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Journal articles on the topic 'Electromagnetic ion temperature'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

SHUKLA, NITIN, A. STOCKEM, F. FIÚZA, and L. O. SILVA. "Enhancement in the electromagnetic beam-plasma instability due to ion streaming." Journal of Plasma Physics 78, no. 2 (December 16, 2011): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377811000559.

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AbstractWe investigate the Weibel instability in counter-propagating electron–ion plasmas with focus on the ion contribution, considering a realistic mass ratio. A generalized dispersion relation is derived from the relativistic theory by assuming an initially anisotropic temperature, which is represented by a waterbag distribution in momentum space, which shows an enhanced growth rate due to ion response. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations support the theoretical analysis, showing a further amplification of magnetic field on ion time scale. The effect of an initial anisotropic temperature is investigated showing that the growth rate is monotonously decreased if the transverse spread is increased. Nevertheless, the presence of ions generates that the instability can develop for significantly higher electron temperatures. Suppression of oblique mode is also explored by introducing a parallel velocity spread.

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2

Kim, J. Y., W. Horton, and J. Q. Dong. "Electromagnetic effect on the toroidal ion temperature gradient mode." Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics 5, no. 11 (November 1993): 4030–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.860623.

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3

Chong, T. H., M. Fukuda, T. Yorita, H. Kanda, Y. Yasuda, H. W. Koay, Y. Morita, et al. "Development of ECR ion source with high-temperature superconducting REBCO coils." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012108.

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Abstract A new High-Temperature Superconducting ECR (HTS-ECR) ion source is under development in Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University. This ion source will be used for production of high intensity proton, deuteron and He ion beams. The HTS-ECR magnets are composed of three solenoid coils and a set of sextupole coils made of REBCO tapes, a high-temperature superconductor. The HTS-ECR ion source is designed to operate at frequency of 2.45 GHz and 10 GHz. Performance test of the HTS coils had been carried out at 31 K and 77 K. This HTS coil technology will be applied to development of a meter-size HTS coil system of a high intensity compact AVF cyclotron. This paper introduces the basic design of the HTS-ECR ion source. The performance test results showed that REBCO solenoids remain superconducting state with a current up to 400 A. Simulation results of the magnetic field and electromagnetic field distributions in a plasma chamber fulfilled the requirements of electron cyclotron resonance conditions at 2.45 GHz and 10 GHz. Simulation result of mirror ratios and electromagnetic field amplitudes are also presented in this paper.

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4

Barghouthi, I. A., N. M. Doudin, A. A. Saleh, and V. Pierrard. "High-altitude and high-latitude O<sup>+</sup> and H<sup>+</sup> outflows: the effect of finite electromagnetic turbulence wavelength." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 10 (November 6, 2007): 2195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-2195-2007.

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Abstract. The energization of ions, due to interaction with electromagnetic turbulence (i.e. wave-particle interactions), has an important influence on H+ and O+ ions outflows in the polar region. The effects of altitude and velocity dependent wave-particle interaction on H+ and O+ ions outflows in the auroral region were investigated by using Monte Carlo method. The Monte Carlo simulation included the effects of altitude and velocity dependent wave-particle interaction, gravity, polarization electrostatic field, and divergence of auroral geomagnetic field within the simulation tube (1.2–10 earth radii, RE). As the ions are heated due to wave-particle interactions (i.e. ion interactions with electromagnetic turbulence) and move to higher altitudes, the ion gyroradius ρi may become comparable to the electromagnetic turbulence wavelength λ⊥ and consequently (k⊥ρi) becomes larger than unity. This turns the heating rate to be negligible and the motion of the ions is described by using Liouville theorem. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the formation of H+ and O+ conics at lower altitudes and for all values of λ⊥; (2) O+ toroids appear at 3.72 RE, 2.76 RE and 2 RE, for λ⊥=100, 10, and 1 km, respectively; however, H+ toroids appear at 6.6 RE, 4.4 RE and 3 RE, for λ⊥=100, 10, and 1 km, respectively; and H+ and O+ ion toroids did not appear for the case λ⊥ goes to infinity, i.e. when the effect of velocity dependent wave-particle interaction was not included; (3) As λ⊥ decreases, H+ and O+ ion drift velocity decreases, H+ and O+ ion density increases, H+ and O+ ion perpendicular temperature and H+ and O+ ion parallel temperature decrease; (4) Finally, including the effect of finite electromagnetic turbulence wavelength, i.e. the effect of velocity dependent diffusion coefficient and consequently, the velocity dependent wave-particle interactions produce realistic H+ and O+ ion temperatures and H+ and O+ toroids, and this is, qualitatively, consistent with the observations of H+ and O+ ions in the auroral region at high altitudes.

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5

Cremer, M., and M. Scholer. "On a nonlinear state of the electromagnetic ion/ion cyclotron instability." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 7, no. 3/4 (December 31, 2000): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-7-173-2000.

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Abstract. We have investigated the nonlinear properties of the electromagnetic ion/ion cyclotron instability (EMIIC) by means of hybrid simulations (macroparticle ions, massless electron fluid). The instability is driven by the relative (super-Alfvénic) streaming of two field-aligned ion beams in a low beta plasma (ion thermal pressure to magnetic field pressure) and may be of importance in the plasma sheet boundary layer. As shown in previously reported simulations the waves propagate obliquely to the magnetic field and heat the ions in the perpendicular direction as the relative beam velocity decreases. By running the simulation to large times it can be shown that the large temperature anisotropy leads to the ion cyclotron instability (IC) with parallel propagating Alfvén ion cyclotron waves. This is confirmed by numerically solving the electromagnetic dispersion relation. An application of this property to the plasma sheet boundary layer is discussed.

