba are being reported for the first time. The conversion-electron data have been further used to determine the conversion coefficients for various transitions in, 34Ba. Also, the gamma–gamma directional correlation measurements for seven cascades in 134Ba have been carried out using a HPGe–HPGe detector coincidence setup. The multipole admixtures for the 475.3, 563.2, 569.3, 795.9, 801.9, 1038.6, and 1365.2 keV transitions have been deduced from these measurements. A multipole admixture of M1 + 37% E2 has been obtained for the 1038.6 keV transition in 134Ba. The reduced transition probability ratios for the transitions de-exciting second 2+ and 3+ energy levels in 134Ba have been calculated and compared with the values predicted by the triaxial rotor model for γ = 28.5°. This indicates the softness of the, 134Ba nucleus toward γ deformation.

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30

Chand, Bakhshish, Jatinder Goswamy, Devinder Mehta, Nirmal Singh, and P. N. Trehan. "Study of the radioactive decays of 140Ba and 140La." Canadian Journal of Physics 69, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p91-014.

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The intensities of X rays and γ rays from the decays of 140Ba and 140La were measured precisely using Si(Li) and HPGe detectors. The L X-ray intensities in 140Ba decay are reported for the first time. The conversion electrons from these decays are investigated using a mini-orange electron spectrometer. The electron intensities for the (M + N.) conversion of 329, 487, 1596, and 1903 keV transitions in 140Ce were measured for the first time. From the present conversion-electron and γ-ray intensities, the conversion coefficients for various transitions in 140La and 140Ce were determined. Also, the γ–γ directional correlations for 15 cascades in,140Ce were studied using a HPGe–HPGe detector coincidence setup (time resolution = 7 ns). The 109–(329)– 487, 131–242, and 131–266 keV cascades in 140Ce were studied for the first time. The multipole mixing ratios for the 109, 131, 242, 266, 329, 432, 487, 751, 816, 868, 919, 925, and 951 keV transitions in 140Ce are deduced from the present directional correlation and conversion-coefficient measurements.

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31

Jiang, Wenbin, Xincheng Wang, Shuai Zhang, Ruichao Dong, Yuliang Guo, Jinze Feng, Zhenjie Shen, Zhiyuan Zhu, and Yuhai Jiang. "A Reaction Microscope for AMO Science at Shanghai Soft X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12041821.

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We report on the design and capabilities of a reaction microscope (REMI) end-station at the Shanghai Soft X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility (SXFEL). This apparatus allows high-resolution and 4π solid-angle coincidence detection of ions and electrons. The components of REMI, including a supersonic gas injection system, spectrometer, detectors and data acquisition system, are described in detail. By measuring the time of flight and the impact positions of ions and electrons on the corresponding detectors, three-dimensional momentum vectors can be reconstructed to study specific reaction processes. Momentum resolutions of ions and electrons with 0.11 a.u. are achieved, which have been measured from a single ionization experiment of oxygen molecules in an infrared (IR), femtosecond laser field, under vacuum at 1.2×10−10 torr, in a reaction chamber. As a demonstration, a Coulomb explosion experiment of oxygen molecules in the IR field is presented. These results demonstrate the performance of this setup, which provides a basic tool for the study of atomic and molecular reactions at SXFEL.

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32

QIAN, XIN. "SINGLE/DOUBLE-SPIN ASYMMETRY MEASUREMENTS OF SEMI-INCLUSIVE PION ELECTRO-PRODUCTION ON A TRANSVERSELY POLARIZED 3He TARGET THROUGH DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING." Modern Physics Letters A 27, no. 21 (July 6, 2012): 1230021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732312300212.

