Journal articles on the topic 'Electromagnetic waves; Electromagnetic fields; Gravitational radiation'

The inner structure of a photon is based on a 3-dimensional anisotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic pulses in which an equilibrium does exist for the Electric and the Magnetic Fields separately generated by the pulses. A photon cannot be considered as a particle. Because particles are 3-dimensional confinements. Photons are anisotropic (in 1st and 2nd dimension a particle and in the 3rd dimension a wave) confinements of electromagnetic pulses, generated during the energy transitions within the atoms. Photons are 2-dimensional confinements of electromagnetic energy and demonstrate the property of inertia (electromagnetic mass) in the 2 directions of confinement. In the 3rd direction, the direction of propagation, photons can only be considered as an electromagnetic wave and for that reason do not demonstrate the property of inertia. Electromagnetic waves cannot be accelerated or decelerated because the speed of light is a universal constant. For that reason, photons interact with a gravitational field in an anisotropic way. Due to a gravitational field, photons can be accelerated or decelerated in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and follow a curved path. But a gravitational field in the direction of propagation will have no impact on the speed of the photons, which will remain the unchanged universal constant, the speed of light. Photonics is the physical science of light based on the concept of “photons” introduced by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein introduced this concept in the “particle-wave duality” discussion with Niels Bohr to demonstrate that even light has particle properties (mass and momentum) and wave properties (frequency). That concept became a metaphor and from that time on a beam of light has been generally considered as a beam of particles (photons). Which is a wrong understanding. Light particles do not exist. Photons are nothing else but electromagnetic complex wave configurations and light particles are not like “particles” but separated electromagnetic wave packages, 2-dimensionally confined in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and in a perfect equilibrium with the radiation pressure and the inertia of electromagnetic energy in the forward direction, controlling the speed of light. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic wave packages demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. All we know about light, and in generally about any electromagnetic field configuration, has been based only on two fundamental theories. James Clerk Maxwell introduced in 1865 the “Theory of Electrodynamics” with the publication: “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” and Albert Einstein introduced in 1905 the “Theory of Special Relativity” with the publication: “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” and in 1913 the “Theory of General Relativity” with the publication ”Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation”. However, both theories are not capable to explain the property of electromagnetic mass and in specific the anisotropy of the phenomenon of electromagnetic mass presented e.g. in a LASER beam. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about Light has to be developed. A part of this “New Theory about Light”, based on Newton’s well- known Equation in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.

The inner structure of a photon is based on a 3-dimensional anisotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic pulses in which an equilibrium does exist for the Electric and the Magnetic Fields separately generated by the pulses. A photon cannot be considered as a particle. Because particles are 3-dimensional confinements. Photons are anisotropic (in 1st and 2nd dimension a particle and in the 3rd dimension a wave) confinements of electromagnetic pulses, generated during the energy transitions within the atoms. Photons are 2-dimensional confinements of electromagnetic energy and demonstrate the property of inertia (electromagnetic mass) in the 2 directions of confinement. In the 3rd direction, the direction of propagation, photons can only be considered as an electromagnetic wave and for that reason do not demonstrate the property of inertia. Electromagnetic waves cannot be accelerated or decelerated because the speed of light is a universal constant. For that reason, photons interact with a gravitational field in an anisotropic way. Due to a gravitational field, photons can be accelerated or decelerated in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and follow a curved path. But a gravitational field in the direction of propagation will have no impact on the speed of the photons, which will remain the unchanged universal constant, the speed of light. Photonics is the physical science of light based on the concept of “photons” introduced by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein introduced this concept in the “particle-wave duality” discussion with Niels Bohr to demonstrate that even light has particle properties (mass and momentum) and wave properties (frequency). That concept became a metaphor and from that time on a beam of light has been generally considered as a beam of particles (photons). Which is a wrong understanding. Light particles do not exist. Photons are nothing else but electromagnetic complex wave configurations and light particles are not like “particles” but separated electromagnetic wave packages, 2-dimensionally confined in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and in a perfect equilibrium with the radiation pressure and the inertia of electromagnetic energy in the forward direction, controlling the speed of light. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic wave packages demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. All we know about light, and in generally about any electromagnetic field configuration, has been based only on two fundamental theories. James Clerk Maxwell introduced in 1865 the “Theory of Electrodynamics” with the publication: “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” and Albert Einstein introduced in 1905 the “Theory of Special Relativity” with the publication: “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” and in 1913 the “Theory of General Relativity” with the publication ”Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation”. However, both theories are not capable to explain the property of electromagnetic mass and in specific the anisotropy of the phenomenon of electromagnetic mass presented e.g. in a LASER beam. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about Light has to be developed. A part of this “New Theory about Light”, based on Newton’s well- known Equation in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.

Within the scope of this article, LIGHT has been considered as any arbitrary Electromagnetic Radiation within a very wide frequency range, because during the transformation from Visible Light into the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement, the frequency changes in a very wide range. This frequency transformation is possible because of the combined Lorentz / Doppler-Effect transformation during the collapse (contraction) of the radiation when the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement has been formed (Implosion of Visible Light). Within the scope of this article MATTER is considered to be any kind of 3-dimensional confined (Electromagnetic) energy. The inner structure of a photon is based on a 3-dimensional anisotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic pulses in which an equilibrium does exist for the Electric and the Magnetic Fields separately generated by the pulses. A photon cannot be considered as a particle. Because particles are 3-dimensional confinements. Photons are anisotropic (in 1st and 2nd dimension a particle and in the 3rd dimension a wave) confinements of electromagnetic pulses, generated during the energy transitions within the atoms. Photons are 2-dimensional confinements of electromagnetic energy and demonstrate the property of inertia (electromagnetic mass) in the 2 directions of confinement. In the 3rd direction, the direction of propagation, photons can only be considered as an electromagnetic wave and for that reason do not demonstrate the property of inertia. Electromagnetic waves cannot be accelerated or decelerated because the speed of light is a universal constant. For that reason, photons interact with a gravitational field in an anisotropic way. Due to a gravitational field, photons can be accelerated or decelerated in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and follow a curved path. But a gravitational field in the direction of propagation will have no impact on the speed of the photons, which will remain the unchanged universal constant, the speed of light. Photonics is the physical science of light based on the concept of “photons” introduced by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein introduced this concept in the “particle-wave duality” discussion with Niels Bohr to demonstrate that even light has particle properties (mass and momentum) and wave properties (frequency). That concept became a metaphor and from that time on a beam of light has been generally considered as a beam of particles (photons). Which is a wrong understanding. Light particles do not exist. Photons are nothing else but electromagnetic complex wave configurations and light particles are not like “particles” but separated electromagnetic wave packages, 2-dimensionally confined in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and in a perfect equilibrium with the radiation pressure and the inertia of electromagnetic energy in the forward direction, controlling the speed of light. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic wave packages demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. All we know about light, and in generally about any electromagnetic field configuration, has been based only on two fundamental theories. James Clerk Maxwell introduced in 1865 the “Theory of Electrodynamics” with the publication: “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” and Albert Einstein introduced in 1905 the “Theory of Special Relativity” with the publication: “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” and in 1913 the “Theory of General Relativity” with the publication ”Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation”. However, both theories are not capable to explain the property of electromagnetic mass and in specific the anisotropy of the phenomenon of electromagnetic mass presented e.g. in a LASER beam. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about Light has to be developed. A part of this “New Theory about Light”, based on Newton’s well- known Equation in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.