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6

Weiland, J., and A. Hirose. "Electromagnetic and kinetic effects on the ion temperature gradient mode." Nuclear Fusion 32, no. 1 (January 1992): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/32/1/i13.

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7

Peng, Shuitao, Lu Wang, and Yuan Pan. "Intrinsic parallel rotation drive by electromagnetic ion temperature gradient turbulence." Nuclear Fusion 57, no. 3 (December 12, 2016): 036003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa4e57.

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8

Lashmore-Davies, C. N., R. O. Dendy, and K. F. Kam. "Electromagnetic ion cyclotron instability driven by a hot minority ion species with temperature anisotropy." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 35, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 1529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/35/11/003.

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9

Lashmore-Davies, C. N., R. O. Dendy, and K. F. Kam. "Electromagnetic ion cyclotron instability driven by a hot minority ion species with temperature anisotropy." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 36, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/36/3/015.

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10

Kumar, Amit, Ruby Gupta, and Jyotsna Sharma. "Electromagnetic Weibel instability in spatial anisotropic electron–ion plasmas." AIP Advances 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 065013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0092835.

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The Weibel instability due to temperature anisotropy of electrons and ions in a plasma in the presence of cold and warm ions is reported. Numerical calculations of the normalized growth rate are carried out when the frequency of electromagnetic waves is greater than or less than the thermal velocity of electrons for typical existing plasma parameters. The normalized growth rate increases with an increasing normalized wave number, and after attaining maxima, it decreases due to thermal effects. Therefore, a parabolic plot is obtained for the growth rate. The threshold values of the growth rate depend on the anisotropy parameters. On increasing the value of the temperature anisotropy ratio of either plasma component, the observed growth rate increases. There is a considerable and contrasting effect of the presence of cold and warm ions on the growth rate of the Weibel instability in the plasma. The addition of cold ions stabilizes the instability and reduces the maximum growth rate values, while the addition of warm ions to the plasma increases the instability with a considerable decrease in the domain of instability. Our theoretical investigations of the effect of temperature anisotropy on the growth rate of the Weibel instability are in good agreement with the existing experimental results.

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11

DAVID, GABOR. "ELECTROMAGNETIC PROBES AT RHIC-II." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 07n08 (August 2007): 2549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307008239.

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We will summarize how future measurements of electromagnetic probes at the upgraded Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC-II), in connection with theoretical analysis, can advance our understanding of strongly interacting matter at high energy densities and temperatures. Electromagnetic probes have already played a very important role at SPS and RHIC to date. We will try to identify key physics objectives and observables that remain to be addressed. These include measuring the initial temperature and examining the transition properties via continuum radiation, studying the energy loss mechanism in the medium, the system size evolution via photon-photon correlations as well as medium modifications of vector mesons via low-mass dileptons. We will argue that detector upgrades, increased experimental precision, order of magnitude higher statistics than currently achievable, as well as a detailed scan of colliding species and energies are necessary to allow for sufficient discrimination power in theoretical interpretations.

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12

Higuchi, Y. "Transformation approximation method for an electromagnetic ion-cyclotron instability caused by proton temperature anisotropy." Journal of Plasma Physics 44, no. 3 (December 1990): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800015312.

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The transformation approximation for the plasma dispersion fonction is applied to an electromagnetic ion-cyclotron instability caused by proton temperature anisotropy. The transformation method gives an improved dispersion relation and instability growth rate compared with the asymptotic expansion for the plasma dispersion fonction. It is found that the maximum growth rate is slightly suppressed when the transformation approximation for the plasma dispersion function is used. However, it is shown that the transformation approximation method yields an unreliable estimate of the growth rate for values greater than a critical thermal anisotropy. Cold-heavy-ion effects on the ion-cyclotron instability are also investigated.

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13

Kumar, Yogesh, S. S. Singh, and Poonam Jain. "Diphoton production rate in relativistic nuclear collisions." Physica Scripta 96, no. 12 (November 16, 2021): 124060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac36a0.

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Abstract In this study, we have made an effort to reveal some information about the space-time evolution of quark gluon plasma (QGP). We deal with one of the important signature of quark gluon plasma from the analysis of the experimental results on electromagnetic probes which are measured at relativistic heavy-ion collider (RHIC) and large hadron collider (LHC). Electromagnetic radiations as diphotons emitted from hot and dense matter are investigated using a phenomenological model with quasiparticle approach at temperatures above critical temperature. In this, we use thermodynamically consistent quasiparticle model composed of quarks and gluons. Due to interactions among the quarks, mass of these particles is generated in highly dense and hot matter of QGP. The mass of these particles is temperature dependent and it is found that the model works well at temperatures above the critical temperature. Thus, this work is carried out using a phenomenological model in heavy-ion collisions in the limit of high temperature and zero chemical potential. The rate of diphoton production is calculated by suitably fitted parametrization factors in quark mass. We found an appreciable enhancement using thermal quark mass as compared to dynamical quark mass in the current results of two photon production rate. The results are compared with earlier estimated diphoton production rates from QGP and hadronic matter. Our results are therefore enhanced in comparison to the other theoretical results. The estimation of diphoton emission anticipates useful insights in the relevant range of mass. So these insights on diphotons can be advantageous tool for spectroscopy and thermometry in high energy heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC.

