Journal articles: 'Electrolytes – Conductivity'

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Dabrowski, L., M. Marciniak, and T. Szewczyk. "Analysis of Abrasive Flow Machining with an Electrochemical Process Aid." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 220, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440506x77571.

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Electrochemical aided abrasive flow machining (ECAFM) is possible using polymeric electrolytes. The ion conductivity of electrolytes is many times lower than the conductivity of electrolytes employed in ordinary electrochemical machining (ECM). Additions of inorganic fillers to electrolytes in the form of abrasives decrease conductivity even more. These considerations explain why the interelectrode gap through which the polymeric electrolyte is forced should be small. This in turn results in greater flow resistance of polymeric electrolyte, which takes the form of a semi-liquid paste. Rheological properties are also important for performance considerations. Experimental investigations have been carried out for smoothing flat surfaces and process productivity in which polymer electrolytes as gelated polymers and water-gels based on acryloamide were used.

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Nefedov, Vladimir G., Vadim V. Matveev, and Dmytriy G. Korolyanchuk. "INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY OF THIN FILMS OF ELECTROLYTES." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 2 (January 29, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20186102.5592.

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In the work the investigations of the effect of abnormally high electric conductivity of surface of the air-electrolyte interface during electrolytic decomposition of water were continued. Experiments were carried out both at alternating current via the bridge circuit and at direct current in the four-electrode cell. Previously, it was shown that in thin air-bordering electrolyte layers specific conductivity measured in the four-electrode cell during electrolysis of water exceeds the corresponding value measured with the bridge circuit for solutions of sodium hydroxide by 1.5 times, for solutions of sulfuric acid by 1.25 times and for solutions of sodium sulfate by 2.5 times. When replacing the gas-liquid interface by the liquid-solid phase one the effect disappears. It was shown that the abnormally high electric conductivity of thin air-bordering electrolyte layers depends on temperature (at 4 °С electric conductivity of 1 mm thick solution layer increases 8-12 times), ion composition, pH (maximum 5 times increase of electric conductivity corresponds to pH of isoelectric point). This allowed suggesting that such effect is caused by tunneling of charge (without mass transfer) through ordered structures on the surface of water - giant heterophase clusters. This mechanism has been called croquet. To check the influence of surface the experiments in 1 mm and 0.1 mm thick layers of electrolyte were conducted. Thin electrolyte films were stabilized by the DC-10 surfactant and the thickness was measured by interferometric methods. It has been shown that specific electric conductivity of thin films increases by 150-250 times in comparison with conductivity of the original electrolyte. This confirmed our assumptions on the nature of the effect of abnormally high electric conductivity of the gas-electrolyte interface during electrochemical generation of uncompensated H+ and/or OH- ions. Surprisingly, it appears that specific electric conductivity of the electrolyte film of thickness below 50 μm as measured at the 10 kHz alternating current is also higher than conductivity measured with the same method in the initial electrolyte volume. The values of electric conductivity of thin electrolyte films measured by different methods were almost identical. It has been suggested that this phenomenon is related to the changed conditions of charging of the double electric layer. To test the hypothesis, the values of specific electric conductivity of 1 mm thick electrolyte layer were measured at changing from 10 kHz to 0.1 Hz frequencies of alternating current. It was shown that the effect of increase in the electric conductivity begins to occur at frequencies up to 1 kHz. Calculations showed that at these frequencies the quantity of electricity transferred to the electrodes is sufficient for charging the double layer and initiation of the Faraday process. Thus, another confirmation that the croquet mechanism of electric conductivity occurs at the two conditions – the electrolytic generation of H+ or OH- ions and the transfer of charges through ordered structures on the surface of water – was found.Forcitation:Nefedov V.G., Matveev V.V., Korolyanchuk D.G. Influence of frequency of electric current on electric conductivity of thin films of electrolytes. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 2. P. 58-64

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Reddy Polu, Anji, and Ranveer Kumar. "Impedance Spectroscopy and FTIR Studies of PEG - Based Polymer Electrolytes." E-Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 1 (2011): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/628790.

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Ionic conductivity of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) - ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) based polymer electrolytes can be enhanced by incorporating ceramic filler TiO2into PEG-NH4Cl matrix. The electrolyte samples were prepared by solution casting technique. FTIR studies indicates that the complex formation between the polymer, salt and ceramic filler. The ionic conductivity was measured using impedance spectroscopy technique. It was observed that the conductivity of the electrolyte varies with TiO2concentration and temperature. The highest room temperature conductivity of the electrolyte of 7.72×10−6S cm-1was obtained at 15% by weight of TiO2and that without TiO2filler was found to be 9.58×10−7S cm−1. The conductivity has been improved by 8 times when the TiO2filler was introduced into the PEG–NH4Cl electrolyte system. The conductance spectra shows two distinct regions: a dc plateau and a dispersive region. The temperature dependence of the conductivity of the polymer electrolytes seems to obey the VTF relation. The conductivity values of the polymer electrolytes were reported and the results were discussed. The imaginary part of dielectric constant (εi) decreases with increase in frequency in the low frequency region whereas frequency independent behavior is observed in the high frequency region.

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Kamaluddin, Norashima, Famiza Abdul Latif, and Chan Chin Han. "The Effect of HCl Concentration on the Ionic Conductivity of Liquid PMMA Oligomer." Advanced Materials Research 1107 (June 2015): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.200.

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To date gel and film type polymer electrolytes have been widely synthesized due to their wide range of electrical properties. However, these types of polymer electrolytes exhibit poor mechanical stability and poor electrode-electrolyte contact hence deprive the overall performance of a battery system. Therefore, in order to indulge the advantages of polymer as electrolyte, a new class of liquid-type polymer electrolyte was synthesized and investigated. To date this type of polymer electrolytre has not been extensively studied. This is due to the unavailability of liquid polymer for significance application. In this study, liquid poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) electrolyte was synthesized using the simplest free radical polymerization technique using benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. It was found that this liquid PMMA oligomer has potential as electrolyte in proton battery when doped with small volume of various molarity of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in which the highest ionic conductivity achieved was 10-7 S/cm at room temperature. The properties of this liquid PMMA oligomer were further investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).

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Senthil, R. A., J. Theerthagiri, and J. Madhavan. "Hematite Fe₂O₃ Nanoparticles Incorporated Polyvinyl Alcohol Based Polymer Electrolytes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Materials Science Forum 832 (November 2015): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.832.72.

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Influence of hematite iron oxide nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3 NPs) on ionic conductivity of polyvinyl alcohol/KI/I2 (PVA/KI/I2) polymer electrolytes was investigated in this work. The pure and different weight percentage (wt %) ratios (2, 3, 4 and 5 % with respect to PVA) of α-Fe2O3 NPs incorporated PVA/KI/I2 polymer electrolyte films were prepared by solution casting method using DMSO as solvent. The prepared polymer electrolyte films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and alternating current (AC)-impedance analysis. The AC-impedance studies revealed a significant increase in the ionic conductivity of α-Fe2O3 NPs incorporated PVA/KI/I2 polymer electrolytes than compared to pure PVA/KI/I2. This incorporated polymer electrolytes reduces the crystallinity of the polymer and enhance the mobility of I-/I3- redox couple, thereby increasing the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes. The highest ionic conductivity of 1.167 × 10-4 Scm-1 was observed for 4 wt % of α-Fe2O3 NPs incorporated PVA/KI/I2 polymer electrolyte. Also, the dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) fabricated with this electrolyte showed an enhanced power conversion efficiency of 3.62 % than that of pure PVA/KI/I2 electrolyte (1.51 %). Thus, the synthesized α-Fe2O3 NPs added polymer electrolyte can be serve as a suitable material for dye sensitized solar cell application studies.