Within the scope of this article, LIGHT has been considered as any arbitrary Electromagnetic Radiation within a very wide frequency range, because during the transformation from Visible Light into the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement, the frequency changes in a very wide range. This frequency transformation is possible because of the combined Lorentz / Doppler-Effect transformation during the collapse (contraction) of the radiation when the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement has been formed (Implosion of Visible Light). Within the scope of this article MATTER is considered to be any kind of 3-dimensional confined (Electromagnetic) energy. The inner structure of a photon is based on a 3-dimensional anisotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic pulses in which an equilibrium does exist for the Electric and the Magnetic Fields separately generated by the pulses. A photon cannot be considered as a particle. Because particles are 3-dimensional confinements. Photons are anisotropic (in 1st and 2nd dimension a particle and in the 3rd dimension a wave) confinements of electromagnetic pulses, generated during the energy transitions within the atoms. Photons are 2-dimensional confinements of electromagnetic energy and demonstrate the property of inertia (electromagnetic mass) in the 2 directions of confinement. In the 3rd direction, the direction of propagation, photons can only be considered as an electromagnetic wave and for that reason do not demonstrate the property of inertia. Electromagnetic waves cannot be accelerated or decelerated because the speed of light is a universal constant. For that reason, photons interact with a gravitational field in an anisotropic way. Due to a gravitational field, photons can be accelerated or decelerated in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and follow a curved path. But a gravitational field in the direction of propagation will have no impact on the speed of the photons, which will remain the unchanged universal constant, the speed of light. Photonics is the physical science of light based on the concept of “photons” introduced by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein introduced this concept in the “particle-wave duality” discussion with Niels Bohr to demonstrate that even light has particle properties (mass and momentum) and wave properties (frequency). That concept became a metaphor and from that time on a beam of light has been generally considered as a beam of particles (photons). Which is a wrong understanding. Light particles do not exist. Photons are nothing else but electromagnetic complex wave configurations and light particles are not like “particles” but separated electromagnetic wave packages, 2-dimensionally confined in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and in a perfect equilibrium with the radiation pressure and the inertia of electromagnetic energy in the forward direction, controlling the speed of light. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic wave packages demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. All we know about light, and in generally about any electromagnetic field configuration, has been based only on two fundamental theories. James Clerk Maxwell introduced in 1865 the “Theory of Electrodynamics” with the publication: “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” and Albert Einstein introduced in 1905 the “Theory of Special Relativity” with the publication: “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” and in 1913 the “Theory of General Relativity” with the publication ”Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation”. However, both theories are not capable to explain the property of electromagnetic mass and in specific the anisotropy of the phenomenon of electromagnetic mass presented e.g. in a LASER beam. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about Light has to be developed. A part of this “New Theory about Light”, based on Newton’s well- known Equation in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.

Based on the hydrodynamic-wave calibration of potentials in Maxwell’s equations and their analogues for the gravitational field, nonlinear equations with respect to the vector potentials of these fields in the background medium of a complex Euclidean space are obtained. The nonlinear contact dynamics of corpuscular-vortex-wave forms of fields and violation of antisymmetry, which leads to the formation of matter and generation of electromagnetic, gravitational, hydrodynamic , acoustic waves separately in real and imaginary half-spaces of complex Euclidean space, are considered. Analytical expressions for the spectra of heaton radiation in a complex Euclidean space are obtained. It is shown that these expressions describe, in particular, the spectrum of solar radiation, collider resonance spectra, the spectrum of microwave background radiation generated by the Oort Cloud, and other spectra in technical, space and geodynamic systems. The fundamental technical failures in the field of controlled thermonuclear fusion and the known catastrophes in nuclear energy and hydropower related to the disregard of corpuscular-wave dualism in macrosystems and the limitations of a purely real part of the complex Euclidean space are analyzed.

Abstract Parametric interaction of electromagnetic and gravitational waves with the radiation generation at the third harmonic wavelength is one of the ways to detect gravitational interaction in a material medium. To implement the effect in question, superstrong fields must be used, but in this case competing nonlinear processes arise, leading to the generation of the third harmonic as a result of laser radiation filamentation. This paper investigates the characteristics of the radiation recorded for femtosecond (250 fs) laser pulses with a wavelength of λ = 1032 nm focused in air. The threshold pump power made it possible to observe the formation of a filament with concomitant generation of narrow-band radiation at the focus of the lens at the third harmonic wavelength λ = 344 nm. The research presents spectral and spatial dependences of ultraviolet radiation (λ = 344 nm) at pumping power of infrared radiation (λ = 1032 nm) of 500 mW. Energy dependences of the third harmonic generation efficiency in the power range from 150 to 1750 mW are obtained.

The Fundament of the Mass and the new theory and formula of the Variant Mass for a particle in Gravitation is presented at this research. Albert Einstein wrote in a research article: “Does the inertia of a body depend on its energy content?” (Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seimen Energienhalt abhängig?): “If a body emits energy E in the form of radiation, its mass decreases by E/ c2. The fact that the energy that leaves from the body is converted into radiation energy makes no difference, so the more general conclusion is reached that the mass of a body is a measure of the content of its energy ... It is not impossible that with bodies whose content of energy is highly variable (for example radio salts) the theory can be successfully tested. If the theory corresponds to the fact, radiation conducts inertia between the bodies that emit and absorb it”. Thus, Maxwell’s theory shows that electromagnetic waves are radiated (Maxwell Radiation) whenever charges accelerate as for example for the electron. Then, this electromagnetic radiation (photons) produces decreases in the mass of the electron which is given by the formula of the Variant Mass for an Accelerated Charged Particle which was demonstrated by me at this research: Variant Mass for an Accelerated Charged Particle. For other hand, at the atom, the electron only radiates this energy when it jumps from one orbit to another orbit at the atom. It is in accordance with the experimental results from the spectral lines of the atom. The difference is that in a gravitational field the particle or a planet around the sun can take any position at the space and any radius. But, the electron at the atom only can take restricted positions which are explained by quantum mechanics, and the electrons don ́t emit radiation when they orbit around the nucleus. The discovery formula for the variant mass of the electron at the atom which describe exactly the variant mass of a charged particle at the atom which emits electromagnetic energy from one stationary level to other was demonstrated by myself a the research: The Fundament of the Mass: The Variant Mass for the electron at the atom. Besides, this is true for any type of radiation emitted: electromagnetic or gravitational energy which produce a decrease in the mass of the body. Therefore, the objective of this research is to demonstrate by theory, experiment and result the discovered formula which describe exactly the variant mass for a particle which emits gravitational energy. An example of the effect of this Gravitational energy emission is the light deflection for the light passing close the Sun (gravitational redshift frequency) and the Perihelion Precession of Mercury. Thus, the results of the mass formula are of great relevance for Gravitational Interactions. The results are in accordance with the classic result for the emission of the total gravitational energy (bond total energy) for a particle orbiting a large Planet or Sun and for a Binary Star. It is in agreement with the experiment result and with the Theory of General Relativity. It is also demonstrated and explained the effects of the gravitation in a particle or light and the Perihelion Precession of Mercury. The formula for the gravitation redshift frequency, the wavelength, the light velocity, time measurement and the decreasing radius for a particle in a gravitational field are demonstrated. The formula of the light velocity is tested for the deflection of light passing close to the sun. The formula for time dilation and decrease distance are used to calculate the Perihelion Precession of Mercury. It is in agreement with the experiment result and with the Theory of General Relativity. The consequences of this research are amazing and in accordance with the same General Theory of Relativity, Newton Theory and with profound Insignia in Quantum Mechanics and for the Unification Theory

