Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electron acoustic waves'
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1
Son, Seok-Kyun. "Electron transport by surface acoustic waves in an undoped system." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708763.
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McEnaney, Kevin Bernard. "Magneto-absorption of surface acoustic waves by a 2-dimensional electron gas." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293651.
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Hou, Hangtian. "Low-dimensional electron transport and surface acoustic waves in GaAs and ZnO heterostructures." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/288235.
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A surface acoustic wave (SAW) is a combination of a mechanical wave and a potential wave propagating on the surface of a piezoelectric substrate at the speed of sound. Such waves are widely applied in not only the communication industry, but also in quantum physics research, such as nanoelectronics, spintronics, quantum optics, and even quantum information processing. Here, I focus on low-dimensional electron transport and SAWs in GaAs and ZnO semiconductor heterostructures. The ability to pattern quantum nanostructures using gates has stimulated intense interest in research into mesoscopic physics. We have performed a series of simulations of gate structures, and having with the optimised boundary conditions and we find them to match experimental results, such as the pinch-off voltage of one-dimensional channels and SAW charge transport in induced n-i-n and n-i-p junctions. Using the improved boundary conditions, it is straightforward to model quantum devices quite accurately using standard software. With the calculated potential, we have modelled the process how a dynamic quantum dot is driven by a SAW and have analysed error mechanisms in SAW-driven quantisation (I=Nef, where N is the number of electrons in each SAW minimum, and f is the SAW resonant frequency). From energy spectroscopy measurements, we probe the electron energy inside a SAW-driven dynamic quantum dot and find that the small addition energy, which is around 3meV, is the main limitation for the SAW quantisation. To increase the confinement of SAW-driven quantum dots, we deposit a thin ZnO film, with a better piezoelectric coupling than GaAs, on a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure using high-target-utilisation sputtering (an Al2O3 buffer layer is deposited to protect the 2DEG during sputtering). With the ZnO, the SAW amplitude is greatly improved to 100 meV and the RF power required for pumping electrons using a SAW is greatly reduced. Finally, we have studied low-dimensional electron transport in a MgZnO/ZnO heterostructure. We have developed a technique for patterning gates using a parylene insulator, and used these to create one-dimensional quantum wires and observe electron ballistic transport with conductance quantised in units of 2e2/h The increasing electron effective mass as the 1D electron density decreases indicate that the electron-electron interaction in this MgZnO/ZnO heterostructure is strong. Because of these strong interactions, the 0.7 anomaly is observed just below each quantised plateau, and are much stronger than in GaAs quantum wires. Furthermore, we have also calculated the SAW-modulated spontaneous and piezoelectric polarisation in the ZnO heterostructure, and have observed a sign of this SAW-modulation in 2DEG density, which is different from the classical SAW-pumping mechanism. Our results show that a ZnO heterostructure should provide a good alternative to conventional III-V semiconductors for spintronics and quantum computing as they have less nuclear spins. This paves the way for the development of qubits benefiting from the low scattering of an undoped heterostructure together with potentially long spin lifetimes.
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Edlbauer, Hermann. "Electron-quantum-optics experiments at the single particle level." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY027/document.
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Au cours des 25 dernières années, il n'y a eu que quelques rapports sur des expériences de type optique quantique avec des électrons.Les progrès réalisés dans ce récent domaine de recherche ont permis de mettre au point des techniques originales pour piéger, déplacer et manipuler les électrons dans des dispositifs à l'état solide.Ces progrès ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour l'étude de phénomènes quantiques fascinants tels que l'effect tunnel ou l'intrication avec les électrons.En raison de la contrôlabilité exigée dans les implémentations possibles de circuits logiques quantiques, il est maintenant particulièrement intéressant de réaliser des expériences d'optique quantique électronique avec des électrons volants uniques.Dans cette thèse, nous abordons deux expériences liées, mais conceptuellement différentes, d'optique quantique électronique au niveau de la particule unique.Toutes les expériences menées dans le cadre de cette thèse ont été réalisées à des températures cryogéniques avec des dispositifs définis par Schottky-gates dans des hétérostructures AlGaAs/GaAs.Tout d'abord, nous effectuons une expérience d'interférence d'électrons de type Mach-Zehnder dans le régime de transport balistique.En formant un grand point quantique dans l'une des branches de l'interféromètre, nous étudions le déphasage de la fonction d'onde d'un électron transmis de façon résonnante.Au cours de nos mesures, nous trouvons des signatures d'un comportement de transmission qui reflète les symétries internes des états propres des boîtes quantiques.Nos résultats mettent en lumière la question de longue date d'un comportement de phase de transmission universelle dans des boîtes quantiques en grand taille.Nous avons ainsi posé un jalon important vers une compréhension globale de la transmission par résonance d'électrons volants simples par des boîtes quantiques.Dans une deuxième expérience, nous allons au-delà du régime de transport balistique.Nous utilisons des ondes acoustiques de surface pour transporter un seul électron entre les boîtes quantiques définies par la grille de surface dans un circuit couplé par l'effect tunnel.Nous développons deux blocs de base essentiels pour partitionner et coupler les électrons volants simples dans un tel circuit piloté par le son.En dépassant une efficacité de transfert simple de 99 %, nous montrons qu'un circuit électronique quantique piloté par le son est réalisable à grande échelle.Nos résultats ouvrent la voie à des opérations de logique quantique avec des qubits d'électrons volants qui surfent sur une onde acoustiqueIn the last 25 years there were several reports on quantum-optics-like experiments that were performed with electrons.The progress is this young field of research brought up original techniques to trap, displace and manipulate electrons in solid-state devices.These advances opened up new prospects to study fascinating quantum mechanical phenomena such as tunneling or entanglement with electrons.Due to the controllability that is demanded in possible implementations of quantum logic circuits, it is now a particularly appealing idea to perform electron quantum optics experiments with single flying electrons.In this thesis we address two related, but conceptually different, electron-quantum-optics experiments at the single-particle level.All of the experiments that were conducted in the course of this thesis were performed at cryogenic temperatures with Schottky-gate defined devices in AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures.In a first experiment, we perform a Mach--Zehnder type electron interference experiment in the ballistic transport regime.Forming a large quantum dot in one of the interferometer branches, we study the phase shift in the wave function of a resonantly transmitted electron.In the course of our experimental investigations, we find signatures of a transmission behaviour which reflect the internal symmetries of the quantum dot eigenstates.Our measurements shed light on the long-standing question about a universal transmission phase behaviour in large quantum dots.We thus set an important milestone towards a comprehensive understanding of resonant transmission of single flying electrons through quantum dots.In a second experiment, we go beyond the ballistic transport regime.We employ surface acoustic waves to transport a single electron between surface-gate defined quantum dots of a tunnel-coupled circuit of transport channels.In this course, we develop two essential building blocks to partition and couple single flying electrons in such a sound-driven circuit.By exceeding a single-shot transfer efficiency of 99 %, we show that a sound-driven quantum electronic circuit is feasible on a large scale.Our results pave the way for the implementation of quantum logic operations with flying electron qubits that are surfing on a sound wave
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Bertrand, Benoit. "Long-range transfer of spin information using individual electrons." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY020/document.