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Ambika, C., G. Hirankumar, S. Thanikaikarasan, K. K. Lee, E. Valenzuela, and P. J. Sebastian. "Influence of TiO2 as Filler on the Discharge Characteristics of a Proton Battery." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 18, no. 4 (November 20, 2015): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v18i4.351.

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Different concentrations of TiO2 dispersed nano-composite proton conducting polymer electrolyte membranes were prepared using solution casting technique. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis was carried out to determine the vibrational investigations about the prepared membranes. Variation of conductivity due to the incorporation of TiO2 in polymer blend electrolyte was analyzed using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and the value of maximum conductivity is 2.8×10-5 Scm-1 for 1mol% of TiO2 dispersed in polymer electrolytes. Wagner polarization technique has been used to determine the value of charge transport number of the composite polymer electrolytes. The electrochemical stability window of the nano-composite polymer electrolyte was analyzed using Linear Sweep Voltammetry. Fabrication of Proton battery is carried out with configuration of Zn+ZnSO4.7H2O+AC ǁ Polymer electrolyte ǁ MnO2+AC. Discharge characteristics were investigated for polymer blend electrolytes and 1mol% TiO2 dispersed nano-composite polymer electrolytes at constant current drain of 10μA. There is evidence of enhanced performance for proton battery which was constructed using 1mol% TiO2 dispersed nano-composite polymer electrolytes compared to the blend polymer electrolytes.

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Park, Young Seon, Jae Min Lee, Eun Jeong Yi, Ji-Woong Moon, and Haejin Hwang. "All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries with Oxide/Sulfide Composite Electrolytes." Materials 14, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14081998.

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Li6.3La3Zr1.65W0.35O12 (LLZO)-Li6PS5Cl (LPSC) composite electrolytes and all-solid-state cells containing LLZO-LPSC were fabricated by cold pressing at room temperature. The LPSC:LLZO ratio was varied, and the microstructure, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical performance of the corresponding composite electrolytes were investigated; the ionic conductivity of the composite electrolytes was three or four orders of magnitude higher than that of LLZO. The high conductivity of the composite electrolytes was attributed to the enhanced relative density and the rule of mixture for soft LPSC particles with high lithium-ion conductivity (~10−4 S·cm−1). The specific capacities of all-solid-state cells (ASSCs) consisting of a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode and the composite electrolytes of LLZO:LPSC = 7:3 and 6:4 were 163 and 167 mAh·g−1, respectively, at 0.1 C and room temperature. Moreover, the charge–discharge curves of the ASSCs with the composite electrolytes revealed that a good interfacial contact was successfully formed between the NCM811 cathode and the LLZO-LPSC composite electrolyte.

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Astakhov, Mikhail V., Ludmila A. Puntusova, Ruslan R. Galymzyanov, Ilya S. Krechetov, Alexey V. Lisitsyn, Svetlana V. Stakhanova, and Natalia V. Sviridenkova. "Multicomponent non-aqueous electrolytes for high temperature operation of supercapacitors." Butlerov Communications 61, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-61-1-67.

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Multicomponent non-aqueous electrolytes based on cyclic carbonates and tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate have been developed for the operation of supercapacitors at elevated temperatures. Propylene carbonate, which has a high dielectric constant and a high boiling point, was used as the main solvent of electrolytes. However, a significant drawback of propylene carbonate is its high viscosity, which leads to decrease in the electrical conductivity of electrolytes based on it compared to electrolytes based on acetonitrile. To increase the electrical conductivity, an additional component was introduced into the electrolyte – a cosolvent with the necessary set of properties. When choosing cosolvents, two approaches were used. In the first case, to increase the dielectric permittivity of the liquid phase, ethylene carbonate having a higher dielectric constant than propylene carbonate was introduced into the electrolyte. This approach made it possible to significantly increase the electrical conductivity of the electrolyte and to achieve high resource stability of the supercapacitor. The values of the specific capacitance and energy of the supercapacitor with the introduction of ethylene carbonate in the electrolyte practically did not change. In the second case, butyl acetate, which has a low viscosity but has a moderate polarity and a sufficiently high boiling point, was used as a co-solvent. In this case, not only an increase in the electrical conductivity of the electrolyte was observed, but also a significant increase in the capacitive characteristics of the supercapacitor. It is shown that the use of a mixture of cyclic carbonates and esters as a solvent in the composition of the electrolyte can increase its specific conductivity by 40%, and the specific energy consumption of a supercapacitor by 20%. The developed electrolytes provide long-term operation of supercapacitors both at room temperature and at elevated temperatures up to 80 °С.

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Kumar, R., Shuchi Sharma, N. Dhiman, and D. Pathak. "Study of Proton Conducting PVdF based Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes Containing Ammonium Fluoride." Material Science Research India 13, no. 1 (April 5, 2016): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/130104.

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Polymer electrolytes based on polyvinyledene fluoride (PVdF) and ammonium fluoride (NH4F) have been prepared and characterized. Films of polyvinyledene fluoride and ammonium fluoride have been prepared by solution casting technique using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a solvent. Maximum conductivity of 1.17 x 10-7 S/cm at room temperature has been obtained for polymer electrolytes containing 10wt% NH4F. The conductivity of polymer electrolyte has been increased by three orders of magnitude from 10-7 to 10-4 S/cm with the addition of dimethylformamide (DMF) as plasticizer. The increase in conductivity has been explained to be due to the dissociation of undissociated salt/ion aggregates present in the polymer electrolytes with the addition of high dielectric constant plasticizer (DMF). Maximum conductivity of 1.26 x 10-4 S/cm has been observed for plasticized polymer electrolytes. The variation of conductivity with temperature suggests that these polymer electrolytes are thermally stable and small change in conductivity with temperature is suitable for their use in practical applications like solid state batteries, fuel cells, electrochromic devices, supercapacitors etc.

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10

Wang, Linsheng. "Development of Novel High Li-Ion Conductivity Hybrid Electrolytes of Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS) and Li6.6La3Zr1.6Sb0.4O12 (LLZSO) for Advanced All-Solid-State Batteries." Oxygen 1, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oxygen1010003.

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A lithium superionic conductor of Li10GeP2S12 that exhibits the highest lithium ionic conductivity among the sulfide electrolytes and the most promising oxide electrolytes, namely, Li6.6La3Sr0.06Zr1.6Sb0.4O12 and Li6.6La3Zr1.6Sb0.4O12, are successfully synthesized. Novel hybrid electrolytes with a weight ratio of Li6.6La3Zr1.6Sb0.4O12 to Li10GeP2S12 from 1/1 to 1/3 with the higher Li-ion conductivity than that of the pure Li10GeP2S12 electrolyte are developed for the fabrication of the advanced all-solid-state Li batteries.