One of the most striking features of the general relativity (GR) is the fact that the matter that generates gravitational field cannot move arbitrarily, but must obey certain equations that follow from equations of the gravitational field as a condition of their compatibility. This fact was first noted in the fundamental Hilbert's work, in which equations of GR saw the world for the first time as variational Lagrange equations. Hilbert showed that in the case when fulfilling equations of the gravitational field which were born by an electromagnetic field, four linear combinations of equations of the electromagnetic field and their derivatives are zero due to the general covariance of the theory. It is known that this is what stimulated E. Noether to invent her famous theorem. As for "solid matter", for the compatibility of equations of the gravitational field, it is necessary that particles of dust matter move along geodesics of Riemannian space, which describes the gravitational field. This fact was pointed out in the work of A. Einstein and J. Grommer and according to V. Fock it is one of the main justifications of GR (although even before the creation of GR it was known that the motion along geodesics is a consequence of the condition of covariant conservation of energy-momentum of matter). This remarkable feature of GR all his life inspired Einstein to search on the basis of GR such theory from which it would be possible to derive all fundamental physics, including quantum mechanics. Interest in this problem (following Einstein, we name it the problem of motion) has resumed in our time in connection with the registration of gravitational waves and analysis of the conditions of their radiation, i.e. the need for its direct application in gravitational-wave astronomy. In this article we consider the problem to what extent the motion of matter that generates the gravitational field can be arbitrary. Considered problem is analyzed from the point of view symmetry of the theory with respect to the generalized gauge deformed groups without specification of Lagrangians. In particular it is shown, that the motion of particles along geodesics of Riemannian space is inherent in an extremely wide range of theories of gravity and is a consequence of the gauge translational invariance of these theories under the condition of fulfilling equations of gravitational field. In addition, we found relationships of equations for some fields that follow from the assumption about fulfilling of equations for other fields, for example, relationships of equations of the gravitational field which follow from the assumption about fulfilling of equations of matter fields.

Abstract In theoretical physics, quantization means reducing a continuum structure to discrete structure. This process was widely used in the development of quantum mechanics since Planck’s convention of the discretization of the energy of electromagnetic (EM) waves e = nhf as a solution to the crisis of the blackbody radiation. When combined with Einstein’s relativistic particle energy equation e = mc 2 it became a most fundamental process of the 20th century theoretical physics. Planck was reluctant to consider his energy quanta e = nhf as a physical particle. His concern was forgotten in the process of development of quantum mechanics, which was Einstein’s relativity theory dynamics combined with Planck’s wave-particle duality. This framework was later extended by Dirac into the quantization of the entire EM field theory of Maxwell in which the EM fields, which are mathematically a continuous structure, themselves were quantized in terms of Einstein’s special theory of relativity dynamics using Fourier expansions. As it appears that the mathematical error of using wave numbers, which form a real continuum, as indexes of the Fourier expansion for the discretization of waves went unnoticed, this quantization of electrodynamics, called quantum electrodynamics (QED), became a model for further quantizing continuum based physical theories. This error was thus passed down to all of the successors of QED. The theory of quantum gravity is yet another attempt to quantize a major force field theory of gravitational forces. Here as well the issue of the difference between the continuum and the discrete was overlooked.

Rotating black holes (BHs) are likely the largest energy reservoirs in the Universe as predicted by BH thermodynamics, while cosmic rays (CRs) are the most energetic among particles detected on Earth. Magnetic fields surrounding BHs combined with strong gravity effects, thanks to the spacetime symmetries, turn the BHs into powerful accelerators of charged particles. At the same time, in the age of multi-wavelength and multi-messenger astronomy, BHs and their environments have not yet been probed with CR messengers, despite being observed across most of the electromagnetic spectrum, and neutrino and gravitational waves. In this paper, we probe the acceleration capabilities of BHs in 8 galactic X-ray binaries and 25 local active galactic nuclei (AGNs) within 100 Mpc, based on the ultra-efficient regime of the magnetic Penrose process of a BH energy extraction combined with observational data. We find that the maximum energy of the galactic BHs can reach only up to the knee of the CR spectrum, including supermassive BH Sgr A* at the Galactic Center. On the other hand, for supermassive BHs in AGNs, we find that the mean energy of primary CRs is of the order of 1019 eV. It is therefore likely that local supermassive BHs give sufficient contribution to the ankle—a sharp change in the slope of the cosmic ray spectrum around 1018.6 eV energy. We also discuss the energy losses of primary CRs close to the acceleration zones. In the galactic BH cases, it is likely dominated by synchrotron radiation losses.

In this review paper, we investigate the connection between gravity and electromagnetism from Faraday to the present day. The particular focus is on the connection between gravitational and electromagnetic radiation. We discuss electromagnetic radiation produced when a gravitational wave passes through a magnetic field. We then discuss the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with gravitational waves via Feynman diagrams of the process [Formula: see text]. Finally, we review recent work on the vacuum production of counterpart electromagnetic radiation by gravitational waves.

Light waves carry along their own gravitational field; for simple plain electromagnetic waves, the gravitational field takes the form of a p p -wave. I present the corresponding exact solution of the Einstein–Maxwell equations and discuss the dynamics of classical particles and quantum fields in this gravitational and electromagnetic background.

In this letter we introduce a particular solution for parallel electric and magnetic fields, in a gravitational background, which satisfy free-wave equations and the phenomenology suggested by astrophysical plasma physics. These free-wave equations are computed such that the electric field does not induce the magnetic field and vice versa. In a gravitational field, we analyze the Maxwell equations and the corresponding electromagnetic waves. A continuity equation is presented. A commutative and noncommutative analysis of the electromagnetic duality is described.

Conversion of a gravitational wave into an electromagnetic one in a laser coherent emission field is studied. As a result two electromagnetic waves are created. For calculation the Maxwell equations in three-dimensional vector form are used. Optimal detection of the gravitational wave is discussed. In a particular case it is the laser interferometric antenna. This approach is identical to those based on integration of the isotropic geodesic equation, the eikonal equation, giving the three-pulsing response of the electromagnetic signal obtained by Estabrook and Wahlquist. It also results in the matrix method developed by Vinet for calculation of laser interferometric antennae.

In this paper, we consider the method of generating gravitational waves by means of a system of standing electromagnetic waves at the difference frequency in electromagnetic resonators and their further registration based on various types of detectors. As a factor of amplification of the amplitude of gravitational waves induced by the proposed method, the inverse dependence of their amplitude on the square of the difference frequency is considered, which is a consequence of Einstein’s equations for the studied configuration of electromagnetic fields in the resonator. The characteristics of gravitational waves associated with the electromagnetic field inside the resonator and gravitational waves in empty space are compared. The possibility of conducting an experiment on the generation and detection of gravitational waves with controlled parameters of the source and detector (Hertz experiment) on the basis of the proposed method has been investigated. Various types of existing and promising detectors of low-frequency gravitational waves are considered and an estimate of the source characteristics necessary for the successful detection of gravitational waves generated by this method is obtained. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is compared with other methods of generating gravitational waves. The specificity of the considered method of generating gravitational waves is noted, associated with the possibility of obtaining in laboratory conditions low-frequency gravitational waves with a frequency close to the frequency of gravitational waves of astrophysical sources and the amplitude significantly exceeding the amplitude of high-frequency gravitational waves, which can be generated on the basis of previously proposed methods

We explore the generation of large-scale magnetic fields in the so-called moduli inflation. The hypercharge electromagnetic fields couple to not only a scalar field but also a pseudoscalar one, so that the conformal invariance of the hypercharge electromagnetic fields can be broken. We explicitly analyze the strength of the magnetic fields on the Hubble horizon scale at the present time, the local non-Gaussianity of the curvature perturbations originating from the massive gauge fields, and the tensor-to-scalar ratio of the density perturbations. As a consequence, we find that the local non-Gaussianity and the tensor-to-scalar ratio are compatible with the recent Planck results.

