Journal articles: 'Electrolyte flow'

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Wu, Xiongwei, Jun Liu, Xiaojuan Xiang, Jie Zhang, Junping Hu, and Yuping Wu. "Electrolytes for vanadium redox flow batteries." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 5 (May 19, 2014): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-1213.

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AbstractVanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs) are one of the most practical candidates for large-scale energy storage. Its electrolyte as one key component can intensively influence its electrochemical performance. Recently, much significant research has been carried out to improve the properties of the electrolytes. In this review, we present the optimization on vanadium electrolytes with sulfuric acid as a supporting electrolyte and their effects on the electrochemical performance of VRBs. In addition, other kinds of supporting electrolytes for VRBs are also discussed. Prospective for future development is also proposed.

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Mazúr, Petr, Jiří Charvát, Jindřich Mrlík, Jaromír Pocedič, Jiří Akrman, Lubomír Kubáč, Barbora Řeháková, and Juraj Kosek. "Evaluation of Electrochemical Stability of Sulfonated Anthraquinone-Based Acidic Electrolyte for Redox Flow Battery Application." Molecules 26, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 2484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092484.

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Despite intense research in the field of aqueous organic redox flow batteries, low molecular stability of electroactive compounds limits further commercialization. Additionally, currently used methods typically cannot differentiate between individual capacity fade mechanisms, such as degradation of electroactive compound and its cross-over through the membrane. We present a more complex method for in situ evaluation of (electro)chemical stability of electrolytes using a flow electrolyser and a double half-cell including permeation measurements of electrolyte cross-over through a membrane by a UV–VIS spectrometer. The method is employed to study (electro)chemical stability of acidic negolyte based on an anthraquinone sulfonation mixture containing mainly 2,6- and 2,7-anthraquinone disulfonic acid isomers, which can be directly used as an RFB negolyte. The effect of electrolyte state of charge (SoC), current load and operating temperature on electrolyte stability is tested. The results show enhanced capacity decay for fully charged electrolyte (0.9 and 2.45% per day at 20 °C and 40 °C, respectively) while very good stability is observed at 50% SoC and lower, even at 40 °C and under current load (0.02% per day). HPLC analysis conformed deep degradation of AQ derivatives connected with the loss of aromaticity. The developed method can be adopted for stability evaluation of electrolytes of various organic and inorganic RFB chemistries.

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Dabrowski, L., M. Marciniak, and T. Szewczyk. "Analysis of Abrasive Flow Machining with an Electrochemical Process Aid." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 220, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440506x77571.

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Electrochemical aided abrasive flow machining (ECAFM) is possible using polymeric electrolytes. The ion conductivity of electrolytes is many times lower than the conductivity of electrolytes employed in ordinary electrochemical machining (ECM). Additions of inorganic fillers to electrolytes in the form of abrasives decrease conductivity even more. These considerations explain why the interelectrode gap through which the polymeric electrolyte is forced should be small. This in turn results in greater flow resistance of polymeric electrolyte, which takes the form of a semi-liquid paste. Rheological properties are also important for performance considerations. Experimental investigations have been carried out for smoothing flat surfaces and process productivity in which polymer electrolytes as gelated polymers and water-gels based on acryloamide were used.

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Küttinger, Michael, Paulette A. Loichet Torres, Emeline Meyer, Peter Fischer, and Jens Tübke. "Systematic Study of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Bromine Sequestering Application in High Energy Density Electrolytes for Hydrogen Bromine Redox Flow Batteries." Molecules 26, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092721.

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Bromine complexing agents (BCAs) are used to reduce the vapor pressure of bromine in the aqueous electrolytes of bromine flow batteries. BCAs bind hazardous, volatile bromine by forming a second, heavy liquid fused salt. The properties of BCAs in a strongly acidic bromine electrolyte are largely unexplored. A total of 38 different quaternary ammonium halides are investigated ex situ regarding their properties and applicability in bromine electrolytes as BCAs. The focus is on the development of safe and performant HBr/Br2/H2O electrolytes with a theoretical capacity of 180 Ah L−1 for hydrogen bromine redox flow batteries (H2/Br2-RFB). Stable liquid fused salts, moderate bromine complexation, large conductivities and large redox potentials in the aqueous phase of the electrolytes are investigated in order to determine the most applicable BCA for this kind of electrolyte. A detailed study on the properties of BCA cations in these parameters is provided for the first time, as well as for electrolyte mixtures at different states of charge of the electrolyte. 1-ethylpyridin-1-ium bromide [C2Py]Br is selected from 38 BCAs based on its properties as a BCA that should be focused on for application in electrolytes for H2/Br2-RFB in the future.

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Prokhorov, Konstantin, Alexander Burdonov, and Peter Henning. "Study of flow regimes and gas holdup in a different potentials medium in an aerated column." E3S Web of Conferences 192 (2020): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019202013.

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A generation of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles by of aqueous solutions of electrolytes was carried out. Two electrolysis modifications was study: electrolysis without a membrane to production of oxygen and hydrogen and membrane electrolysis with separation of catholyte and anolyte. The influence of the model conditions of the experiment such as electrolyte pH, concentration, and current density and the distribution of bubble sizes and gas holdup in the column are discussed. An inverse dependence of the hydrogen bubbles diameter in the catholyte medium on the current density and a direct dependence on the concentration of electrolytes are experimentally investigated. The oxygen bubbles tend to become larger with increasing current density and electrolyte concentration in anolyte medium. In electrolysis without a membrane, bubbles become smaller with increasing current density and decreasing the electrolyte concentration.

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Roznyatovskaya, Nataliya, Jens Noack, Heiko Mild, Matthias Fühl, Peter Fischer, Karsten Pinkwart, Jens Tübke, and Maria Skyllas-Kazacos. "Vanadium Electrolyte for All-Vanadium Redox-Flow Batteries: The Effect of the Counter Ion." Batteries 5, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5010013.