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11

Yang, Yan, Jie Tao, and Li Ma. "Study on Properties of Quasi Solid Polymer Electrolyte Based on PVdF-PMMA Blend for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.347.

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Poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) is photochemically stable even in the presence of TiO2 and Pt nanoparticles, and poly(methacrylate)(PMMA) has good solvent retention. The quasi-solid electrolytes based on PVDF-PMMA blend polymer were prepared in this work by soaking a porous membrane in an organic electrolyte solution containing the I−/I3− redox couple. The as-prepared electrolytes were characterized by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope respectively. Moreover, the conductivity and the voltage-current curves of the electrolytes were measured by electrochemical workstation. The results indicated that the optimum blend proportion of PVDF and PMMA was 6:4. The porous structure prepared with the addition of propanetriol was beneficial to ion diffusion and thus enhanced the conductivity of the electrolytes. The gel polymer electrolyte had a conductivity of 0.14 mS•cm-1 under the ambient atmosphere. Furthermore, electrolytes were assembled to fabricate DSSCs and the performance of the cells was tested. The good properties with the open-circuit voltage of 0.60V and the short-circuit current of 1.1mAcm-2 were achieved upon illumination with visible light.

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Bin, Wu, and Fan Chun. "Summary of Lithium-Ion Battery Polymer Electrolytes." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 2092–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.2092.

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Polymer electrolyte is a good ion conductor in lithium-ion battery with an excellent performance in conductivity, ion mobility and ion transport number. Some researches show strengthening mechanisms of polymer electrolyte membranes correlated with macromolecules group weight of PEGDME such as concentration of compounded Li+ salt. Ion transport in glassy polymer electrolytes including polymer backbones with same mesogenic chains can affect amorphous structure and relaxation at ambient temperature. In addition, singe crystal structure polymer electrolytes have various internal microstructures and external properties such as conductivity and charge or discharge stability in electrochemical that correlating with layers of ion diffusion and forming.

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13

Liu, Wei, Bin Li, and Wei Pan. "Influence of Thickness on Oxide Ionic Conductivity in Sm³⁺ and Nd³⁺ Co-Doped CeO₂ Electrolyte." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.710.

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Sm3+ and Nd3+ co-doped CeO2 solid electrolytes with various thicknesses were prepared by citric-nitrate combustion process. The electrical conductivity as a function of electrolyte thickness was determined by ac impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that the ionic conductivity increases with the decrease of the electrolyte thickness approximately and it was estimated that the conductivity enhancement was due to the increased grain boundary conductivity.

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Jawad, Mohammed Kadhim. "Investigate Salts type and concentration on the conductivity of Polymer Electrolyte." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 17, no. 42 (August 31, 2019): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v17i42.437.

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Polymer electrolytes systems compose of (PEO+KI+I2) and (PEO+RbI+I2) with different concentration, and a fixed amount of ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) over temperatures range 293-343 K prepared by solution cast method. The conductivity and dielectric constant of the gel electrolytes were studied. The conductivity of the electrolytes Ss & Hs increases steadily with increased concentration of salt KI and RbI. The higher value of conductivity of (4.7 10-3 @ RT S.cm-1) for S5 electrolyte which contains (KI 50%). Whereas the maximum amount of conductivity of (5.4 10³ @RT S.cm⁻ˡ) for H5 electrolyte which contains (RbI 50%) the ionic conductivity depends on the ionic radii of the migrating species (cation K⁺, Rb⁺) effect on it. As the temperature increase, the number of free ions also increases, thus increases the diffusion of ions through their free volume of the polymer. The dielectric constant decrease at higher frequencies due to the inability of dipoles to align quickly with the change of applied field. The dielectric constant proportional positively with variation temperature causes an increase in the dielectric constant. The higher the value of (εr), the better is the electrical conductivity.

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Zhang, Meng Fei, Tian Jun Li, Xiao Hui Zhao, Hua Jian Zhou, and Wei Pan. "Enhanced Ionic Conductivity in Ce_0.8Gd_0.2O_2-δ Nanofiber: Effect of the Crystallite Size." Solid State Phenomena 281 (August 2018): 761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.281.761.

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The relationship between the microstructure and the conductivity of nanocrystallized oxygen ionic electrolytes has been received great interest since it provides guidelines for designing electrolytes with high performances which might ﬁnd applications in fuel cells and oxygen sensors. Here, we present a strategy for controlling the calcination temperature to tune the crystallite size and ionic transport properties of solid electrolyte. Different crystallite sizes of Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ (CGO) nanofiber electrolytes were prepared. As the average crystallite size decreased from 27 nm to 8 nm, the conductivity of the nanoﬁbers increased by more than five times. An exceptionally high oxide ion conductivity of 0.023 S∙cm-1 for the nanoﬁbers was observed at 550°C. These insights into the eﬀect of the crystallite size on the structure and the conductivity allow a better control of the electrical properties of solid electrolytes, which might foster their applications in electrochemical devices operable at lower temperatures.

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Ren, Yong Huan, Chun Wei Yang, Bo Rong Wu, Cun Zhong Zhang, Shi Chen, and Feng Wu. "Novel Low-Temperature Electrolyte for Li-Ion Battery." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 1283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.1283.

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In order to overcome the limitation of Li-ion batteries at low temperature, series of electrolytes are prepared. Specially，FEC is chose to work as electrolyte solvent to enhance its poor performance. Electrolytes are composed of EC, PC, EMC and FEC, while VC is added as additive. Electrolytes with different ratio are examined, then the electrolyte with the best conductivity is studied in detail. Its characters are evaluated by CV, EIS and charge/discharge tests et al. The discharge curves of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2/Li show that battery with this FEC-based electrolyte at 233K could yield 51% of room temperature capacity. Most obviously, MCMB/Li half cell with this electrolyte could fill 91% of its normal capacity at 233K while batteries barely charge any with traditional electrolyte（LiPF6/EC+DMC(1:1 in volume)）. This nice charge behavior won’t emerge unless the conductivity could basically meet the demand at 233K. The property of FEC-based electrolyte outweighs commercialized electrolyte as this article confirms.

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Hong, Jinhua, Shunsuke Kobayashi, Akihide Kuwabara, Yumi H. Ikuhara, Yasuyuki Fujiwara, and Yuichi Ikuhara. "Defect Engineering and Anisotropic Modulation of Ionic Transport in Perovskite Solid Electrolyte LixLa(1−x)/3NbO3." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 3559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123559.

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Solid electrolytes, such as perovskite Li3xLa2/1−xTiO3, LixLa(1−x)/3NbO3 and garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 ceramic oxides, have attracted extensive attention in lithium-ion battery research due to their good chemical stability and the improvability of their ionic conductivity with great potential in solid electrolyte battery applications. These solid oxides eliminate safety issues and cycling instability, which are common challenges in the current commercial lithium-ion batteries based on organic liquid electrolytes. However, in practical applications, structural disorders such as point defects and grain boundaries play a dominating role in the ionic transport of these solid electrolytes, where defect engineering to tailor or improve the ionic conductive property is still seldom reported. Here, we demonstrate a defect engineering approach to alter the ionic conductive channels in LixLa(1−x)/3NbO3 (x = 0.1~0.13) electrolytes based on the rearrangements of La sites through a quenching process. The changes in the occupancy and interstitial defects of La ions lead to anisotropic modulation of ionic conductivity with the increase in quenching temperatures. Our trial in this work on the defect engineering of quenched electrolytes will offer opportunities to optimize ionic conductivity and benefit the solid electrolyte battery applications.