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14

Tanaka, Motohiko. "Simulations of heavy ion heating by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves driven by proton temperature anisotropies." Journal of Geophysical Research 90, A7 (1985): 6459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ja090ia07p06459.

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15

Ali, Z., M. Sarfraz, and P. H. Yoon. "Combined electron firehose and electromagnetic ion cyclotron instabilities: quasilinear approach." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 499, no. 1 (September 23, 2020): 659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2916.

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ABSTRACT Various plasma waves and instabilities are abundantly present in the solar wind plasma, as evidenced by spacecraft observations. Among these, propagating modes and instabilities driven by temperature anisotropies are known to play a significant role in the solar wind dynamics. In situ measurements reveal that the threshold conditions for these instabilities adequately explain the solar wind conditions at large heliocentric distances. This paper pays attention to the combined effects of electron firehose instability driven by excessive parallel electron temperature anisotropy (T⊥e < T∥e) at high beta conditions, and electromagnetic ion cyclotron instability driven by excessive perpendicular proton temperature anisotropy (T⊥i > T∥i). By employing quasilinear kinetic theory based upon the assumption of bi-Maxwellian velocity distribution functions for protons and electrons, the dynamical evolution of the combined instabilities and their mutual interactions mediated by the particles is explored in depth. It is found that while in some cases, the two unstable modes are excited and saturated at distinct spatial and temporal scales, in other cases, the two unstable modes are intermingled such that a straightforward interpretation is not so easy. This shows that when the dynamics of protons and electrons are mutually coupled and when multiple unstable modes are excited in the system, the dynamical consequences can be quite complex.

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16

Shaaban, Shaaban M., Marian Lazar, Peter H. Yoon, Stefaan Poedts, and Rodrigo A. López. "Proton-Alpha Drift Instability of Electromagnetic Ion-Cyclotron Modes: Quasilinear Development." Physics 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 1175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics3040075.

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The ability of space plasmas to self-regulate through mechanisms involving self-generated fluctuations is a topic of high interest. This paper presents the results of a new advanced quasilinear (QL) approach for the instability of electromagnetic ion-cyclotron modes driven by the relative alpha-proton drift observed in solar wind. For an extended parametric analysis, the present QL approach includes also the effects of intrinsic anisotropic temperatures of these populations. The enhanced fluctuations contribute to an exchange of energy between proton and alpha particles, leading to important variations of the anisotropies, the proton-alpha drift and the temperature contrast. The results presented here can help understand the observational data, in particular, those revealing the local variations associated with the properties of protons and alpha particles as well as the spatial profiles in the expanding solar wind.

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17

Shan, Yue Jin, Yoko Kanai, Keitaro Tezuka, and Hideo Imoto. "Synthesis and Electromagnetic Properties of Ca₂MTeO₆ (M = Mn, Co, Mg)." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 2572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.2572.

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Ordered perovskite-type oxides, Ca2MTeO6 (M = Mn, Co, Mg), were synthesized by a solid-state reaction method. All of samples belonged to space group P21/n and were insulators at room temperature. However, their electronic conductivities tended large gradually with a rise of temperature. Ca2MnTeO6 and Ca2CoTeO6 showed anti-ferromagnetism, and their Neel temperatures were 10 K and 7 K, respectively. The effective magnetic moment of manganese ion was 5.8 μB while its valence was bivalence in Ca2MnTeO6.

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18

Grigorovich, D. A., K. N. Ovchinnikov, and S. A. Uryupin. "Penetration of a Heating Electromagnetic Pulse into Plasma in Magnetic Field." Plasma Physics Reports 48, no. 11 (November 2022): 1156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063780x22601286.

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Abstract Penetration of a heating pulse of quasistationary electromagnetic field into plasma in constant magnetic field directed along its surface was studied. Weakening of electron heat transfer across the magnetic field leads to more efficient heating of electrons near the plasma surface. As a result, the penetration of the field into the plasma decreases, which is accompanied by suppression of the “inverse” skin effect. Inhomogeneous heating of electrons across the magnetic field leads to generation of an electric field strength component orthogonal to both the magnetic field and the direction of temperature gradient. Appearance of the additional field strength component leads to a change in polarization of the reflected pulse. In a sufficiently strong magnetic field, due to suppression of the electron heat flux and less significant effect of the magnetic field on the ion heat flux, a state with large difference of electron and ion temperatures occurs.

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19

Haridas, Annex Edappattu, and Rama Shankar Pandey. "Study of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Ion-Cyclotron Wave for Ring Distribution in Magnetosphere of Saturn." Trends in Sciences 19, no. 22 (November 5, 2022): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.1329.

