Academic literature on the topic 'Electromagnetic waves; Electromagnetic fields; Gravitational radiation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Electromagnetic waves; Electromagnetic fields; Gravitational radiation"
1
Vegt, Wim. "Stability and Interaction Processes within Separate Magnetic and Electric Fields and Equilibrium within Electromagnetic Confinements." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 10 (October 17, 2019): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.10.1568.
Full textAbstract:
The inner structure of a photon is based on a 3-dimensional anisotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic pulses in which an equilibrium does exist for the Electric and the Magnetic Fields separately generated by the pulses. A photon cannot be considered as a particle. Because particles are 3-dimensional confinements. Photons are anisotropic (in 1st and 2nd dimension a particle and in the 3rd dimension a wave) confinements of electromagnetic pulses, generated during the energy transitions within the atoms. Photons are 2-dimensional confinements of electromagnetic energy and demonstrate the property of inertia (electromagnetic mass) in the 2 directions of confinement. In the 3rd direction, the direction of propagation, photons can only be considered as an electromagnetic wave and for that reason do not demonstrate the property of inertia. Electromagnetic waves cannot be accelerated or decelerated because the speed of light is a universal constant. For that reason, photons interact with a gravitational field in an anisotropic way. Due to a gravitational field, photons can be accelerated or decelerated in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and follow a curved path. But a gravitational field in the direction of propagation will have no impact on the speed of the photons, which will remain the unchanged universal constant, the speed of light. Photonics is the physical science of light based on the concept of “photons” introduced by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein introduced this concept in the “particle-wave duality” discussion with Niels Bohr to demonstrate that even light has particle properties (mass and momentum) and wave properties (frequency). That concept became a metaphor and from that time on a beam of light has been generally considered as a beam of particles (photons). Which is a wrong understanding. Light particles do not exist. Photons are nothing else but electromagnetic complex wave configurations and light particles are not like “particles” but separated electromagnetic wave packages, 2-dimensionally confined in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and in a perfect equilibrium with the radiation pressure and the inertia of electromagnetic energy in the forward direction, controlling the speed of light. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic wave packages demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. All we know about light, and in generally about any electromagnetic field configuration, has been based only on two fundamental theories. James Clerk Maxwell introduced in 1865 the “Theory of Electrodynamics” with the publication: “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” and Albert Einstein introduced in 1905 the “Theory of Special Relativity” with the publication: “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” and in 1913 the “Theory of General Relativity” with the publication ”Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation”. However, both theories are not capable to explain the property of electromagnetic mass and in specific the anisotropy of the phenomenon of electromagnetic mass presented e.g. in a LASER beam. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about Light has to be developed. A part of this “New Theory about Light”, based on Newton’s well- known Equation in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.
2
Vegt, Wim. "Stability and Interaction Processes within Separate Magnetic and Electric Fields and Equilibrium within Electromagnetic Confinements." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 10 (October 17, 2019): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.10.1568.
Full textAbstract:
The inner structure of a photon is based on a 3-dimensional anisotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic pulses in which an equilibrium does exist for the Electric and the Magnetic Fields separately generated by the pulses. A photon cannot be considered as a particle. Because particles are 3-dimensional confinements. Photons are anisotropic (in 1st and 2nd dimension a particle and in the 3rd dimension a wave) confinements of electromagnetic pulses, generated during the energy transitions within the atoms. Photons are 2-dimensional confinements of electromagnetic energy and demonstrate the property of inertia (electromagnetic mass) in the 2 directions of confinement. In the 3rd direction, the direction of propagation, photons can only be considered as an electromagnetic wave and for that reason do not demonstrate the property of inertia. Electromagnetic waves cannot be accelerated or decelerated because the speed of light is a universal constant. For that reason, photons interact with a gravitational field in an anisotropic way. Due to a gravitational field, photons can be accelerated or decelerated in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and follow a curved path. But a gravitational field in the direction of propagation will have no impact on the speed of the photons, which will remain the unchanged universal constant, the speed of light. Photonics is the physical science of light based on the concept of “photons” introduced by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein introduced this concept in the “particle-wave duality” discussion with Niels Bohr to demonstrate that even light has particle properties (mass and momentum) and wave properties (frequency). That concept became a metaphor and from that time on a beam of light has been generally considered as a beam of particles (photons). Which is a wrong understanding. Light particles do not exist. Photons are nothing else but electromagnetic complex wave configurations and light particles are not like “particles” but separated electromagnetic wave packages, 2-dimensionally confined in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and in a perfect equilibrium with the radiation pressure and the inertia of electromagnetic energy in the forward direction, controlling the speed of light. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic wave packages demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. All we know about light, and in generally about any electromagnetic field configuration, has been based only on two fundamental theories. James Clerk Maxwell introduced in 1865 the “Theory of Electrodynamics” with the publication: “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” and Albert Einstein introduced in 1905 the “Theory of Special Relativity” with the publication: “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” and in 1913 the “Theory of General Relativity” with the publication ”Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation”. However, both theories are not capable to explain the property of electromagnetic mass and in specific the anisotropy of the phenomenon of electromagnetic mass presented e.g. in a LASER beam. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about Light has to be developed. A part of this “New Theory about Light”, based on Newton’s well- known Equation in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.
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Vegt, Wim. "The Transformation of LIGHT into MATTER." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 11 (November 27, 2019): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.11.1631.