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Srivastava, Sandeep, and Pradeep K. Varshney. "Conductivity and structural studies of PVA based mixed-ion composite polymer electrolytes." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.12423.

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The solid membranes having different ratios of poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) and lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) were prepared using solution casting technique. The mixed-ion composite polymer electrolytes were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and conductivity measurement investigations. The XRD study confirms the amorphous nature of the mixed-ion composite polymer electrolytes. FTIR analysis has been used to characterize the structure of polymer which confirms the polymer and salt complex formation. The temperature dependent nature of ionic conductivity of the mixed-ion composite polymer electrolytes was determined by using conductivity meter (EC-035WP ERMA Inc, made in Japan). The ionic conductivity of the electrolyte was found in the range of 10-3 - 10-4 S/cm at room temperature.

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Gupta, Sandhya, Pramod K. Singh, and B. Bhattacharya. "Low-viscosity ionic liquid–doped solid polymer electrolytes." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 8 (May 30, 2018): 986–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318778763.

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Polymer electrolyte films based on poly(ethylene oxide) doped with salt sodium nitrate and ionic liquid (IL; 1-ethyl 3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate) have been prepared and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and impedance spectroscopy. The relative percentage of crystallinity of polymer electrolytes has been calculated by using DSC thermograms and electrical properties by using impedance spectroscopy. The incorporation of IL in polymer matrix increases the conductivity of polymer electrolyte. The maximum value of ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte is found to be 1.93 × 10−4 S m−1 with 9 wt% IL.

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Bock, Robert, Morten Onsrud, Håvard Karoliussen, Bruno Pollet, Frode Seland, and Odne Burheim. "Thermal Gradients with Sintered Solid State Electrolytes in Lithium-Ion Batteries." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010253.

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The electrolyte is one of the three essential constituents of a Lithium-Ion battery (LiB) in addition to the anode and cathode. During increasingly high power and high current charging and discharging, the requirement for the electrolyte becomes more strict. Solid State Electrolyte (SSE) sees its niche for high power applications due to its ability to suppress concentration polarization and otherwise stable properties also related to safety. During high power and high current cycling, heat management becomes more important and thermal conductivity measurements are needed. In this work, thermal conductivity was measured for three types of solid state electrolytes: Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO), Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 (LAGP), and Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3 (LATP) at different compaction pressures. LAGP and LATP were measured after sintering, and LLZO was measured before and after sintering the sample material. Thermal conductivity for the sintered electrolytes was measured to 0.470 ± 0.009 WK − 1 m − 1 , 0.5 ± 0.2 WK − 1 m − 1 and 0.49 ± 0.02 WK − 1 m − 1 for LLZO, LAGP, and LATP respectively. Before sintering, LLZO showed a thermal conductivity of 0.22 ± 0.02 WK − 1 m − 1 . An analytical temperature distribution model for a battery stack of 24 cells shows temperature differences between battery center and edge of 1–2 K for standard liquid electrolytes and 7–9 K for solid state electrolytes, both at the same C-rate of four.

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Kim, Han-Na, Kyung-Geun Kim, Yeon Uk Jeong, and Sung Yeol Kim. "Double-Crosslinked Polyurethane Acrylate for Highly Conductive and Stable Polymer Electrolyte." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 31, 2020): 2557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112557.

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High ionic conductivity and good stability are major factors that influence the use of polymer electrolytes in electrochemical storage and conversion devices. In this study, we present polyurethane acrylate (PUA) membranes having enhanced ionic conductivity and swelling stability by double crosslinking the polyurethane (PU) and polyacrylate (PA) compartments. The crosslinking agent concentration was varied to control their mechanical properties, swelling stability, and ionic conductivity. Under optimum conditions, the electrolyte uptake of the double-crosslinked PUA membranes without notable defects was 245%. The maximum ionic conductivity of these membranes reached 9.6 mS/cm, which was higher than those with respect to most of the previously reported PUA- or PU-based polymer electrolytes.

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Hoang Huy, Vo Pham, Seongjoon So, and Jaehyun Hur. "Inorganic Fillers in Composite Gel Polymer Electrolytes for High-Performance Lithium and Non-Lithium Polymer Batteries." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030614.

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Among the various types of polymer electrolytes, gel polymer electrolytes have been considered as promising electrolytes for high-performance lithium and non-lithium batteries. The introduction of inorganic fillers into the polymer-salt system of gel polymer electrolytes has emerged as an effective strategy to achieve high ionic conductivity and excellent interfacial contact with the electrode. In this review, the detailed roles of inorganic fillers in composite gel polymer electrolytes are presented based on their physical and electrochemical properties in lithium and non-lithium polymer batteries. First, we summarize the historical developments of gel polymer electrolytes. Then, a list of detailed fillers applied in gel polymer electrolytes is presented. Possible mechanisms of conductivity enhancement by the addition of inorganic fillers are discussed for each inorganic filler. Subsequently, inorganic filler/polymer composite electrolytes studied for use in various battery systems, including Li-, Na-, Mg-, and Zn-ion batteries, are discussed. Finally, the future perspectives and requirements of the current composite gel polymer electrolyte technologies are highlighted.

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Kumar, Asheesh, Raghunandan Sharma, M. Suresh, Malay K. Das, and Kamal K. Kar. "Structural and ion transport properties of lithium triflate/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)-based polymer electrolytes." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 49, no. 6 (November 4, 2016): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244316676512.

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Polymer electrolytes consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) in combination with lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3) salt of varying concentration have been prepared using the conventional solution casting technique in the argon atmosphere. Structural electrical characterizations of the synthesized electrolytes have been performed using various imaging and spectroscopic techniques. The DC conductivities determined by complex impedance plots reveal gradual increase with increase in salt concentration up to a particular limit and decrease subsequently. The maximum DC conductivity obtained at 300 K is 1.64 × 10−4 Scm−1 for the electrolyte with a polymer to salt weight ratio of 1:1.8. The temperature-dependent conductivity followed a mixed Arrhenius and Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher type behaviour for the polymer electrolytes. From the Summerfield master curve plot, the conductivity of the solid polymer electrolytes is found to depend not only on ion dynamics but also on the segmental mobility of the polymer chains.

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Ulihin, Artem, and Olga Protazanova. "Synthesis and electrical properties of Ag16I12P2O7." MATEC Web of Conferences 340 (2021): 01046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134001046.

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Superionic solid electrolyte Ag16I12P2O7 was prepared using solid state synthesis. The ionic conductivity of this compound was studied by the complex impedance spectroscopy method in a wide temperature range. It is shown that Ag16I12P2O7 is characterized by a high ionic conductivity at room temperature, comparable to the conductivity of liquid electrolytes.

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Muthiah, Muthuvinayagam, Gopinathan Chellasamy, Rajeswari Natarajan, Selvasekarapandian Subramanian, and Sanjeeviraja Chinnappa. "Proton conducting polymer electrolytes based on PVdF-PVA with NH4NO3." Journal of Polymer Engineering 33, no. 4 (July 1, 2013): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2012-0146.