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Parton distribution functions, which represent the flavor and spin structure of the nucleon, provide invaluable information in illuminating quantum chromodynamics in the confinement region. Among various processes that measure such parton distribution functions, semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering is regarded as one of the golden channels to access transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions, which provide a 3D view of the nucleon structure in momentum space. The Jefferson Lab experiment E06-010 focuses on measuring the target single and double spin asymmetries in the [Formula: see text] reaction with a transversely polarized 3 He target in Hall A with a 5.89 GeV electron beam. A leading pion and the scattered electron are detected in coincidence by the left High-Resolution Spectrometer at 16° and the BigBite spectrometer at 30° beam right, respectively. The kinematic coverage concentrates in the valence quark region, x ~ 0.1–0.4, at Q2 ~ 1–3 GeV 2. The Collins and Sivers asymmetries of 3 He and neutron are extracted. In this review, an overview of the experiment and the final results are presented. Furthermore, an upcoming 12-GeV program with a large acceptance solenoidal device and the future possibilities at an electron–ion collider are discussed.

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33

Rolles, D., Z. D. Pešić, M. Perri, R. C. Bilodeau, G. D. Ackerman, B. S. Rude, A. L. D. Kilcoyne, J. D. Bozek, and N. Berrah. "A velocity map imaging spectrometer for electron–ion and ion–ion coincidence experiments with synchrotron radiation." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 261, no. 1-2 (August 2007): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.04.186.

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34

Yavor, M. I., N. R. Gall, M. Z. Muradymov, T. V. Pomozov, I. V. Kurnin, A. G. Monakov, A. N. Arsenev, et al. "Development of a mass spectrometer for high-precision mass measurements of superheavy elements at JINR." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): P11033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/p11033.

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Abstract A multiple-reflection time-of-flight (MR TOF) mass spectrometer for mass measurements of superheavy elements is currently being developed for an experimental cave of the Superheavy Element Factory at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. Its conceptual and ion-optical designs are described in the present paper. The spectrometer is designed to achieve a mass measurement accuracy of 10-7 at low measurement statistics (∼5 events) for nuclides with half-lives down to 50 ms. To reach this goal, a new generation MR TOF analyzer with an ultra-high mass resolving power and highly-stable power supplies has been designed. An advanced set of ion-optical solutions for preparation and mass separation of the sample and calibrant ion beams is proposed for the spectrometer: a radiofrequency multiplexer trap separator of charge states, high vacuum quadrupole filters with two-stage differential pumping, operated in the “beat node coincidence” mode, a focused beam transport through the gate valve gaps, as well as a fullerene soot electron ionization calibrant ion source.

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35

Cadieux, J. R., G. A. Fugate, and G. S. King. "An alpha–gamma coincidence spectrometer based on the photon–electron rejecting alpha liquid scintillation (PERALS®) system." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 783 (May 2015): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.01.103.

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36

Burmeister, F., L. H. Coutinho, R. R. T. Marinho, M. G. P. Homem, M. A. A. de Morais, A. Mocellin, O. Björneholm, et al. "Description and performance of an electron-ion coincidence TOF spectrometer used at the Brazilian synchrotron facility LNLS." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 180, no. 1-3 (June 2010): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2010.02.007.

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37

Davino, Michael, Edward McManus, Nora G. Helming, Chuan Cheng, Gönenç Moǧol, Zhanna Rodnova, Geoffrey Harrison, et al. "A plano–convex thick-lens velocity map imaging apparatus for direct, high resolution 3D momentum measurements of photoelectrons with ion time-of-flight coincidence." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 013303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0129900.