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Magnetic cyclotron waves were discovered by the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft in Saturn's atmospheric torus’ magnetic layer. They are left-handed and propagate at a minor angle to the ambient magnetic field in most areas because their frequency is close to the frequency of the aqua ions. The ion cyclotron instability caused by Saturn's neutral cloud ions helps explain their formation. They can be classified as n = 2 mode fluctuations because of the ion-ring distribution. We planned the characteristics of these waves in advance of starting this project. Our dispersion growth rates are evaluated using kinetic method analysis as well. The results were calculated and explained for the exemplary values of the magnetosphere parameters suitable for Saturn. Another potential free energy source for ion cyclotrons is temperature anisotropy. Instead of the standard Maxwell distribution, a ring distribution is employed in this study. The focus of this research is EMIC waves’ oblique propagation in the magnetic field, which changes their temperature anisotropy, ion energy density, and propagation angle. The interaction of relativistic particles with ion cyclotron waves is also included in this extension. EMIC wave size decreases with the increasing density of particles, as shown by a numerical study. A comparison of planetary studies based on data from space plasma environments and magnetospheric systems produced these results. HIGHLIGHTS Temperature anisotropy - free energy source for Ion Cyclotron waves EMIC wave size decreases with the increasing density of particles Saturn's neutral cloud ions helps the formation of ion cyclotron instability GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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20

Anderson, Johan, Hans Nordman, Rameswar Singh, and Raghvendra Singh. "Secondary instability of electromagnetic ion-temperature-gradient modes for zonal flow generation." Physics of Plasmas 18, no. 7 (July 2011): 072306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3615028.

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21

Erlandson, R. E., T. L. Aggson, W. R. Hogey, and J. A. Slavin. "Simultaneous observations of subauroral electron temperature enhancements and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves." Geophysical Research Letters 20, no. 16 (August 20, 1993): 1723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93gl01975.

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22

Cairns, Iver H. "Second harmonic plasma emission involving ion sound waves." Journal of Plasma Physics 38, no. 2 (October 1987): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800012502.

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The theory for second harmonic plasma emission by the weak turbulence (or random phase) processes L + L ± S→T, proceeding in two three-wave steps, L ± S→L′ and L + L′→T, where L, S and T denote Langmuir. ion sound and electromagnetic waves, respectively, is developed. Kinematic constraints on the characteristics and growth lengths of waves participating in the wave processes, and constraints on the characteristics of the source plasma, are derived. Limits on the brightness temperature of the radiation and the levels of the L′ and S waves are determined. Expressions for the growth rates and path-integrated wave temperatures are derived for simple models of the wave spectra and source plasma.

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23

Jarmén, A., J. Anderson, and P. Malinov. "Effects of parallel ion motion on electromagnetic toroidal ion temperature gradient modes in a fluid model." Physics of Plasmas 22, no. 8 (August 2015): 082508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4928374.

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24

Veklenko, Boris Alexandrovich. "Quantum Character of Electromagnetic Langmuir Oscillations in Conventional Electron-Ion Plasma." International Journal of Optics 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/648741.

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It is shown that the low-temperature plasma near-thermodynamic equilibrium cannot be classical because of a quantum nature of the longitudinal electromagnetic field and electron interaction with Rayleigh-Jeans distribution of Langmuir waves. The theory requires introduction of a dimensionless quantum charge whose value is greater than unity leading to a liquid-like behavior of the plasma.

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25

Chudzińska, Jagoda, Bartosz Woźniak, Myroslav Sprynskyy, Izabela Nowak, and Agnieszka Feliczak-Guzik. "Photoremoval of Bisphenol A Using Hierarchical Zeolites and Diatom Biosilica." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 2878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032878.

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Bisphenol A (4,4-isopropylidenediphenol, BPA) is an organic compound widely used, e.g., in the production of epoxy resins, plastics, and thermal receipt papers. Unfortunately, bisphenol A has negative effects on human health, which has prompted the search for an effective method of its removal. One of the most promising methods of its elimination is photocatalytic removal. The aim of this study was to design an effective method for the photocatalytic removal of bisphenol A using, for the first time, hierarchical zeolites and ruthenium ion-modified diatom biosilica, and silver as photocatalysts and optimization of the reaction conditions: temperature, pH, and composition of the reaction mixture as well as the electromagnetic wavelength. Additionally, for the first time, the electromagnetic wavelength that would be most suitable for the study was selected. All materials used were initially characterized by XRD and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. Ruthenium ion-modified biosilica proved to be the most effective catalyst for bisphenol A removal, which occurred at a rate higher than 99%.

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26

Murtaza, G., M. Nadeem, and P. K. Shukla. "Nonlinear propagation of electromagnetic ion-cyclotron waves in an electron-ion plasma in the presence of ion temperature gradient drift." Physica Scripta 48, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/48/3/013.

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27

Franci, Luca, Emanuele Papini, Alfredo Micera, Giovanni Lapenta, Petr Hellinger, Daniele Del Sarto, David Burgess, and Simone Landi. "Anisotropic Electron Heating in Turbulence-driven Magnetic Reconnection in the Near-Sun Solar Wind." Astrophysical Journal 936, no. 1 (August 26, 2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7da6.

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Abstract We perform a high-resolution, 2D, fully kinetic numerical simulation of a turbulent plasma system with observation-driven conditions, in order to investigate the interplay between turbulence, magnetic reconnection, and particle heating from ion to subelectron scales in the near-Sun solar wind. We find that the power spectra of the turbulent plasma and electromagnetic fluctuations show multiple power-law intervals down to scales smaller than the electron gyroradius. Magnetic reconnection is observed to occur in correspondence of current sheets with a thickness of the order of the electron inertial length, which form and shrink owing to interacting ion-scale vortices. In some cases, both ion and electron outflows are observed (the classic reconnection scenario), while in others—typically for the shortest current sheets—only electron jets are present (“electron-only reconnection”). At the onset of reconnection, the electron temperature starts to increase and a strong parallel temperature anisotropy develops. This suggests that in strong turbulence electron-scale coherent structures may play a significant role for electron heating, as impulsive and localized phenomena such as magnetic reconnection can efficiently transfer energy from the electromagnetic fields to particles.