Full textAbstract:
Within the scope of this article, LIGHT has been considered as any arbitrary Electromagnetic Radiation within a very wide frequency range, because during the transformation from Visible Light into the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement, the frequency changes in a very wide range. This frequency transformation is possible because of the combined Lorentz / Doppler-Effect transformation during the collapse (contraction) of the radiation when the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement has been formed (Implosion of Visible Light). Within the scope of this article MATTER is considered to be any kind of 3-dimensional confined (Electromagnetic) energy. The inner structure of a photon is based on a 3-dimensional anisotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic pulses in which an equilibrium does exist for the Electric and the Magnetic Fields separately generated by the pulses. A photon cannot be considered as a particle. Because particles are 3-dimensional confinements. Photons are anisotropic (in 1st and 2nd dimension a particle and in the 3rd dimension a wave) confinements of electromagnetic pulses, generated during the energy transitions within the atoms. Photons are 2-dimensional confinements of electromagnetic energy and demonstrate the property of inertia (electromagnetic mass) in the 2 directions of confinement. In the 3rd direction, the direction of propagation, photons can only be considered as an electromagnetic wave and for that reason do not demonstrate the property of inertia. Electromagnetic waves cannot be accelerated or decelerated because the speed of light is a universal constant. For that reason, photons interact with a gravitational field in an anisotropic way. Due to a gravitational field, photons can be accelerated or decelerated in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and follow a curved path. But a gravitational field in the direction of propagation will have no impact on the speed of the photons, which will remain the unchanged universal constant, the speed of light. Photonics is the physical science of light based on the concept of “photons” introduced by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein introduced this concept in the “particle-wave duality” discussion with Niels Bohr to demonstrate that even light has particle properties (mass and momentum) and wave properties (frequency). That concept became a metaphor and from that time on a beam of light has been generally considered as a beam of particles (photons). Which is a wrong understanding. Light particles do not exist. Photons are nothing else but electromagnetic complex wave configurations and light particles are not like “particles” but separated electromagnetic wave packages, 2-dimensionally confined in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and in a perfect equilibrium with the radiation pressure and the inertia of electromagnetic energy in the forward direction, controlling the speed of light. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic wave packages demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. All we know about light, and in generally about any electromagnetic field configuration, has been based only on two fundamental theories. James Clerk Maxwell introduced in 1865 the “Theory of Electrodynamics” with the publication: “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” and Albert Einstein introduced in 1905 the “Theory of Special Relativity” with the publication: “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” and in 1913 the “Theory of General Relativity” with the publication ”Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation”. However, both theories are not capable to explain the property of electromagnetic mass and in specific the anisotropy of the phenomenon of electromagnetic mass presented e.g. in a LASER beam. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about Light has to be developed. A part of this “New Theory about Light”, based on Newton’s well- known Equation in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.
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Vegt, Wim. "Transformation of LIGHT into MATTER." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 11 (November 27, 2019): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.11.1631.
Full textAbstract:
Within the scope of this article, LIGHT has been considered as any arbitrary Electromagnetic Radiation within a very wide frequency range, because during the transformation from Visible Light into the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement, the frequency changes in a very wide range. This frequency transformation is possible because of the combined Lorentz / Doppler-Effect transformation during the collapse (contraction) of the radiation when the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement has been formed (Implosion of Visible Light). Within the scope of this article MATTER is considered to be any kind of 3-dimensional confined (Electromagnetic) energy. The inner structure of a photon is based on a 3-dimensional anisotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic pulses in which an equilibrium does exist for the Electric and the Magnetic Fields separately generated by the pulses. A photon cannot be considered as a particle. Because particles are 3-dimensional confinements. Photons are anisotropic (in 1st and 2nd dimension a particle and in the 3rd dimension a wave) confinements of electromagnetic pulses, generated during the energy transitions within the atoms. Photons are 2-dimensional confinements of electromagnetic energy and demonstrate the property of inertia (electromagnetic mass) in the 2 directions of confinement. In the 3rd direction, the direction of propagation, photons can only be considered as an electromagnetic wave and for that reason do not demonstrate the property of inertia. Electromagnetic waves cannot be accelerated or decelerated because the speed of light is a universal constant. For that reason, photons interact with a gravitational field in an anisotropic way. Due to a gravitational field, photons can be accelerated or decelerated in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and follow a curved path. But a gravitational field in the direction of propagation will have no impact on the speed of the photons, which will remain the unchanged universal constant, the speed of light. Photonics is the physical science of light based on the concept of “photons” introduced by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein introduced this concept in the “particle-wave duality” discussion with Niels Bohr to demonstrate that even light has particle properties (mass and momentum) and wave properties (frequency). That concept became a metaphor and from that time on a beam of light has been generally considered as a beam of particles (photons). Which is a wrong understanding. Light particles do not exist. Photons are nothing else but electromagnetic complex wave configurations and light particles are not like “particles” but separated electromagnetic wave packages, 2-dimensionally confined in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and in a perfect equilibrium with the radiation pressure and the inertia of electromagnetic energy in the forward direction, controlling the speed of light. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic wave packages demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. All we know about light, and in generally about any electromagnetic field configuration, has been based only on two fundamental theories. James Clerk Maxwell introduced in 1865 the “Theory of Electrodynamics” with the publication: “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” and Albert Einstein introduced in 1905 the “Theory of Special Relativity” with the publication: “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” and in 1913 the “Theory of General Relativity” with the publication ”Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation”. However, both theories are not capable to explain the property of electromagnetic mass and in specific the anisotropy of the phenomenon of electromagnetic mass presented e.g. in a LASER beam. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about Light has to be developed. A part of this “New Theory about Light”, based on Newton’s well- known Equation in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.
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ZASPA, Yu. "NONLINEAR CONTACT DYNAMICS AND ANTI-SYMMETRY OF CORPUSCULAR-VORTEX-WAVE FORMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC AND GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS IN THE BACKGROUND MEDIUM OF A COMPLEX EUCLIDEAN SPACE. SPECTRA OF HEATON RADIATION." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 295, no. 2 (May 2021): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2021-295-2-193-205.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the hydrodynamic-wave calibration of potentials in Maxwell’s equations and their analogues for the gravitational field, nonlinear equations with respect to the vector potentials of these fields in the background medium of a complex Euclidean space are obtained. The nonlinear contact dynamics of corpuscular-vortex-wave forms of fields and violation of antisymmetry, which leads to the formation of matter and generation of electromagnetic, gravitational, hydrodynamic , acoustic waves separately in real and imaginary half-spaces of complex Euclidean space, are considered. Analytical expressions for the spectra of heaton radiation in a complex Euclidean space are obtained. It is shown that these expressions describe, in particular, the spectrum of solar radiation, collider resonance spectra, the spectrum of microwave background radiation generated by the Oort Cloud, and other spectra in technical, space and geodynamic systems. The fundamental technical failures in the field of controlled thermonuclear fusion and the known catastrophes in nuclear energy and hydropower related to the disregard of corpuscular-wave dualism in macrosystems and the limitations of a purely real part of the complex Euclidean space are analyzed.
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Gladyshev, V. O., E. A. Sharandin, A. V. Skrabatun, and P. P. Nikolaev. "Competing processes in generation of the third optical harmonic in air under femtosecond infrared repetitively pulsed excitation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2081, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2081/1/012003.
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Abstract Parametric interaction of electromagnetic and gravitational waves with the radiation generation at the third harmonic wavelength is one of the ways to detect gravitational interaction in a material medium. To implement the effect in question, superstrong fields must be used, but in this case competing nonlinear processes arise, leading to the generation of the third harmonic as a result of laser radiation filamentation. This paper investigates the characteristics of the radiation recorded for femtosecond (250 fs) laser pulses with a wavelength of λ = 1032 nm focused in air. The threshold pump power made it possible to observe the formation of a filament with concomitant generation of narrow-band radiation at the focus of the lens at the third harmonic wavelength λ = 344 nm. The research presents spectral and spatial dependences of ultraviolet radiation (λ = 344 nm) at pumping power of infrared radiation (λ = 1032 nm) of 500 mW. Energy dependences of the third harmonic generation efficiency in the power range from 150 to 1750 mW are obtained.