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Since their inception, velocity map imaging (VMI) techniques have received continued interest in their expansion from 2D to 3D momentum measurements through either reconstructive or direct methods. Recently, much work has been devoted to the latter of these by relating electron time-of-flight (TOF) to the third momentum component. The challenge is having a timing resolution sufficient to resolve the structure in the narrow (<10 ns) electron TOF spread. Here, we build upon the work in VMI lens design and 3D VMI measurement by using a plano–convex thick-lens (PCTL) VMI in conjunction with an event-driven camera (TPX3CAM) providing TOF information for high resolution 3D electron momentum measurements. We perform simulations to show that, with the addition of a mesh electrode to the thick-lens geometry, the resulting plano–convex electrostatic field extends the detectable electron cutoff energy range while retaining the high resolution. This design also extends the electron TOF range, allowing for a better momentum resolution along this axis. We experimentally demonstrate these capabilities by examining above-threshold ionization in xenon, where the apparatus is shown to collect electrons of energy up to ∼7 eV with a TOF spread of ∼30 ns, both of which are improved compared to a previous work by factors of ∼1.4 and ∼3.75, respectively. Finally, the PCTL-VMI is equipped with a coincident ion TOF spectrometer, which is shown to effectively extract unique 3D momentum distributions for different ionic species in a gas mixture. These techniques have the potential to lend themselves to more advanced measurements involving systems where the electron momentum distributions possess non-trivial symmetries.

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38

Chand, Bakhshish, J. Goswamy, Devinder Mehta, Nirmal Singh, and P. N. Trehan. "Level structure studies of 182W from the decay of 182Ta." Canadian Journal of Physics 70, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p92-040.

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The relative intensities of X rays and γ rays from the decay of 182Ta were measured precisely using Si(Li) and HPGe detectors. The intensities of the different components of K and L X rays were measured for the first time. The conversion electron intensities for the transitions with energy above 800 keV from the 182Ta decay were measured using a mini-orange electron spectrometer and the internal conversion coefficients for various transitions in 182W deduced. The (M + N)-conversion coefficients for the 1001.7, 1189.1, 1231.0, 1257.2, 1289.2, and 1342.7 keV transitions in 182W were measured for the first time. Also, γ–γ coincidence and correlation measurements were carried out using a HPGe–HPGe coincidence setup (2τ = 7 ns). The directional correlation coefficients for the 928–229, 960–229, 1002–229, 1044–229, 1158–229, 1223–229, and 1002–222 keV cascades in 182W are determined for the first time. The multipole mixing ratio for the 152, 156, 179, 222, 928, 1002, 1113, 1158, 1223, and 1231 keV transitions are deduced from the present directional correlation and conversion coefficient measurements. Experimental ratios of reduced transition probabilities for the transitions in 182W from positive and negative parity states are deduced and compared with the values predicted by the symmetric rotor model. From this comparison a unique K assignment of Kπ = 1+ and Kπ = 1− is made to the bands built on the 1257 and 1553 keV levels, respectively.

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39

Ambrose, Vinod, and C. A. Quarles. "An accelerator based multi-coincidence electron-photon spectrometer for the measurement of bremsstrahlung and inner-shell ionization cross-sections." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 99, no. 1-4 (May 1995): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(94)00564-8.

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40

Hikosaka, Y., M. Sawa, K. Soejima, and E. Shigemasa. "A high-resolution magnetic bottle electron spectrometer and its application to a photoelectron–Auger electron coincidence measurement of the L2,3VV Auger decay in CS2." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 192 (January 2014): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2014.01.017.

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41

Garcia, Gustavo A., Héloïse Soldi-Lose, and Laurent Nahon. "A versatile electron-ion coincidence spectrometer for photoelectron momentum imaging and threshold spectroscopy on mass selected ions using synchrotron radiation." Review of Scientific Instruments 80, no. 2 (February 2009): 023102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3079331.

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42

Rozpedzik, D., L. De Keukeleere, K. Bodek, L. Hayen, K. Lojek, M. Perkowski, and N. Severijns. "Gas electron tracking detector for beta decay experiments." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): C09005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/c09005.

