Journal articles: 'Electromagnetic measurements'

1

Yell, R. "Electromagnetic measurements." IEE Proceedings A Science, Measurement and Technology 139, no. 5 (1992): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-a-3.1992.0034.

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Jensen, H. D. "Editorial: Electromagnetic measurements." IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology 145, no. 4 (1998): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-smt:19982116.

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Henderson, L. C. A. "Editorial: Electromagnetic measurements." IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology 147, no. 4 (July 1, 2000): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-smt:20000642.

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Henderson, Lesley CA. "Editorial: Electromagnetic measurements." IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology 149, no. 6 (November 1, 2002): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-smt:20020766.

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Cheney, M., and G. Kristensson. "Optimal Electromagnetic Measurements." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 15, no. 10 (January 2001): 1323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156939301x01228.

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Gradoni, Gabriele, Johannes Russer, Mohd Hafiz Baharuddin, Michael Haider, Peter Russer, Christopher Smartt, Stephen C. Creagh, Gregor Tanner, and David W. P. Thomas. "Stochastic electromagnetic field propagation— measurement and modelling." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2134 (October 29, 2018): 20170455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0455.

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This paper reviews recent progress in the measurement and modelling of stochastic electromagnetic fields, focusing on propagation approaches based on Wigner functions and the method of moments technique. The respective propagation methods are exemplified by application to measurements of electromagnetic emissions from a stirred, cavity-backed aperture. We discuss early elements of statistical electromagnetics in Heaviside's papers, driven mainly by an analogy of electromagnetic wave propagation with heat transfer. These ideas include concepts of momentum and directionality in the realm of propagation through confined media with irregular boundaries. We then review and extend concepts using Wigner functions to propagate the statistical properties of electromagnetic fields. We discuss in particular how to include polarization in this formalism leading to a Wigner tensor formulation and a relation to an averaged Poynting vector. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside's ‘Electromagnetic Theory’’.

7

Krupka, Jerzy. "Microwave Measurements of Electromagnetic Properties of Materials." Materials 14, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 5097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14175097.

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A review of measurement methods of the basic electromagnetic parameters of materials at microwave frequencies is presented. Materials under study include dielectrics, semiconductors, conductors, superconductors, and ferrites. Measurement methods of the complex permittivity, the complex permeability tensor, and the complex conductivity and related parameters, such as resistivity, the sheet resistance, and the ferromagnetic linewidth are considered. For dielectrics and ferrites, the knowledge of their complex permittivity and the complex permeability at microwave frequencies is of practical interest. Microwave measurements allow contactless measurements of their resistivity, conductivity, and sheet resistance. These days contactless conductivity measurements have become more and more important, due to the progress in materials technology and the development of new materials intended for the electronic industry such as graphene, GaN, and SiC. Some of these materials, such as GaN and SiC are not measurable with the four-point probe technique, even if they are conducting. Measurement fixtures that are described in this paper include sections of transmission lines, resonance cavities, and dielectric resonators.

8

Perov, Sergey Yu, and Olga V. Belaya. "Instrumental assessment of mobile communication base station electromagnetic field exposure." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology 60, no. 11 (December 3, 2020): 853–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-11-853-856.

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Introduction. Monitoring and ensuring safe operating conditions of modern base stations for occupational and general public exposure is relevant with the use of methods for measuring electromagnetic fields, which allow to assess the contribution of different sources to the overall level of the electromagnetic background, taking into account the dynamic features of base stations and the spectral electromagnetic characteristics. The aim of study is the levels of electromagnetic fields assessment from modern base stations using broadband and selective measurement methods, as well as the possibility of predicting the worst exposure conditions. Materials and methods. The levels of electromagnetic fields from base stations according to the LTE2600 standard were evaluated at the maximum transmission traffic (laboratory mearements) and at real variable traffic (field measurements). For broadband measurements, the power density (PD) was estimated, for selective measurements, the PD level in the LTE frequency channel (frequency-selective measurements) and the PD level of the reference signal (code-selective measurements) were evaluated. The theoretical maximum PD level was calculated from the maximum value of the reference signal. Results. When simulating the maximum intensity of data traffic, the PD level in the LTE channel was 94.51-101.39% of the calculated maximum value. According to field measurements, the values of electromagnetic field levels obtained from frequency-selective measurements in the LTE frequency channel were less than the corresponding values estimated from the results of broadband measurements, and were no more than 25% of the theoretical maximum. Conclusions. The use of selective approach and measurement methods made it possible to estimate the maximum possible contribution of a single source to the overall level of the electromagnetic background and to predict the worst conditions for human exposure.