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28

PAVLENKO, V. N., V. G. PANCHENKO, and S. A. NAZARENKO. "Scattering of electromagnetic waves in a magnetized plasma with an HF pump." Journal of Plasma Physics 67, no. 5 (June 2002): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377801001581.

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The scattering of transverse electromagnetic waves by turbulent density fluctuations in a magnetized plasma in the presence of external pump fields is investigated. The case where a lower-hybrid pump wave decays into daughter and ion-cyclotron waves in a plasma with ion-temperature anisotropy is considered. The situation where an upper-hybrid pump wave parametrically excites modified convective cells and electron drift waves is also analyzed. The differential scattering cross-sections in the region above the parametric instability thresholds for these three cases are calculated.

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29

Shukla, P. K. "Purely growing electromagnetic mode driven by ion-temperature anisotropy in a collisional plasma." Physics Letters A 370, no. 3-4 (October 2007): 316–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2007.05.064.

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30

Bernhardt, P. A., C. A. Selcher, R. H. Lehmberg, S. Rodriguez, J. Thomason, M. McCarrick, and G. Frazer. "Determination of the electron temperature in the modified ionosphere over HAARP using the HF pumped Stimulated Brillouin Scatter (SBS) emission lines." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 12 (December 4, 2009): 4409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-4409-2009.

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Abstract. An ordinary mode electromagnetic wave can decay into an ion acoustic wave and a scattered electromagnetic wave by a process called stimulated Brillouin scatter (SBS). The first detection of this process during ionospheric modification with high power radio waves was reported by Norin et al. (2009) using the HAARP transmitter in Alaska. Subsequent experiments have provided additional verification of this process and quantitative interpretation of the scattered wave frequency offsets to yield measurements of the electron temperatures in the heated ionosphere. Using the SBS technique, electron temperatures between 3000 and 4000 K were measured over the HAARP facility. The matching conditions for decay of the high frequency pump wave show that in addition to the production of an ion-acoustic wave, an electrostatic ion cyclotron wave may also be produced by the generalized SBS processes. Based on the matching condition theory, the first profiles of the scattered wave amplitude are produced using the stimulated Brillouin scatter (SBS) matching conditions. These profiles are consistent with maximum ionospheric interactions at the upper-hybrid resonance height and at a region just below the plasma resonance altitude where the pump wave electric fields reach their maximum values.

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31

Gary, S. Peter. "Short-wavelength plasma turbulence and temperature anisotropy instabilities: recent computational progress." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2041 (May 13, 2015): 20140149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0149.

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Plasma turbulence consists of an ensemble of enhanced, broadband electromagnetic fluctuations, typically driven by multi-wave interactions which transfer energy in wavevector space via non- linear cascade processes. Temperature anisotropy instabilities in collisionless plasmas are driven by quasi-linear wave–particle interactions which transfer particle kinetic energy to field fluctuation energy; the resulting enhanced fluctuations are typically narrowband in wavevector magnitude and direction. Whatever their sources, short-wavelength fluctuations are those at which charged particle kinetic, that is, velocity-space, properties are important; these are generally wavelengths of the order of or shorter than the ion inertial length or the thermal ion gyroradius. The purpose of this review is to summarize and interpret recent computational results concerning short-wavelength plasma turbulence, short-wavelength temperature anisotropy instabilities and relationships between the two phenomena.

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32

Tonitsa, Oleg, Irina Serdyuk, Oksana Gelyarovska, Natalya Protsai, and Eduard Vasylets. "PROBABILISTIC MODEL OF ION FLOW ACROSS THE MEMBRANE." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Mathematical modeling in engineering and technologies, no. 1 (April 13, 2023): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2222-0631.2022.01.13.

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It is proposed to study the qualitative impact of electromagnetic fields on the membrane of plant tissue for preservation and delivery of them fresh to the final consumer. Spherical apple fruits were exposed to the influence of electromagnetic fields on the cell membrane. Ukraine is an industrial-agrarian country with a predominance of raw material production. It is one of the leading exporters of some types of agricultural products. The large number of fertile lands of our country indicates that Ukraine should be a full-fledged exporter of agricultural goods to the countries of Europe and the world. At the same time, two main problems arise: the production of quality agricultural products by farmers and their preservation for a long time in a fresh form. It is very important that the final consumer receives the product fresh and tasty. The freshness of a product is preserved by freezing and keeping it at a temperature below minus 20 degrees Celsius. However, this method is not suitable when it comes to fresh fruit. Therefore, the object of research for a number of scientists was the influence of external electromagnetic fields on the process of preserving fruit and berry products. It was established that the membrane potential of the cell at the moment of physiological rest is important for the preservation of product freshness. It is at this moment that the metabolism is in balance. At the same time, the Krebs respiration cycle is used, which was discovered for animals, but was later proven in plants as well. The issue of researching the qualitative impact of electromagnetic fields on the membrane of plant tissue in order to preserve and deliver them fresh to the final consumer is very important and relevant. For example, it is possible to expose apple fruits, which have the shape of a sphere, to the influence of electromagnetic fields on the cell membrane. The most important factor that affects the processes of growth and development of plants is known to be light, its direction, as well as its qualitative and quantitative characteristics. However, not everyone knows that there are two more environmental factors that have received little attention so far, and that are not always taken into account when analyzing the physiology of the plant organism. These factors are the electric field of the atmosphere, as well as the electromagnetic field of the Earth. At the same time, artificial external electromagnetic fields can affect fruits, both positively and negatively. The electrophysical characteristics of these fields determine the result of this influence. These are voltages, frequency, method of modulation, exposure, etc. The methods of storing of agricultural products are presented based on the presence in the fruit storage of electromagnetic field of ultra high frequency in the range 33,5–36 GHz, which blocks the ion channels and increases the fruit shelf life by up to seven times.