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L'usage du spin des électrons pour le traitement de l'information est devenu un vaste sujet de recherche aujourd'hui, notamment grâce aux nombreuses possibilités qui en découlent. Les recherches actuelles s'étendent de la génération de courants polarisés en spin à la manipulation cohérente de spin d'électrons uniques dans des boîtes quantiques, avec des applications en électronique de spin ou en information quantique. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étendre le développement de l'électronique de spin à l'échelle de l'électron unique. Pour cela, nous cherchons à accomplir le transport cohérent d'un spin d'électron entre deux boites quantiques. Cela constituerait un moyen prometteur d'interconnecter les différents nœuds d'un nanoprocesseur quantique. Le principe utilisé repose sur l'emploi d'ondes acoustiques de surface qui, grâce aux propriétés piézoélectriques du matériau, permettent la génération de boites quantiques en mouvement. Tout d'abord, une étude de l'injection d'un électron dans une de ces boites quantiques en mouvement a été effectuée. Le contrôle à la nanoseconde de ce processus a été démontré grâce à l'application de pulses de tension modifiant pendant un bref instant le potentiel qui confine l'électron. Dans un deuxième temps, la préparation d'une superposition cohérente d'états de spin a été réalisée à l'aide d'une double boite quantique isolée, dans une position compatible avec le transport par onde acoustique de surface. Enfin, le transport d'information de spin, codée sur un unique ou sur deux électrons, a été accompli avec une fidélité atteignant 30%Recently a growing interest emerged towards the use of electron spins for information processing. The current developments range from the generation of spin polarized currents to the coherent manipulation of single electron spins in quantum dots, with applications in spintronics and quantum information processing respectively. The main objective of this thesis was to develop the equivalent of spintronics at the single electron level. For that purpose, we try to achieve the coherent transport of a single electron spin between distant quantum dots. This could be a promising means of interconnecting different nodes of a quantum nanoprocessor. The electron transfer is ensured by a surface acoustic wave (SAW) that induces dynamical quantum dots thanks to the material piezoelectricity. First, the injection of a single electron from a static to a dynamical quantum dot has been studied. It enables the control of single electron transfer with unity probability down to the nanosecond timescale, thanks to a fast engineering of the static confining potential. Next, we demonstrate the possibility to prepare a coherent spin superposition, using an isolated double quantum dot in a metastable position that is compatible with SAW-assisted electron transfer. This type of isolated dot systems offers more liberty in terms of control. Taking advantage of this feature, a new scheme for coherent spin manipulations has been implemented and proved to have reduced noise sensitivity. Finally, transfer of spin information encoded in one or two electrons has been achieved, with fidelities reaching 30%
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Thorn, Adam Leslie. "Electron dynamics in surface acoustic wave devices." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/224176.
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Gallium arsenide is piezoelectric, so it is possible to generate coupled mechanical and electrical surface acoustic waves (SAWs) by applying a high-frequency voltage to a transducer on the surface of GaAs. By combining SAWs with existing low-dimensional nanostructures one can create a series of dynamic quantum dots corresponding to the minima of the travelling electric wave, and each dot carries a single electron at the SAW velocity (~ 2800 m/s). These devices may be of use in developing future quantum information processors, and also offer an ideal environment for probing the quantum mechanical behaviour of single electrons. This thesis describes a numerical and theoretical study of the dynamics ofan electron in a range of geometries. The numerical techniques for solving thetime-dependent Schrödinger equation with an arbitrary time-dependent potential will be described in Chapter 2, and then applied in Chapter 3 to calculate the transmission of an electron through an Aharonov-Bohm (AB) ring. It will be seen that an important property of the techniques used in this thesis is that they can be easily adapted to study realistic geometries, and we will see features in the AB oscillations which do not arise in simplified analytic descriptions. In Chapter 4, we will then study a device consisting of two parallel SAW channels separated by a controllable tunnelling barrier. We will use numerical simulations to investigate the effect of electric and magnetic fields upon the electron dynamics, and develop an analytic model to explain the simulation results. From the model, it will be apparent that it is possible to use this device to rotatethe state of the electron to an arbitrary superposition of the first two eigenstates. We then introduce coherent and squeezed states in Chapter 5, which are ex-cited states of the quantum harmonic oscillator. Coherent and squeezed electronicstates may be of use in quantum information processing, and could also arise dueto unwanted perturbations in a SAW device. We will discuss how these statescan be controllably generated in a SAW device, and also discuss how they couldthen be detected. In Chapter 6 we describe how to use the motion of a SAW to create a rapidly-changing potential in the frame of the electron, leading to a nonadiabatic excita-tion. The nonadiabatically-excited state oscillates from side to side within a 1Dchannel on a few-picosecond timescale, and this motion can be probed by placing a tunnelling barrier at one side of the channel. Numerical simulations will beperformed to show how this motion can be controlled, and the simulation resultswill be seen to be in good agreement with recent experimental work performed by colleagues. Finally, we will show that this device can be used to measure the initial state of an electron which is an arbitrary superposition of the first twoeigenstates.
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McNeil, Robert Peter Gordon. "Surface acoustic wave quantum electronic devices." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610718.
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Nash, Geoffrey Richard. "Surface acoustic wave investigations of low dimensional electron systems." Thesis, University of Bath, 1996. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320474.
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Schneble, Robert Jeffery. "Control of electrons for quantum information processing using surface acoustic waves." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613276.
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Giavaras, Georgios. "Electron interactions and quantum entanglement in surface acoustic wave structures." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441115.
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Schuler, Leo Pius. "Wireless identification and sensing using surface acoustic wave devices." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical Engineering, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1081.
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Wireless Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) devices were fabricated and tested using planar Lithium Niobate (LiNbO₃) as substrate. The working frequencies were in the 180 MHz and 360 MHz range. Using a network analyser, the devices were interrogated with a wireless range of more than 2 metres. Trials with Electron Beam Lithography (EBL) to fabricate SAW devices working in the 2450 MHz with a calculated feature size of 350 nm are discussed. Charging problems became evident as LiNbO₃ is a strong piezoelectric and pyroelectric material. Various attempts were undertaken to neutralise the charging problems. Further investigation revealed that sputtered Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a suitable material for attaching SAW devices on irregularly shaped material. DC sputtering was used and several parameters have been optimised to achieve the desired piezoelectric effect. ZnO was sputtered using a magnetron sputtering system with a 75 mm Zn target and a DC sputter power of 250 Watts. Several trials were performed and an optimised material has been prepared under the following conditions: 9 sccm of Oxygen and 6 sccm of Argon were introduced during the process which resulted in a process pressure of 1.2x10⁻² mbar. The coatings have been characterised using Rutherford Backscattering, X-ray diffraction, SEM imaging, and Atomic force microscopy. SAW devices were fabricated and tested on 600 nm thick sputtered ZnO on a Si substrate with a working frequency of 430 MHz. The phase velocity has been calculated as 4300m/s. Non-planar samples have been coated with 500 nm of sputtered ZnO and SAW structures have been fabricated on using EBL. The design frequency is 2450 MHz, with a calculated feature size of 1 µm. The surface roughness however prevented a successful lift-off. AFM imaging confirmed a surface roughness in the order of 20 nm. Ways to improve manufacturability on these samples have been identified.
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Robinson, Andrew Malcolm. "Dynamics and noise in surface-acoustic-wave-based single-electron- transport devices." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620234.
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Hole, Erik Lillebø. "Optical Fiber sensing of acoustic waves using overlapping FBGs." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-37779.
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The objective of this thesis was to investigate if an optical fiber sensing method with the use of two overlapping fiber Bragg gratings to measure Lamb wave $S_0$ modes in a steel plate, and how it would compare to traditional PZT transducers. A solution was proposed where the use of an optical fiber sensing system was built and took advantage of the strain dependence of a fiber Bragg grating mounted to a steel plate. Together with an overlapping reference fiber Bragg grating, the system can translate strain to light intensity. A method of controlling the Bragg wavelength of the reference fiber Bragg grating to optimize the overlap between the two fiber Bragg gratings, enabling the system to compensate for drift in the sensing fiber Bragg grating. Testing of the system was performed and yielded promising results, being able to measure the Lamb wave signal from the steel plate. The system showed some sensitivity limitations and signal to noise ratio, as well as the software created to compensate for the drift. With the improvement proposed for further work with the system in terms of improving the system's sensitivity, signal to noise ratio and drift control should make the system able to perform at levels as traditional PZT transducers.
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Friedlander, Jeffrey B. "Wireless Strain Measurement with Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306874020.
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Ghafouri-Bakhsh, Shakour. "Interfacial electric phenomena and the thickness-shear mode acoustic wave sensor." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0031/NQ63820.pdf.
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Vasiljevic, Milos. "Guided Wave Inspection of Pipes Using Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193355.
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This research covers modeling of Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs) and their application in excitation and detection of longitudinal guided Lamb wave modes for evaluation of flaws in cylindrical pipes. The combination of the configuration of transducers and the frequency of the input current is essential for successful excitation of desired guided wave modes and for proper interpretation of the results. In this study EMATs were successfully constructed and longitudinal modes L(0,1) and L(0,2) were excited in the pipe. From the recorded signals the level of simulated damage in pipes could be assessed. It is also possible to theoretically predict the location of the pipe flaws. Theoretical predictions are matched with experimental results. Dents and holes in pipes are detected by appropriate signal processing of received L(0,1) and L(0,2) modes.
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Du, Xinpeng. "Laser-Ultrasonic Measurement of Single-Crystal Elastic Constants from Polycrystalline Samples by Measuring and Modeling Surface Acoustic Wave Velocities." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524177819455643.
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Roe, Austin R. "RESONANT ACOUSTIC WAVE ASSISTED SPIN-TRANSFER-TORQUE SWITCHING OF NANOMAGNETS." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/6029.