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G, Alcocer. "Variant Mass for a Particle which Emits Gravitational Energy for a Particle Orbiting a Large Planet or Sun and for a Binary Star and Variant Frequency for the Light Passing Close a Gravitational Field from a Massive Object (Sun): The Physics and Emission of the Gravitational Energy." Physical Science & Biophysics Journal 5, no. 2 (2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/psbj-16000193.
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The Fundament of the Mass and the new theory and formula of the Variant Mass for a particle in Gravitation is presented at this research. Albert Einstein wrote in a research article: “Does the inertia of a body depend on its energy content?” (Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seimen Energienhalt abhängig?): “If a body emits energy E in the form of radiation, its mass decreases by E/ c2. The fact that the energy that leaves from the body is converted into radiation energy makes no difference, so the more general conclusion is reached that the mass of a body is a measure of the content of its energy ... It is not impossible that with bodies whose content of energy is highly variable (for example radio salts) the theory can be successfully tested. If the theory corresponds to the fact, radiation conducts inertia between the bodies that emit and absorb it”. Thus, Maxwell’s theory shows that electromagnetic waves are radiated (Maxwell Radiation) whenever charges accelerate as for example for the electron. Then, this electromagnetic radiation (photons) produces decreases in the mass of the electron which is given by the formula of the Variant Mass for an Accelerated Charged Particle which was demonstrated by me at this research: Variant Mass for an Accelerated Charged Particle. For other hand, at the atom, the electron only radiates this energy when it jumps from one orbit to another orbit at the atom. It is in accordance with the experimental results from the spectral lines of the atom. The difference is that in a gravitational field the particle or a planet around the sun can take any position at the space and any radius. But, the electron at the atom only can take restricted positions which are explained by quantum mechanics, and the electrons don ́t emit radiation when they orbit around the nucleus. The discovery formula for the variant mass of the electron at the atom which describe exactly the variant mass of a charged particle at the atom which emits electromagnetic energy from one stationary level to other was demonstrated by myself a the research: The Fundament of the Mass: The Variant Mass for the electron at the atom. Besides, this is true for any type of radiation emitted: electromagnetic or gravitational energy which produce a decrease in the mass of the body. Therefore, the objective of this research is to demonstrate by theory, experiment and result the discovered formula which describe exactly the variant mass for a particle which emits gravitational energy. An example of the effect of this Gravitational energy emission is the light deflection for the light passing close the Sun (gravitational redshift frequency) and the Perihelion Precession of Mercury. Thus, the results of the mass formula are of great relevance for Gravitational Interactions. The results are in accordance with the classic result for the emission of the total gravitational energy (bond total energy) for a particle orbiting a large Planet or Sun and for a Binary Star. It is in agreement with the experiment result and with the Theory of General Relativity. It is also demonstrated and explained the effects of the gravitation in a particle or light and the Perihelion Precession of Mercury. The formula for the gravitation redshift frequency, the wavelength, the light velocity, time measurement and the decreasing radius for a particle in a gravitational field are demonstrated. The formula of the light velocity is tested for the deflection of light passing close to the sun. The formula for time dilation and decrease distance are used to calculate the Perihelion Precession of Mercury. It is in agreement with the experiment result and with the Theory of General Relativity. The consequences of this research are amazing and in accordance with the same General Theory of Relativity, Newton Theory and with profound Insignia in Quantum Mechanics and for the Unification Theory
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Samokhvalov, S. "LAWS OF MOTION IN THE FRAME THEORIES OF GRAVITY." Collection of scholarly papers of Dniprovsk State Technical University (Technical Sciences) 2, no. 37 (April 23, 2021): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31319/2519-2884.37.2020.14.
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One of the most striking features of the general relativity (GR) is the fact that the matter that generates gravitational field cannot move arbitrarily, but must obey certain equations that follow from equations of the gravitational field as a condition of their compatibility. This fact was first noted in the fundamental Hilbert's work, in which equations of GR saw the world for the first time as variational Lagrange equations. Hilbert showed that in the case when fulfilling equations of the gravitational field which were born by an electromagnetic field, four linear combinations of equations of the electromagnetic field and their derivatives are zero due to the general covariance of the theory. It is known that this is what stimulated E. Noether to invent her famous theorem.
As for "solid matter", for the compatibility of equations of the gravitational field, it is necessary that particles of dust matter move along geodesics of Riemannian space, which describes the gravitational field. This fact was pointed out in the work of A. Einstein and J. Grommer and according to V. Fock it is one of the main justifications of GR (although even before the creation of GR it was known that the motion along geodesics is a consequence of the condition of covariant conservation of energy-momentum of matter). This remarkable feature of GR all his life inspired Einstein to search on the basis of GR such theory from which it would be possible to derive all fundamental physics, including quantum mechanics.
Interest in this problem (following Einstein, we name it the problem of motion) has resumed in our time in connection with the registration of gravitational waves and analysis of the conditions of their radiation, i.e. the need for its direct application in gravitational-wave astronomy.
In this article we consider the problem to what extent the motion of matter that generates the gravitational field can be arbitrary. Considered problem is analyzed from the point of view symmetry of the theory with respect to the generalized gauge deformed groups without specification of Lagrangians.
In particular it is shown, that the motion of particles along geodesics of Riemannian space is inherent in an extremely wide range of theories of gravity and is a consequence of the gauge translational invariance of these theories under the condition of fulfilling equations of gravitational field. In addition, we found relationships of equations for some fields that follow from the assumption about fulfilling of equations for other fields, for example, relationships of equations of the gravitational field which follow from the assumption about fulfilling of equations of matter fields.
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Kanda, A., M. Prunescu, and R. Wong. "Quantizing dynamics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2197, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2197/1/012027.
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Abstract In theoretical physics, quantization means reducing a continuum structure to discrete structure. This process was widely used in the development of quantum mechanics since Planck’s convention of the discretization of the energy of electromagnetic (EM) waves e = nhf as a solution to the crisis of the blackbody radiation. When combined with Einstein’s relativistic particle energy equation e = mc 2 it became a most fundamental process of the 20th century theoretical physics. Planck was reluctant to consider his energy quanta e = nhf as a physical particle. His concern was forgotten in the process of development of quantum mechanics, which was Einstein’s relativity theory dynamics combined with Planck’s wave-particle duality. This framework was later extended by Dirac into the quantization of the entire EM field theory of Maxwell in which the EM fields, which are mathematically a continuous structure, themselves were quantized in terms of Einstein’s special theory of relativity dynamics using Fourier expansions. As it appears that the mathematical error of using wave numbers, which form a real continuum, as indexes of the Fourier expansion for the discretization of waves went unnoticed, this quantization of electrodynamics, called quantum electrodynamics (QED), became a model for further quantizing continuum based physical theories. This error was thus passed down to all of the successors of QED. The theory of quantum gravity is yet another attempt to quantize a major force field theory of gravitational forces. Here as well the issue of the difference between the continuum and the discrete was overlooked.