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In this study, 1.6 M vanadium electrolytes in the oxidation forms V(III) and V(V) were prepared from V(IV) in sulfuric (4.7 M total sulphate), V(IV) in hydrochloric (6.1 M total chloride) acids, as well as from 1:1 mol mixture of V(III) and V(IV) (denoted as V3.5+) in hydrochloric (7.6 M total chloride) acid. These electrolyte solutions were investigated in terms of performance in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The half-wave potentials of the V(III)/V(II) and V(V)/V(IV) couples, determined by cyclic voltammetry, and the electronic spectra of V(III) and V(IV) electrolyte samples, are discussed to reveal the effect of electrolyte matrix on charge-discharge behavior of a 40 cm2 cell operated with 1.6 M V3.5+ electrolytes in sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. Provided that the total vanadium concentration and the conductivity of electrolytes are comparable for both acids, respective energy efficiencies of 77% and 72–75% were attained at a current density of 50 mA∙cm−2. All electrolytes in the oxidation state V(V) were examined for chemical stability at room temperature and +45 °C by titrimetric determination of the molar ratio V(V):V(IV) and total vanadium concentration.

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Ivanova, A. M., P. A. Arkhipov, A. V. Rudenko, O. Yu Tkacheva, and Yu P. Zaikov. "Formation of ledge in aluminum electrolyzer." Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Universities' Proceedings Non-Ferrous Metallurgy), no. 5 (October 25, 2019): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2019-5-23-31.

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A model unit simulating the actual conditions of electrolytic aluminum production was used to conduct an experimental study of ledge to determine its dynamic behavior (formation/dissolution) depending on the electrolyte overheating temperature, lining thermal resistance and cryolite-alumina electrolyte composition. A window was mounted in the front wall of the unit housing to change the lining material. Ledge is formed due to the heat flow generated by the temperature difference between the electrolyte and electrolyzer walls. The electrolyte cryolite ratio (CR) varied in the range of 2.1–2.5. The alumina concentration in the electrolyte did not exceed 4.5 wt.%. Shape change in the electrolyzer working space during electrolysis was determined by the thickness of the formed ledge on the walls and bottom. The dynamic ledge formation in the experimental cell begins at the overheating of 3–4 degrees. It was found that with a decrease in the thermal resistance of the lining material from 16 to 14 m2/W at the same overheating temperature, the side ledge with a greater thickness was formed, however, the decrease in the thermal resistance hardly affected its thickness when the ledge has been already formed. As in the industrial electrolyzer, the ledge profile formed in the experimental cell can be conditionally divided into three zones: bottom ledge, metal/electrolyte interface ledge and side ledge. The dynamic behavior of the side ledge was different from the bottom ledge: the higher the CR, the thicker the side ledge and the thinner the bottom ledge. Chemical analysis of components in the dry knockout showed that the CR and Al2O3 concentration increase throughout the cell height from top to bottom. It was concluded that the side ledge has a heterogeneous composition depending on the electrolyte composition and cooling rate.

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Zhang, Wenhong, Le Liu, and Lin Liu. "An on-line spectroscopic monitoring system for the electrolytes in vanadium redox flow batteries." RSC Advances 5, no. 121 (2015): 100235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra21844f.

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Rincón Castrillo, Erick Daniel, José Ricardo Bermúdez Santaella, Luis Emilio Vera Duarte, and Juan José García Pabón. "Modeling and simulation of an electrolyser for the production of HHO in Matlab- Simulink®." Respuestas 24, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.1826.

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The electrolyzers work through an electrochemical process, their derivatives (H2,O2 , and HHO) are used as enriching fuels due to the electrolysis of water, being cleaner than gasoline and diesel. This article presents the dynamic model of an alkaline electrolyzer that uses an electrolyte ( KOH o NaHCO3) dissolved in distilled water to accelerate the production of oxyhydrogen (HHO). The model shows the phase change that occurs inside the electrolytic cell. The EES® software was used to determine the values of enthalpy, entropy, and free energy that vary during the electrochemical reaction; the equations were simulated in Matlab-Simulink® to observe their dynamic behavior. The Simulations presented varying every 5 g the electrolyte until reaching 20 g. The flow rate of HHO with potassium hydroxide (20 g) is higher than 0.02 L / s, and with sodium bicarbonate (20 g) it is above 0.0006 L / s, confirming what the literature of alkaline cells state, that the most efficient electrolyte for its energy conversion is KOH.

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Dresp, Sören, Trung Ngo Thanh, Malte Klingenhof, Sven Brückner, Philipp Hauke, and Peter Strasser. "Efficient direct seawater electrolysers using selective alkaline NiFe-LDH as OER catalyst in asymmetric electrolyte feeds." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 6 (2020): 1725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01125h.

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Zhu, Zhenqi, Xiaohua Wang, and Siva Thangam. "Simulation and Analysis of Rigid/Foil Electrolytic In-Process Dressing (ELID) Systems for Grinding." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 126, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1765152.

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The fluid flow problem in a traditional electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) system is analyzed and solved numerically. The predicted mean velocity profiles in the dressing zone show flow patterns that are in good agreement with the mean velocity distributions for plane laminar/turbulent Couette flows observed in the experiments. The computational results reveal that insufficient electrolyte supply rate is the cause of the failure of the traditional ELID system for high-speed grinding. Results also show that to obtain effective high-speed ELID grinding, a consistent high inlet electrolyte velocity or supply rate is required. For the foil ELID system, governing equations describing the fluid flow in the dressing zone and the foil elastic deformation are formulated. Analytical solution based on unidirectional flow model for the problem is presented and effects of wheel surface speed and foil tension on the performance of the dressing system are discussed. It is shown that the foil ELID system has the potential to be effective for high-speed grinding with low electrolyte supply rates. The results will be useful to the development of new machine systems and processes for high-speed grinding.