9

Shakil, A. "Editorial: Electromagnetic measurements and techniques." IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology 151, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 354–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-smt:20041055.

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Shimoda, K. "Atoms in precision electromagnetic measurements." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 38, no. 2 (April 1989): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.192262.

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Ma, M. T., and G. H. Koepke. "Measurements of unintentional electromagnetic emissions." Proceedings of the IEEE 74, no. 1 (1986): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/proc.1986.13414.

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Kanda, M., E. B. Larsen, M. Borsero, P. G. Galliano, I. Yokoshima, and N. S. Nahman. "Standards for electromagnetic field measurements." Proceedings of the IEEE 74, no. 1 (1986): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/proc.1986.13418.

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13

Prather, William D., Jory Cafferky, Lenny Ortiz, and Jay Anderson. "CW Measurements of Electromagnetic Shields." IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 55, no. 3 (June 2013): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/temc.2012.2237553.

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Miszkiewicz, Andrzej, and Krzysztof Tchórzewski. "Levels of Electromagnetic Fields From Rail Vehicles in the Context of Formal Requirements." Problemy Kolejnictwa - Railway Reports 64, no. 187 (June 2020): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36137/1875e.

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The article discusses the issue of electromagnetic field levels emitted from rail vehicles with regard to civil protection. The article presents the lack of legal solutions, limits and research methods in the railway industry in Poland. It also depicts the initial results of measurements from rail vehicles. Based on the findings, taking into consideration the measurement results and suppression of electromagnetic waves in free space, electromagnetic fields may reach substantial levels which can affect people’s health and life. The authors of the article conclude that the problem should not be ignored and requires further research, bearing in mind the progressing saturation of all rail vehicles with devices and electronic systems which will serve as sources of electromagnetic fields. Keywords: electromagnetic fields, civil protection, measurements

15

Braun, S., A. Frech, and P. Russer. "Measurement of electromagnetic interference in time-domain." Advances in Radio Science 6 (May 26, 2008): 311–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-6-311-2008.

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Abstract. Time-domain EMI measurement systems allow measurement time to be reduced by several orders of magnitude. In this paper a novel real-time operating time-domain EMI measurement system is presented. By the use of several analog-to-digital converters the dynamic range requested by the international EMC standards is achieved. A real-time operating digital signal processing unit is presented. The frequency band that is investigated is subdivided into several sub-bands. A novel implementation of the 9 kHz IF filter for the frequency 150 kHz to 1 GHz is presented. By this way the measurement time has been reduced by a factor of 8000 in comparison to conventional EMI receivers. During emission measurements performed with a modelled IF-bandwidth of 9 kHz the noise floor is decreased to −19 dBµV in the average detector mode by the implemented low noise power splitter. Measurements have been performed with the improved measurement system in the frequency range 30 MHz–1 GHz.

16

Ge, Liang, Junxian Chen, Guiyun Tian, Wen Zeng, Qi Huang, and Ze Hu. "Study on a New Electromagnetic Flow Measurement Technology Based on Differential Correlation Detection." Sensors 20, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 2489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092489.

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Under the conditions of low flow rate and strong noise, the current electromagnetic flowmeter (EMF) cannot satisfy the requirement for measurement or separate the actual flow signal and interference signal accurately. Correlation detection technology can reduce the bandwidth and suppress noise effectively using the periodic transmission of signal and noise randomness. As for the problem that the current anti-interference technology cannot suppress noise effectively, the noise and interference of the electromagnetic flowmeter were analyzed in this paper, and a design of the electromagnetic flowmeter based on differential correlation detection was proposed. Then, in order to verify the feasibility of the electromagnetic flow measurement system based on differential correlation, an experimental platform for the comparison between standard flow and measured flow was established and a verification experiment was carried out under special conditions and with flow calibration measurements. Finally, the data obtained in the experiment were analyzed. The research result showed that an electromagnetic flowmeter based on differential correlation detection satisfies the need for measurement completely. The lower limit of the flow rate of the electromagnetic flowmeter based on the differential correlation principle could reach 0.084 m/s. Under strong external interferences, the electromagnetic flowmeter based on differential correlation had a fluctuation range in output value of only 10 mV. This shows that the electromagnetic flowmeter based on the differential correlation principle has unique advantages in measurements taken under the conditions of strong noise, slurry flow, and low flow rate.

17

Xiao, Meng, and Ying Ying Li. "The Measurements and Countermeasures of Electromagnetic Compatibility in CNC System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.489.