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Tursunov, Arman, Martin Kološ, and Zdeněk Stuchlík. "Constraints on Cosmic Ray Acceleration Capabilities of Black Holes in X-ray Binaries and Active Galactic Nuclei." Symmetry 14, no. 3 (February 26, 2022): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14030482.
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Rotating black holes (BHs) are likely the largest energy reservoirs in the Universe as predicted by BH thermodynamics, while cosmic rays (CRs) are the most energetic among particles detected on Earth. Magnetic fields surrounding BHs combined with strong gravity effects, thanks to the spacetime symmetries, turn the BHs into powerful accelerators of charged particles. At the same time, in the age of multi-wavelength and multi-messenger astronomy, BHs and their environments have not yet been probed with CR messengers, despite being observed across most of the electromagnetic spectrum, and neutrino and gravitational waves. In this paper, we probe the acceleration capabilities of BHs in 8 galactic X-ray binaries and 25 local active galactic nuclei (AGNs) within 100 Mpc, based on the ultra-efficient regime of the magnetic Penrose process of a BH energy extraction combined with observational data. We find that the maximum energy of the galactic BHs can reach only up to the knee of the CR spectrum, including supermassive BH Sgr A* at the Galactic Center. On the other hand, for supermassive BHs in AGNs, we find that the mean energy of primary CRs is of the order of 1019 eV. It is therefore likely that local supermassive BHs give sufficient contribution to the ankle—a sharp change in the slope of the cosmic ray spectrum around 1018.6 eV energy. We also discuss the energy losses of primary CRs close to the acceleration zones. In the galactic BH cases, it is likely dominated by synchrotron radiation losses.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electromagnetic waves; Electromagnetic fields; Gravitational radiation"
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Lech, James Chrystopher. "Constructing an EMF radiation Hygeia framework and model to demonstrate a public interest override." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/58695.
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Scientific views on EMF radiation dosimetry and models increasingly suggest that even a tiny increase in the incidence of diseases resulting from exposure to EMF radiation could have broad¹ implications for public health, social accounting and the economy. In South Africa (SA) there is no national EMF radiation exposure protection standard, statutory monitoring or regulations. Multinational High Court deliberations indicate the need for public interest EMF radiation exposure protection standards in South Africa. Domestic citizens, academics, as well as regulatory and legislative practitioners, are unable to effectively monitor and investigate EMF radiation exposure emissions from infrastructure sources, because industries refuse to provide the required data. Industries have, since 2003, continually obstructed access to the data and the establishment of a national EMF radiation standard, citing that it would be in conflict with their strategic economic interests. The demonstration of a public interest override (PIO) function is legislatively required to gain access to the required data. This study constructed (1) a framework and (2) a model to perform test simulations against the (3) PIO criteria to demonstrate a PIO function and tested one PIO simulation scenario. Testing the PIO scenario firstly required the construction of a public interest framework, drawing input from multiple disciplines. The framework literature review used systematic case law and scientific-technical analysis whilst the framework science sought to understand the connections, feedbacks, and trajectories that occur as a result of natural and human system processes and exchanges. The EMF radiation exposure system functions to support human wellbeing needs and to explore the benefits and losses associated with alternative futures with the goal to uncover the current and future limits thereof. In the second instance a HYGEIA² model was selected as a base investigation and forecast simulation tool. The study had to uncover the key attributes and parameters necessary to construct and to run successful EMF radiation exposure simulations. Thereafter the HYGEIA model was modified to specifically identify and evaluate EMF radiation exposure hazard conditions. Through subsequent simulation runs, the constructed framework was then tested. Requested anthroposphere information was synthesized within a systems model to forecast ecosystem services and human-use dynamics under alternative scenarios. The simulation used the model, the model references and the framework for guidelines, thus allowing multiple simulation / demonstration runs for different contexts or scenarios. The third step was the construction of a PIO checklist which guides criteria testing and provides a means of gaining pertinent information for further studies, based on this dissertation. Framework EMF radiation policy inputs into the model were intersected with identified vulnerable area facilities which were selected based on international criteria. The research output revealed potential EMF radiation violations which served as system feedback inputs in support of a demonstrated PIO function. The research recommends that the identified EMF radiation exposure violations of public health undergo a Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA) judicial review process to confirm the research findings. The judicial qualification of a PAIA PIO function of ‘substances released into the environment’ and ‘public safety or environmental risk’ would enable access to EMF radiation emissions data essential to future studies.
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Berry, Yoke. "The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on protein unfolding." Access electronically, 2005. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060713.142625/index.html.
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Park, Young C. (Young Chul) 1960. "A Study of Some Biological Effects of Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278105/.
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The experimental studies of this work were done using a microwave cavity spectrometer, Escherichia coli (E-coli) bacteria, and other peripheral equipment. The experiment consists of two steps. First, a general survey of frequencies from 8 GHz to 12 GHz was made. Second, a detailed experiment for specific frequencies selected from the first survey were further studied. Interesting frequency dependent results, such as unusually higher growing or killing rates of E-coli at some frequencies, were found. It is also concluded that some results are genetic, that is, the 2nd, and 3rd subcultures showed the same growing status as the 1st cultures.
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Huttunen, P. (Paavo). "Spontaneous movements of hands in gradients of weak VHF electromagnetic fields." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2012. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514297601.