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We studied the possibility of achieving an order of magnitude reduction in the energy dissipation needed to write bits in perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (p-MTJs) by simulating the magnetization dynamics under a combination of resonant surface acoustic waves (r-SAW) and spin-transfer-torque (STT). The magnetization dynamics were simulated using the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation under macrospin assumption with the inclusion of thermal noise. We studied such r-SAW assisted STT switching of nanomagnets for both in-plane elliptical and circular perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) nanomagnets and show that while thermal noise affects switching probability in in-plane nanomagnets, the PMA nanomagnets are relatively robust to the effect of thermal noise. In PMA nanomagnets, the resonant magnetization dynamics builds over few 10s of cycles of SAW application that drives the magnetization to precess in a cone with a deflection of ~45⁰ from the perpendicular direction. This reduces the STT current density required to switch the magnetization direction without increasing the STT application time or degrading the switching probability in the presence of room temperature thermal noise. This could lead to a pathway to achieve energy efficient switching of spin-transfer-torque random access memory (STT-RAM) based on p-MTJs whose lateral dimensions can be scaled aggressively despite using materials with low magnetostriction by employing resonant excitation to drive the magnetization away from the easy axis before applying spin torque to achieve a complete reversal.
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Knapp, Marius [Verfasser], and Oliver [Akademischer Betreuer] Ambacher. "Graphene - from synthesis to the application as a virtually massless electrode material for bulk acoustic wave resonators." Freiburg : Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1179694619/34.
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Arapan, Lilia. "Thin Film Plate Acoustic Resonators for Frequency Control and Sensing Applications." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets elektronik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-178592.
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The recent development of the commercially viable thin film electro-acoustic technology has triggered a growing interest in the research of plate guided wave or Lamb wave components owing to their unique characteristics. In the present thesis i) an experimental study of the thin film plate resonators (FPAR) performance operating on the lowest symmetrical Lamb wave (S0) propagating in highly textured AlN membranes versus a variety of design parameters has been performed. The S0 mode is excited through an Interdigital Transducer and confined within the structure by means of reflection from metal strip gratings. Devices operating in the vicinity of the stop-band center exhibiting a Q-value of up to 3000 at a frequency around 900MHz have been demonstrated. Temperature compensation of this type of devices has been studied theoretically and successfully realized experimentally for the first time. Further, integrated circuit-compatible S0 Lamb based two-port FPAR stabilized oscillators exhibiting phase noise of -92 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz frequency offset with feasible thermal noise floor below -180 dBc/Hz have been tested under high power for a couple of weeks. More specifically, the FPARs under test have been running without any performance degradation at up to 27 dBm loop power. Further, the S0 mode was experimentally demonstrated to be highly mass and pressure sensitive as well as suitable for in-liquid operation, which together with low phase noise and high Q makes it very suitable for sensor applications; ii) research in view of FPARs operating on other types of Lamb waves as well as novel operation principles has been initiated. In this work, first results on the design, fabrication and characterization of two novel type resonators: The Zero Group Velocity Resonators (ZGVR) and The Intermode-Coupled Thin Film Plate Acoustic Resonators (IC-FPAR), exploiting new principles of operation have been successfully demonstrated. The former exploits the intrinsic zero group velocity feature of the S1 Lamb mode for certain combination of design parameters while the latter takes advantage of the intermode interaction (involving scattering) between S0 and A1 Lamb modes through specially designed metal strip gratings (couplers). Thus both type of resonators operate on principles of confining energy under IDT other than reflection.
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Pavlova, Anastasia. "Préparation et études des propriétés des films magnétiques nanostructures pour des applications en dispositifs magnéto-acoustiques et spintroniques." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECLI0010/document.
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Aujourd'hui, les structures basées sur les matériaux ferromagnétiques sont largement utilisées pour différentes applications: mémoires magnéto-résistives à accès non séquentiel, capteurs magnétiques et également nouveaux composants électroniques et dipositifs spintroniques. La tendance générale de l'électronique moderne est une réduction de la dimension des éléments à l'échelle submicronique. Ainsi, les nanostructures magnétiques sont d'un grand intérêt et leurs méthodes de fabrication et propriétés sont étudiées activement.Le but principal de ce travail est la préparation et la recherche expérimentale et théorique des propriétés de nanostructures magnétiques pour applications aux composants magneto-résistifs et phononiques. La lithographie à sonde locale (SPL) et la lithographie par faisceau d’électrons (EBL) ont été utilisées pour la fabrication des nanostructures. De premiers pas ont également été réalisés en fabrication des cristaux phononiques sensibles au champ magnétiqueNowadays, structures based on ferromagnetic materials are largely used for different applications: random access magneto-resistive memories, magnetic sensors, and also new electronic components and spintronic devices. The general trend of modern electronic is the reduction of dimensions down to submicronic scales. Therefore, the magnetic nanostructures are of great interest and their methods of fabrication and properties largely studied.The main goal of this work is the preparation and experimental and theoretical research on properties of magnetic nanostructures for applications in magnetoresistive and photonic devices. The Scanning Probe Lithography (SPL) and Electron Beam Lithography (EBL) were used for the nanostructures fabrications. First steps were also achieved in fabrication of phononic cristals sensitive the magnetic field
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Van, Duyne Scott A. "Digital filter applications to modeling wave propagation in springs, strings, membranes and acoustical space /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Rocha, Gaso María Isabel. "Analysis, implementation and validation of a Love mode surface acoustic wave device for its application as sensor of biological processes in liquid media." Doctoral thesis, Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/32492.
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En las últimas dos décadas, han surgido diferentes tecnologías acústicas
para aplicaciones biosensoras como alternativas a tecnologías de detección
bien establecidas ¿acústicas o ópticas¿ como son la Microbalanza de Cuarzo
(QCM, por sus siglas en inglés) y la Resonancia de Plasmón de Superficie
(SPR, de sus siglas en inglés). En la primera parte de este documento se
revisan dichas tecnologías alternativas para aplicaciones en medio líquido.
Como resultado de esta revisión, se determina que los dispositivos de onda
acústica superficial Love (LW, de sus siglas en inglés) son los más
prometedores y viables para conseguir el principal objetivo de esta Tesis,
que es establecer una comparativa en las mismas condiciones entre
inmnosensores desarrollados con la tecnología seleccionada en esta tesis y
los inmunosensores desarrollados con QCMs de Alta Frecuencia
Fundamental (HFF-QCM, por sus siglas en inglés). Después de esta revisión
se presenta el estado del arte de los dispositivos LW en su aplicación como
biosensores, así como una discusión de las tendencias y retos actuales de
este tipo de sensores. Posteriormente se reúne la información más
actualizada sobre aspectos de diseño, principios de operación y modelado de
estos sensores. Algunos aspectos de diseño son estudiados y probados para
establecer el diseño final de los dispositivos LW. Previamente a su
fabricación, también se realizan simulaciones para modelar el
comportamiento del dispositivo elegido previamente a su fabricación.
Posteriormente, se describe la fabricación del dispositivo así como la celda
de flujo diseñada para trabajar con el dispositivo en medios líquidos.
Adicionalmente, un sistema electrónico de caracterización, previamente
validado para sensores QCM, se adapta para sensores LW. Como resultados,
se valida el sistema electrónico para caracterizar los sensores LW fabricados
y montados en la celda de flujo y, finalmente, se desarrolla un inmunosensor
para la detección del pesticida carbaril que se compara con otras tecnologías
inmunosensoras.In the last two decades, different acoustic technologies for biosensors applications have emerged as promising alternatives to other better established detection technologies ¿ acoustic or optic ones- such as traditional Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). The alternative acoustic technologies for in liquid measurements are reviewed in this manuscript. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Love Mode or Love Wave (LW) sensors are determined to be the most promising and viable option to work with for achieving the main aim of this Thesis. Such aim is the development of a LW immunosensor for its comparison with the same application based on High Fundamental Frequency-QCM (HFF-QCM) sensors and under the same conditions. Consequently, the state-of-the-art of LW devices for biosensing is provided and a discussion about the current trends and future challenges of these sensors is presented. In order to start working with suitable LW devices, upto- date information regarding the design aspects, operation principles and modeling of such devices is gathered. Some design aspects are explored and tested to establish the design of the final LW device. Different simulations for modeling the chosen device behavior are carried out before its fabrication. Later, the device fabrication is described. Next, to start working with the fabricated device in liquid media, a flow cell is designed and implemented. In addition, an electronic characterization system, previously validated for QCM sensors, is adapted and tested for the fabricated LW device. As results, the adapted electronic characterization system is validated for LW devices mounted in the fabricated flow cell and, finally, a LW-based immunosensor for the determination of carbaryl pesticide was developed and compared with other immunosensor technologies.