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bin Rosley, Mohammad Nazry, Noreffendy bin Tamaldin, M. F. B. Abdollah, and Z. M. Zulfattah. "The Effects of Voltage Flow and pH Value in Alkaline Electrolyser System to Performance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.440.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of voltage flow (V) in the alkaline electrolyser system and the pH value (pH) of the electrolyte used in the electrolyser. The output measurement of both investigated factors in in the flow rate of the hydrogen gas produced by the system per minute (ml/min). The voltage flow was altered in the system by altering the voltage supply from the workbench power supply ranging from 11V to 14V. The pH value of the electrolyte solution in the electrolyser was altered by the addition of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) in the distilled water. The pH value samples of the tested solution ranging from 13.0 to 14.0 pH value due to the limitation of the electrolyser used in this experiment. The results found that, the hydrogen gas produced per minute increases with voltage flow in the system. The flow rate of the hydrogen gas produced however only increases when the solution’s pH value reaches at 14 pH level and unreactive below the value.

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Tugirumubano, Alexandre, Kyoung Soo Kim, Hee Jae Shin, Chang Hyeon Kim, Lee Ku Kwac, and Hong Gun Kim. "The Design and Performance Study of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Using 3-D Mesh." Key Engineering Materials 737 (June 2017): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.737.393.

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The production of hydrogen and oxygen using the water electrolysis technology is mostly influenced by the performance and efficiency of the components that are used in the production systems. In this study, the flow field’s channels of the bipolar plates of polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer were replaced by 3-D titanium mesh, and the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzer cell that uses 3-D titanium mesh was designed. A numerical analysis was conducted to study the performance of the designed model. By comparing the results with the electrochemical performance of PEM electrolyzer cell with flow field channels on the plates, it was found that the cell with 3-D titanium mesh has greater performance and higher total power dissipation density. Therefore, the use of 3-D mesh can be used instead of machining the flow field channels on the bipolar plates.

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Aquigeh, Ivan Newen, Merlin Zacharie Ayissi, and Dieudonné Bitondo. "Multiphysical Models for Hydrogen Production Using NaOH and Stainless Steel Electrodes in Alkaline Electrolysis Cell." Journal of Combustion 2021 (March 19, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6673494.

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The cell voltage in alkaline water electrolysis cells remains high despite the fact that water electrolysis is a cleaner and simpler method of hydrogen production. A multiphysical model for the cell voltage of a single cell electrolyzer was realized based on a combination of current-voltage models, simulation of electrolyzers in intermittent operation (SIMELINT), existing experimental data, and data from the experiment conducted in the course of this work. The equipment used NaOH as supporting electrolyte and stainless steel as electrodes. Different electrolyte concentrations, interelectrode gaps, and electrolyte types were applied and the cell voltages recorded. Concentrations of 60 wt% NaOH produced lowest range of cell voltage (1.15–2.67 V); an interelectrode gap of 0.5 cm also presented the lowest cell voltage (1.14–2.71 V). The distilled water from air conditioning led to a minimum cell voltage (1.18–2.78 V). The water from a factory presented the highest flow rate (12.48 × 10−1cm3/min). It was found that the cell voltage of the alkaline electrolyzer was reduced considerably by reducing the interelectrode gap to 0.5 cm and using electrolytes that produce less bubbles. A maximum error of 1.5% was found between the mathematical model and experimental model, indicating that the model is reliable.

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Qian, Shizhi, and Haim H. Bau. "Magnetohydrodynamic flow of RedOx electrolyte." Physics of Fluids 17, no. 6 (June 2005): 067105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1933131.

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Leiden, Alexander, Stefan Kölle, Sebastian Thiede, Klaus Schmid, Martin Metzner, and Christoph Herrmann. "Model-based analysis, control and dosing of electroplating electrolytes." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 111, no. 5-6 (October 17, 2020): 1751–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06190-0.

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Abstract Controlling and dosing electrolytes is a key challenge in the operation of electroplating process chains. Electrolyte components are continuously degraded and dragged out during the production process. This process is influenced by a variety of internal and external factors such as process parameters, the electrolyte itself, anodes, the substrates and the production environment. The exact analytical measurement of the electrolyte composition requires extensive analytical equipment and typically cannot be completely realized within an industrial plating company. Therefore, this paper presents a model-based approach, integrated in a cyber-physical production system, for controlling and dosing electrolytes. A mathematical resource flow model is the basis for a dynamic agent-based simulation. This model uses available data from the manufacturing execution system and enterprise resource planning system to model the current composition of the electrolyte. The approach is successfully validated for two different electrolyte substances at an industrial acid zinc–nickel barrel plating process chain for automotive parts.

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Kunar, Sandip, S. Mahata, and B. Bhattacharyya. "Influence of electrolytes on surface texture characteristics generated by electrochemical micromachining." Journal of Micromanufacturing 1, no. 2 (May 10, 2018): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516598418765355.