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33

Colina-Delacqua, L., M. Redolfi, K. Ouaras, J. Naël-Redolfi, X. Bonnin, A. Michau, K. Hassouni, and G. Lombardi. "Qualification of uniform large area multidipolar ECR hydrogen plasma." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 4 (April 2022): 043508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083341.

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The design and characterization of a multi-dipolar microwave electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) hydrogen plasma reactor are presented. In this configuration, 16 ECR sources are disposed uniformly along the azimuthal direction at a constant distance from the center of a cylindrical reactor. Several plasma diagnostics have been used to determine key parameters such as neutral species temperature; electron density and temperature; and H+, H2+, and H3+ ion energy distributions. The experimental characterization is supported by electromagnetic and magnetostatic field simulations as well as Particle In-Cell Monte Carlo Collisions simulations to analyze the observed ion energy distribution functions. Especially, we show that both electron density and temperature are spatially uniform, i.e., 1011 cm−3 and 3 eV, respectively. This plasma enables generating ion flux and energy in the ranges 1019–1022 ions m−2 s−1 and few keVs, respectively. The H2+ ion distribution function shows two populations which were attributed to surface effects. These features make this reactor particularly suitable for studying hydrogen plasma surface interaction under controlled conditions.

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34

Kaang, Helen H., S. S. Kim, Hogun Jhang, and Juhyung Kim. "Symmetry breaking induced by the parity change in global electromagnetic ion temperature gradient modes." Physics of Plasmas 25, no. 1 (January 2018): 012505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5006981.

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35

Farid, Tahir, and P. K. Shukla. "Electromagnetic effects on toroidal-ion-temperature-gradient modes and associated nonthermal cross-field transports." Physics of Plasmas 7, no. 4 (April 2000): 1132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873921.

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36

Malara, F., A. Settino, D. Perrone, O. Pezzi, G. Guzzi, and F. Valentini. "Exact Shearing Flow Magnetized Hybrid Kinetic Equilibria with Inhomogeneous Temperature." Astrophysical Journal 941, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aca077.

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Abstract Magnetized plasmas with shearing flows are found in many natural contexts, such as around Earth’s magnetopause. In collisionless plasmas where physical quantities vary on a scale of the order of or larger than ion scales, the hybrid Vlasov−Maxwell description (kinetic ions coupled to a neutralizing electron fluid via electromagnetic fields) represents a suitable approach. When crossing the magnetopause, the ion temperature, density, and direction of magnetic field vary. We derive a form for an exact stationary solution of the hybrid Vlasov−Maxwell equations that represent a magnetized plasma with a quasi-planar shearing flow, variable density and ion temperature, and variable magnetic field direction. A stationary ion distribution function is expressed as a suitable combination of particle constants of motion and evaluated numerically in such a way to obtain configurations with variable density and temperature and two quasi-planar oppositely directed velocity shear layers. Properties of particular configurations are derived from Magnetospheric Multiscale measures during crossings of Earth’s magnetopause. In the first case a quasi-uniformly directed, nearly perpendicular magnetic field is present, while in the second case, going from the magnetosheath to the magnetosphere, the magnetic field makes a wide rotation from one side to the other of the shearing flow plane. In both cases, the ion distribution function departs from a Maxwellian in the shear layers, displaying temperature anisotropy and agyrotropy, with a nonsymmetric behavior in the two shear layers. The configurations considered here can be used as models for Earth’s magnetopause in simulations of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability.

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37

Kaang, Helen H., S. S. Kim, J. Kang, Hogun Jhang, Juhyung Kim, and S. H. Ko. "Plasma elongation effect on the parity change in global electromagnetic ion temperature gradient modes and intrinsic rotation generation." Physics of Plasmas 30, no. 1 (January 2023): 014503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0134054.

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A study is made of the effect of plasma elongation ([Formula: see text]) on parity of a global electromagnetic (EM) ion temperature gradient mode and intrinsic rotation generation. An odd parity component of the mode is generated by global EM effects and increases with [Formula: see text] (=plasma thermal energy/magnetic energy), enhancing the symmetry breaking and subsequent Reynolds stress [Kaang et al., Phys. Plasmas 25, 012505 (2018)]. The plasma elongation is shown to diminish the parity change via the reduction in the effective ion temperature gradient by a factor [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text]. A quasi-linear analysis indicates that plasma elongation can weaken the generation of intrinsic torque induced by the global EM effect as a result of the decline of the parity change.