Genotoxic Effects of Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Fields. IntroductionRadiation is energy emission in the form of electromagnetic waves emitted from the solar system and natural resources on earth. The currents produced by the elementary particles formed by the electric current create the magnetic field. Earth's surface is under the influence of the geomagnetic field emanating from the sun. However, the outer liquid also has a magnetic field created as a result of heat transfer in the core. Therefore, all living organisms on earth live under the influence of electromagnetic fields (EMF). Today, besides these natural energy resources, rapidly developing technological developments provide most of the convenience in our lives and expose people to artificial electromagnetic fields. However, man's magnetic field is also under the influence of other natural and artificial magnetic fields around him. In particular, by ionizing radiation, which carries enough energy to break down the genetic material, die cells as a result of DNA damaging, and other diseases, especially cancer, can develop as a result of tissue damage. Electromagnetic Fields in Our LivesToday, apart from natural geomagnetic fields, radiation is emitted from many technological devices. The spectrum of these fields includes many different types of radiation, from subatomic radiation such as gamma and X-rays to radio waves, depending on their wavelengths. Though, as a result of the rapid increase of technological growth, the duration and amount of exposure to EMF is also steadily increasing. On the other hand, wireless gadgets such as computers, smartphones and medical radiological devices have become a necessity for humans. Almost everyone is exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from cell phone and base station antennas or other sources. Thus, the damage caused by the radiation to the environment affects living organisms even many kilometres away unlimitedly. All organisms in the world live under the influence of these negative environmental changes and a large part of the world population is exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation for a long time in their daily lives. So, though we are not aware of it, our organs and tissues are constantly exposed to radiation. Therefore, radiation adversely affects human, animal and plant health and disrupts the environment and ecological balance. An example of negative effects, radiation can cause genetic changes in the body (Figure 1). Radiation is divided into ionizing and non-ionizing. Ionizing radiations cause electron loss or gain in an atom or group of atoms in the medium they pass through. Thus, positively or negatively charged ions are formed. High energy X, gamma, ultraviolet and some visible rays in the ionized region of the electromagnetic spectrum can be counted. Since gamma rays, X rays and ultraviolet rays can ionize the molecules in living things more, they can easily disrupt the chemical structure of tissues, cells and DNA molecules in living organisms. Therefore, they can be very dangerous and deadly to living things. The energy of the waves in the non-ionizing region of the electromagnetic spectrum is low and the energy levels are insufficient for the ionization of molecules. Electricity, radio and TV waves, microwaves, and infrared rays are not ionizing because they have low energy. Waves emitted from electronic devices (cell phones, computers, microwave ovens, etc.) are absorbed by the human and animal body. The amount of energy absorbed by the unit biological tissue mass per unit time is called the specific absorption rate (SAR), and its unit is W/kg. Risks of Electromagnetic Fields on Living ThingsDepending on the structure of the tissues and organs, the radiation must reach a certain threshold dose for the effect to occur. Radiation levels below the threshold dose are not effective. Depending on the structure of the tissues and organs, the radiation must reach a certain threshold dose. The effects of small doses of waves are negligible. However, the clinical effects of waves above a certain threshold may increase. High dose waves can cause cell death in tissues. Damages in the cell may increase the risk of cancer and hereditary damage after a while, and somatic effects in people exposed to radiation may cause cancer to appear years later. There is much research on the effects of RF fields. In vitro and in vivo studies on rats, plants and different tissues of humans; suggests that the RF fields are not genotoxic and the fact that harmful effect is due to the heat effect. The contradictory results on this issue have brought about discussions. Therefore, there are still concerns about the potential adverse effects of RFR on human health. A good understanding of the biological effects of RF radiation will protect against potential damages. Due to these uncertainties, with the electromagnetic field project of the World Health Organization, experimental and modelling studies on the biological effects of RF radiation have been accelerated. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer decided that RF-EMR waves could be potentially carcinogenic to humans (2). Considering that almost everyone, including young children, uses mobile phones in addition to other technological devices, the danger of electromagnetic waves has increased social interest. Genotoxic Effects of EMFIn addition to stimulating apoptosis and changes in ion channels, RF-EMF waves also have a potential effect on genetic material. The radiation absorbed by organisms causes the ionization of target molecules. In particular, biological damage may occur as a result of stimulation/ionization of atoms and disruption of molecular structures while ionizing radiation passes through tissue. As a result of ionization in the cell, electron increases and free electrons cause damage, especially in macromolecules and DNA. Free electrons move directly or indirectly. Free electrons directly affect the phosphodiester or H-bonds of DNA. As a result, the phosphodiester bonds of DNA in the cell are broken, single or double-stranded breakages and chemical toxins increase. DNA double-strand breaks are the most relevant biologic damage induced by ionizing radiation (3,4). There are no cells that are resistant to radiation. The nucleus of the cell and especially the chromosomes in dividing cells are very sensitive to radiation. One of the most important effects of radiation on the cell is to suppress cell growth. In particular, growth is impaired in cells exposed to radiation during cell division (mitosis). Consequently, cells with a high division rate are more sensitive to radiation. DNA damage in somatic cells can lead to cancer development or cell death. Cell death can occur as a result of breaking down DNA because ionizing radiation has enough energy to break down the cell's genetic material. Thus, tissues are damaged and cancer development may be triggered. DNA damage caused by radiation in cells is repaired by metabolic repair processes. If the breaks in DNA as a result of DNA damage caused by radiation in cells are not too large, they can be repaired by metabolic repair processes. Still, errors may occur during this repair. Chromosomes containing different genetic codes and information may also occur. In the cell, the released electrons interact with water molecules, indirectly causing the water to be reactively divided into two parts. Free radicals carry an electron that is not electrically shared in their orbits. Free radicals can cause genetic damage in DNA such as nucleotide changes, double and single-strand breaks. Radiation can cause chromosomes to break, stick together and rearrange. All these changes can lead to mutations or even further, the death of the cell. However, in addition to ionizing radiation, extracellular genotoxic chemicals and intracellular oxidative metabolic residues can also create stress in cells during DNA replication and cell division. Damage may occur during DNA replication under such environmental stress conditions. To date, conflicting results have been reported regarding the genotoxic effects of RF-EMF waves on genetic material. It has been reported that the energy of low EM fields is not sufficient to break the chemical bonds of DNA, but the increase in exposure time is effective on the formation of oxygen radicals and the disruptions in the DNA repair process. The absorption of microwaves can cause significant local warming in cells. For example, an increase in temperature has been observed in cells in culture media exposed to waves of high SAR levels. However, there is evidence that reactive oxygen species are formed in cells indirectly and experimentally exposed to RF-EMF waves. Free oxygen radicals can create nucleotide entries in DNA as well as bind cellular components to DNA bases (5). The frequency of polymorphisms observed in DNA repair mechanism genes in children with acute leukaemia living close to high energy lines reveals the effect of this energy on the repair process. Significant evidence has been reported that genotoxic effects occur in various cell types when exposed to RF-EMF waves (6-10). Here, it has been reported that cells exposed to RF-EMF waves (1.800 MHz, SAR 2 W/kg) cause oxidative damage in mitochondrial DNA, DNA breaks in neurons and DNA breaks in amniotic cells (6,10). Similarly, the