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Abstract The aims of the present study were to clarify the antenna function and radio frequency radiation (RFR) sensitivity of human subjects using theoretical calculations and field tests. The weak very high frequency (VHF) electromagnetic fields and spontaneous hand movements were recorded. Groups of university students, other volunteers and as a very interesting group, experienced well finders, were used as test subjects. The VHF field was studied using a spectrum analyser and tuneable narrow-band or broad-band meter with a dipole antenna. The hand movements were registered by potentiometric systems and electromyography (EMG). The test subjects (altogether n = 140) in different tests were walking, sitting in a cart being pulled slowly forward, or sitting in a moving car. The responses were observed and hand movements were recorded and analysed by personal computers. By visual inspection and using the Pearson's correlation, the results of different individuals have been compared with the measured intensity of far fields of a radio mast. Reaction spots and graphs defined by different individuals in the same experiment areas have been compared to each other. Hand movement correlated with the reactions of the forearm and shoulder muscles, e.g., pronator teres and trapezius, by EMG measurements. The reactions of some persons correlated with each other. Experiments in a slow moving wagon and in a moving car showed a correlation between the test subjects’ hand movements and the intensity of below 1 mV/m radio and TV signals measured in the vicinity of the test subject. In open field tests different persons usually reacted in widely different ways. The most evident results were recorded near the buildings, where the radio waves reflected from the wall and patterns of standing waves were clear. Many VHF frequency modulated (FM) broadcasting signals were summed at these places at the same time. It is concluded that the spontaneous hand movement reactions occurred as a response of the human body to the gradients of the VHF field intensity. The reaction generally occurred in interference patterns of multipath propagation or standing waves originating from the radiation of FM radio and TV broadcasting transmitters and radiation reflected from the walls of buildings or from other objects. This non-thermal reaction was clearly observable as spontaneous arm movements by 39 percent of the 85 tested studentsTiivistelmä Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin ihmisen herkkyyttä radiotaajuiselle säteilylle. Ihmisen toimimista radioaaltojen antennina tarkasteltiin teoreettisesti ja kenttäkokein. Heikkojen VHF-alueen radioaaltojen voimakkuutta ja tahattomia käsien liikkeitä rekisteröitiin valituilla koepoluilla. Koehenkilöinä on ollut yliopiston opiskelijoita ja muita vapaaehtoisten ryhmiä. Kiinnostavin ryhmä oli kokeneet kaivonkatsojat, joiden käsienliikereaktioihin radioaaltojen vaikutuksista löytyy viitteitä kirjallisuudesta. Radioaaltojen voimakkuuden vaihteluja mitattiin spektrianalysaattorilla ja laajakaistaisella VHF-alueen integroivalla mittarilla. Käsien liikkeitä rekisteröitiin potentiometriin perustuvilla liikeantureilla. Lihasten sähköimpulsseja rekisteröitiin elektromyografia- eli EMG-laitteella. Eri koesarjoissa koehenkilöt (yhteensä 140) kävelivät, istuivat hitaasti vedettävässä vaunussa tai istuivat liikkuvassa autossa. Reaktioita tarkkailtiin ja käsien liikkeet ja mitatut kentänvoimakkuudet rekisteröitiin ja analysoitiin tietokoneella. Eri koehenkilöiden tuloksia, reagointipaikkoja ja rekisteröityjä käyriä 5–35 km:n etäisyydellä mastoista tarkasteltiin silmämääräisesti. Pearsonin korrelaatiolaskentaa apuna käyttäen tuloksia verrattiin radiomastojen säteilyn voimakkuuteen. Eri ihmisten reagointikohtia ja käyriä samoilta koealueilta vertailtiin keskenään. Koeasetelmassa käsienliikkeiden todettiin korreloivan joidenkin kyynärvarren ja hartialihasten (mm. pronator teres ja trapezius) EMG-signaaleihin. Joidenkin koehenkilöiden tulokset korreloivat keskenään. Hitaasti vedettävässä vaunussa ja liikkuvassa autossa tehdyissä kokeissa tuli esille korrelaatio vartalon edessä olevien käsien loittonemis-lähestymis-liikkeiden ja koehenkilön välittömässä läheisyydessä mitattujen 1 mV/m -tasoisten radio- ja TV-signaalien voimakkuusvaihtelujen välillä. Avoimella kentällä henkilöt reagoivat hyvin eri tavoin. Parhaiten yhteys tuli esille rakennusten lähellä sijaitsevilla koealueilla, joissa radioaallot heijastuivat rakennuksen seinästä muodostaen selkeitä seisovan aallon kuvioita. Useat taajuusmoduloidut VHF-alueen radiosignaalit summautuivat näissä paikoissa samanaikaisesti. Johtopäätöksenä on, että tahattomat käsienliikkeet tapahtuvat kehon vasteena VHF-kentän voimakkuuden muutoksille. Reaktio tapahtui yleensä interferenssi-kuvioissa tai seisovissa aalloissa, jotka muodostuvat FM-radio- ja TV-lähetysten monitie-etenemisestä radioaaltojen heijastuessa rakennusten seinistä tai muista kohteista. Tämä ei-lämpövaikutustason reaktio oli selvästi havaittavissa olkapään tasalle koukistetun käden tahattomana ojennus-koukistus-liikkeenä 39 prosentilla testatuista 85 opiskelijasta
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Janice, Brian A. "Differential Near Field Holography for Small Antenna Arrays." Digital WPI, 2011. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/999.
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"Near-field diagnosis of antenna arrays is often done using microwave holography; however, the technique of near-field to near-field back-propagation quickly loses its accuracy with measurements taken farther than one wavelength from the aperture. The loss of accuracy is partially due to windowing, but may also be attributed to the decay of evanescent modes responsible for the fine distribution of the fields close to the array. In an effort to achieve better resolution, the difference between these two phase-synchronized near-field measurements is used and propagated back. The performance of such a method is established for different conditions; the extension of this technique to the calibration of small antenna arrays is also discussed. The method is based on the idea of differential backpropagation using the measured/simulated/analytical data in the near field. After completing the corresponding literature search authors have found that the same idea was first proposed by P. L. Ransom and R. Mittra in 1971, at that point with the Univ. of Illinois. This method is basically the same, but it includes a few distinct features: 1. The near field of a (faulty) array under test is measured at via a near field antenna range. 2. The template (non-faulty) near field of an array is simulated numerically (full-wave FDTD solver or FEM Ansoft/ANSYS HFSS solver) at the same distance - an alternative is to use measurements for a non-faulty array. 3. Both fields are assumed (or made) to be coherent (synchronized in phase). 4. A difference between two fields is formed and is then propagated back to array surface using the angular spectrum method (inverse Fourier propagator). The corresponding result is the surface (aperture) error field. This approach is more precise than the inverse Rayleigh formula used in Ransom and Mittra's paper since the evanescent spectrum may be included into consideration. 5. The error field magnitude peaks at faulty elements (both amplitude and phase excitation fault). 6. The method inherently includes all mutual coupling effects since both the template field and the measured field are full-wave results."
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Fall, Abdou Khadir. "Étude des chambres réverbérantes à brassage de modes en ondes millimétriques : application à l’étude des interactions ondes-vivant." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAR0001/document.