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Generation of microsurface texture is an important technology for surface engineering that can produce a significant improvement of engineering components in aspects to wear resistance, friction coefficient, load capacities, part lubrication, etc. This research proposes a novel approach of maskless electrochemical micromachining (EMM), which is anodic dissolution based on electrochemical reaction. One reused textured cathode tool with patterned SU-8 2150 mask can fabricate many work samples economically with less time. Maskless EMM set-up with developed EMM cell and vertical crossflow electrolyte supply system is used to generate micro circular patterns on stainless steel (SUS 304) using three different types of electrolytes such as NaCl, NaNO3 and NaCl + NaNO3. The influences of major process parameters such as interelectrode gap (IEG), flow rate, machining time and electrolyte concentration on mean radial overcut and mean machining depth have been investigated using these electrolytes. Out of these three electrolytes, only NaCl + NaNO3 of 20 g l−1 is selected as the best electrolyte with other best parameter settings such as applied voltage of 12 V, duty ratio of 30%, pulse frequency of 5 kHz, flow rate of 3.12 m3 hr−1, IEG of 50 µm and machining time of 3 minutes for generating good textured characteristics with overcut of 27.581 µm and depth of 15.1 µm. Analyses have also been done to investigate the textured characteristics using these electrolytes for acquiring the best parametric combination with suitable electrolyte.

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Nolte, Oliver, Ivan A. Volodin, Christian Stolze, Martin D. Hager, and Ulrich S. Schubert. "Trust is good, control is better: a review on monitoring and characterization techniques for flow battery electrolytes." Materials Horizons 8, no. 7 (2021): 1866–925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0mh01632b.

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This review article summarizes the state-of-the-art techniques for the characterization and monitoring of flow battery electrolytes highlighting in particular the importance of the electrolyte state-of-charge and state-of-health assessment.

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Chuang, Shu-Yuan, Chih-Hsing Leu, Kan-Lin Hsueh, Chun-Hsing Wu, Hsiao-Hsuan Hsu, Yi-Ray Chen, and Wen-Sheng Chang. "Stability of Vanadium Electrolytes in the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery." MRS Proceedings 1492 (2013): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.471.

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ABSTRACTThe stability of the negative electrode electrolyte affects the efficiency and capacity of energy storage in the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) system. To explore the stability of vanadium electrolytes, the study prepared five types of V(II) electrolytes that were exposed to air in a fixed open area and monitored the charge state of vanadium ions over time by UV/Visible spectrophotometer. This study succeeded in preparing pure V(II) electrolytes. Five characteristics are found in the UV/Visible spectra, respectively, during the oxidation process from V(II) electrolytes to V(III) electrolytes and V(III) electrolytes to V(IV) electrolytes. The experimental results show that the oxidation rate of a solution of 1 M V(II) electrolytes to V(III) electrolytes and 1 M V(III) electrolytes to V(IV) electrolytes under an atmosphere of air is 4.79 and 0.0089 mol/h per square meter. The oxidation rates of 0.05-1 M V(II) electrolytes to V(III) electrolytes are approximately 96-538 times than that of V(III) electrolytes to V(IV) electrolytes.

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Liu, Le, Jingyu Xi, Zenghua Wu, Wenguang Zhang, Haipeng Zhou, Weibin Li, and Yonghong He. "Online Spectroscopic Study on the Positive and the Negative Electrolytes in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Journal of Spectroscopy 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/453980.

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Traditional spectroscopic analysis based on the Beer-Lambert law cannot analyze the analyte with high concentration and interference between different compositions, such as the electrolyte in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs). Here we propose a new method for online detection of such analytes. We demonstrate experimentally that, by comparing the transmittance spectrum of the analyte with the spectra in a preprepared database using our intensity-corrected correlation coefficient (ICCC) algorithm, parameters such as the state of charge (SOC) of both the positive and the negative electrolytes in the VRB can be online monitored. This method could monitor the level of the electrolytes imbalance in the VRB, which is useful for further rebalancing the electrolyte and restoring the capacity loss of the VRB. The method also has the potential to be used in the online detection of other chemical reactions, in which the chemical reagents have high concentration and interferences between different compositions.

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Liu, Jin, Dong Wei Li, and Zhong Hui Xu. "Research on the Impact of Different VG on Electrokinetic Removal of Heavy Metal Wastes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 1099–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1099.

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This paper aims to investigate the effects of different VG (voltage gradient) on electrokinetic removal technology, and examine electrode pH, electric conductivity, voltage drop in the sample, electric current, and the electroosmotic flow. It is indicated that with the increase of VG, the electrolytic reaction rate accelerates during the electric removal experiment, which has affected both system current and the pH value & electric conductivity of electrolyte solutions. The higher VG is, the faster the electrolyte solution pH varies；the higher VG is, the faster the electric conductivity changes. Meanwhile the magnitude of electroosmotic flow increases with the increase of the VG.

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Grützke, Martin, Xaver Mönnighoff, Fabian Horsthemke, Vadim Kraft, Martin Winter, and Sascha Nowak. "Extraction of lithium-ion battery electrolytes with liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide and additional solvents." RSC Advances 5, no. 54 (2015): 43209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra04451k.

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A flow-through method for the extraction of lithium-ion battery electrolytes with supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide under the addition of solvents has been developed and optimized to achieve quantitative extraction of the electrolyte from commercial 18 650 cells.

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Sun, Aixi, Bo Hao, Yulan Hu, and Dewei Yang. "Research on Mathematical Model of Composite Micromachining of Laser and Electrolysis Based on the Electrolyte Fluid." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3070265.

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A new technology of composite micromachining of laser and electrolysis is presented through a combination of technological advantages of laser processing and electrolytic machining. The implication of its method is that laser processing efficiently removes metallic materials and that pulse electrolytic machining removes recast layer and controls shape precisely. Machining accuracy and efficiency can be improved. The impacts that electrolyte fluid effectively cools the microstructure edge in the laser machining process and that gas-liquid two-phase flow makes the electrolyte conductivity produce uneven distribution in the electrolytic processing are considered. Some approximate assumptions are proposed on the actual conditions of machining process. The mathematical model of composite micromachining of laser and electrolysis based on the electrolyte fluid is built. The validity of the model can be verified by experimentation. The experimental results show that processing accuracy meets accuracy requirements which are ±0.05 mm. Machining efficiency increases more than 20 percent compared to electrolytic processing.