damage has been reported in lymphocytes exposed to various RF-EMF waves (8). However, exposure to RF-EMF waves is known to cause chromosome imbalance, changes in gene expression, and gene mutations. Such deleterious genetic effects have also been reported in neurons, blood lymphocytes, sperm, red blood cells, epithelial cells, hematopoietic tissue, lung cells, and bone marrow (1,11,12). It has been found that exposure to RF-EMF radiation also increases chromosome numerical aberrations (6,13). It has also been reported that increased chromosome separation in mouse oocytes exposed to EM and increased DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in fly egg cells (14,15). However, increased DNA breaks have been reported in the blastomeres of embryos of pregnant mice exposed to a frequency of 50 Hz, and a decrease in the number of blastocysts has been reported (16). Genetic damages to sex cells can lead to persistent genetic diseases in subsequent generations. Today, X-ray devices used for medical diagnosis have become one of the largest sources of radiation. These radiological procedures used for diagnosis constitute an important part of ionizing radiation. During these processes, the human body is visibly or invisibly affected by X-rays. As a matter of fact, X-rays have effects of disrupting the structure and biochemical activities of DNA, RNA, proteins and enzymes that are vital in the organism (17). Many studies on this subject have revealed that radiation has suppressive and mutational effects on DNA synthesis. These effects can cause serious damage to the cell as well as DNA and chromosome damage. In a recent study, chromosome damage was investigated in patients with X-ray angiography and personnel working in radiological procedures (18). Our findings showed that the beams used in interventional radiological procedures caused chromosomal damage and the rate of chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) increased significantly in patients after the procedure and this damage increased with the amount of radiation dose. Therefore, the radiation dose to be given to the patient should be chosen carefully. Besides, our findings showed that the frequency of CA is significantly higher in personnel working in radiological procedures. This reveals that interventional cardiologists are exposed to high radiation exposure. For this reason, we can say that the personnel working in radiological procedures (physician, health technician and nurse) are very likely to get diseases after years because they are exposed to low doses but long-term X-rays. Therefore, both the potential risks and safety of exposure to medical radiological devices must be continuously monitored. Furthermore, the fact that chromatid and chromosome breaks are very common among structural CAs in our findings suggests that they may be the cause of malignancy. Because, there are many cancer genes, tumour suppressor genes, enzyme genes involved in DNA repair and important genes or candidate genes responsible forapoptosis on these chromosomes. All this information shows that patients are more susceptible to DNA damage and inappropriate radiological examinations should be avoided. Therefore, X-ray and other diagnostic imaging techniques should not be applied unless necessary, and physicians and patients should be more careful in this regard. It has been reported that RF-EMR waves emitted from wireless communication device mobile phones have a genotoxic effect on human and mammalian cells (6,19). In a recent study; The effects of 900 and 1800 MHz cell phone frequencies on human chromosomes were investigated in amniotic cell cultures (6). Here, it has been reported that chromosome packing delays, damage and breaks occur in amniotic cells exposed to 900 and 1800 MHz every day at 3, 6 and 12 hours for twelve days. However, it was found that the frequency of 1800 MHz caused more CAs than 900 MHz, and the amount of damage increased with increasing usage time. These results confirm that GSM-like RF-EMR causes direct genotoxic effects in human in vitro cultures and has adverse effects on human chromosomes, and these effects increase in parallel with exposure time. This shows us that the mobile phone carries a risk for human health and these genetic damages can cause cancer. Therefore, necessary precautions should be taken for these harmful effects of mobile phones. Among these measures, the periods of mobile phone use should be kept short, especially the exposure of developing children and infants to mobile phones should be prevented, and avoiding excessive use of mobile phones may be one of the precautions against cancer. However, in order to evaluate it in more detail, the effects of mobile phones with environmental mutagens and/or carcinogens should be considered in subsequent researches. ConclusionToday, in parallel with the increasing technological developments, the demand of the society for electronic devices and phones and the frequency ranges of electronic devices are constantly increasing. Waves emitted from electronic devices are absorbed by human and animal bodies. Especially, the use of phones by contact with our body and the increase in usage time affects not only adults but also young children. Therefore, there is increasing concern in society about the negative biological effects of EM waves emitted from phones and other electronic devices. Results from all studies show that RF-EMF waves may be carcinogenic due to their genotoxic effect. Because cancer is a disease that occurs as a result of genetic damage. Considering these negative and harmful effects, regulations following international standards regarding the use of electronic devices should be made and society should be made aware of the risks.References Kim JH.; Lee K.; Kim HG.; Kim KB.; Kim HR. Possible Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Central Nerve System. Biomol Ther. 2019, 27(3), 265-275. Baan R.; Grosse Y.; Lauby-Secretan B.; et al. WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group. Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Lancet Oncol. 2011, 12, 624–626. Berrington De Gonzalez A.; Darby S. Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays: estimates for the UK and 14 other countries. Lancet. 2004, 363, 345-351. Löbrich M.; Jeggo PA.The impact of a negligent G2/M checkpoint on genomic instability and cancer induction. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007, 861–869. M Valko.; M Izakovic.; M Mazur.; CJ Rhodes.; J Telser. Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence. Cell. Biochem. 2004, 266, 37–56. Uslu N.; Demirhan O.; Emre M.; Seydaoğlu G. The chromosomal effects of GSM-like electromagnetic radiation exposure on human fetal cells. Biomed Res Clin Prac. 2019, 4, 1-6. Lee S.; Johnson D.; Dunbar K Dong H.; Ge X.; Kim YC.; Wing C.; Jayathilaka N.; Emmanuel N.; Zhou CQ.; Gerber HL.; Tseng CC.; Wang SM. 2.45 GHz radiofrequency fields alter gene expression in cultured human cells. FEBS Lett. 2005, 579, 4829-4836. Phillips JL.; Singh NP.; Lai, H. Electromagnetic fields and DNA damage. Pathophysiology. 2009, 16, 79-88. Ruediger HW. Genotoxic effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Pathophysiology. 2009, 16, 89-102. Xu S.; Zhou Z.; Zhang L.; Yu Z.; Zhang W.; Wang Y.; Wang X.; Li M.; Chen Y.; Chen C.; He M.; Zhang G.; Zhong M. Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation induces oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in primary cultured neurons. Brain Res. 2010, 1311, 189-196. Demsia G.; Vlastos D.; Matthopoulos DP. Effect of 910-MHz electromagnetic field on rat bone marrow. 2004, 2, 48-54. Zhao TY.; Zou SP.; Knapp PE. Exposure to cell phone radiation up-regulates apoptosis genes in primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes. Lett. 2007, 412, 34-38. Mashevich M.; Folkman D.; Kesar A.; Barbul A.; Korenstein R.; Jerby E.; Avivi L. Exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to electromagnetic fields associated with cellular phones leads to chromosomal instability. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003, 24, 82-90. Panagopoulos DJ.; Chavdoula ED.; Nezis IP.; Margaritis LH. Cell death induced by GSM 900-MHz and DCS 1800-MHz mobile telephony radiation. Mutat Res. 2007, 626(1–2), 69–78. Sagioglou NE.; Manta AK.; Giannarakis IK.; Skouroliakou AS.; Margaritis LH. Apoptotic cell death during Drosophila oogenesis is differentially increased by electromagnetic radiation depending on modulation, intensity and duration of exposure. Electromagn Biol Med. 2015, 1-14. Borhani N.; Rajaei F.; Salehi Z.; Javadi A. Analysis of DNA fragmentation in mouse embryos exposed to an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field. Electromagn Biol Med. 2011, 30(4), 246–252. Rowley R.; Phillips EN.; Schroeder AL. Effects of ionizing radiation on DNA synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Int J Radiat Biol. 1999, 75( 3), 267-283. Çetinel N.; Demirhan O.; Demirtaş M.; Çağlıyan ÇE.; Cüreoğlu A.; Uslu IN.; Sertdemir Y. The Genotoxic Effect Of Interventional Cardiac Radiologic Procedures On Human Chromosomes. Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports. 2020, 3(1), 1-10. Aitken RJ.; Bennetts LE.; Sawyer D.; Wiklendt AM.; King BV. Impact of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA integrity in the male germline. Int J Androl. 2005, 28(3), 171–179.