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Because CNC systems are usually used in industrial sites, their immunity measurements are very important, this paper introduced how to perform the measurement of electrostatic discharge immunity, surge immunity, electrical fast transient burst immunity and voltage dips and short interruptions immunity. According to experience, it is not so easy to pass the measurements, this paper detailed suitable devices or other countermeasures to solve the problems in order to pass the four measurement items mentioned above.

18

Iwasaki, Takashi. "Measurements on Electromagnetic Scattering and Absorption." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 117, no. 5 (1997): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms1990.117.5_450.

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19

Piper, Scott W., and James Teune. "Verifying Electromagnetic Simulation Results with Measurements." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems 5, no. 1 (April 16, 2012): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1160.

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20

Kanda, M. "Standard probes for electromagnetic field measurements." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 41, no. 10 (1993): 1349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.247775.

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21

Aumann, T., J. V. Kratz, E. Stiel, K. Sümmerer, W. Brüchle, M. Schädel, G. Wirth, M. Fauerbach, and J. C. Hill. "Inclusive measurements of electromagnetic dissociation ofAu197targets." Physical Review C 47, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 1728–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.47.1728.

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22

Sattel, Daniel, and James Macnae. "The feasibility of electromagnetic gradiometer measurements." Geophysical Prospecting 49, no. 3 (May 2001): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2001.00244.x.

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23

Jourdan, J. "Measurements of neutron electromagnetic form factors." Nuclear Physics A 654, no. 1 (July 1999): 513c—516c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(00)88490-0.

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24

Nahman, Norris S., Motohisa Kanda, Ezra B. Larsen, and Myron L. Crawford. "Methodology for Standard Electromagnetic Field Measurements." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement IM-34, no. 4 (December 1985): 490–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.1985.4315390.

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25

Coburn, W. O., C. Le, D. J. DeTroye, G. E. Blair, and W. Williams. "Electromagnetic field measurements near a railgun." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 31, no. 1 (January 1995): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.364608.

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26

Knafl, Urs, Hugo Lehmann, and Markus Riederer. "Electromagnetic field measurements using personal exposimeters." Bioelectromagnetics 29, no. 2 (2008): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.20373.

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27

Mann, M., H. Brüggemeyer, and P. Weiß. "Verification of Electromagnetic Field Measurements via Inter-laboratory Comparison Measurements." Advances in Radio Science 3 (May 12, 2005): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-3-83-2005.

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Abstract. An inter-laboratory comparison of field strength measurements was conducted in order to verify the comparability of high-frequency electromagnetic field measurements. For this purpose, 17 participating teams hosted by the working group "procedures of exposure determination" of the LAI (Länderausschuss für Immissionsschutz, state committee on immission control) determined the field strength at given stations around a hospital situation. At those stations very different signals were generated, such as sine wave signals at 27MHz and 433MHz, signals from a diathermy device in Continuous-Wave (CW) and Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM) mode, from a GSM base station at 900MHz and 1800MHz, from a UMTS base station, from a babyphone device and from a DECT cordless phone. This contribution describes the evaluation of the measured values and the approach to the computation of a reference value. Considering various sources of electromagnetic fields in the areas of personal safety at work and of immission control, the most important results are presented and the conclusions drawn are discussed.

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Kwiatkowski, Bogdan, Jacek Bartman, and Paweł Krutys. "The impact of mutual position of joints that generate a bipolar field on the decay of the components of the electromagnetic field’s vector." ITM Web of Conferences 21 (2018): 00021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20182100021.

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In the article the influence of mutual position of the upper joint in relation to the lower one on the decay of the electromagnetic field was presented. Moreover, the indirect measurement method was depicted, by means of which the measurements were taken on the surface of the contact circuit. This method enables the simultaneous measurement of all the components of the vector of the electromagnetic field.

29

Szymaniec, Sławomir, Sławomir Szymocha, and Łukasz Miszuda. "THE CONCEPT OF A FLYING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD MEASURING PLATFORM." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.27.

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Nowadays, humans are surrounded by more and more devices that artificially generate an electromagnetic field. According to law, supervision of the level of the electromagnetic field requires specific measurements. Measurement performed by traditional methods have several limitations, which come from the infrastructure and time taken to perform the measurement. New methods of measurement are being developed in order to execute the research relatively quickly and repeatedly without any limitations. One of the methods is to use a flying mobile measurement platform.

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Griffo, G., and P. Vergallo. "Measurements through Rectenna System." International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 3, no. 4 (October 2013): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2013100102.