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Abstract For identification and 3D-tracking of low-energy electrons a new type of gas-based detector was designed that minimizes scattering and energy loss. The current version of the detector is a combination of a plastic scintillator, serving as a trigger source and energy detector, and a hexagonally structured multi-wire drift chamber (MWDC), filled with a mixture of helium and isobutane gas. The drift time information is used to track particles in the plane perpendicular to the wires, while a charge division technique provides spatial information along the wires. The gas tracker was successfully used in the miniBETA project as a beta spectrometer for a measurement of the weak magnetism form factor in nuclear beta decay. The precision of the three-dimensional electron tracking, in combination with low-mass, low-Z materials and identification of backscattering from scintillator, facilitated a reduction of the main systematics effects. The results originate from performance studies with cosmic muons and low-energy electrons (<2 MeV) conducted for several pressures (300–700 mbar) and isobutane content in the gas mixture (10–50%). At certain conditions, a spatial resolution better than 0.5 mm was obtained in the plane perpendicular to the wires, while resolutions of about 6 mm were achieved along wires. Thanks to precise tracking information, it is possible to eliminate electrons and other particles not originating from the desired decay with high efficiency. Additionally, using the coincidence between MWDC and scintillator, background from gamma emission typically accompanying radioactive decays, was highly suppressed. An overview of different event topologies is presented together with the tracker’s ability to correctly recognize them. The analysis is supported by Monte Carlo simulations using Geant4 and Garfield++ packages. Finally, the preliminary results from the 114In spectrum study are presented.

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Newbury, Dale E., and Nicholas W. M. Ritchie. "Quantitative Electron-Excited X-Ray Microanalysis of Borides, Carbides, Nitrides, Oxides, and Fluorides with Scanning Electron Microscopy/Silicon Drift Detector Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM/SDD-EDS) and NIST DTSA-II." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 5 (September 14, 2015): 1327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615014993.

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AbstractA scanning electron microscope with a silicon drift detector energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM/SDD-EDS) was used to analyze materials containing the low atomic number elements B, C, N, O, and F achieving a high degree of accuracy. Nearly all results fell well within an uncertainty envelope of ±5% relative (where relative uncertainty (%)=[(measured−ideal)/ideal]×100%). Quantification was performed with the standards-based “k-ratio” method with matrix corrections calculated based on the Pouchou and Pichoir expression for the ionization depth distribution function, as implemented in the NIST DTSA-II EDS software platform. The analytical strategy that was followed involved collection of high count (>2.5 million counts from 100 eV to the incident beam energy) spectra measured with a conservative input count rate that restricted the deadtime to ~10% to minimize coincidence effects. Standards employed included pure elements and simple compounds. A 10 keV beam was employed to excite the K- and L-shell X-rays of intermediate and high atomic number elements with excitation energies above 3 keV, e.g., the Fe K-family, while a 5 keV beam was used for analyses of elements with excitation energies below 3 keV, e.g., the Mo L-family.

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KOBAYASHI, Eiichi, Kouji ISARI, Masanobu MORI, Kazuhiko MASE, Koji OKUDAIRA, Kenichiro TANAKA, and Nobuo UENO. "Construction and Evaluation of Polar-Angle-Resolved Miniature Time-of-Flight Ion Mass Spectrometer, and Its Application for Electron-Ion Coincidence Spectroscopy." SHINKU 47, no. 1 (2004): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.47.14.

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45

Mouikis, C. G., L. M. Kistler, G. Wang, and Y. Liu. "Background subtraction for the Cluster/CODIF plasma ion mass spectrometer." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 3, no. 1 (April 16, 2014): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-41-2014.

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Abstract. The CODIF instrument on the Cluster spacecraft is a time-of-flight (TOF) ion mass spectrometer. Although TOF spectrometers are relatively immune to background contamination due to the inherent double coincidence requirement, high background rates can still result in false coincidences. Along the Cluster orbit, false coincidences are commonly observed due to the penetrating radiation of relativistic electrons during the encounters with the Earth's radiation belts. A second type of background in these instruments occurs when events of one species fall into the time-of-flight range defined for another species. Although the fraction of the H+ events that spill into the He+ measurement is small, when the actual He+ fluxes are low this can result in significant contamination. In this paper we present two techniques that allow the subtraction of the false coincidences and the H+ "spill" from the CODIF measurements.