Rocha Gaso, MI. (2013). Analysis, implementation and validation of a Love mode surface acoustic wave device for its application as sensor of biological processes in liquid media [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/32492
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Law, Yiu Kui. "Design and Testing of Off-The-Shelf Electronic Components for an Acoustic Emission Structural Health Monitoring System Using Piezoelectric Sensors." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34477.
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The safety concern of aging aircraft is a rising issue in terms of both safety and cost. An aircraft structure failure during flight is unacceptable. A method needs to be developed and standardized to test the integrity of both commercial and military aircrafts. The current method to test the structure of an aircraft requires the aircraft to be taken out of service for inspection; this is costly due to the inspection required to be performed and the lost use from downtime.
A novice idea of an on-site structural health monitoring (SHM) system has been proposed to test the integrity of aircraft structure. An on-site system is a system that can be used to perform inspection on an aircraft simultaneously while the aircraft is in use. This SHM system uses the principles of active lamb wave and passive acoustic emission through the use of piezoelectric sensors as the sensing elements. Piezoelectric sensors can be used both as an input device and as a sensing element.
This research focuses on the development of the major data acquisition electronic components of the system. These components are charge amplifier, high pass filter, low pass filter and line driver. A charge amplifier converts a high impedance signal to a low impedance signal. A high pass filter attenuates the low frequency content of a signal, while a low pass filter attenuates the high frequency content of a signal. A line driver converts a low current signal to a high current signal. All of these components need to operate up to a frequency of 2 MHz. Off-the-shelf electronics will be used for prototyping as custom components will not be feasible at this point of the research.Master of Science
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Ranciaro, Neto Adhemar. "Transporte eletrônico em sistemas de baixa dimensionalidade com interação elétron-fônon e campos elétricos." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2016. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1459.
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In this work we studied electron dynamics in two 1-D distinct systems: (1) anharmonic lattice with electron-phonon interaction under the effect of a static parallel electric field and (2) harmonic alloy with uncorrelated diagonal disorder, electron-phonon interaction and under the effect of surface acoustic wave (SAW). In both cases we used quantum mechanics formalism for the electron and a classical Hamiltonian for chain vibrations. Moreover, electron-phonon coupling was described by a transfer energy function which depends on relative distance of nearest neighbor ions. We developed numerical calculation employing Taylor truncated expansion method for Schrödinger's equation time evolution operator and other two for lattice deformation (Euler and finite difference). Results (1) point out to the existence of a competition among electron-lattice coupling and electric field. The former promotes a electron-soliton pair formation, which moves along the chain and the latter traps electron around initial position generating Bloch-like oscillations. On system (2), association between SAW and eletron-phonon interaction promotes the breakdown of Anderson localization and charge transport even in a high disorder level. We had acceptable numerical tolerance and our calculations are in agreement to the theory.Neste trabalho foi estudado o problema dinâmica de um elétron em dois sistemas unidimensionais distintos: (1) rede não harmônica com interação elétron-fônon e sob a ação de um campo elétrico estático aplicado paralelamente a ela e (2) rede harmônica com desordem diagonal não correlacionada, com interação elétron-fônon e sob a influência de ondas acústicas de superfície (SAW). Nos dois casos, foram utilizados formalismo quântico para o estudo do elétron e uma hamiltoniana clássica para as vibrações da cadeia. Além disso, o acoplamento do ente quântico com a rede foi descrito a partir da energia de transferência entre íons vizinhos, com aquela sendo dependente da distncia efetiva destes. Foi aplicado o método numérico de expansão truncada de Taylor para a evolução temporal da equação de Schrödinger dependente do tempo em ambos os casos, enquanto para a dinâmica das deformações foram empregados métodos distintos (Euler e diferenças finitas). Os resultados de (1) apontaram para a ocorrência de uma competição entre o acoplamento elétron-fônon e o campo elétrico. O primeiro promove um par elétron-soliton que se move ao longo da cadeia e o segundo aprisiona o elétron em torno de sua posição inicial criando oscilações semelhantes às de Bloch. No sistema (2), a associação entre SAW e a interação elétron-rede destroem o fenômeno da localização de Anderson permitindo o transporte de carga, mesmo em níveis altos de desordem. Os níiveis de precisão numérica são aceitáveis e os cálculos estão em consonância com os preceitos teóricos.
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Bautze, Tobias. "Towards quantum optics experiments with single flying electrons in a solid state system." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY059/document.
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Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude fondamentale de systèmes nano-électroniques,mesurés à très basse température. Nous avons réalisé des interféromètres électroniques àdeux chemins à partir d’électrons balistiques obtenus dans un gaz 2D d’électrons d’unehétéro-structure GaAs/AlGaAs. Nous montrons que la phase des électrons, et ainsileur état quantique,peut être contrôlée par des grilles électrostatiques. Ces dispositifsse révèlent être des candidats prometteurs pour la réalisation d’un qubit volant. Nousavons développé une simulation numérique évoluée d’un modèle de liaisons fortes à partirde transport quantique ballistique qui décrit toutes les découvertes expérimentales etnous apporte une connaissance approfondie sur les signatures expérimentales de cesdispositifs particuliers. Nous proposons des mesures complémentaires de ce système dequbit volants. Pour atteindre le but ultime, à savoir un qubit volant à un électron unique,nous avons assemblé la source à électron unique précédemment développée dans notreéquipe à un beam splitter électronique. Les électrons sont alors injectés depuis une boîtequantique à un train de boîte quantiques en mouvement. Ce potentiel électrostatique enmouvement est généré par des ondes acoustiques de surface créées par des transducteursinter-digités sur le substrat GaAs piézo-électrique. Nous avons étudié et optimisé chacunde ces composants fondamentaux nécessaires à la réalisation d’un beam splitter à électronunique et développé un procédé local et fiable de fabrication. Ce dispositif nous permet d’étudier les interactions électroniques pour des électrons isolés et pourra servir de basede mesure pour des expériences d’optique quantiques sur un système électronique del’état condensé. Enfin, nous avons développé un outil puissant de simulation du potentielélectrostatique à partir de la géométrie des grilles. Ceci permet d’optimiser la conceptiondes échantillons avant même leur réalisation. Nous proposons ainsi un prototype optimiséde beam splitter à électron uniqueThis thesis contains the fundamental study of nano-electronic systems at cryogenictemperatures. We made use of ballistic electrons in a two-dimensional electron gasin a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure to form a real two-path electronic interferometerand showed how the phase of the electrons and hence their quantum state can becontrolled by means of electrostatic gates. The device represents a promising candidateof a flying qubit. We developed a sophisticated numerical tight-binding model based onballistic quantum transport, which reproduces all experimental findings and allows togain profound knowledge about the subtle experimental features of this particular device.We proposed further measurements with this flying qubit system. With the ultimate goalof building a single electron flying qubit, we combined the single electron source that hasbeen developed in our lab prior to this manuscript with an electronic beam splitter. Theelectrons are injected from static quantum dots into a train of moving quantum dots.This moving potential landscape is induced in the piezoelectric substrate of GaAs bysurface acoustic waves from interdigial transducers. We studied and optimized all keycomponents, which are necessary to build a single electron beam splitter and built up areliable local fabrication process. The device is capable of studying electron interactionson the single electron level and can serve as a measurement platform for quantum opticsexperiments in electronic solid state systems. Finally, we developed a powerful toolcapable of calculating the potential landscapes of any surface gate geometry, which canbe used as a fast feedback optimization tool for device design and proposed an optimizedprototype for the single electron beam splitter
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Pujol, Aurélien. "Modélisation et traitement du signal d'une cellule électroacoustique pulsée pour l'étude de la charge des diélectriques spatiaux." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30004.