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Abstract Conducting polymer electrolyte films were prepared based on poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by using a solution casting technique. The optimized PVdF-PVA polymer blend ratio was doped with different concentrations of NH4NO3 and polymer blend electrolytes were prepared. The increase in amorphous nature of the polymer electrolytes was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and optical microscopic studies. The complex formation between the polymers and the salt was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The ac impedance studies were performed to evaluate the ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte membranes in the range 303–333 K and the highest ionic conductivity was found to be 2.91×10-4 S/cm at ambient temperature for PVdF-PVA-NH4NO3 (80:20:25 MWt%) polymer electrolyte, with activation energy Ea=0.7 eV. The dielectric behavior of the electrolytes was also studied.

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Chai, M. N., and M. I. N. Isa. "Structural Study of Plasticized Carboxy Methylcellulose Based Solid Biopolymer Electrolyte." Advanced Materials Research 1107 (June 2015): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.242.

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Carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) doped with oleic acid (OA) and plasticized with glycerol was able to be produced into solid biopolymer electrolytes using the solution cast technique. The CMC-OA-glycerol solid polymer electrolyte obtained the highest conductivity of 1.64 x 10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature for sample Gly 40 wt. %. Within the temperature range investigated, the conductivity– temperature relationship of the biopolymer electrolytes is characteristically Arrhenius behaviour, suggesting that the conductivity is thermally assisted. Fourier Transform Infrared studies was carried out to determine the dissociation of free protons (H+) from the carboxyl group (–COOH) of glycerol.

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Song, Yongli, Luyi Yang, Lei Tao, Qinghe Zhao, Zijian Wang, Yanhui Cui, Hao Liu, Yuan Lin, and Feng Pan. "Probing into the origin of an electronic conductivity surge in a garnet solid-state electrolyte." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 40 (2019): 22898–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta10269h.

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Singh, Divya, D. Kanjilal, GVS Laxmi, Pramod K. Singh, SK Tomar, and Bhaskar Bhattacharya. "Conductivity and dielectric studies of Li3+-irradiated PVP-based polymer electrolytes." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 8 (June 12, 2018): 978–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318780494.

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Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) complexed with sodium iodide (NaI) is synthesized to investigate the ionic conductivity of alkaline-based polymer electrolytes. In this article, we report the modification of electrical properties of a new ion-conducting polymer electrolyte, namely, PVP complexed with NaI. Modification of polymer electrolyte was carried out before and after the exposure of films by bombarding them at different fluences with respect to Li3+ ion beam at 60 MeV. The preparation and detailed characterization of PVP:NaI is being reported. Further, a correlation with conductivity and dielectric constant has also been established. The modulation in the conductivity is explained in terms of number of charge carriers ( n) and its mobility ( μ), which confirms the behavior of the polymer electrolyte as an alternative strategy to improve the conductivity.

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Yue, Zheng, Qiang Ma, Xinyi Mei, Abigail Schulz, Hamza Dunya, Dana Alramahi, Christopher McGarry, et al. "Specifically Designed Ionic Liquids—Formulations, Physicochemical Properties, and Electrochemical Double Layer Storage Behavior." ChemEngineering 3, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering3020058.

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Two key features—non-volatility and non-flammability—make ionic liquids (ILs) very attractive for use as electrolyte solvents in advanced energy storage systems, such as supercapacitors and Li-ion batteries. Since most ILs possess high viscosity and are less prone to dissolving common electrolytic salts when compared to traditional electrolytic solvents, they must be formulated with low viscosity thinner solvents to achieve desired ionic conductivity and dissolution of electrolyte salts in excess of 0.5 M concentration. In the past few years, our research group has synthesized several specifically designed ILs (mono-cationic, di-cationic, and zwitterionic) with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSI) and dicyanamide (DCA) as counter anions. This article describes several electrolyte formulations to achieve superior electrolytic properties. The performance of a few representative IL-based electrolytes in supercapacitor coin cells is presented.

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Ravindran, D., P. Vickraman, and N. Sankarasubramanian. "Conductivity Studies on Nano ZnO Incorporated PVC-PVdF Gel Electrolytes for Li⁺ Ion Battery Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.563.

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Polymer electrolytes with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVdF) blend as matrix and lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) as dopant salt were prepared by solvent casting technique. Propylene carbonate was used as plasticizer and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as common solvent. Zinc oxide nano particles were synthesized through novel solid-state milling method and incorporated as filler. The content (wt%) of nano filler in the polymer electrolyte was systematically varied to study its influence on the conductivity of the electrolyte membranes. The films were subjected to complex impedance analysis in the frequency range 50 – 100 KHz. The analysis reveals the strong influence of filler particles on the conductivity profile of the electrolytes.

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Muda, N., Salmiah Ibrahim, Norlida Kamarulzaman, and Mohamed Nor Sabirin. "PVDF-HFP-NH₄CF₃SO₃-SiO₂ Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes for Protonic Electrochemical Cell." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.373.

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This paper describes the preparation and characterization of proton conducting nanocomposite polymer electrolytes based a polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexapropylene (PVDF-HFP) for protonic electrochemical cells. The electrolytes were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Impedance Spectroscopy (IS). It is observed that the crystallinity of the PVDF-HFP-NH4CF3SO3 system slightly increase upon addition of SiO2 nanofiller. The PVDF-HFP-NH4CF3SO3-SiO2 electrolytes reveals the existence of two conductivity maxima at 1 and 4 wt% of SiO2 concentration attributed to two percolation thresholds in the nanocomposite polymer electrolyte. The optimum value of conductivity of 1.07 × 10-3 S cm-1 is achieved for the nanocomposite polymer electrolyte film with 1 wt% SiO2. Protonic electrochemical cells was fabricated with a configuration Zn + ZnSO4.7H2O + PTFE (anode) | PVDF-HFP:NH4CF3SO3+SiO2 (electrolyte) | MnO2 + PTFE (cathode). The maximum open circuit voltage (OCV) is ~1.50 V and discharge characteristics of the cell were studied at different loads of resistances.

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Lee, Kyoung-Jin, Eun-Jeong Yi, Gangsanin Kim, and Haejin Hwang. "Synthesis of Ceramic/Polymer Nanocomposite Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Batteries." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 4494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17562.

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Lithium-ion conducting nanocomposite solid electrolytes were synthesized from polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), LiClO4, and Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) ceramic particles. The synthesized nanocomposite electrolyte consisted of LATP particles and an amorphous polymer. LATP particles were homogeneously distributed in the polymer matrix. The nanocomposite electrolytes were flexible and self-standing. The lithium-ion conductivity of the nanocomposite electrolyte was almost an order of magnitude higher than that of the PEO/PMMA solid polymer electrolyte.

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Lin, Xu Ping, Hai Tao Zhong, Xing Chen, Ben Ge, and De Sheng Ai. "Preparation and Property of LSGM-Carbonate Composite Electrolyte for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." Solid State Phenomena 281 (August 2018): 754–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.281.754.