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38

Chiu-Chun, Lai, Jen Chyi-Wen, Chang Yuh-Shyang, and Huang Kuo-Shien. "Preparation and properties of multifunctional nylon 6 composite material." Journal of Composite Materials 45, no. 26 (August 15, 2011): 2707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998311410463.

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We considered polyamide 6 as a base material for a composite and added improved tourmaline and carbon fiber to manufacture a material that could release negative ions and resist electromagnetic waves. Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyses, we verified that the improved tourmaline could disperse homogeneously in the base material, whose thermal properties improved as the content of tourmaline increased. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the added tourmaline and carbon fiber complemented the conductive network of the composite material. A negative ion detector and an infrared thermal imaging system both revealed that with an appropriate tourmaline content, the negative ion release properties of the composite material could reach 2020 units cm−3 with a difference in temperature of up to 7.54°C. Analyses by a four-point probe low-resistance tester and electromagnetic wave shielding effectiveness tester demonstrated that the osmotic concentration was approximately 4%, and the surface resistivity was high, up to 1.04 × 107 Ω cm−1, reaching the range of static dissipative materials (106–1012 Ω cm−1). The maximum electromagnetic wave shielding effectiveness was as high as 30 dB MHz−1.

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39

Shovkovy, Igor A. "Electromagnetic Response in an Expanding Quark–Gluon Plasma." Particles 5, no. 4 (October 22, 2022): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/particles5040034.

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The validity of conventional Ohm’s law is tested in the context of a rapidly evolving quark–gluon plasma produced in heavy-ion collisions. Here, we discuss the electromagnetic response using an analytical solution in kinetic theory. As conjectured previously, after switching on an electric field in a nonexpanding plasma, the time-dependent current is given by J(t)=(1−e−t/τ0)σ0E, where τ0 is the transport relaxation time and σ0 is the steady-state electrical conductivity. Such an incomplete electromagnetic response reduces the efficiency of the magnetic flux trapping in the quark–gluon plasma, and may prevent the observation of the chiral magnetic effect. Here, we extend the study to the case of a rapidly expanding plasma. We find that the decreasing temperature and the increasing transport relaxation time have opposite effects on the electromagnetic response. While the former suppresses the time-dependent conductivity, the latter enhances it.

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40

Korepanov P. A., Bakharev N. N., Gusakov E. Z., and Dyachenko V. V. "Modelling of three-ion ICRF heating scenario for tokamak Globus-M2." Technical Physics 92, no. 5 (2022): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2022.05.53675.327-21.

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The goal of this paper is to assess the possibility of using a new three-ion ICRF heating scheme on the spherical tokamak Globus-M2. In the first place, the operating frequencies and positions of cyclotron harmonics were found. Matching with frequency band of RF system of Globus-M2 was made. The absorption of electromagnetic waves was modeled using a one-dimensional full-wave code. Since the appearance of high-energy particles is expected in the three-ion ICRF scheme of heating special attention is paid to a comparing the estimates for generated particles energies with their confinement in tokamak Globus-M2. Keywords: nuclear fusion, tokamak, high temperature plasma, Globus-M, ICRF heating, three-ion ICRF, H-D-3He plasma.

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41

Gao, Zhe, J. Q. Dong, G. J. Liu, and C. T. Ying. "Electromagnetic ion temperature gradient modes of tearing mode parity in high β sheared slab plasmas." Physics of Plasmas 9, no. 5 (May 2002): 1692–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1471516.

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42

Qamar, Anisa, M. Yaqub Khan, Arshad M. Mirza, and Zulfiqar Ahmad. "Dipolar vortex formation in electromagnetic ion-temperature-gradient driven waves in a dust-contaminated magnetoplasma." Physics of Plasmas 17, no. 6 (June 2010): 062301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3430631.

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43

Sudarshan, A., and S. K. Sharma. "Stimulated Scattering of Electromagnetic Wave by Ion-Cyclotron Wave in a Two Electron Temperature Plasma." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 61, no. 11 (November 15, 1992): 4018–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.61.4018.

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44

Miyato, Naoaki, Yasuaki Kishimoto, and Jiquan Li. "Global structure of zonal flow and electromagnetic ion temperature gradient driven turbulence in tokamak plasmas." Physics of Plasmas 11, no. 12 (December 2004): 5557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1811088.

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45

Shatashvili, N. L., and N. N. Rao. "Localized nonlinear structures of intense electromagnetic waves in two-electron-temperature electron–positron–ion plasmas." Physics of Plasmas 6, no. 1 (January 1999): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873259.

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46

Farrugia, C. J., F. T. Gratton, G. Gnavi, H. Matsui, R. B. Torbert, D. H. Fairfield, K. W. Ogilvie, et al. "Magnetosheath waves under very low solar wind dynamic pressure: Wind/Geotail observations." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 4 (June 3, 2005): 1317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-1317-2005.