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Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte de la fiabilité des satellites soumis à un environnement spatial. En effet, les satellites sont constitués de matériaux diélectriques qui sous certaines conditions peuvent se charger de particules électriques environnantes (électrons et ions). L'accumulation locale de ces particules constitue la charge d'espace qui tend à modifier les propriétés chimiques, mécaniques et électriques des matériaux diélectriques. Ces modifications sont à l'origine de phénomènes physiques qui peuvent endommager des éléments du satellite et rendre obsolètes certaines de ses fonctions comme lors de décharges électrostatiques (DES). Dans le but d'éviter de tels scénarios, le Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) et le Laboratoire plasma et conversion d'énergie (LAPLACE) cherchent à caractériser les matériaux diélectriques utilisés en environnement spatial à l'aide, notamment, de techniques de mesure capable de sonder la charge en temps et en espace. La méthode PEA, ou Pulsed Electro-Acoustic method, fait partie de ces techniques de mesure. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'optimiser le traitement de données d'un banc de mesure PEA afin d'estimer au mieux la répartition spatio-temporelle de la charge dans un échantillon diélectrique. Pour ce faire, une méthode originale, basée sur un modèle PSpice optimisé du banc de mesure PEA, a été développée permettant de caractériser une fonction de transfert du banc de mesure. A l'aide d'une technique de régularisation de type Tikhonov, les résultats montrent que les charges retrouvées lors d'une étape de calibration sont en parfaite adéquation avec les charges réellement imposées. Ce nouveau traitement développé lors de cette thèse permettra d'étudier des échantillons : (i) qui présentent une atténuation et une dispersion des ondes acoustiques importantes ; (ii) multicouches ; (iii) dont les charges sont localisées proches de la surface irradiée ; (iv) trop fin (de quelques dizaines de microns)This thesis is in the context of the reliability of satellites subjected to a space environment. Indeed, satellites are made of various dielectric materials which may be charged by electrical particles (electrons and ions). The local accumulation of these particles is called space charge that tends to modify chemical, mechanical and electrical properties of dielectric materials. These modifications cause some physical phenomena, as electrostatic discharges (ESD), that may damage satellite elements and then render obsolete some of its functions. In order to avoid these kinds of scenarios, the National center for space study (CNES) and the "Laboratoire plasma et conversion d'énergie" (LAPLACE) seek to characterize dielectric materials employed in space environment using techniques to probe the charge in time and space. The PEA, or Pulsed Electro-Acoustic method, is one of these techniques. The objective of this thesis to optimize the signal processing of a PEA measurement bench in order to better estimate the time-space distribution of the charge inside a dielectric sample. To achieve this, an original method, based on an optimized PSpice model of the PEA measurement bench, has been developed to allow the characterization of a transfer function of the bench. Using a regularization technique, based on the Tikhonov's one, the results show that the recovery charge obtained from a calibration signal correspond fully to the applied experimental charge. This new signal processing developed during this thesis will allow to study samples: (i) that attenuate and disperse too much the acoustic waves; (ii) that are multilayer; (iii) for which the charges are localized near the irradiated surface; (iv) that are too thin (some tens of microns)
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Silva, Ricardo Ezequiel da. "Acousto-optic modulation of optical reflection properties in fiber Bragg gratings and the application in fiber lasers." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1805.
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CAPESEsta tese tem como objetivo investigar a interação de ondas acústicas e redes de Bragg (FBGs) em fibras ópticas convencionais e fibras de núcleo suspenso (SCFs), para avaliar a influência do projeto da fibra, da rede e do modulador, no aumento da eficiência de modulação, largura de banda e frequência. Inicialmente, a resposta em frequência e os modos acústicos de ressonância de um modulador acusto-óptico de baixa frequência (f < 1,2 MHz), são investigados numericamente usando o método dos elementos finitos. Posteriormente, também é investigada numericamente a interação de ondas acústicas longitudinais e FBGs em SCFs. Os parâmetros geométricos das fibras são variados e as propriedades da rede são simuladas por meio do método dos elementos finitos e o método da matriz de transferência. O estudo indica que os furos de ar que compõem a SCF causam uma redução significativa da quantidade de sílica na secção transversal da fibra, aumentando a interação acusto-óptica no núcleo. Modulação experimental da refletividade de FBGs gravadas em duas SCFs diferentes indica evidências do aumento dessa interação. Além disso, um método para induzir acusticamente uma mudança de fase dinâmica em uma FBG com gorjeio, empregando um projeto aperfeiçoado de modulador é mostrado. Posteriormente, uma combinação deste modulador e uma FBG gravada em uma SCF com três furos de ar é aplicada para modular um laser mode-locked em fibra dopada com itérbio. Para melhorar o projeto do modulador para futuras aplicações, outros dois dispositivos distintos são investigados visando aumentar a interação acusto-óptica, a largura de banda e a frequência (f > 10 MHz). Uma modulação forte de refletividade foi obtida para um modulador baseado em uma fibra com diâmetro reduzido. Além disso, um aumento da largura de banda de modulação (320 pm) foi obtido com um modulador baseado na interação de uma rede de período longo radial (RLPG) e uma FBG gravada em uma fibra convencional. Em resumo, os resultados mostram uma redução considerável do comprimento da rede/fibra e do tamanho do modulador, indicando possibilidades de dispositivos acusto-ópticos mais rápidos e compactos em fibra. Além disso, o aumento da eficiência de interação, da largura de banda modulada e da frequência, pode ser útil para reduzir a largura do pulso de lasers mode-locked totalmente em fibra, assim como, para outros dispositivos que requerem o controle da luz em fibras ópticas usando ondas acústicas sintonizáveis eletricamente.
This thesis aims to investigate the interaction of acoustic waves and fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in standard and suspended-core fibers (SCFs), to evaluate the influence of the fiber, grating and modulator design on the increase of the modulation efficiency, bandwidth and frequency. Initially, the frequency response and the resonant acoustic modes of a low frequency acousto-optic modulator (f < 1.2 MHz) are numerically investigated by using the finite element method. Later, the interaction of longitudinal acoustic waves and FBGs in SCFs is also numerically investigated. The fiber geometric parameters are varied and the strain and grating properties are simulated by means of the finite element method and the transfer matrix method. The study indicates that the air holes composing the SCF cause a significant reduction of the amount of silica in the fiber cross section increasing acousto-optic interaction in the core. Experimental modulation of the reflectivity of FBGs inscribed in two distinct SCFs indicates evidences of this increased interaction. Besides, a method to acoustically induce a dynamic phase-shift in a chirped FBG employing an optimized design of modulator is shown. Afterwards, a combination of this modulator and a FBG inscribed in a three air holes SCF is applied to mode-lock an ytterbium doped fiber laser. To improve the modulator design for future applications, two other distinct devices are investigated to increase the acousto-optic interaction, bandwidth and frequency (f > 10 MHz). A high reflectivity modulation has been achieved for a modulator based on a tapered fiber. Moreover, an increased modulated bandwidth (320 pm) has been obtained for a modulator based on interaction of a radial long period grating (RLPG) and a FBG inscribed in a standard fiber. In summary, the results show a considerable reduction of the grating/fiber length and the modulator size, indicating possibilities for compact and faster acousto-optic fiber devices. Additionally, the increased interaction efficiency, modulated bandwidth and frequency can be useful to shorten the pulse width of future all-fiber mode-locked fiber lasers, as well, to other photonic devices which require the control of the light in optical fibers by electrically tunable acoustic waves.
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Hofmann, Matthias. "TEM-Untersuchungen zum Gefüge und zu mechanischen Spannungen in Metallisierungen für SAW-Bauelemente." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1189001442992-14894.
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Higher frequencies in the MHz and GHz range and the increasing miniaturization lead to a higher load of the SAW (surface acoustic wave) metallizations. This higher SAW load and the intrinsic stresses result in a stress induced material transport, called acoustomigration. These microstructural changes can destroy the characteristic of the SAW device. Different Al based material combinations were investigated by different authors to improve the reliability of the metallizations and to delay the cost-intensive change to Cu based metallizations. The Cu based metallizations with TaSiN diffusion barriers were also investigated in this work. The barrier layers are necessary to impede the oxygen diffusion into the Cu layer and the Cu diffusion into the piezoelectric substrate. Also in this work the analytical TEM were used as a tool to investigate these microstructural changes in the SAW electrodes. Chemical changes in the metallizations were analysed by EDXS and EELS. The locally high resolved stress measurement in metallizations is a challenge for the future. The CBED (convergent beam electron diffraction) technique has shown the best resolution, however, it can only be applied to TEM lamellas. The aim of this work was to measure the stress within the SAW metallizations by using the CBED method. With it, we could correlate the microstructural changes with the causing stresses within the metallizations. To qualify the CBED method the thermal expansion of Al and Cu single crystals was measured by using a new model for thin TEM lamallas.
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Hofmann, Matthias. "TEM-Untersuchungen zum Gefüge und zu mechanischen Spannungen in Metallisierungen für SAW-Bauelemente." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2006. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25031.