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The LSGM-carbonate composite electrolyte is a new type of medium and low temperature SOFC electrolyte material, which has great application potential. In this paper, the molten salt infiltration method was used to prepare the LSGM-carbonate composite electrolyte. The results of SEM test proved that the molten salt infiltration method was more appropriate in preparing the LSGM-carbonate composite electrolyte comparing with direct mixing method. The influence of the type and content of pore forming agent was investigated. The result showed that the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) had an excellent pore forming performance and could create interconnected pore structures successfully in LSGM matrix. The XRD result indicated that the LSGM-carbonate composite electrolyte showed almost a single LSGM phase and the carbonate remained glass state. Four terminal method was used to measure the conductivity. The result showed that the conductivity of the LSGM-carbonate composite electrolytes was increased by one order of magnitude compared with pure LSGM. The conductivity of LSGM-carbonate composite electrolytes increased firstly and then decreased with the increasing of PMMA. The LSGM-carbonate composite electrolyte prepared by 25 wt.% PMMA addition has the highest conductivity during the whole range of test temperature and reached 0.3 S.cm-1 at 600°C.

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34

Ulutaş, Kemal, Ugur Yahsi, Hüseyin Deligöz, Cumali Tav, Serpil Yılmaztürk, Mesut Yılmazoğlu, Gonca Erdemci, Bilgehan Coşkun, Şahin Yakut, and Deniz Değer. "Dielectric properties and conductivity of PVdF-co-HFP/LiClO4 polymer electrolytes." Canadian Journal of Physics 96, no. 7 (July 2018): 786–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2017-0678.

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In this study, it was aimed to prepare a series of PVdF-co-HFP based electrolytes with different LiClO4 loadings and to investigate their chemical and electrical properties in detail. For this purpose, PVdF-co-HFP based electrolytes with different LiClO4 loadings (1–20 weight %) were prepared using solution casting method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric (TGA) –differential thermal and dielectric spectroscopy analysis of PVdF-co-HFP/LiClO4 were performed to characterize their structural, thermal, and dielectric properties, respectively. XRD results showed that the diffraction peaks of PVdF-co-HFP/LiClO4 electrolytes broadened and decreased with LiClO4. TGA patterns exhibited that PVdF-co-HFP/LiClO4 electrolytes with 20 wt % of LiClO4 had the lowest thermal stability and it degraded above 473 K, which is highly applicable for solid polymer electrolytes. Dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and conductivities were calculated by measuring capacitance and dielectric loss factor of PVdF-co-HFP/LiClO4 in the range from 10 mHz to 20 MHz frequencies at room temperature. In consequence, conductivities of PVdF-co-HFP/LiClO4 increased significantly with frequency for low loading of LiClO4 while they only slightly changed with higher LiClO4 addition. On the other hand, dielectric constant values of PVdF-co-HFP/LiClO4 films decreased with frequency whereas they rose with LiClO4 addition. The dielectric studies showed an increase in dielectric constant and dielectric loss with decreasing frequency. This result was attributed to high contribution of charge accumulation at the electrode–electrolyte interface. The electrolyte showed the maximum conductivity of 8 × 10−2 S/cm at room temperature.

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Tamamushi, Reita, and Kazuko Tanaka. "Electrolytic conductivity of non-associated electrolytes at high concentrations." Electrochimica Acta 33, no. 10 (October 1988): 1445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(88)80137-3.

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Sharma, Jitender Paul, and Vijay Singh. "Influence of high and low dielectric constant plasticizers on the ion transport properties of PEO: NH4HF2 polymer electrolytes." High Performance Polymers 32, no. 2 (March 2020): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008319894043.

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Different composition ratio of polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as host polymer, ammonium bifluoride (NH4HF2) as salt, and propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl acetamide (DMA), dimethyl chloride (DMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) as plasticizers has been prepared by solution casting technique. The influence of high dielectric constant plasticizers (PC and DMA) and low dielectric constant plasticizers (DMC and DEC) on the ion transport properties of PEO-NH4HF2 polymer electrolytes has been studied. The increase in ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes containing PC and DMA is observed to be more as compared to those electrolytes containing DMC and DEC, which is due to an increase in both the amorphous phase and dielectric constant of PEO. X-ray diffraction study reveals the amorphous nature in case of plasticized polymer electrolyte. In the Fourier transform infrared study, the changes and shifting of the different characteristic peaks confirm the polymer–salt complex formation and the dissociation of ion aggregates present at higher concentration of salt with the addition of PC. Maximum ionic conductivity of 1.40 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature has observed in case of plasticized polymer electrolytes containing optimum concentration of PC so that mechanical stability and flexibility be maintained. The variation of linewidth with temperature has also been studied by 1H and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which confirms that both cations and anions are mobile in these polymer electrolytes. Line narrowing associated with the glass transition temperature ( T g; low mobility region) and melting temperature ( T m; high mobility region) of PEO has also been observed for plasticized polymer electrolytes containing PC having optimum conductivity value. Conductivity versus temperature variation study reveals curved nature of plot in case of plasticized polymer electrolytes containing high dielectric constant plasticizers, which is significant for their amorphous nature. Smooth morphology observed in case of plasticized polymer electrolytes having optimum conductivity value is essential key factor for polymer electrolytes to be suitable for practical applications.

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Shukur, M. F., F. Sonsudin, R. Yahya, Z. Ahmad, R. Ithnin, and M. F. Z. Kadir. "Electrical Properties of Starch Based Silver Ion Conducting Solid Biopolymer Electrolyte." Advanced Materials Research 701 (May 2013): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.701.120.

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In the present study, the electrical and dielectric properties of a solid biopolymer electrolyte system based on starch doped with different amounts of silver nitrate (AgNO3) were analyzed. The electrolyte system was prepared via solution cast technique. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement for the system was conducted over a frequency range of 50 Hz - 1 MHz at room temperature. It was found that the sample containing 6 wt.% AgNO3 obtained the highest conductivity value of 1.03 × 10-9 S cm-1. The effect of salt concentration on the dielectric properties of the electrolytes was also studied in relation to the conductivity properties. The dielectric studies indicated that the electrolytes in the present study obeyed non-Debye behavior.

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38

Widiarti, Nuni, Woro Sumarni, and Lysa Setyaningrum. "THE SYNTHESIS OF CHITOSAN POLYMER MEMBRANE/PVA AS AN ECO-FRIENDLY BATTERY FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCE." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 6, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v6i1.6880.

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The eco-friendly materials which have not commonly developed as energy storage alternative sources are solid electrolytes. Chitosan is one of the natural polymer potentially used as the material of solid electrolytes. The purpose of this study is to determine the conductivity value of chitosan polymers electrolytes-PVA-glutaraldehyde-NH4Br by varying amount of chitosan and ammonium bromide salt (NH4Br). The polymer electrolyte membrane was made using phase inversion method. Electrolyte polymer is made by mixing chitosan, PVA, glutaraldehyde, and NH4Br to become homogenous liquid and then printed it in petri dish. Polymer electrolyte with chitosan variation of 2; 2.4; 2.8 and 3.2 g has highest ionic conductivity of 1.4983 x 10-2 S/cm with the addition of 2.8 g that can be used as the optimum composition. The variations of salt (NH4Br) were 0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 and 1 g has the highest ionic conductivity in the point of 2.4385 x 10-2 S/cm with the addition of 0.6 g. The characterization result of FTIR shows OH group at the wavenumber of 3362.02 cm-1, C-O group at 1740.43 cm-1, and C=N group at 1542.41 cm-1. Synthesized polymer can be used as a battery that has 0.43 V voltage.