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Buckley, D. Noel, Daniela Oboroceanu, Nathan Quill, Catherine Lenihan, Deirdre Ní Eidhin, and Robert P. Lynch. "Electrolyte Stability in Vanadium Flow Batteries." MRS Advances 3, no. 54 (2018): 3201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.496.

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ABSTRACTThe stability of VFB catholytes was investigated using both light-scattering measurements and visual observation. V2O5precipitates after an induction time τ which shows an Arrhenius variation with temperature. The value of τ increases with increasing [S] and with decreasing [VV] but the activation energy remains constant with a value of (1.791±0.020) eV. Plots of ln τ against [S] and [VV] show good linearity and the slopes give values ofβS= 2.073 M-1andβV5= –3.434 M-1for the fractional rates of variation of τ with [S] and [VV], respectively. Combining the Arrhenius Equation with the observed log-linear variation of τ with [S] and [VV] provides a model for simulating the stability of catholytes. The addition of H3PO4has a strong stabilizing effect on catholytes at higher temperatures. For example, at 50°C the induction time for precipitation for a typical catholyte is enhanced ∼ 12.5-fold by 0.1 M added H3PO4. At concentrations of H3PO4less than ∼0.04 M, the precipitation time increases with increasing concentration at all temperatures investigated (30–70°C). At higher concentrations, induction time begins to decrease with increasing concentration of H3PO4: the changeover concentration depends on the temperature. Experiments at 70°C using other phosphate additives (sodium triphosphate, Na5P3O10, and sodium hexametaphosphate, (NaPO3)6) showed similar results to H3PO4.

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Wang, Xindi, Ningsong Qu, Xiaolong Fang, and Hansong Li. "Electrochemical drilling with constant electrolyte flow." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 238 (December 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.06.033.

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Chen, Jin Qing, Bao Guo Wang, and Hong Ling Lv. "Numerical Simulation and Experiment on the Electrolyte Flow Distribution for All Vanadium Redox Flow Battery." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 604–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.604.

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The electrolyte flow states of all vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) have a direct effect on the battery performance and life. To reveal the electrolyte distribution in the battery, the computation fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to simulate a parallel flow field. A hydraulics experiment and a battery performance experiment were carried out to confirm the simulated results. The results show that the predicted information agreed well with the experimental results. The electrolyte has a concentrated distribution in the central region of the parallel flow field and the disturbed flow and then vortex flow areas mainly appear in the inlet and outlet regions. The higher flux of electrolyte is helpful to uniform the distributions and to reduce the impact of flow irregularity on the battery performance. The battery with the flow field generates a power density of 15.9 mW∙cm-2, and the coulombic, voltage and energy efficiency is up to 90.5%, 74.0% and 67.2% at a current density of 20 mA·cm-2.

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Nishiumi, Hideo, and Fumitaka Honda. "Effects of Electrolyte on Floating Water Bridge." Research Letters in Physical Chemistry 2009 (May 25, 2009): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/371650.

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Fuchs found phenomena that when high voltage is applied to deionized water filled in two contacted beakers, a floating water bridge forms spontaneously. In this paper, we examined flow direction of water bridge and what effects the addition of electrolytes such as NaCl, NaOH, and to the floating water bridge would give. We found that ionization degree reduced the length of water bridge though insoluble electrolyte had no effect on the length of water bridge.

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Wen, Yue Hua, Yan Xu, Jie Cheng, Han Min Liu, and Gao Ping Cao. "Investigation on the Stability of Electrolyte in Vanadium Flow Batteries." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1034.

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The effects of impurity, temperature, concentration of vanadium and sulphuric acid on the stability of electrolyte in vanadium redox flow batteries are studied. It is found that the sediment at positive electrodes is V2O5﹒1.6H2O , and the sediment at negative electrodes is V2(SO4)3﹒10H2O. Although impurities influence the stability of vanadium electrolyte to some extent, the matching relationship between the vanadium and H2SO4 concentration is more important . To avoid the sensitivity of vanadium electrolyte to impurities, the concentration of H2SO4 should be raised to a certain extent to confirm the stability of positive electrolyte. At the same time, a moderate vanadium concentration should be employed to assure the stability of negative electrolyte. From the viewpoint of increased stability , the prefered vanadium electrolyte composition is 1.5-1.6 M vanadium in 4-5M H2SO4 medium at temperature above -10°C besides the electrolyte with relatively high purity.

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Kim, Hong Gun, Hee Jae Shin, Yun Ju Cha, Sun Ho Ko, Hyun Woo Kim, and Lee Ku Kwac. "Stability Evaluation for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Eletrolyzer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.443.

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Recently, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzers consist of the layered structure of membrane and electrode assembly (MEA), titanium flow field plate, gasket, end plate, and others. Among these components, MEA and titanium flow field plate take account for most of the device cost. The cost and time for manufacturing device can be reduced with the gasket-integrated 3-D mesh-applied PEM electrolyzer (Fig. 3), while maintaining the same performance as that of the existing titanium flow field plate devices. The 3-D mesh is found to perform the roles of the existing flow plate which ensures the smooth fluid flow and uniform power supply. The voltage shows 19.3V at current density (0.5 A/cm2), a little lower than 19.6V that is 10 times of 1.96V which is the average cell voltage at the same current density. In addition, hydrogen production and stability for performance are equal to or higher than that of the device for titanium flow field plate.

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Wang, Hui, Xiaodong Cui, Cong Zhang, Huang Gao, Wei Du, and Yizhe Chen. "Promotion of Ionic Conductivity of PEO-Based Solid Electrolyte Using Ultrasonic Vibration." Polymers 12, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 1889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091889.