Full textAbstract:
Higher frequencies in the MHz and GHz range and the increasing miniaturization lead to a higher load of the SAW (surface acoustic wave) metallizations. This higher SAW load and the intrinsic stresses result in a stress induced material transport, called acoustomigration. These microstructural changes can destroy the characteristic of the SAW device. Different Al based material combinations were investigated by different authors to improve the reliability of the metallizations and to delay the cost-intensive change to Cu based metallizations. The Cu based metallizations with TaSiN diffusion barriers were also investigated in this work. The barrier layers are necessary to impede the oxygen diffusion into the Cu layer and the Cu diffusion into the piezoelectric substrate. Also in this work the analytical TEM were used as a tool to investigate these microstructural changes in the SAW electrodes. Chemical changes in the metallizations were analysed by EDXS and EELS. The locally high resolved stress measurement in metallizations is a challenge for the future. The CBED (convergent beam electron diffraction) technique has shown the best resolution, however, it can only be applied to TEM lamellas. The aim of this work was to measure the stress within the SAW metallizations by using the CBED method. With it, we could correlate the microstructural changes with the causing stresses within the metallizations. To qualify the CBED method the thermal expansion of Al and Cu single crystals was measured by using a new model for thin TEM lamallas.
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Baghalian, Amin. "Detecting Structural Defects Using Novel Smart Sensory and Sensor-less Approaches." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3560.
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Monitoring the mechanical integrity of critical structures is extremely important, as mechanical defects can potentially have adverse impacts on their safe operability throughout their service life. Structural defects can be detected by using active structural health monitoring (SHM) approaches, in which a given structure is excited with harmonic mechanical waves generated by actuators. The response of the structure is then collected using sensor(s) and is analyzed for possible defects, with various active SHM approaches available for analyzing the response of a structure to single- or multi-frequency harmonic excitations. In order to identify the appropriate excitation frequency, however, the majority of such methods require a priori knowledge of the characteristics of the defects under consideration. This makes the whole enterprise of detecting structural defects logically circular, as there is usually limited a priori information about the characteristics and the locations of defects that are yet to be detected. Furthermore, the majority of SHM techniques rely on sensors for response collection, with the very same sensors also prone to structural damage. The Surface Response to Excitation (SuRE) method is a broadband frequency method that has high sensitivity to different types of defects, but it requires a baseline. In this study, initially, theoretical justification was provided for the validity of the SuRE method and it was implemented for detection of internal and external defects in pipes. Then, the Comprehensive Heterodyne Effect Based Inspection (CHEBI) method was developed based on the SuRE method to eliminate the need for any baseline. Unlike traditional approaches, the CHEBI method requires no a priori knowledge of defect characteristics for the selection of the excitation frequency. In addition, the proposed heterodyne effect-based approach constitutes the very first sensor-less smart monitoring technique, in which the emergence of mechanical defect(s) triggers an audible alarm in the structure with the defect. Finally, a novel compact phased array (CPA) method was developed for locating defects using only three transducers. The CPA approach provides an image of most probable defected areas in the structure in three steps. The techniques developed in this study were used to detect and/or locate different types of mechanical damages in structures with various geometries.
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Tofel, Pavel. "Nelineární elektro-ultrazvuková spektroskopie rezistorů." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233559.
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Elektro-ultrazvuková spektroskopie je založena na interakci dvou signálů, elektrického střídavého signálu s frekvencí fE a ultrazvukového signálu s frekvencí fU. Ultrazvukový signál mění vzdálenost mezi vodivými zrny ve vzorku a tím mění jeho celkový elektrický odpor R. Změna odporu R je proměnná s frekvencí ultrazvukového signálu fU. Vzorek, který obsahuje mnoho defektů ve své struktuře, vykazuje vysokou změnu odporu R v porovnání se vzorkem bez defektů při stejné hodnotě ultrazvukového a elektrického signálu. V disertační práci je popsána elektro-ultrazvuková metoda na tlustovrstvých rezistorech, hořčíkových slitinách, monokrystalech Si a CdTe, varistorech a také jeden z prvních pokusů aplikace elektro-ultrazvukové spektroskopie na horninové vzorky a tak diagnostikovat jejich stav poškození. V našem případě byl proměřen vzorek žuly. Jelikož se jedná o nedestruktivní metodu testování, tak má tato metoda velmi perspektivní budoucnost. Tato metoda je citlivá na všechny defekty ve vzorku. Její výhodou je, že se měří velikost signálu ne frekvenci danou rozdílem nebo součtem budících frekvencí fE a fU a tím se dá dosáhnout vysoké citlivosti. V mém případě byl vždy měřen signál na rozdílové frekvenci fi = fE-fU.
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Perodou, Arthur. "Frequency design of passive electronic filters : a modern system approach." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEC046.
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L’explosion actuelle du nombre d’appareils connectés (smartphones, drones, IoT, …) et du volume des données à transmettre engendre une croissance exponentielle du nombre de bandes radiofréquences. Toutes les solutions élaborées pour faire face à cette demande croissante, telle que l’agrégation de porteuses, impliquent de concevoir des filtres fréquentiels satisfaisant des contraintes (performance, consommation d’énergie, coût, …) toujours plus strictes. Les filtres passifs AW, pour acoustic wave (AW) en anglais, semblant être les seuls pouvant satisfaire ces contraintes. Cependant, face à l’augmentation drastique de la complexité de leur problème de conception, les méthodes traditionnelles de conception apparaissent limitées. Il devient donc nécessaire de développer de nouvelles méthodes, qui soient systématiques et efficaces d’un point de vue algorithmique. Le problème de synthèse des filtres AW est une instance du problème de synthèse de filtres électroniques passifs, intrinsèquement lié aux origines de la théorie des Systèmes linéaires et de l’Automatique. Des méthodes systématiques ont été développées pour des cas particuliers, tels que les filtres LC-échelle, mais n’incluent pas les filtres AW. Notre but est donc de les revisiter et de les généraliser en utilisant une approche systémique moderne, afin d’obtenir une méthodologie systématique et efficace de conception de filtres électroniques passifs, avec un intérêt particulier pour les filtres AW. Pour ce faire, le paradigme de l’optimisation convexe, et particulièrement la sous-classe nommée optimisation LMI, nous paraît être un candidat naturel. Doté de solveurs efficaces, il permet de résoudre un large éventail de problèmes d’ingénierie en un faible temps de calcul. Afin de relier notre problème de conception à cet environnement, il est proposé d’utiliser des outils modernes tels que la représentation LFT et la caractérisation mathématique dite de dissipativité. Historiquement, deux approches de conception se sont opposées. La première consiste à faire varier les valeurs caractéristiques des composants jusqu’à satisfaction du gabarit fréquentiel. Bien que flexible et proche de la formulation originelle du problème, cette approche aboutit typiquement à un problème d’optimisation complexe. Notre première contribution est d’avoir révélé les sources de cette complexité ainsi que de les avoir considérablement réduites, en introduisant une représentation originale qui résulte de la combinaison de l’outil LFT et du formalisme des Systèmes Hamiltoniens à Ports. Un algorithme résolvant séquentiellement des problèmes LMIs est proposé, possédant un taux de convergence raisonnable si le point initial est bien choisi. La seconde approche se compose de deux étapes. Une fonction de transfert est d’abord synthétisée de façon à satisfaire le gabarit fréquentiel. Cette étape correspond à un problème classique d’Automatique et de Traitement du Signal qui peut être efficacement résolu via l’optimisation LMI. Puis, cette fonction de transfert est réalisée comme un circuit avec une topologie donnée. Pour cela, elle doit satisfaire des conditions de réalisation. Ces dernières ne peuvent pas toutes être inclues dans la première étape, et nous formalisons certaines pratiques courantes pour en considérer le plus possible. Cela nous mène à résoudre le problème général de synthèse fréquentielle de filtres LFT. Notre seconde contribution est d’avoir fourni des méthodes de synthèse efficaces, à base d’optimisation LMI, pour résoudre certains sous-problèmes. Cela est accompli en généralisant la technique de la factorisation spectrale conjointement avec l’utilisation des extensions du Lemme KYP. Pour certains filtres électroniques passifs, comme les filtres LC-échelle passe-bande, la seconde approche permet de résoudre efficacement le problème de conception associé. Plus généralement, elle procure un point initial à la première approche, comme illustré dans le cas d’un filtre AWThe current explosion of communicating devices (smartphones, drones, IoT...), along with the ever-growing data to be transmitted, produces an exponential growth of the radiofrequency bands. All solutions devised to handle this increasing demand, such as carrier aggregation, require to synthesise frequency filters with stringent industrial requirements (performance, energy consumption, cost ...). While the technology of acoustic wave (AW) resonators, that seem to be the only passive micro-electronic components available to fulfil these requirements, is mature, the associate design problem becomes dramatically complex. Traditional design methods, based on the intuition of designers and the use of generic optimisation algorithms, appear very limited to face