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De nos jours, on assiste à l'émergence massive de nouveaux systèmes électroniques exploitant des fréquences de plus en plus élevées, particulièrement en ondes millimétriques (30-300 GHz). Il apparaît de ce fait un besoin potentiel de développement de nouveaux moyens d'essai appropriés dans le domaine millimétrique. En particulier, l'étude de la biocompatibilité de ces systèmes est clairement identifiée comme une priorité de recherche en électromagnétisme. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette thèse consiste à concevoir et à évaluer les propriétés d'une chambre réverbérante à brassage de modes (CRBM) en bande Ka (26,5-40 GHz), en bande U (40-60 GHz) et en bande V (50-75 GHz). L'application visée dans cette thèse concerne la mise en place d'outils dosimétriques par caméra infrarouge en chambre réverbérante et la réalisation d'essais préliminaires sur des fantômes diélectriques à 60 GHz. Dans un premier temps, nous avons analysé numériquement le comportement statistique du champ électrique dans une cavité pré-dimensionnée. Les simulations sont réalisées à l'aide d'un outil interne de modélisation du comportement d'une CRBM basé sur la théorie des images. A l'aide du test d'ajustement statistique d'Anderson-Darling, nous avons montré que le comportement de la chambre en ondes millimétriques est en adéquation avec le modèle de Hill (champ statistiquement homogène et isotrope dans le volume de l'enceinte) . Dans un second temps, nous avons réalisé un prototype de chambre réverbérante de dimensions internes : 42,3 x 41,2 x 38,3 cm3 . Un processus de brassage par saut de fréquence est utilisé pour l'obtention de l'uniformité statistique de la densité de puissance. La chambre est équipée d'un système de positionnement fin et précis permettant l'échantillonnage spatial de la puissance sur un axe à l'intérieur de la chambre. Les accès millimétriques ont également été étudiés de sorte à réduire d'éventuelles fuites significatives. Les liaisons entre la source millimétrique et l'antenne d'émission d'une part et celles entre l'antenne de réception et l'analyseur de spectre d'autre part sont assurées par des guides d'onde. Nous avons également mis en place l'ensemble des équipements nécessaires pour le fonctionnement de la chambre (source, analyseur de spectre, mélangeur). La chambre est caractérisée dans la bande 58,5-61,5 GHz. Les résultats obtenus sont satisfaisants en termes de coefficient de qualité et de comportement statistique de la puissance mesurée dans un volume de test donné. Dans un troisième temps, nous avons modélisé puis réalisé une interface intégrée sur une des parois de la chambre pour la mesure de température par caméra infrarouge. Des mesures préliminaires sont réalisées sur un fantôme constitué essentiellement d'eau. Les résultats expérimentaux et théoriques de l'évaluation du gradient de la température sur le fantôme sont très proches. Ceci confirme que la chambre réverbérante ainsi conçue permet de soumettre l'objet sous test à une illumination statistiquement uniforme et calibrée en puissance. Un tel dispositif est un atout précieux pour des tests de compatibilité électromagnétique d'équipements électroniques dans la bande 26,5-75 GHz. Cette CRBM pourrait également permettre de réal iser des essais préliminaires dans le cadre de l'étude des interactions des ondes avec la matière vivante en millimétriqueNowadays, there is a massive emergence of new electronic systems operating at increasing frequencies, especially in the millimeter waves range (30-300 GHz). As a consequence, development of new appropriate test facilities in the millimeter waves range is needed. ln particular, the study of the biocompatibility of the se systems is cie arly identified as a research priority in electromagnetism. ln this context, this thesis deals with the design and the evaluation of a modestirred reverberation chamber (RC) properties in the Ka band (26.5-40 GHz), U band (40-60 GHz) and V band (50-75 GHz). The intended application in this thesis concerns the development of a dosimetric tool using an infrared camera in a reverberation chamber. Firstly, we numerically analyze the statistical behavior of the electric field in the test volume of such an RC. A numerical model based on image theory is used to simulate the cavity. With Anderson-Darling goodness-of-fit test, we show !hat the chamber behaves very weil at millimeter waves frequency in terms of statistical distribution of the field in the test volume. Secondly, a compact reverberation chamber is designed and built up, with the following internai dimensions 42.3 x 41.2 x 38.3 cm3 . The statistical uniformity of power density in the chamber volume is obtained by frequency stirring. The RC is associated with a positioning system for spatial sampling of power inside reverberation chamber. The interfaces are also studied in order to reduce any significant leakage. Waveguides are used in the transmission and reception chains to minimize losses. We have also set up ali the equipment necessary for carrying out measurements (source, spectrum analyzer, mixer). The RC is characterized in the 58.5-61.5 GHz range. The results are satisfactory in terms of the quality factor level and the statistical distribution of the power in the test volume. Thirdly, an interface is designed and integrated on one of the chamber walls for temperature measurement by an infrared camera. Preliminary measurements are performed on a phantom consisting essentially of water. Experimental results of the phantom temperature rise are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. This confirms thal the designed reverberation chamber allows to expose the deviee under test with a statistically uniform and calibrated power. Such a deviee is a valuable asse! for EMC testing of electronic equipments in the 26.5 to 60 GHz frequency range. This RC could also permit to conduct preliminary tests in the context of the millimeter waves interactions with being organisms
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"Radiation as interpreted by observers in a non-inertial frame =: 非慣性座標觀察者對輻射之詮釋." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5888964.
Full textAbstract:
by Tsang, Yuk-fai.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-68).
by Tsang, Yuk-fai.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.4
Chapter 2 --- Uniform accelerated charge radiation --- p.7
Chapter 2.1 --- An old paradox: Radiate or not? --- p.7
Chapter 2.2 --- Uniform Accelerating Charge(UAC) --- p.8
Chapter 2.3 --- EM fields of UAC --- p.9
Chapter 2.4 --- Radiation of UAC --- p.13
Chapter 2.5 --- Energy conservation: acceleration energy --- p.14
Chapter 3 --- Numerical calculation of EM field energy --- p.18
Chapter 3.1 --- EM fields of UAC --- p.19
Chapter 3.2 --- Comparison of total EM field energy --- p.23
Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.28
Chapter 4 --- Modification of the paradox --- p.30
Chapter 4.1 --- Uniformly accelerated frame (UAF) --- p.30
Chapter 4.2 --- Radiation in UAF --- p.32
Chapter 4.3 --- The paradox in another situation --- p.34
Chapter 5 --- The rotating frame --- p.37
Chapter 5.1 --- The reference frames --- p.37
Chapter 5.2 --- Geometric properties of co-rotating frame --- p.38
Chapter 5.3 --- Maxwell equations in non-inertial frame --- p.41
Chapter 6 --- Transformation of radiation fields to rotating frame --- p.42
Chapter 6.1 --- EM fields of a moving charge --- p.43
Chapter 6.2 --- Dipole radiation --- p.44
Chapter 6.3 --- Dipole radiation of a rotating charge --- p.45
Chapter 7 --- Tr ansformation of the complete fields to rotating frame --- p.49
Chapter 7.1 --- Lienard-Wiechert Fields --- p.49
Chapter 7.2 --- Determination of R --- p.54
Chapter 7.3 --- Radiation is a frame-dependent phenomenon --- p.58
Chapter 7.4 --- Transformation of static field --- p.59
Chapter 8 --- Conclusions --- p.62
Chapter 8.1 --- Comparison of the transformation of EM fields
Chapter 8.2 --- Radiation is a frame-dependent phenomenon --- p.64
Chapter 8.3 --- The concept of photon --- p.65
Chapter 8.4 --- Problems left --- p.65
Reference --- p.67
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Kowalczuk, C., G. Yarwood, R. Blackwell, M. Priestner, Z. Sienkiewicz, S. Bouffler, I. Ahmed, et al. "Absence of nonlinear responses in cells and tissues exposed to RF energy at mobile phone frequencies using a doubly resonant cavity." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6058.