AbstractObjective:To analyse the possible impact of low and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on the outer hairs cells of the organ of Corti, in a guinea pig model.Materials and methods:Electromagnetic fields of 50, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 5000 Hz frequencies and 1.5 µT intensity were generated using a transverse electromagnetic wave guide. Guinea pigs of both sexes, weighing 100–150 g, were used, with no abnormalities on general and otic examination. Total exposure times were: 360 hours for 50, 500 and 1000 Hz; 3300 hours for 2000 Hz; 4820 hours for 4000 Hz; and 6420 hours for 5000 Hz. One control animal was used in each frequency group. The parameters measured by electric response audiometer included: hearing level; waves I–IV latencies; wave I–III interpeak latency; and percentage appearance of waves I–III at 90 and 50 dB sound pressure level intensity.Results:Values for the above parameters did not differ significantly, comparing the control animal and the rest of each group. In addition, no significant differences were found between our findings and those of previous studies of normal guinea pigs.Conclusion:Prolonged exposure to electromagnetic fields of 50 Hz to 5 KHz frequencies and 1.5 µT intensity, produced no functional or morphological alteration in the outer hair cells of the guinea pig organ of Corti.

We calculate the charged scalar particle creation in the presence of gravitational and electromagnetic fields in two models of spatially flat Robertson–Walker spacetimes: de Sitter space and asymptotically radiation dominated model. We used the Bogoliubov transformation to compute the rate of production of the particles. Possibility of creation of massless charged particles is also discussed.

This paper deals with the electromagnetic fields generated by charges moving with the membrane. The numerical simulation of electromagnetic radiation of oscillating three-dimensional cell it is carried out. The issues of cell group radiation are also considered. Dependences of the field on distance and time are presented. A hypothesis about possible exchange of information between cells by means of electromagnetic waves is made.

Neutron stars are born in the supernova explosion of massive stars. Neutron stars rotate as stably as atomic clocks and possess densities exceeding that of atomic nuclei and magnetic fields millions to billions of times stronger than those created in laboratories on the Earth. The physical properties of neutron stars are determined by many areas of fundamental physics, and detection of gravitational waves can provide invaluable insights into our understanding of these areas. Here, we describe some of the physics and astrophysics of neutron stars and how traditional electromagnetic wave observations provide clues to the sorts of gravitational waves we expect from these stars. We pay particular attention to neutron star fluid oscillations, examining their impact on electromagnetic and gravitational wave observations when these stars are in a wide binary or isolated system, then during binary inspiral right before merger, and finally at times soon after merger. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The promises of gravitational-wave astronomy’.

We develop the quasiclassical theory of a massive neutrino spin evolution in the presence of gravitational fields, and the corresponding probability of the neutrino spin oscillations in gravitational fields is derived for the first time. On this basis we also predict a new mechanism for electromagnetic radiation by a neutrino moving in the vicinity of gravitating objects (the "spin light of neutrino," SLν, in gravitational fields). It is shown that the total power of this radiation is proportional to the neutrino gamma factor to the fourth power, and the emitted photon energy, for the case of an ultra relativistic neutrino, spans up to gamma-rays. We investigate the SLν caused by both gravitational and electromagnetic fields, also accounting for effects of arbitrary moving and polarized matter, in various astrophysical environments. In particular, we discuss the SLν emitted by a neutrino moving in the vicinity of a rotating neutron star, black hole surrounded by dense matter, as well as by a neutrino propagating in the relativistic jet from a quasar.

Conventional definitions of ‘near fields’ set bounds that describe where near fields may be found. These definitions tell us nothing about what near fields are, why they exist or how they work. In 1893, Heaviside derived the electromagnetic energy velocity for plane waves. Subsequent work demonstrated that although energy moves in synchronicity with radiated electromagnetic fields at the speed of light, in reactive fields the energy velocity slows down, converging to zero in the case of static fields. Combining Heaviside's energy velocity relation with the field Lagrangian yields a simple parametrization for the reactivity of electromagnetic fields that provides profound insights to the behaviour of electromagnetic systems. Fields guide energy. As waves interfere, they guide energy along paths that may be substantially different from the trajectories of the waves themselves. The results of this paper not only resolve the long-standing paradox of runaway acceleration from radiation reaction, but also make clear that pilot wave theory is the natural and logical consequence of the need for quantum mechanics correspond to the macroscopic results of the classical electromagnetic theory. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside's ‘Electromagnetic Theory’’.

Modern technology has largely developed using energy forms of which the most relevant is surely electricity. Electric power stations generate alternate current at frequencies of 50 or 60 Hz, transmitted across high voltage transmission lines that are often located too near to buildings where humans live or work. In addition, home devices that work using alternate current expose humans to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Furthermore, trams, electric trains, and some industrial processes generate static magnetic fields. Electromagnetic fields produce non-ionizing radiation, which gives rise to the so-called electromagnetic waves pollution, also named electrosmog. A large scientific production study showed harmful effects of exposure to EMFs. In view of these results, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection published international guidelines in order to recommend exposure limits to EMFs for occupational exposure and for general public exposure. The aim of this thematic issue is to give a further contribution to highlight the problem of electromagnetic waves pollution and to investigate the effects of exposure to EMFs on biological systems even below the EMF limits recommended by ICNIRP.

AbstractBased on the 3+1 formalism for the formulation of an arbitrary reference frame and using the concept of electric and magnetic Weyl’s tensors, profound analogies between gravitational and electromagnetic field, its invariants, and specifically, among the energy-momentum field tensor in electromagnetic theory and Bel-Robinson’s (BR) or “super-energy” tensor in gravitation are established and discussed. In order to do that, original expressions for Weyl’s and BR’s tensors in terms of quasi-electric and quasi-magnetic fields were obtained. Furthermore, some theoretical consequences on the implications of the development of those analogies are outlined within the context of the yet to be directly proven experimental reality of gravitational waves.

The method of moving (Cartan) coframes is used to analyze the influence of geometry on the behavior of electromagnetic fields in confining guides and the effect of such fields on their ultra-relativistic sources. Such issues are of relevance to a number of topical problems in accelerator science where the need to control the motion of high current-density micro-meter size bunches of relativistic radiating charge remains a technical and theoretical challenge. By dimensionally reducing the exterior equations for the sources and fields on spacetime using symmetries exhibited by the confining guides one achieves a unifying view that offers natural perturbative approaches for dealing with smooth non-uniform and curved guides. The issue of the back-reaction of radiation fields on the sources is approached in terms of a simple charged relativistic fluid model. .