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All solid-state lithium-ion batteries based on polymer electrolytes have higher safety and energy density, but the low conductivity of lithium ion restricts its application. This study proposes a new method to promote the ionic conductivity of polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based solid electrolytes. In this method, the PEO-based solid electrolyte was first prepared by casting, and then power ultrasound was exerted on the electrolyte by a sandwich structure to modify the electrolyte structure. Through analysis of the performance and microstructure of the electrolyte, it was found that the ultrasonic treatment increased the ionic conductivity by 78%, improved tensile strength and plastic deformation ability, but did not affect the thermal stability and the chemical composition. The ultrasonic vibration, exerting high energy to the solid electrolyte through high-frequency vibration, broke PEO grains and melted them with the frictional heat at boundary. Due to the slight melting and fast solidifying produced by the pulsed ultrasonic treatment, the crystallization was suppressed. The crystallinity was thus reduced by 6.2%, which increased the migration channels of lithium ions and reduced the tortuosity effect. Furthermore, the ultrasonic vibration compressed the electrolyte to produce plastic flow of the material, which made the electrolyte structure more compact. The density of ethylene oxide (EO) units thus increased in the amorphous phase, providing multiple electron-donor coordination sites for the Li+. The hopping distance of the ion between donors decreased, which also facilitated the migration. In addition, the mechanical performance of the electrolyte membrane improved. This study provides a reference for the improvement of polymer based all-solid-state batteries.

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Li, Zhing Yong, Xiu Ting Wei, Wen Wen Lu, and Qing Wei Cui. "Comparative Analysis of Flow Field in Mixed and Non Mixed Gas Electrochemical Machining for Aero-Engine Turbine Blade Cooling Holes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 868 (July 2017): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.868.166.

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By the cooling holes in aero-engine turbine blade as the research object, this study focuses on two kinds of ECM methods, which are mix gas added to the nonlinear electrolyte (NaNO3) and non-mixed gas. Mixed and non-mixed gas ECM experiments of turbine blade cooling holes were carried out respectively. The corresponding two-dimensional CAD model of cooling hole was constructed combined with the experimental data and theoretical analysis. Numerical simulation analysis was carried out of the flow field base on the above models by using the fluid dynamics analysis software FLUENT. The influence flow velocity and flow velocity distribution on the machining accuracy and efficiency of ECM were investigated in detail. The vortex zone distribution of gas-NaNO3 mixed phase flow field and single NaNO3 solution flow field was analyzed qualitatively. The simulation results indicated that the flow velocity in the machining gap with mixed gas was significantly higher than the velocity during ECM process for cooling holes. The electrolytic products and heat were washed away completely, the electrolyte can be updated in time. Fluid vortex zone distribution was improved obviously, the flow field distribution became more uniform after mixed gas in ECM process. The machining accuracy and efficiency for cooling holes making may be improved greatly with gas mixed in electrolyte NaNO3.

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Zhou, Xiao Lan, Cai Xi Liu, and Yu Hong Dong. "Turbulent Mass Transfer Simulations of Binary Electrolyte in Parallel-Plate Electrode Channel." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2014–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2014.

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Electrochemical mass transfer in turbulent flows and binary electrolytes is investigated. The primary objective is to provide information about mass transfer in the near-wall region between a solid boundary and a turbulent fluid flow at different Schmidt numbers. Based on the computational fluid dynamics and electrochemistry theories, a model for turbulent electrodes channel flow is established. The turbulent mass transfer in electrolytic processes has been predicted by the direct numerical simulation method under limiting current and galvanostatic conditions, we investigate mean concentration and the structure of the concentration fluctuating filed for different Schmidt numbers from 0.1 to 100 .The effect of different concentration boundary conditions at the electrodes on the near-wall turbulence statistics is also discussed.

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Yoon, Andy Kyung Yong, Horim Choe, and Yong Soo Yoon. "Design and Test of a Lab-Scale Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Cell Considering Electrolyte Feeding Structure for Solar Energy." Advanced Materials Research 853 (December 2013): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.853.291.

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This paper describes the design and test of a lab-scale vanadium redox flow (VRF) battery considering electrolyte feeding and flow structure. The VRB battery has emerged as the promising technology for energy storage technologies. The VRF battery an electrochemical energy storage device chemically, and physically VRF battery is a sandwich type structure, and it consists of a cell stack, two electrolyte reservoirs, two pumps and an electrolyte flow tube. The cell stack has numerous single cells, and it has two half-cells which consist of an electrode, a carbon felt, a sealant PVC frame, and there is an ion-exchange membrane separating two half-cells. The VRF battery is applied electrolyte feeding and flow technology, and one of energy storage system without memory effect and self-discharge. This paper focuses design of liquid electrolyte feeding and flow mechanism, and considering inverse concept of electrolyte feeding structure for the vanadium flow battery. In addition, in order to get the specific flow rate (SFR) of electrolyte, numerous experiments were carried out, and the parameter and governing equations was obtained.

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Ding, Muqing, Tao Liu, Yimin Zhang, Hong Liu, Dong Pan, and Liming Chen. "Physicochemical and Electrochemical Characterization of Vanadium Electrolyte Prepared with Different Grades of V2O5 Raw Materials." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 20, 2021): 5958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185958.