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In this paper a rectenna system for wireless transmission of power is presented, describing the correlated tools for the measurement of electromagnetic fields, in order to optimize the system. The first part is dedicated to the benefits of the currently used systems based on rectenna technology as alternative to the traditional supply systems. After, the diverse structures of rectenna system and their operating modes are discussed. The major parameters of interest for a performance analysis of the rectenna, and the most appropriate tools for a correct measurement of the radiated and absorbed electromagnetic field by the rectenna are reported too.

31

Zhou, Zhao Ming, Fu Wan, Lei Wang, Zhang Hua Lian, and Yong Chen. "EMAT for Coiled-Tubing Wall Thickness and Ovality Measuring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 1903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.1903.

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This paper presents a new wall thickness and ovality measuring method engineered for reliable field use. This paper describes the electromagnetic ultrasonic technique in coiled tubing detection. This paper describes requirements for Coiled Tubing specifications, which measuring different parameters, some of which include diameter, ovality, and wall thickness. This method not only thickness measurements but also ovality measuring will be made. This article discusses the electromagnetic ultrasonic thickness measurement of the system components, and experimental tests have shown. Ovality measurement sensor layout is designed. This paper discusses the development of this new methods, this system is suitable for non-contact, real-time, on-line high-speed data measurements.

32

Pham, Hoang Duc, Katja Tüting, and Heyno Garbe. "Calculations of electromagnetic fields in longitudinal irregular TEM-cells." Advances in Radio Science 19 (December 17, 2021): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-49-2021.

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Abstract. TEM-cells can be used as a standardized field generator for field probe calibration purposes or electromagnetic compatibility measurements. Because of its practical use as a measurement environment, the electromagnetic behavior over a broad range of frequencies is essential. However, without the understanding of wave reflection, mode-conversion, and attenuation, using such a measurement environment is impractical. In this contribution, we calculate the electromagnetic fields in a longitudinal irregular coaxial TEM-cell. Using a semi-analytical approach, we can determine these wave characteristics. The method is based on the projection of Maxwell's equations onto eigenfunctions. This work's primary objective is to examine the effect of irregular deformed boundaries on the electromagnetic field and the resonance frequencies.

33

Lipinski, Piotr, and Marcin Leplawy. "WiFi Electromagnetic Field Modelling for Indoor Localization." Open Physics 17, no. 1 (August 14, 2019): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0039.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to develop simplified model for WiFi electromagnetic field propagation. The model can be used in preliminary estimation of WiFi transmitter localization for the purpose of WiFi-based indoor localization. It can be particularly useful when designing structural networks.We have developed a simplified linear model of WiFi electromagnetic field modelling and compared it with the most commonly used, more sophisticated models and with measurement results which were carried out in the laboratory. As demonstrated by the results of measurements conducted using various hardware, the accuracy of this simplified model introduced is similar to the commonly used models, but the number of parameters is lower. Therefore, our model easier to implement in real life conditions. The model presented in this paper enables WiFi electromagnetic field modelling when the exact values of propagation parameters and transmitter characteristics is unknown. This is usually the case at the early stage of structural network design,when exact parameters of building construction materials are not known. As the model is very simple, it does not require much effort to deploy, while its accuracy is sufficient for preliminary WiFi transmitter localization. Simplified models of WiFi electromagnetic field propagation are known, but no comparative research combined with measurements has been done in this field. This paper provides a comparison of different electromagnetic field models which can be applied to WiFi electromagnetic field propagation together with measurement results.

34

Brill, Thilo M., Pavel Shaposhnikov, Dirk Valstar, and Kamaljeet Singh. "Well integrity evaluation using acoustic and electromagnetic measurements." Leading Edge 41, no. 2 (February 2022): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle41020122.1.

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The evaluation of downhole well integrity is an important business for the oil and gas industry. It is driven primarily by the need to optimize production while maintaining a safe environment despite the inexorable corrosion of casing strings and other harsh downhole conditions. Furthermore, with aging infrastructure, evaluating well integrity to plan plug and abandonment or slot recovery projects is critically important. Many technologies have been developed to address the challenges of evaluating casing and cement integrity under varied downhole conditions. These technologies are necessarily growing increasingly more sophisticated to meet the requirements of evaluating multiple cemented casing strings. In particular, wireline cased-hole logging techniques based on electromagnetic (EM) and acoustic techniques have been applied to casing corrosion and cement integrity evaluation. The acoustic measurement techniques deployed for well integrity evaluation typically include the sonic frequency range of tens of kilohertz up to the ultrasonic frequency range of megahertz. The frequency ranges are appropriate for characteristic resolutions of decimeters down to millimeters for sonic and ultrasonic measurements, respectively. These techniques are sensitive to the elastic properties of materials in the well completion and crucial for assessing zonal isolation. In the domain of evaluating corrosion in one or multiple casing strings, the traditional measurement approach uses EM techniques, which are sensitive to the metal thickness, the electrical conductivity (the inverse of electrical resistivity), and the magnetic permeability of ferromagnetic pipes. The spectrum of common EM casing inspection techniques encompasses a frequency range between quasi-static (direct current) up to about 100 kHz. More recently, transient EM or pulsed-field eddy current tools have been introduced. Specific physics and challenges associated with well integrity measurements must be understood and considered in existing and emerging technology solutions.