We present a detecting scheme of high-frequency gravitational waves (HFGWs) which is based upon coupling between superconducting open cavity and electromagnetic fields stored in the cavity. Utilizing zero resistance and perfect diamagnetism of the superconductors, one can obtain very large quality factor and high sensitivity for the cavity to detect the HFGWs in GHz band. In addition, we review other possible superconducting systems for detection of the HFGWs, such as superconducting resonant-mass detector, toroidal waveguide, coupled superconducting spherical cavities and superconducting quantum antennas.

Spin–momentum locking, a manifestation of topological properties that governs the behavior of surface states, was studied intensively in condensed-matter physics and optics, resulting in the discovery of topological insulators and related effects and their photonic counterparts. In addition to spin, optical waves may have complex structure of vector fields associated with orbital angular momentum or nonuniform intensity variations. Here, we derive a set of spin–momentum equations which describes the relationship between the spin and orbital properties of arbitrary complex electromagnetic guided modes. The predicted photonic spin dynamics is experimentally verified with four kinds of nondiffracting surface structured waves. In contrast to the one-dimensional uniform spin of a guided plane wave, a two-dimensional chiral spin swirl is observed for structured guided modes. The proposed framework opens up opportunities for designing the spin structure and topological properties of electromagnetic waves with practical importance in spin optics, topological photonics, metrology and quantum technologies and may be used to extend the spin-dynamics concepts to fluid, acoustic, and gravitational waves.

In this New Theory a “Single Harmonic Black Hole” (SHBH) has been considered to be the Gravitational-Electromagnetic Confinement of a Single Harmonic Electromagnetic Field Configuration in which a perfect equilibrium exists between the outward directed electromagnetic radiation pressure and the inward directed Electromagnetic-Gravitational Interaction force densities. This frequency transformation is possible because of the combined Lorentz / Doppler-Effect transformation during the collapse (contraction) of the radiation when the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement has been formed (Implosion of Visible Light). Within the scope of this article “Single Harmonic Black Hole” (SHBH) is considered to be any kind of 3-dimensional confined Single Harmonic Electromagnetic Energy. The inner structure of a “SHBH” has been based on a 3-dimensional isotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic field configuration. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic fields (wave packages) demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass, spin and electric charge is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass, spin and electric charge can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about “Electromagnetic-Gravitational Interaction” has been developed. The “New Theory” has been based on the fundamental principle of “Perfect Equilibrium within the Universe” which has already been expressed by Newton’s three equations published in 1687 in “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Newton’s Equations in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell Equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.

In this New Theory a “Single Harmonic Black Hole” (SHBH) has been considered to be the Gravitational-Electromagnetic Confinement of a Single Harmonic Electromagnetic Field Configuration in which a perfect equilibrium exists between the outward directed electromagnetic radiation pressure and the inward directed Electromagnetic-Gravitational Interaction force densities. This frequency transformation is possible because of the combined Lorentz / Doppler-Effect transformation during the collapse (contraction) of the radiation when the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement has been formed (Implosion of Visible Light). Within the scope of this article “Single Harmonic Black Hole” (SHBH) is considered to be any kind of 3-dimensional confined Single Harmonic Electromagnetic Energy. The inner structure of a “SHBH” has been based on a 3-dimensional isotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic field configuration. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic fields (wave packages) demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass, spin and electric charge is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass, spin and electric charge can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about “Electromagnetic-Gravitational Interaction” has been developed. The “New Theory” has been based on the fundamental principle of “Perfect Equilibrium within the Universe” which has already been expressed by Newton’s three equations published in 1687 in “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Newton’s Equations in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell Equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.

The eikonal method was used to construct differential equations for beams of electromagnetic waves in magnetic and gravitational fields of pulsars, according to the nonlinear electrodynamics of the vacuum. Integrating these equations using successive approximations allows us to find the ray equations and a parametric form of the law of motion for these beams’ electromagnetic pulses. It is shown that the electromagnetic pulse passing through the magnetic field of the pulsar propagates as two normal waves, arriving at the detector along two different rays and spending different amounts of time in transit. The angles of rays’ bending because of the nonlinearity of the electrodynamics of the vacuum and the delay time of the electromagnetic signal carried by one normal wave relative to the other normal wave are calculated. The magnitude of these effects is evaluated.

We develop a many-particle quantum-hydrodynamical model of fermion matter interacting with the external classical electromagnetic and gravitational/inertial and torsion fields. The consistent hydrodynamical formulation is constructed for the many-particle quantum system of Dirac fermions on the basis of the nonrelativistic Pauli-like equation obtained via the Foldy–Wouthuysen transformation. With the help of the Madelung decomposition approach, the explicit relations between the microscopic and macroscopic fluid variables are derived. The closed system of equations of quantum hydrodynamics encompasses the continuity equation, and the dynamical equations of the momentum balance and the spin density evolution. The possible experimental manifestations of the torsion in the dynamics of spin waves is discussed.

The following research contributes to the understanding of how electric charge influences the unwrapping of spherically symmetric distributions using a relativistic approach. With the recent detection of gravitational waves and the location of black holes, where a strong emission of electromagnetic radiation prevails, interest has arisen to consider the existence of compact charged objects. Thus, the appearance of charge in small quantities during gravitational collapse, the process by which black holes originate, is not ruled out; this also includes the emission of electromagnetic waves from them. This article intends to establish algorithms and write field equations for a charged fluid as those corresponding to an anisotropic fluid with radiation flux. Using an appropriate definition of the mass function, considering self-similar symmetry and Bondian observers, dynamical results are obtained for the Einstein–Maxwell electromagnetic system with added gravity. Imposing an additional homothetic symmetry, the field equations are solved, and the most relevant conclusions are drawn about the influence of the electric charge during the collapse and subsequent changes in the physical variables.

The popular international and Chinese electromagnetic radiation protection standards are introduced, including the ICNIRP guidelines constituted by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, the EN62233 standards established by the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization and the GB 8702-88 regulations constituted by Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China, etc. The situation of the light industrial equipments electromagnetic radiation has been tested and analyzed: the power of the induction heater is often up to thousands kilowatts, and there are many electrical control components and many dense circuitries in light industrial equipments. Their complicated electromagnetic fields release continuously electromagnetic waves and engender electromagnetic radiations to the surrounding environment. And, Chinese electromagnetic radiation protection standards lack limits for band less than 100 KHz (except 50Hz). It makes the electromagnetic radiation assessment of light industrial equipments lack sufficient basis. The electromagnetic radiation protection standard of light industrial equipments was discussed and the limits for electromagnetic radiation protection of light industrial equipments are suggested.

Abstract Isolated neutron stars that are asymmetric with respect to their spin axis are possible sources of detectable continuous gravitational waves. This paper presents a fully coherent search for such signals from eighteen pulsars in data from LIGO and Virgo’s third observing run (O3). For known pulsars, efficient and sensitive matched-filter searches can be carried out if one assumes the gravitational radiation is phase-locked to the electromagnetic emission. In the search presented here, we relax this assumption and allow both the frequency and the time derivative of the frequency of the gravitational waves to vary in a small range around those inferred from electromagnetic observations. We find no evidence for continuous gravitational waves, and set upper limits on the strain amplitude for each target. These limits are more constraining for seven of the targets than the spin-down limit defined by ascribing all rotational energy loss to gravitational radiation. In an additional search, we look in O3 data for long-duration (hours–months) transient gravitational waves in the aftermath of pulsar glitches for six targets with a total of nine glitches. We report two marginal outliers from this search, but find no clear evidence for such emission either. The resulting duration-dependent strain upper limits do not surpass indirect energy constraints for any of these targets.