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The physicochemical and electrochemical performance of electrolytes prepared with different grades of V2O5 raw materials were investigated systematically for a vanadium redox flow battery. Physicochemical tests showed that the conductivity of electrolytes prepared with lower grades of V2O5 raw materials obviously decreased, while the viscosity increased. The results of electrochemical experiments showed that the electrochemical activity and reversibility of electrolytes decreased, and the solution resistance increased obviously, as the grade of V2O5 raw materials gradually decreased. In addition, the battery efficiency and charge–discharge capacity were negatively affected by impurities in the lower grade V2O5 raw materials, due to an increase of polarization on the charge–discharge voltage. Moreover, the performance of electrolytes was related to the total concentration of impurities in the electrolyte, and Na, K impurity ions were the main factors that adversely affected the electrochemical activity and reversibility, mass transfer, and capacity of the electrolytes. Based on the economic analysis, the impurities in V2O5 raw materials would not only reduce the performance of electrolytes, but also affect the production costs of electrolytes and the economic profits. Through this fundamental research, people can better understand the influence of V2O5 raw materials on electrolyte properties, and direct more attention to research how to effectively use lower grade V2O5 raw materials to reduce the costs of electrolyte preparation.

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Chen, Yuan Long, Chao Hao Guo, Pei Xuan Chen, Zhi Liu, and An Sheng Lv. "Flow Field Analysis and Experimental Investigation of Electrochemical Etching." Key Engineering Materials 841 (May 2020): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.841.369.

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. Electrochemical etching is widely used to process refractory metals such as tungsten and molybdenum. Flow field is one of the crucial factors that influence the surface quality in electrochemical etching. In this paper, the electrochemical etching flow field was analyzed via FLUENT, the characteristics of flow field in electrochemical etching are studied, furthermore, the effects of four different outlet forms of electrolyte on flow field uniformity, electrolyte velocity and pressure distribution are investigated. Under the same electrolyte flow rate, the flow field characteristics of different outlet forms are analyzed by velocity vector diagram, pressure distribution nephogram, velocity and pressure curve diagram. The simulation results indicate that stable electrolyte velocity and uniform pressure distribution of flow field are obtained when the outlet form of electrolyte adopts the optimized flat. Finally, the fixture for this outlet form is designed and fabricated, and experimental verification is carried out, which shown that the flow field is uniform and the crystal plane of the workpiece is well-distributed which according with the process requirements.

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Bhattarai, Arjun, Purna Ghimire, Adam Whitehead, Rüdiger Schweiss, Günther Scherer, Nyunt Wai, and Huey Hng. "Novel Approaches for Solving the Capacity Fade Problem during Operation of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery." Batteries 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries4040048.

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The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is one of the most mature and commercially available electrochemical technologies for large-scale energy storage applications. The VRFB has unique advantages, such as separation of power and energy capacity, long lifetime (>20 years), stable performance under deep discharge cycling, few safety issues and easy recyclability. Despite these benefits, practical VRFB operation suffers from electrolyte imbalance, which is primarily due to the transfer of water and vanadium ions through the ion-exchange membranes. This can cause a cumulative capacity loss if the electrolytes are not rebalanced. In commercial systems, periodic complete or partial remixing of electrolyte is performed using a by-pass line. However, frequent mixing impacts the usable energy and requires extra hardware. To address this problem, research has focused on developing new membranes with higher selectivity and minimal crossover. In contrast, this study presents two alternative concepts to minimize capacity fade that would be of great practical benefit and are easy to implement: (1) introducing a hydraulic shunt between the electrolyte tanks and (2) having stacks containing both anion and cation exchange membranes. It will be shown that the hydraulic shunt is effective in passively resolving the continuous capacity loss without detrimentally influencing the energy efficiency. Similarly, the combination of anion and cation exchange membranes reduced the net electrolyte flux, reducing capacity loss. Both approaches work efficiently and passively to reduce capacity fade during operation of a flow battery system.

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Zhang, Shu Di, and Yu Chun Zhai. "Study on the Stability of all Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Electrolyte." Applied Mechanics and Materials 281 (January 2013): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.281.461.

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In order to study on several additives to Vanadium battery electrolyte stability, different additives were added in the electrolyte of vanadium battery electrolyte at different temperatures, precipitation time were observed, cyclic voltammetry curves were tested and ultraviolet quantitative analysis to precipitated supernatant , The results show that after adding the different additives, at 40 °C temperature, 1.8 mol / L concentration can stably exist in the electrolyte of the vanadium battery. The added amount of sodium oxalate, ammonium oxalate is equivalent 3% of the amount V4+ solution, the vanadium battery electrolyte stability can be improved without affecting its reversible reaction, it is a preferred stabilizer.

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Kannadasan, T., V. Sivakumar, C. Basha, Arun Parwate, K. Senthilkumar, and K. Kannan. "COD reduction studies of paper mill effluent using a batch recirculation electrochemical method." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 13, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-011-0034-5.

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COD reduction studies of paper mill effluent using a batch recirculation electrochemical method The conventional method of treating pulp and paper mill effluent involves the biological oxidation by bacterial action of aerobic and anaerobic conditions and aerobic lagooning method, which are less efficiency of removing COD. To overcome the drawbacks of the existing treatment process, in the present work an attempt has been made to study the electro oxidative destruction of the pulp and paper mill effluent using an electrochemical method and the effect of various parameters such as concentration of supporting electrolytes, current densities, flow rates of electrolyte and reservoir volumes of the effluent were conducted. From the experimental results it is observed that the rate of reduction of COD of the effluent increased with an increase in the supporting electrolyte (sodium chloride) concentration, current density where as it decreased with increase in the reservoir volume and the flow rate of electrolyte. The residence time distributions studies have also been conducted to study the behavior of the electrochemical reactor.

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Bae, Byungchan, and Dukjoon Kim. "Polymer Electrolyte Membranes." Membranes 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11040244.

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Recently, polymer electrolyte membranes have been used in various electrochemical energy devices and other applications, such as fuel cells, lithium secondary batteries, redox flow batteries, electrodialysis, and membrane capacitive deionization [...]

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40

Molina, Victor M., Domingo González-Arjona, Emilio Roldán, and Manuel Dominguez. "Electrochemical Reduction of Tetrachloromethane. Electrolytic Conversion to Chloroform." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 67, no. 3 (2002): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20020279.