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Yang, Chun Wei, Yong Huan Ren, Bo Rong Wu, and Feng Wu. "Formulation of a New Type of Electrolytes for LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ Cathodes Working in an Ultra-Low Temperature Range." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.258.

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A new type of electrolytes for low temperature operation of Li-ion batteries was formulated in this work. Instead of LiPF6, LiBF4 and LiODFB were used to form this new type of electrolytes, although LiPF6 is the mostly chosen solute in the state-of-the-art Li-ion electrolytes. It was found although a LiBF4-based electrolyte had a lower ionic conductivity than that of a LiODFB-based electrolyte, a LiODFB-based electrolyte demonstrated improved low temperature performance. In particular, at-30°C, a Li-ion cell with 1M LiODFB dissolved in a 1:2:5 (wt.) propylene carbonate (PC)/ethylene carbonate (EC)/ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) mixed solvent delivered 86% of the capacity obtained at 20°C. Furthermore, the cells with a LiODFB-based electrolyte showed lower polarization at-30°C. The above results suggest that beside the ionic conductivity of an electrolyte as a limitation to the low temperature operation of Li-ion batteries, there was interface impedance having effect on it. Analysis of cell impedance revealed that reduced charge-transfer resistance by using LiODFB resulted in improved low temperature performance of Li-ion batteries.

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Jawad, Mohammed Kadhim. "Polymer electrolytes based PAN for dye-sensitized solar cells." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 15, no. 33 (January 8, 2019): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v15i33.150.

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Solar cells has been assembly with electrolytes including I−/I−3 redox duality employ polyacrylonitrile (PAN), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), with double iodide salts of tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) and Lithium iodide (LiI) and iodine (I2) were thoughtful for enhancing the efficiency of the solar cells. The rendering of the solar cells has been examining by alteration the weight ratio of the salts in the electrolyte. The solar cell with electrolyte comprises (60% wt. TBAI/40% wt. LiI (+I2)) display elevated efficiency of 5.189% under 1000 W/m2 light intensity. While the solar cell with electrolyte comprises (60% wt. LiI/40% wt. TBAI (+I2)) display a lower efficiency of 3.189%. The conductivity raises with the raising TBAI salt weight ratio and attains the maximum value of 1.7×10−3 S. cm−1 at room temperature with 60% wt. TBAI, and the lower value of ionic conductivity of 5.27×10−4 S. cm−1 for electrolyte with 40% wt. TBAI. The results display that the conductivity rises with rising temperature. This may be attributed to the extending of the polymer and thereby output the free volume. The alteration in ionic conductivity with temperature obeys the Arrhenius type thermally activated process. The differences in activation energy mightily backup the alteration in the electrical conductivity.

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Sharma, Rajni, Anjan Sil, and Subrata Ray. "Characterization of Plasticized PMMA-LiClO₄ Solid Polymer Electrolytes." Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.185.

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In the present work, the effect of Li salt i.e. LiClO4 contained in composite plasticizer (PC+DEC) with three different concentrations on ionic transport and other electrochemical properties of PMMA based gel polymer electrolytes synthesized has been investigated. The electrolytes have been synthesized by solution casting technique by varying the wt (%) of salt and plasticizer. The formation of polymer-salt complexes and their structural characterization have been carried out by FTIR spectroscopic and XRD analyses. The room temperature ionic conductivity of the electrolyte composition 0.6PMMA-0.125(PC+DEC)-0.15LiClO4 (wt %) has been found to be maximum whose magnitude is 0.40×10-5 S/cm as determined by ac impedance analysis. The temperature dependent ionic conductivity of electrolyte sample0.6PMMA-0.125(PC+DEC)-0.15LiClO4 has further been investigated. Thermal analyses of electrolyte samples of all three compositions have also been done.

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Abarna, S., and G. Hirankumar. "Vibrational, electrical, dielectric and optical properties of PVA-LiPF6 solid polymer electrolytes." Materials Science-Poland 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msp-2019-0037.

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AbstractSolid polymer electrolytes based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped with LiPF6 have been prepared using solution casting technique. Electrical properties of prepared electrolyte films were analyzed using AC impedance spectroscopy. The ionic conductivity was found to increase with increasing salt concentration. The maximum conductivity of 8.94 × 10−3 S·cm−1 was obtained at ambient temperature for the film containing 20 mol% of LiPF6. The conductivity enhancement was correlated to the enhancement of available charge carriers. The formation of a complex between the polymer and salt was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The optical nature of the polymer electrolyte films was analyzed through UV-Vis spectroscopy.

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Boyano, Iker, Aroa R. Mainar, J. Alberto Blázquez, Andriy Kvasha, Miguel Bengoechea, Iratxe de Meatza, Susana García-Martín, Alejandro Varez, Jesus Sanz, and Flaviano García-Alvarado. "Reduction of Grain Boundary Resistance of La0.5Li0.5TiO3 by the Addition of Organic Polymers." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010061.

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The organic solvents that are widely used as electrolytes in lithium ion batteries present safety challenges due to their volatile and flammable nature. The replacement of liquid organic electrolytes by non-volatile and intrinsically safe ceramic solid electrolytes is an effective approach to address the safety issue. However, the high total resistance (bulk and grain boundary) of such compounds, especially at low temperatures, makes those solid electrolyte systems unpractical for many applications where high power and low temperature performance are required. The addition of small quantities of a polymer is an efficient and low cost approach to reduce the grain boundary resistance of inorganic solid electrolytes. Therefore, in this work, we study the ionic conductivity of different composites based on non-sintered lithium lanthanum titanium oxide (La0.5Li0.5TiO3) as inorganic ceramic material and organic polymers with different characteristics, added in low percentage (<15 wt.%). The proposed cheap composite solid electrolytes double the ionic conductivity of the less cost-effective sintered La0.5Li0.5TiO3.

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Vijil Vani, C., K. Karuppasamy, N. Ammakutty Sridevi, S. Balakumar, and X. Sahaya Shajan. "Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes Dispersed with Nanoparticles." Advanced Materials Research 678 (March 2013): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.678.229.

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The effect of electron beam irradiation on electrical, thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of plasticized polymer electrolytes was investigated. A significant improvement in the mechanical strength without reduction in ionic conductivity was observed for the irradiated polymer electrolytes. DSC studies showed that the thermal behavior of the polymer electrolytes was improved by the addition of filler and by irradiation. SEM studies revealed a significant improvement in surface morphology of the polymer electrolyte after irradiation. The results are presented herein.

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Gao, Hongcai, Nicholas S. Grundish, Yongjie Zhao, Aijun Zhou, and John B. Goodenough. "Formation of Stable Interphase of Polymer-in-Salt Electrolyte in All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries." Energy Material Advances 2020 (December 23, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/1932952.