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46

Mouikis, C. G., L. M. Kistler, G. Wang, and Y. Liu. "Background subtraction for the Cluster/CODIF plasma ion mass spectrometer." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems Discussions 3, no. 2 (September 27, 2013): 567–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gid-3-567-2013.

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Abstract. The CODIF instrument on the Cluster spacecraft is a time-of-flight (TOF) ion mass spectrometer. Although TOF spectrometers are relatively immune to background contamination due to the double coincidence requirement, high background rates can still result in false coincidences. Along the Cluster orbit, false coincidences are commonly observed due to the penetrating radiation of relativistic electrons during the encounters with the Earth's radiation belts. A second type of background in these instruments occurs when events of one species fall into the time-of-flight range defined for another species. Although the fraction of the H+ events that spill into the He+ measurement is small, when the actual He+ fluxes are low this can result in significant contamination. In this paper we present two techniques that allow the subtraction of the false coincidences and the H+ "spill" from the CODIF measurements.

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47

Kobayashi, Eiichi, Akira Nambu, Kazuhiko Mase, Kouji Isari, Kenichiro Tanaka, Masanobu Mori, Koji K. Okudaira, and Nobuo Ueno. "Development of a compact electron ion coincidence analyzer using a coaxially symmetric mirror electron energy analyzer and a miniature polar-angle-resolved time-of-flight ion mass spectrometer with four concentric anodes." Review of Scientific Instruments 80, no. 4 (April 2009): 043303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3116442.

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48

Giusberti, Luca, Michael A. Kaminski, and Nicoletta Mancin. "The bathyal larger lituolid Neonavarella n. gen. (Foraminifera) from the Thanetian Scaglia Rossa Formation of northeastern Italy." Micropaleontology 64, no. 6 (2018): 414–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47894/mpal.64.6.08.

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Larger agglutinated foraminifera resembling the Cretaceous genus Navarella Ciry and Rat 1951 were recently recovered in Thanetian hemipelagites from the Belluno Basin, northeastern Italy. These lituoids first appear in the basal Thanetian (uppermost calcareous nannofossils Zone CNP 8) and become common in the >500 micron washed residue from the uppermost Thanetian. They abruptly disappear at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary, in coincidence with the extinction of Paleocene small benthic foraminifera (the benthic foraminiferal extinction event - BEE). In order to document the internal chamber arrangement and the agglutinated wall microstructure of the Thanetian lituolids and to compare them with similar individuals recovered from the Upper Cretaceous and Danian strata of the same section, the collected specimens were sectioned and analyzed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). Our results show a typical bi-layered wall microstructure in the Thanetian specimens, whereas the older Maastrichtian and Danian specimens, occurring in the same section, display a single, thicker agglutinated wall. The taxonomy of the Italian lituolids is discussed and compared with similar taxa known from the literature. We describe the Thanetian lituolids as the new genus Neonavarella, which shows an apparently identical external morphology to mono-layered Maastrichtian-Danian specimens but differs in the microstructure of the agglutinated test wall that is bi-layered. The finding of new and well-preserved material from the Paleocene Scaglia Rossa beds of Italy helps shed light on the taxonomy of the still poorly known deep-water larger lituolids.

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Lörch, H., N. Scherer, T. Kerkau, and V. Schmidt. "VUV light polarization measured by coincidence electron spectrometry." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 32, no. 14 (July 20, 1999): L371—L379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/32/14/105.

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50

Weigold, Erich. "Future Directions in Electron Momentum Spectroscopy of Matter." Australian Journal of Physics 51, no. 4 (1998): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/p98019.

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The development of coincidence spectrometers with multivariable detection techniques, higher energy kinematics, monochromated and spin-polarised electron sources, will usher in a new generation of electron momentum spectroscopy revealing new electronic phenomena in atoms, molecules and solids. This will be enhanced by developments in target preparation, such as spin polarised, oriented and aligned atoms and molecules, radicals, surfaces and strongly correlated systems in condensed matter.

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