Electromagnetism in spacetime can be treated in terms of an analogue linear dielectric medium. In this paper, we discuss the gravitational analogue of the linear magnetoelectric effect, which can be found in multiferroic materials. While this is known to occur for metrics with non-zero mixed components, we show how it depends on the choice of spatial formalism for the electromagnetic fields, including differences in tensor weight, and also on the choice of coordinate chart. This is illustrated for Langevin–Minkowski, four charts of Schwarzschild spacetime, and two charts of pp gravitational waves.

ABSTRACT The shape of a neutron star (NS) is closely linked to its internal structure and the equation of state of supranuclear matters. A rapidly rotating, asymmetric NS in the Milky Way undergoes free precession, making it a potential source for multimessenger observation. The free precession could manifest in (i) the spectra of continuous gravitational waves (GWs) in the kilohertz (kHz) band for ground-based GW detectors, and (ii) the timing behaviour and pulse-profile characteristics if the NS is monitored as a pulsar with radio and/or X-ray telescopes. We extend previous work and investigate in great detail the free precession of a triaxially deformed NS with analytical and numerical approaches. In particular, its associated continuous GWs and pulse signals are derived. Explicit examples are illustrated for the continuous GWs, as well as timing residuals in both time and frequency domains. These results are ready to be used for future multimessenger observation of triaxially deformed freely precessing NSs, in order to extract scientific implication as much as possible.

The object of research is the enzymatic preparations Termamil and San-Super, malt and yeast. One of the most problematic places is that the action of the magnetic field and radiation can both stimulate the amylase activity of barley malt and cause its deactivation. During the study, a certain number of electrophysical factors were used, namely: laser radiation, which was carried out using a helium-neon laser, ultraviolet radiation – using a nitrogen gas laser, X-rays, a constant uniform magnetic field, ultrasound. Results have been obtained that confirm the positive effect of the magnetic field on the activation of the amyloletic activity of concentrated preparations. A study was also conducted in accordance with the effect of electromagnetic waves on the activation of enzymes in barley and wheat malt, which showed a positive effect. This is ensured by the fact that in the course of the study, thanks to experiments, the best duration of irradiation with electromagnetic waves and different types of radiation for enzyme preparations, malt and yeast was found. These methods have a number of features. This is the availability of the appropriate equipment and knowledge of the individual types of rays, magnetic fields and electromagnetic waves, and their potential effects on enzymes, as well as control of the exposure time and magnetic field load. Due to the action of electromagnetic waves and radiation, for a certain amount of time, it is possible to obtain an increased activity of enzymatic preparations. Compared to the fermentative preparations Termamil and San-Super, malt and yeast, which are not susceptible to the load of magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves and various types of radiation, the fermentative preparations Termamil and San-Super, malt and yeast, which were susceptible to the action of electromagnetic waves, as well as radiation show increased activity of action. At the same time, these preparations reduce the amount of costs and increase the yield of finished products, which will serve as a positive aspect for the economic sphere of the enterprise.

Vacuum fluctuations of quantum fields are altered in the presence of a strong gravitational background, with important physical consequences. We argue that a nontrivial spacetime geometry can act as an optically active medium for quantum electromagnetic radiation, in such a way that the state of polarization of radiation changes in time, even in the absence of electromagnetic sources. This is a quantum effect, and is a consequence of an anomaly related to the classical invariance under electric-magnetic duality rotations in Maxwell theory.

Problem. As a result of automobile traffic every year 20-30% of the territory of cities are subject to electromagnetic pollution in cities and settlements. This is due to the increase in power and number of electrical equipment of each individual car. The urgency of the problem of electromagnetic pollution is an important step in determining the impact of electromagnetic radiation on humans in the rapid development of hybrid cars. Goal. The aim of this work is to determine the effect of electromagnetic radiation on humans in the conditions of rapid development of hybrid cars. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: review anthropogenic electromagnetic fields; find the elements of the electromagnetic field in a hybrid car; consider the most common methods of protection against electromagnetic fields. Methodology. The article presents a general classification of electromagnetic radiation to humans arising in hybrid vehicles. It is extremely important to reveal the phenomena occurring in hybrid cars in the research work to find the truth and the processes of occurrence of electromagnetic radiation. This issue is given primary importance, because finding effective technical, environmental and other methods and means of protecting people in hybrid and other vehicles is extremely necessary and in demand at the present stage. Thus, based on the characteristics of the material and aspects of its analysis determined the structure of the text in which some of the facts are given using the information available in the attached literature. Results. The result of the work were the proposed methods of shielding high-frequency and low-frequency levels based on physical properties – the reflection and absorption of electromagnetic waves during the transition from one medium to another. Originality. Methods of studying the effect of electromagnetic radiation on a person in vehicles (automotive, hybrid, electric) and especially on the reaction of a biological cell, its vital activity, require in-depth research to determine criteria, acceptable standards and optimal methods of protection against EMF and EMI. Practical value. The practical significance of this study is focused on readers and researchers of vehicles (automotive, hybrid, electric) which are interested in the negative effects of electromagnetic radiation, protection of passengers and drivers from them. The impact of electromagnetic radiation from hybrid and other types of vehicles on humans is a necessary task not only for scientists but also for manufacturers of these modes of transport, who for unknown reasons are trying to "freeze" the proposals and technical solutions offered by the World Scientific Society.

Gravitational waves astronomy allows us to study objects and events invisible in electromagnetic waves. It is crucial to validate the theories and models of the most mysterious and extreme matter in the Universe: the neutron stars. In addition to inspirals and mergers of neutrons stars, there are currently a few proposed mechanisms that can trigger radiation of long-lasting gravitational radiation from neutron stars, such as e.g., elastically and/or magnetically driven deformations: mountains on the stellar surface supported by the elastic strain or magnetic field, free precession, or unstable oscillation modes (e.g., the r-modes). The astrophysical motivation for continuous gravitational waves searches, current LIGO and Virgo strategies of data analysis and prospects are reviewed in this work.

Abstract The behavior of massive quantum fields in the general plane wave spacetime and external, non-plane, electromagnetic waves is studied. The asymptotic conditions, the ‘in’ (‘out’) states and the cross sections are analysed. It is observed that, despite of the singularities encountered, the global form of these states can be obtained: at the singular points the Dirac delta-like behavior emerges and there is a discrete change of phase of the wave function after passing through each singular point. The relations between these phase corrections and local charts are discussed. Some examples of waves of infinite range (including the circularly polarized ones) are presented for which the explicit form of solutions can be obtained. All these results concern both the scalar as well as spin one-half fields; in latter case the change of the spin polarization after the general sandwich wave has passed is studied.

Pairs of Planck-mass drops of superfluid helium coated by electrons (i.e. "Millikan oil drops"), when levitated in a superconducting magnetic trap, can be efficient quantum transducers between electromagnetic (EM) and gravitational (GR) radiation. This leads to the possibility of a Hertz-like experiment, in which EM waves are converted at the source into GR waves, and then back-converted at the receiver from GR waves into EM waves. Detection of the gravitational-wave analog of the cosmic microwave background using these drops can discriminate between various theories of the early Universe.