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The integration of solid-polymer electrolytes into all-solid-state lithium batteries is highly desirable to overcome the limitations of current battery configurations that have a low energy density and severe safety concerns. Polyacrylonitrile is an appealing matrix for solid-polymer electrolytes; however, the practical utilization of such polymer electrolytes in all-solid-state cells is impeded by inferior ionic conductivity and instability against a lithium-metal anode. In this work, we show that a polymer-in-salt electrolyte based on polyacrylonitrile with a lithium salt as the major component exhibits a wide electrochemically stable window, a high ionic conductivity, and an increased lithium-ion transference number. The growth of dendrites from the lithium-metal anode was suppressed effectively by the polymer-in-salt electrolyte to increase the safety features of the batteries. In addition, we found that a stable interphase was formed between the lithium-metal anode and the polymer-in-salt electrolyte to restrain the uncontrolled parasitic reactions, and we demonstrated an all-solid-state battery configuration with a LiFePO4 cathode and the polymer-in-salt electrolyte, which exhibited a superior cycling stability and rate capability.

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Gao, Hongcai, Nicholas S. Grundish, Yongjie Zhao, Aijun Zhou, and John B. Goodenough. "Formation of Stable Interphase of Polymer-in-Salt Electrolyte in All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries." Energy Material Advances 2021 (January 7, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/1932952.

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The integration of solid-polymer electrolytes into all-solid-state lithium batteries is highly desirable to overcome the limitations of current battery configurations that have a low energy density and severe safety concerns. Polyacrylonitrile is an appealing matrix for solid-polymer electrolytes; however, the practical utilization of such polymer electrolytes in all-solid-state cells is impeded by inferior ionic conductivity and instability against a lithium-metal anode. In this work, we show that a polymer-in-salt electrolyte based on polyacrylonitrile with a lithium salt as the major component exhibits a wide electrochemically stable window, a high ionic conductivity, and an increased lithium-ion transference number. The growth of dendrites from the lithium-metal anode was suppressed effectively by the polymer-in-salt electrolyte to increase the safety features of the batteries. In addition, we found that a stable interphase was formed between the lithium-metal anode and the polymer-in-salt electrolyte to restrain the uncontrolled parasitic reactions, and we demonstrated an all-solid-state battery configuration with a LiFePO4 cathode and the polymer-in-salt electrolyte, which exhibited a superior cycling stability and rate capability.

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Tan, Feihu, Hua An, Ning Li, Jun Du, and Zhengchun Peng. "Stabilization of Li0.33La0.55TiO3 Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer and Enhancement of Cycling Performance of LiNi0.5Co0.3Mn0.2O2 Battery Cathode with Buffer Layer." Nanomaterials 11, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11040989.

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All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are attractive for energy storage, mainly because introducing solid-state electrolytes significantly improves the battery performance in terms of safety, energy density, process compatibility, etc., compared with liquid electrolytes. However, the ionic conductivity of the solid-state electrolyte and the interface between the electrolyte and the electrode are two key factors that limit the performance of ASSBs. In this work, we investigated the structure of a Li0.33La0.55TiO3 (LLTO) thin-film solid electrolyte and the influence of different interfaces between LLTO electrolytes and electrodes on battery performance. The maximum ionic conductivity of the LLTO was 7.78 × 10−5 S/cm. Introducing a buffer layer could drastically improve the battery charging and discharging performance and cycle stability. Amorphous SiO2 allowed good physical contact with the electrode and the electrolyte, reduced the interface resistance, and improved the rate characteristics of the battery. The battery with the optimized interface could achieve 30C current output, and its capacity was 27.7% of the initial state after 1000 cycles. We achieved excellent performance and high stability by applying the dense amorphous SiO2 buffer layer, which indicates a promising strategy for the development of ASSBs.

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48

Guo, Xin, Shunchang Li, Fuhua Chen, Ying Chu, Xueying Wang, Weihua Wan, Lili Zhao, and Yongping Zhu. "Performance Improvement of PVDF–HFP-Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte with the Dopant of Octavinyl-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 2701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112701.

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Gel polymer electrolytes have the advantages of both a solid electrolyte and a liquid electrolyte. As a transitional product before which a solid electrolyte can be comprehensively used, gel polymer electrolytes are of great research value. They can reduce the risk of spontaneous combustion and explosion caused by leakage during the use of conventional liquid electrolytes. Poly(vinylidene-fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF–HFP), a material with excellent performance, has been widely utilized in the preparation of gel polymer electrolytes. Here, PVDF–HFP-based gel polymer membranes with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) pores were prepared using a phase inversion method, and Octavinyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OVAPOSS) was doped to improve its temperature resistance as well as its ionic conductivity, to enhance its safety and electrochemical performance. The final prepared polymer membrane had a porosity of 85.06% and still had a certain mechanical strength at 160 °C without any shrinkage. The gel polymer electrolyte prepared with this polymer membrane had an ionic conductivity of 1.62 × 10−3 S·cm−1 at 30 °C, as well as an electrochemical window of about 5.5 V. The LiCoO2-Li button half-cell prepared therefrom had a specific capacity of 141 mAh·g−1 at a rate of 1C. The coulombic efficiency remained above 99% within 100 cycles and the capacity retention rate reached 99.5%, which reveals an excellent cycling stability.

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Ahmad, Nur Hidayah, and M. I. N. Isa. "Structural and Ionic Conductivity Studies of CMC Based Polymerelectrolyte Doped with NH4Cl." Advanced Materials Research 1107 (June 2015): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.247.

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The present study aims to investigate the structural and ionic conductivity of carboxymethyl cellulose - ammonium chloride as proton conducting polymer electrolytes. The complexion of polymer electrolyte films has been confirmed via FTIR studies. The conductivity enhancement with the addition of ammonium chloride concentration was proved due to the increase in amorphous nature of the films as evidenced by XRD analysis. Impedance studies indicate that the highest ionic conductivity of 1.43 x 10-3 Scm-1 was observed with the addition of 16 wt.% ammonium chloride in polymer electrolyte system obtained at ambient temperature.

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Grinchik, N. N., K. V. Dobrego, and M. A. Chumachenko. "On the Measurement of Electric Resistance of Liquid Electrolytes of Accumulator Battery." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 61, no. 6 (December 11, 2018): 494–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2018-61-6-494-507.

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Operational control of parameters of electrolytes (first of all–of specific electric conductivity), is an important electrochemical technology. The methods of measurement of electric conductivity of electrolytes is a subject of permanent discussions because of complexity of physical-and-chemical processes accompanying ion transport and of electrolyte polarization near surfaces of electrodes and of electrochemical processes on the electrodes surfaces. Actual highand low-frequency conductometric methods require relatively expensive equipment and are not free of methodological flaws. In this paper a new method of electric resistance of liquid electrolytes is described and substantiated. It is based on automatic performance of a series of measurements of electrolyte resistance at DC, data processing and extrapolation of an appropriate dependence to threshold voltage at measurement cell plates. The character of functions approximating resistance-applied voltage dependence and method of resistance determination are substantiated. The measurements of specific resistance of some electrolytes were performed. The advantages of the proposed method and measuring device are their simplicity, cheapness, reliability and, consequently, wider possibility to utilize it at technological lines and processes, even at such sites of production processes where such a control was impractical earlier. The method can be widely used for express-diagnostics of electrolytes in such areas as electrochemical energy storage, medicine, agriculture, chemical industry, food production.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrolytes – Conductivity'

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