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A doubly resonant cavity was used to search for nonlinear radiofrequency (RF) energy conversion in a range of biological preparations, thereby testing the hypothesis that living tissue can demodulate RF carriers and generate baseband signals. The samples comprised high-density cell suspensions (human lymphocytes and mouse bone marrow cells); adherent cells (IMR-32 human neuroblastoma, G361 human melanoma, HF-19 human fibroblasts, N2a murine neuroblastoma (differentiated and non-differentiated) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells) and thin sections or slices of mouse tissues (brain, kidney, muscle, liver, spleen, testis, heart and diaphragm). Viable and non-viable (heat killed or metabolically impaired) samples were tested. Over 500 cell and tissue samples were placed within the cavity, exposed to continuous wave (CW) fields at the resonant frequency (f) of the loaded cavity (near 883 MHz) using input powers of 0.1 or 1 mW, and monitored for second harmonic generation by inspection of the output at 2f. Unwanted signals were minimised using low pass filters (/= 1 GHz) at the output from, the cavity. A tuned low noise amplifier allowed detection of second harmonic signals above a noise floor as low as -169 dBm. No consistent second harmonic of the incident CW signals was detected. Therefore, these results do not support the hypothesis that living cells can demodulate RF energy, since second harmonic generation is the necessary and sufficient condition for demodulation.
Books on the topic "Electromagnetic waves; Electromagnetic fields; Gravitational radiation"
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Sibgatullin, N. R. Oscillations and waves in strong gravitational and electromagnetic fields. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.
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Sibgatullin, Nail R. Oscillations and Waves: In Strong Gravitational and Electromagnetic Fields. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991.
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Milianowicz, S. A. Redshift connection: Concerning the gravitational interaction of mass with electromagnetic radiation. Trafford, PA: Arysutt AMS, 1995.
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Palmieri, Renato. La fisica unigravitazionale e l'equazione cosmologica: Le leggi del cosmo in una conchiglia, l'universo è luce. Napoli: Arte tipografica, 2006.
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Ilʹinskiĭ, I͡U A. Electromagnetic response of material media. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.
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Il'inskiĭ, Yu A. Electromagnetic response of material media. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.
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A, Ilʹinskiĭ I͡U. Vzaimodeĭstvie ėlektromagnitnogo izluchenii͡a s veshchestvom. Moskva: Izd-vo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1989.
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Makarov, G. I. Rasprostranenie ėlektromagnitnykh voln nad zemnoĭ poverkhnostʹi͡u =: Electromagnetic waves propagation over the Earth's surface. Moskva: Nauka, 1991.
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Theoretical physics: Gravity, magnetic fields, and wave functions. Hauppauge, N.Y., USA: Nova Science Publisher, 2011.
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National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Biological effects and exposure criteria for radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: Recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Bethesda, MD: The Council, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Electromagnetic waves; Electromagnetic fields; Gravitational radiation"
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Kembhavi, Ajit, and Pushpa Khare. "Electromagnetic Radiation: The Key to Understanding the Universe." In Gravitational Waves, 5–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5709-5_2.
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Orchiston, Wayne, Peter Robertson, and Woodruff T. Sullivan III. "From Radar to Radio Astronomy." In Golden Years of Australian Radio Astronomy, 1–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91843-3_1.
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AbstractToday’s astronomers study the sky at a wide range of wavelengths, spread across the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio through microwave, infrared, the optical range, the ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays (Fig. 1.1). They also use cosmic rays and neutrinos, and the newest field is gravitational wave astronomy. Some of these types of radiation can be observed from the Earth’s surface, others rely on space telescopes. Some are comparatively recent innovations, while optical astronomy – in various guises – dates back many millennia.
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Revalski, Mitchell, Will Rhodes, and Thulsi Wickramasinghe. "The Emission of Electromagnetic Radiation from Charges Accelerated by Gravitational Waves and Its Astrophysical Implications." In Gravitational Wave Astrophysics, 301–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10488-1_27.
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"Waves and electromagnetic radiation." In Dynamic Fields and Waves, edited by Andrew Norton, 55–116. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429187513-3.
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Churyumov, Gennadiy, Jinghui Qiu, and Nannan Wang. "Vacuum Microwave Sources of Electromagnetic Radiation." In Electromagnetic Fields and Waves. IntechOpen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83734.
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Freeman, Richard, James King, and Gregory Lafyatis. "Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation in Materials." In Electromagnetic Radiation, 398–466. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198726500.003.0011.
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The formulation of generalize electromagnetic scattering is given. Previously derived multipole expansions using the language of scattering are presented and applied to resonant and plasmon resonances. Formal scattering theory is introduced, and the integral scattering equation is derived and used to find the Born expansion and to prove the optical theorem. Partial wave analysis for the scaler scattering problem is discussed with connections between quantum (wave theory) and classical views. Vector spherical harmonics and the extension of partial wave analysis to the scattering of vector fields of electromagnetic waves are presented. Finally, Mie scattering is considered in detail with applications including glory scattering and whisper gallery mode resonances.
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"Collisions of Gravitational Waves with Matter Fields." In Interacting Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Neutrino and Other Waves, 129–62. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789811211492_0005.
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Pierrus, J. "Electromagnetic fields and waves in vacuum." In Solved Problems in Classical Electromagnetism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821915.003.0007.
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In previous chapters four experimental laws of electromagnetism were encountered: Gauss’s law in electrostatics, Gauss’s law in magnetism, Faraday’s law and Ampere’s law. Now, in this chapter, these laws are generalized where appropriate to include the time-dependent charge and current densities ρ( r, t) and J ( r, t) respectively. The result is a set of four coupled differential equations—known as Maxwell’s equations— which provide the foundation upon which the theory of classical electrodynamics is based. One of the most important aspects which emerges from Maxwell’s theory is the prediction of electromagnetic waves, and an entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Some of the properties of these waves travelling in unbounded vacuum are considered, as well as their polarization states, energy and momentum conservation in the electromagnetic field and also applications to wave guides and transmission lines.