this complexity. Thus, systematic and efficient design methods need to be developed. The design problem of AW filters happens to be an instance of the more general design problem of passive electronic filters, that played an important role in the early development of Linear Control and System theory. Systematic design methods were developed in particular cases, such as for LC-ladder filters, but do not enable to tackle the case of AW filters. Our aim is then to revisit and generalise these methods using a modern System approach, in order to develop systematic and efficient design methods of passive electronic filters, with a special focus on AW filters. To achieve this, the paradigm of convex optimisation, and especially the sub-class of Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) optimisation, appears for us a natural candidate. It is a powerful framework, endowed with efficient solvers, able to optimally solve a large variety of engineering problems in a low computational time. In order to link the design problem with this framework, it is proposed to use modern tools such as the Linear Fractional Transformation (LFT) representation and a mathematical characterisation coming from Dissipative System theory. Reviewing the different design methods, two design approaches stand out. The first approach consists in directly tuning the characteristic values of the components until the frequency requirements are satisfied. While very flexible and close to the original problem, this typically leads to a complex optimisation problem with important convergence issues. Our first main contribution is to make explicit the sources of this complexity and to significantly reduce it, by introducing an original representation resulting from the combination of the LFT and the Port-Hamiltonian Systems (PHS) formalism. A sequential algorithm based on LMI relaxations is then proposed, having a decent convergence rate when a suitable initial point is available. The second approach consists of two steps. First, a transfer function is synthesised such that it satisfies the frequency requirements. This step is a classical problem in Control and Signal Processing and can be efficiently solved using LMI optimisation. Second, this transfer function is realised as a passive circuit in a given topology. To this end, the transfer function needs to satisfy some conditions, namely realisation conditions. The issue is to get them with a convex formulation, in order to keep efficient algorithms. As this is generally not possible, an idea is to relax the problem by including common practices of designers. This leads to solve some instances of a general problem denoted as frequency LFT filter synthesis. Our second main contribution is to provide efficient synthesis methods, based on LMI optimisation, for solving these instances. This is achieved by especially generalising the spectral factorisation technique with extended versions of the so-called KYP Lemma. For particular electronic passive filters, such as bandpass LC-ladder filters, this second approach allows to efficiently solve the design problem. More generally, it provides an initial point to the first approach, as illustrated on the design of a particular AW filter
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Mace, Richard Lester. "Linear and nonlinear electron-acoustic waves in plasmas with two electron components." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8353.
Full textAbstract:
Measurements of broadband electrostatic wave emIssons in conjunction
with particle distributions in the earth's magnetosphere, have provided motivation
for a number of studies of waves in plasmas with two electron
components. One such wave-the electron-acoustic wave-arises when the
two electron components have widely disparate temperatures (Watanabe &
Taniuti 1977), and has a characteristic frequency that lies between the ion
and electron plasma frequencies. Because of this broadband nature and because
it is predominantly electrostatic, it provides a likely candidate for the
explanation of the electrostatic component of "cusp auroral hiss" observed
in the dayside polar cusp at between 2 and 4 earth radii as well as the broadband
electrostatic noise (BEN) observed in the dayside polar regions and in
the geomagnetic tail. The electron-acoustic wave and its properties provide
the subjects for much of the investigation undertaken in this thesis.
The thesis is divided into two parts. Part I is concerned with certain
aspects of the linear theory of the electron-acoustic wave and is based on
a kinetic description of the plasma. The dispersion relation for plane electrostatic
waves obtained via linearisation of the Vlasov-Poisson system is
studied in detail using analytical and numerical/geometrical techniques, and
conditions under which the electron-acoustic wave arises are expounded.
This work represents an extension of earlier works on Langmuir waves (Dell,
Gledhill & Hellberg 1987) and the electron-acoustic wave (Gary & Tokar
1985). The effects of electron drifts and magnetization are investigated. These
result, respectively, in a destabilization of the electron-acoustic wave and a
modification of the dispersive properties. In this plasma configuration the
model more closely replicates the conditions to be found in the terrestrial
polar regions. We extend the parameter regimes considered in earlier works
(Tokar &Gary 1984) and in addition, identify another electron sound branch
related to the electron-cyclotron wave/instability.
Effects of ion-beam destabilization of the electron-acoustic wave are also
investigated briefly with a view to explaining BEN in the geomagnetic tail
and also to provide a comparison with the electron-driven instability.
In part II the nonlinear electron-acoustic wave is studied by employing
a warm hydrodynamic model of the plasma components. We first consider
weak nonlinearity and employ the asymptotic reductive perturbation technique
of Washimi &Taniuti (1966) to render the hydrodynamical equations
in the form of simpler evolutionary equations describing weakly-nonlinear
electron-acoustic waves. These equations admit solitary-wave or soliton solutions
which are studied in detail.
Wherever possible we have justified our small amplitude results with full
numerical integration of the original hydrodynamical equations. In so doing
we extended the range of validity of our results to arbitrary wave amplitudes
and also find some interesting features not directly predicted by the small
amplitude wave equations. In this respect we were able to determine the important
role played by the cool- to-hot electron temperature ratio for soliton
existence. This important effect is in accordance with linear theory where
the electron temperature ratio is found to be critical for electron-acoustic
wave existence.
The effects of magnetization on electron-acoustic soliton propagation is
examined. We found that the magnetized electron-acoustic solitons are governed
by a Korteweg-de Vries-Zakharov-Kusnetsov equation. In addition,
it is shown that in very strong magnetic fields ion magnetization can become
important yielding significant changes in the soliton characteristics.
Multi-dimensional electron-acoustic solitons, which have greater stability
than their plane counterparts, are also briefly discussed.
Employing a weakly-relativistic hydrodynamic model of the plasma, the
effect of a cool, relativistic electron beam on such soliton parameters as
width, amplitude and speed is studied in detail. Both small- and large amplitude
solitons are considered. The arbitrary-amplitude theory of Baboolal
et al. (1988) is generalised to include relativistic streaming as well
as relativistic thermal effects. The importance of the cool electron (beam)to-
hot electron temperature in conjunction with the beam speed is pointed
out.
Finally, we derive a modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation in an
attempt to establish whether electron-acoustic double layers are admitted
by our fluid model. Although double layers formally appear as stationary
solutions to the mKdV equation, the parameter values required are prohibitive.
This is borne out by the full fluid theory where no double layer
solutions are found.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1991.
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Tracy, Lisa A. "Studies of Two Dimensional Electron Systems via Surface Acoustic Waves and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques." Thesis, 2008. https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/4397/1/All_Thesis_external.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents measurements investigating the spin degree of freedom in two dimensional electron systems (2DES’s). The measurements use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to study the role of spin in several 2DES states.
We first examine the spin transition that occurs in a half-filled Landau level in a single layer 2DES and compare our measurements to expectations from a composite fermion (CF) model. We show the temperature and density dependence of the nuclear T1 and resistively-detected NMR signal. The T₁ data can be roughly understood via a Korringa-like model of nuclear spin relaxation. However, the observed density dependence of both T₁ and the NMR signal is not explained by conventional CF theory.
We next consider a bilayer 2DES consisting of two closely spaced 2D electron layers, where each of the individual layers contains a half-filled Landau level. In this system, a transition occurs from a compressible single layer-like state to an incompressible correlated bilayer state as a function of the effective spacing between the two layers. When the effective spacing is made small enough, interactions between the two layers lead to the formation of a new state that can be viewed as a Bose condensate of excitons. Using NMR techniques we show that the spin degree of freedom is active during this transition.
In a single-layer 2DES with one completely filled Landau level (ν = 1), charged spin-texture excitations called skyrmions" are expected to exist. We probe the spin dynamics near this state using NMR. We find relatively fast nuclear relaxation rates that are consistent with a theory of spin excitations for a skyrmion solid. Our measurements also provide clues as to the origin of an "anomalous" NMR lineshape seen near ν=1.
We also present surface acoustic wave (SAW) measurements in a low density 2DES at zero magnetic field, under conditions where a 2D metal-insulator transition may occur. We find that our SAW data are consistent with a disorder-driven, percolation-type transition.