35

Zhang, Pi Cui, Wei He, Liu Ling Wang, and Li Feng Ma. "Analysis on Lightning Electromagnetic Fields." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.350.

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t is generally needed to know precisely spatial distribution of lightning electromagnetic fields in the lightning protection measurements. Therefore, the research on the lightning electromagnetic field is of practical significance. In this paper, the Maxwell equations were used to calculate and analyze the spatial distribution of lightning electromagnetic fields surrounding lightning current. And the expressions of lightning current electromagnetic fields were deduced under the assumption that the earth was under the condition of perfect conductor. The spatial distributions of the components of lightning electromagnetic fields have been plotted by Matlab. The results would provide fundamental theory for the research of lightning electromagnetic field and lightning protection measurements.

36

Vulević, Branislav, Ljubiša Čičkarić, Saša Milić, and Mirjana Marčeta. "Interlaboratory testing for broadband electromagnetic field measurements." Tehnika 73, no. 2 (2018): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika1802239v.

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37

AL-RUWAIS, ABDULAZIZ. "Electromagnetic Field Measurements near Macrocellular Base Stations." Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Engineering Sciences 13, no. 1 (2001): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/eng.13-1.8.

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38

Goldfarb, Ron B. "Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2020)." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 70 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3083904.

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Mandaris, Dwi, Hutomo Wahyu Nugroho, Yoppy Yoppy, Tyas Ari Wahyu, Elvina Trivida, and Yudhistira Yudhistira. "Electromagnetic Test Environments Analysis for EMI Measurements." Instrumentasi 45, no. 1 (July 27, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31153/instrumentasi.v45i1.240.

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40

Lesch, S. M., J. D. Rhoades, L. J. Lund, and D. L. Corwin. "Mapping Soil Salinity Using Calibrated Electromagnetic Measurements." Soil Science Society of America Journal 56, no. 2 (March 1992): 540–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600020031x.

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41

Vrbancich, Julian, Andrew Donohoo, Manuel de Sousa, Graham Heinson, and Antony White. "Shallow Marine Electromagnetic Measurements for Defence Applications." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2003, no. 2 (August 2003): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2003ab178.

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Belecki, N. B. "Conference Report: CONFERENCE ON PRECISION ELECTROMAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS." Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 91, no. 4 (July 1986): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.091.028.

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Bramanti, M., and G. Demichele. "Electromagnetic techniques for measurements on coal combustors." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 37, no. 2 (June 1988): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.6073.

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Lipe, Thomas E., and Yi-Hua Tang. "2008 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM)." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 58, no. 4 (April 2009): 749–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2008.2012386.

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Kibble, Bryan. "The conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements 2014." IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 18, no. 1 (February 2015): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mim.2015.7016674.

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Tang, Haibin, Chenbo Shi, Xin'ai Zhang, Zun Zhang, and Jiao Cheng. "Pulsed thrust measurements using electromagnetic calibration techniques." Review of Scientific Instruments 82, no. 3 (March 2011): 035118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3567803.

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Melville, W. K., R. H. Stewart, W. C. Keller, J. A. Kong, D. V. Arnold, A. T. Jessup, M. R. Loewen, and A. M. Slinn. "Measurements of electromagnetic bias in radar altimetry." Journal of Geophysical Research 96, no. C3 (1991): 4915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90jc02114.

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48

Mcdowell, AD, and MJ Lunt. "Electromagnetic Field Strength Measurements on Megapulse Units." Physiotherapy 77, no. 12 (December 1991): 805–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)61910-4.

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49

Ajisaka, Hidemi, and Elmer L. Hixson. "Measurements on a liquid state electromagnetic transducer." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 81, no. 6 (June 1987): 1962–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.394761.

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50

Dlugosz, Tomasz, and Hubert Trzaska. "Non-stationary electromagnetic field measurements accuracy improvement." Environmentalist 31, no. 2 (January 21, 2011): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10669-011-9306-0.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electromagnetic measurements'

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