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Abstract. The expanded bow shock on and around "the day the solar wind almost disappeared" (11 May 1999) allowed the Geotail spacecraft to make a practically uninterrupted 54-h-long magnetosheath pass near dusk (16:30-21:11 magnetic local time) at a radial distance of 24 to 30 RE (Earth radii). During most of this period, interplanetary parameters varied gradually and in such a way as to give rise to two extreme magnetosheath structures, one dominated by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects and the other by gas dynamic effects. We focus attention on unusual features of electromagnetic ion wave activity in the former magnetosheath state, and compare these features with those in the latter. Magnetic fluctuations in the gas dynamic magnetosheath were dominated by compressional mirror mode waves, and left- and right-hand polarized electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EIC) waves transverse to the background field. In contrast, the MHD magnetosheath, lasting for over one day, was devoid of mirror oscillations and permeated instead by EIC waves of weak intensity. The weak wave intensity is related to the prevailing low solar wind dynamic pressures. Left-hand polarized EIC waves were replaced by bursts of right-hand polarized waves, which remained for many hours the only ion wave activity present. This activity occurred when the magnetosheath proton temperature anisotropy (= ) became negative. This was because the weakened bow shock exposed the magnetosheath directly to the (negative) temperature anisotropy of the solar wind. Unlike the normal case studied in the literature, these right-hand waves were not by-products of left-hand polarized waves but derived their energy source directly from the magnetosheath temperature anisotropy. Brief entries into the low latitude boundary layer (LLBL) and duskside magnetosphere occurred under such inflated conditions that the magnetospheric magnetic pressure was insufficient to maintain pressure balance. In these crossings, the inner edge of the LLBL was flowing sunward. The study extends our knowledge of magnetosheath ion wave properties to the very low solar wind dynamic pressure regime.

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47

Lundin, B., C. Krafft, G. Matthieussent, F. Jiricek, J. Shmilauer, and P. Triska. "Excitation of VLF quasi-electrostatic oscillations in the ionospheric plasma." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 1 (January 31, 1996): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0027-5.

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Abstract. A numerical solution of the dispersion equation for electromagnetic waves in a hot magnetized collisionless plasma has shown that, in a current-free ionospheric plasma, the distortion of the electron distribution function reproducing the downward flow of a thermal electron component and the compensating upward flow of the suprathermal electrons, which are responsible for the resulting heat flux, can destabilize quasi-electrostatic ion sound waves. The numerical analysis, performed with ion densities and electron temperature taken from the data recorded by the Interkosmos-24 (IK-24, Aktivny) satellite, is compared with a VLF spectrum registered at the same time on board. This spectrum shows a wide frequency band emission below the local ion plasma frequency. The direction of the electron heat flux inherent to the assumed model of VLF emission generation is discussed

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Gary, S. Peter, Lin Yin, and Dan Winske. "Electromagnetic proton cyclotron instability: heating of cool magnetospheric helium ions." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 1 (January 31, 1996): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0001-2.

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Abstract. The electromagnetic proton cyclotron anisotropy instability is excited if the hot proton temperature anisotropy, T⊥h/T\\mid\\mid h, is sufficiently large compared to unity, where the subscript h denotes the hot protons and the perpendicular and parallel symbols denote directions relative to the background magnetic field. This instability is important in the outer magnetosphere because it has been shown to lead to an upper bound on T⊥h/T\\mid\\mid h and to cool iron heating. Here one-dimensional initial-value hybrid simulations with spatial variations in the direction of the background magnetic field are used to study this instability in a homogeneous plasma model which represents three ionic constituents of the outer magnetosphere: hot anisotropic protons, cool, initially isotropic protons, and cool, initially isotropic singly ionized helium. These simulations show that the presence of a tenuous helium component does not significantly change the scalings of either the hot proton anisotropy upper bound or the heating of the cool protons. The simulations also show that the helium ion heating rate increases with β\\mid\\midh in contrast to the cool proton energization which decreases with this parameter. The prediction of this homogeneous plasma model, therefore, for cool ions subject to heating by the proton cyclotron instability is that the observed ratio of cool helium temperature to cool proton temperature should increase as β\\mid\\midh increases.

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49

Navarro, Roberto E., and Pablo S. Moya. "Effects of Background Turbulence on the Relaxation of Ion Temperature Anisotropy Firehose Instability in Space Plasmas." Universe 9, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe9010008.

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Turbulence in space plasmas usually exhibits an energy cascade in which large-scale magnetic fluctuations are dominated by non-linear MHD wave–wave interactions following a Kolmogorov-like power-law spectrum. In addition, at scales at which kinetic effects take place, the magnetic spectrum follows a steeper power-law k−α shape given by a spectral index α>5/3. In a recent publication, a quasilinear model was used to study the evolution of ion temperatures in a collisionless plasma in which electromagnetic waves propagate along the background magnetic field, and it was found that the interaction between the plasma and a turbulent spectrum of ion-cyclotron waves may lead the plasma to states out of thermal equilibrium characterized by enhanced temperature anisotropies T⊥>T‖ and with a reduction in the parallel proton beta, which is consistent with space observations. Here, we complement such studies by analyzing the quasilinear interaction between plasma and a solar-wind-like turbulent spectrum of fast magnetosonic waves, and study the role of firehose instability (FHI) in the regulation of temperature anisotropy. Our results show that the presence of turbulence significantly modifies the FHI marginal stability threshold, as predicted from linear theory. Moreover, depending on the value of the plasma β, a turbulent magnetosonic spectrum may lead an initially thermally isotropic plasma to develop anisotropic states in which T⊥<T‖.

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Zhang, Hongguo, Ji Zhou, Yongli Wang, Longtu Li, Zhenxing Yue, and Zhilun Gui. "The effect of Zn ion substitution on electromagnetic properties of low-temperature fired Z-type hexaferrite." Ceramics International 28, no. 8 (January 2002): 917–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-8842(02)00074-3.

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