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Hsu, Chao-Hung, and 徐兆宏. "Pseudo-LFE Acoustic Wave Sensors with Different Electrode Configurations." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91001495359124349369.
Full textAbstract:
碩士大同大學
機械工程學系(所)
100
Pseudo lateral field excited (Pseudo-LFE) acoustic wave sensors exhibit stable oscillation in the air due to low electric impedance. Although they are capable of detecting liquid electrical property changes, the sensitivity is not as large as lateral field excited (LFE) acoustic wave sensors. Therefore, this study modifies the sensing electrode geometry to increase sensitivity of a Pseudo-LFE sensor. At first the finite element software, COMSOL, was used to analyze the resonance modes and sensitivities of Pseudo-LFE sensors with various sensing electrode geometries to liquid viscosity, permittivity, and conductivity. Moreover, Pseudo-LFE sensors with ring-shape sensing electrodes were fabricated on AT-cut quartz and measured with an oscillator circuit or network analyzer when contacting with glycerol, 2-propanol, or NaCl solution. The simulation results exhibit similar trend and comparable values with the experiments, verifying the validity of the simulation model proposed here. Besides, Pseudo-LFE sensors with ring-shape sensing electrodes show a comparable sensitivity with LFE sensors and can measure glycerol and 2-propanol solutions of high concentration or less volume. In conclusion, Pseudo-LFE sensors with ring-shape sensing electrodes are potential in sensor applications instead of QCM (quartz crystal microbalance) and LFE sensors because of large sensitivity and wide sensing range.
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Wu, Jun-xian, and 吳俊賢. "A Study on Metallic Electrode Materials of Surface Acoustic Wave Devices." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99537812176450420581.
Full textAbstract:
碩士義守大學
材料科學與工程學系碩士班
93
The surface characteristic, mechanical properties and microstructure of the sputtered Al and Ti film on quartz and LiTaO3 piezoelectric structure were investigated in this study. The influences of the simulated reflow process and HTS reliability test were studied by using Alpha-step, Nanoindenter and Adhesive force tester on the deposited film. The experimental content of this study includes the relationship between film thickness and film roughness, temperature effect on the film properties, and the influences of temperature on the adhesion between film and structure. Experimental results show that the roughness of the deposited metallic film increases with increasing sputtering time. Surface properties of the film were varied after simulated reflow process and HTS aging process. It was also found that the influences of the HTS aging time on the mechanical properties and the adhesion of the metallic film depend on factors such as types of piezoelectric substrate and types of the deposited metallic film.
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鄭憲明. "Using High-Frequency Surface-Acoustic-Wave to Probe Magnetotransport property of Semiconductor Two-Dimensional Electron System." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13045184024452405297.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
物理學系
90
We report the conductivity variations of two-dimensional electron systems (2DESs) confined in semiconductor heterostructures in low-temperature (~0.4K) and high-magnetic-field environments by using high-frequency surface acoustic waves (SAWs) generated by an inter digital transducer (IDT) on a piezoelectric substrate (GaAs or LiNO3). The variations of SAW velocity and attenuation due to the conductivity change near the surface are detected by a phase-lock loop and a power detector respectively. We use pulse-modulated microwave signal and gated-averaging technique to reduce the heating and noise.
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Li, Cheng-Han, and 李承漢. "Interface Circuits for a Portable Electronic Nose Based on Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Array." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57137278871938393873.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立清華大學
電機工程學系
98
Electronic nose system is the world's popular field of studies, it can be widely applied to various industries and daily life. This thesis hopes to increase the convenience of the electronic nose system, the applicable site of electronic nose system can’t be constraints, and low cost. Surface Acoustic Wave sensors with high sensitivity, fast response, etc., is very suitable for as gas sensors. Use of non-continuous surface acoustic wave gas sensor array measured power consumed by the lower, extend the operating hours of portable devices. It realization of SAW sensor interface circuits by using 0.18μm CMOS process in this work. The three types of circuits are digital, analog and mixed-mode SAW array interface circuit, the performance of the mixed-mode circuits is the best one, the power consumption is only 1.48mW, the resolution is 10Hz, suitable for the SAW output frequency of about 100MHz sensor array. The interface can be combined with wireless transmission to send data to the receiver storage and analysis.
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Li, Changying. "Sensor fusion models to integrate electronic nose and surface acoustic wave sensor for apple quality evaluation." 2006. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-1567/index.html.
Full text
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Baalman, Marije Alberdina Johanna [Verfasser]. "On wave field synthesis and electro acoustic music, with a particular focus on the reproduction of arbitrarily shaped sound sources / vorgelegt von Marije Alberdina Johanna Baalman." 2008. http://d-nb.info/989646890/34.
Full text
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(10285355), Matthew J. Storey. "Lithium Niobate Acoustoelectric Platforms for Integrated Non-Reciprocal RF MEMS Devices." Thesis, 2021.
Find full textAbstract:
Some of the biggest challenges with analog signal processing at radio frequencies (RF) are: RF loss at the frequency of interest, large enough fractional bandwidth, and sufficient delay. It is difficult to achieve enough delay in radio front ends using a purely electromagnetic approach since it is limited to a fraction of the speed of light. A solution has been the use of acoustic RF devices, such as surface acoustic wave (SAW) delaylines and MEMS filters. For some acoustic RF devices, like high performance Transmit and Receive SAW correlators, the long delays introduce significant propagation losses. These propagation losses can be compensated within the device by integrating a low noise amplifier into the acoustic correlator architecture. This can be accomplished by designing the SAW correlator on a high performance acoustoelectric (AE) platform. The AE effect is a phenomenon where nearby free carriers can interact with a travelling acoustic wave. Free carriers in close proximity to a piezoelectric material can interact with a travelling acoustic wave through its periodic potential. When a drift field is applied, depending on the relative velocity difference between the free carriers and acoustic wave, energy can either be transferred into (amplification) or out of (attenuation) the acoustic wave.
This thesis investigates the design and feasibility of AE MEMS devices on several Lithium Niobate (LN) platforms. First, the key acoustic and free carrier parameters are discussed and optimized for an ideal high performance AE material stack. In order to debug and analyze the performance of intermediate steps in the process of making high performance AE MEMS devices, three LN-based platforms are used throughout this work. These platforms help further examine some of the key challenges associated with making a high performance AE platform, like wafer bonding, fabrication, device design, and device operating conditions. These material stacks consist of: thin film LN bonded to a silicon wafer (LNOSi), thin film LN bonded to a silicon on insulator wafer (LNOSOI), and epitaxial indium gallium arsenide bonded to a LN wafer (InGaAs-LN).
The acoustic and piezoelectric performance of SAW devices on the LNOSi and LNOSOI platforms are modeled using COMSOL Multiphysics. A full study is performed to determine the piezoelectric coupling coefficient variation vs. device wavelength, propagation angle, transducer metal, and acoustic mode. A lumped element cross-field Mason model is modified to include substrate conductivity and simulated in Advanced Design System (ADS) software. SAW delaylines are then fabricated with both aluminum (Al) and gold (Au) Interdigital Transducers (IDT) and measured to compare to the simulated results. The analytical AE theory is then presented and calculations are performed to determine the desired (optimum) carrier concentration for AE devices. In addition to the 1D analytical AE model, initial work is done on developing a generalized 2D Finite Element Analysis (FEA) AE modeling scheme in COMSOL. The results for a piezoelectric semiconductor bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator and SAW delayline amplifier are presented.
On the LNOSi platform, gate controlled passive AE delaylines are fabricated and measured to examine the effects of LN bonding on Silicon free carrier concentrations and interface charges. Then, the fabrication and initial measurement results for doped Silicon AE delayline amplifiers are outlined. Based on the device design, the non-reciprocal nature of the AE effect can be used for more than just amplification and loss compensation. Using the InGaAs-LN platform, several classes of AE devices are designed and tested in pulsed mode operation. First, a series of segmented AE delayline amplifiers are measured to look at how the relative AE gain performance and input DC power scale with acoustic frequency, segment unit length, and number of segments. By taking advantage of the non-reciprocal shift in acoustic velocity, a dual-voltage AE delayline phase shifter is designed and tested. Routing of the acoustic waves between parallel delaylines can be accomplished through multistrip couplers (MSC) and can increase the library of possible AE device designs. The simplest example is a 3-port AE switch, which is designed and tested. The demonstration of these AE MEMS devices opens the door to a larger library of non-reciprocal acoustic devices utilizing the AE effect in high performance integrated material platforms.