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Adam, John A. "Electromagnetic Scattering: The Mie Solution." In Rays, Waves, and Scattering. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691148373.003.0019.
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This chapter focuses on the mathematics underlying the scattering of electromagnetic waves. An electromagnetic wave is comprised of an electric field and a magnetic field, both of which are functions of time and space as the wave propagates. The direction of propagation and the directions of these fields form a mutually orthogonal triad. When an electromagnetic field encounters an electron bound to a molecule, the electron is accelerated by the electric field of the wave. An accelerated electron will also radiate electromagnetic energy in the form of waves in all directions (to some extent)—this is known as scattered radiation. The chapter first considers Maxwell's equations of electromagnetic theory before discussing the vector Helmholtz equation for electromagnetic waves, the Lorentz-Mie solution and its construction, the Rayleigh scattering limit, and the radiation field generated by a Hertzian dipole.
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"Network Formalism for TimeHarmonic Electromagnetic Fields in Uniform and Spherical Waveguide Regions." In Radiation and Scattering of Waves. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/9780470546307.ch2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Electromagnetic waves; Electromagnetic fields; Gravitational radiation"
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Starostenko, Vladimir V., Sergey P. Arsenichev, Evgeniy V. Grigorjev, Ibraim S. Fitaev, and Alim S. Mazinov. "Electromagnetic Fields Effect on Metal-Dielectric Structures with Nanometer Conducting Films." In 2021 Radiation and Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves (RSEMW). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsemw52378.2021.9494075.
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Belkovich, Igor V., and Boris L. Kogan. "Application of the Riemann-Silberstein vectors for the analysis of electromagnetic fields in reflector antennas." In 2017 Radiation and Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves (RSEMW). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsemw.2017.8103570.
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Zarezina, Alla S., Tatyana G. Kravchenko, Aleksander V. Lappa, Elena S. Golovneva, and Kseniya A. Sahautdinova. "The Software Package for Simulation of Laser-Induced Non-Stationary Radiation and Heat Fields in Heterogeneous Biological Tissues." In 2021 Radiation and Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves (RSEMW). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsemw52378.2021.9494116.
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Malyshev, Igor V., Olga A. Goncharova, and Alexander A. Fedotov. "Comparative Analysis of Charge Carriers Effective Mass Energy Dependences in the Various Semiconductors under Conditions of Strength and Extra Strength Electric External Fields Action." In 2021 Radiation and Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves (RSEMW). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsemw52378.2021.9494043.
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Malyshev, Igor V., and Olga A. Goncharova. "The Possibility of Creating a New Class of Frequency Converting Devices Based on The Bulk of AIIIBV Type Semiconductor Structures with Parameters Controlled by Strong Electric and Magnetic Fields." In 2019 Radiation and Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves (RSEMW). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsemw.2019.8792735.
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Du, Shen-Shi, Hai-Ming Zhang, Ting-Feng Yi, Jin Zhang, and En-Wei Liang. "Radiation properties of gamma-ray compact steep-spectrum sources." In The multi-messenger astronomy: gamma-ray bursts, search for electromagnetic counterparts to neutrino events and gravitational waves. Sneg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26119/sao.2019.1.35498.
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Dzaparova, I. M., I. S. Savanov, V. B. Petkov, A. V. Sergeev, D. D. Dzhappuev, A. N. Kurenya, V. B. Puzin, et al. "Quick search for optical partners of bursts of very high energy gamma-ray radiation." In The multi-messenger astronomy: gamma-ray bursts, search for electromagnetic counterparts to neutrino events and gravitational waves. Sneg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26119/sao.2019.1.35511.
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David Froning, H., Gregory V. Meholic, and Glen A. Robertson. "Unlabored system motion by specially conditioned electromagnetic fields in higher dimensional realms." In SPACE, PROPULSION & ENERGY SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL FORMUM SPESIF-2010: 14th Conference on Thermophysics Applications in Microgravity 7th Symposium on New Frontiers in Space Propulsion Sciences 2nd Symposium on Astrosociology 1st Symposium on High Frequency Gravitational Waves. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3326264.
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Litvishchenko, V. L., V. P. Dimitrov, O. A. Leshcheva, and A. A. Karnaukh. "THE USE OF LIGHTING TECHNIQUES FOR RAPID REMOTE DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF SUNFLOWER SEEDS GROWING IN THE FIELDS." In INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itno.2020.500-503.
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The method is proposed and the possibility of instantaneous remote determination of sunflower seed moisture using millimeter – range microwave radiation is experimentally investigated. A laboratory experimental setup was created to measure the reflection coefficient of electromagnetic waves from sunflower inflorescences in the frequency range of 25.86-37.5 GHz. In order to create a mathematical model that takes into account the difference between the reflected signal from the side of the inflorescence with sunflower seeds and the reverse side, experimental studies were conducted on the value of the reflected signal from the sunflower inflorescences on both sides of the plant. Experiments were conducted for inflorescences of different degrees of maturity.
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Matsui, Hiroaki, Takayuki Hasebe, and Hitoshi Tabata. "Reflective heat-insulating applications using transparent oxide semiconductors based on plasmonic hybridizations." In JSAP-OSA Joint Symposia. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jsap.2017.5a_a410_4.
Full textAbstract:
A great deal of attention has been given to reducing the levels of infrared (IR) light entering automobiles and buildings in relation to energy-saving technology. The present use of thermal-shielding methods cuts IR radiation not by absorption, but through reflection in an effort to decrease re-radiation of heat indoors. Recent demands for thermal-shielding materials require visible and microwave transmissions with high heat-ray reflections. However, these films are unable to fully transmit electromagnetic waves in the microwave range, which are currently difficult to employ in window applications. Recently, IR plasmonic excitations on film surfaces have been observed on transparent oxide semiconductors. The sub-wavelength nanostructures are capable of supporting local surface plasmon resonances, which provide a novel concept of thermal-shielding. In this presentation, we employ experimental and theoretical approaches to report on the plasmonic properties of assembled films of ITO NPs. We show that the selective light reflections in the IR range are based on plasmon hybridizations due to field interactions induced at inter-nanoparticle gaps, and which are demonstrated by changes in the structural size of the NPs. We also focus our attention on the field interactions of .E-fields along the in-plane and out-of-plane directions in an effort to account for the matter by which the assembled films facilitate high IR reflectance. This study provides new insights for the enhancement of heat-insulating capability.