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The feasibility of electrolytic removal of tetrachloromethane from industrial effluents has been investigated. A new method based on the electrochemical reductive dechlorination of CCl4 yielding chloroform is described. The main goal was not only to remove CCl4 but also to utilize the process for obtaining chloroform, which can be industrially reused. GC-MS analysis of the electrolysed samples showed that chloroform is the only product. Voltammetric experiments were made in order to select experimental conditions of the electrolysis. Using energetic and economic criteria, ethanol-water (1 : 4) and LiCl were found to be the optimum solvent and supporting electrolyte tested. No great differences were found while working at different pH values. Chronoamperometric and voltammetric experiments with convolution analysis showed low kf0 and α values for the reaction. A new differential pulse voltammetric peak deconvolution method was developed for an easier and faster analysis of the electrolysis products. Electrolysis experiments were carried out using both a bulk reactor and a through-flow cell. Thus, three different kinds of galvanostatic electrolyses were carried out. Under all conditions, CCl4 conversions ranging from 60 to 75% and good current efficiencies were obtained.

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41

Sujali, Suhailah, Mohd Rusllim Mohamed, Ahmed Nurye Oumer, Azizan Ahmad, and Puiki Leung. "Study on architecture design of electroactive sites on Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (V-RFB)." E3S Web of Conferences 80 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198002004.

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Numerous researches have been conducted to look for better design of cell architecture of redox flow battery. This effort is to improve the performance of the battery with respect to further improves of mass transport and flow distribution of electroactive electrolytes within the cell. This paper evaluates pressure drop and flow distribution of the electroactive electrolyte in three different electrode configurations of vanadium redox flow battery (V-RFB) cell, namely square-, rhombus- and circular-cell designs. The fluid flow of the above-mentioned three electrode design configurations are evaluated under three different cases i.e. no flow (plain) field, parallel flow field and serpentine flow field using numerically designed three-dimensional model in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. The cell exhibits different characteristics under different cases, which the circular cell design shows promising results for test-rig development with low pressure drop and better flow distribution of electroactive electrolytes within the cell. Suggestion for further work is highlighted.

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Watson, P. D. "Sieving of electrolytes at capillary wall of cat skeletal muscle by osmotic water flow." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 265, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): H1869—H1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.265.6.h1869.

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To test the hypothesis that a significant proportion of transcapillary water flow occurs through solute-restricting channels, we investigated the effects of transcapillary water movement on plasma electrolytes in isolated perfused cat skeletal muscle. The lower hindlimbs of anesthetized cats were perfused with a plasma-albumin solution and were weighed to determine transcapillary water movement. Osmolality was increased 60–70 mosmol/kgH2O with sucrose, creating water fluxes of 8–10 ml.min-1.100 g-1, and the changes in the venous concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride were determined. The ion concentrations were all reduced by 6–7% with no significant difference between them. The amount of reduction was quantitatively explained by the flow of ion-free water from the interstitial space into plasma and the diffusion of electrolyte in the same direction. These findings support the hypothesis that important water-only transcapillary channels exist in mammalian skeletal muscle. The observations may also explain some of the electrolyte changes seen in intense exercise.

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Wu, M. C., T. S. Zhao, L. Wei, H. R. Jiang, and R. H. Zhang. "Improved electrolyte for zinc-bromine flow batteries." Journal of Power Sources 384 (April 2018): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.03.006.

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AKIYAMA, Hiroyuki, Shinji TOGA, and Taketsune Narumi. "0412 Flow Control of Polymeric Electrolyte Solution." Proceedings of Conference of Hokuriku-Shinetsu Branch 2012.49 (2012): 041201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehs.2012.49.041201.

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45

Selverston, S., R. F. Savinell, and J. S. Wainright. "Zinc-Iron Flow Batteries with Common Electrolyte." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 164, no. 6 (2017): A1069—A1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0591706jes.

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Ito, Yasuhiko, Hidetaka Hayashi, Norio Hayafuji, and Shiro Yoshizawa. "Energy flow through β-alumina solid electrolyte." Electrochimica Acta 30, no. 5 (May 1985): 701–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(85)80114-6.

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Li, Xiaojin, Shuguo Qu, Hongmei Yu, Ming Hou, Zhigang Shao, and Baolian Yi. "Membrane water-flow rate in electrolyzer cells with a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE)." Journal of Power Sources 190, no. 2 (May 2009): 534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.12.147.

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48

Sevón, Liisi, Merja A. Laine, Sára Karjalainen, Anguelina Doroguinskaia, Hans Helenius, Endre Kiss, and Marjo Lehtonen-Veromaa. "Effect of Age on Flow-Rate, Protein and Electrolyte Composition of Stimulated Whole Saliva in Healthy, Non-Smoking Women." Open Dentistry Journal 2, no. 1 (June 11, 2008): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210600802010089.

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As relatively little is known about the effect of age on salivary electrolytes we studied the composition of saliva as function of age to provide reference values for healthy non-smoking women. All non-medicated and non-smoking 30-59-year-old subjects (n=255) selected from among 1030 women participating in a screening program formed the material of the present study. Salivary calcium, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, protein and flow-rate of stimulated whole saliva were measured. We found age-related changes in salivary calcium and phosphate concentrations (p=0.001 and p=0.004, respectively, one-way ANOVA). Peak values occurred at around 50-54 years of age. Age had no effect on flow-rate, magnesium, sodium, potassium or proteins. The concentration of sodium correlated positively, while phosphate, potassium, magnesium and protein correlated negatively with the salivary flow-rate. Calcium was the only electrolyte which had no association with flow-rate. Our study provides reference values for salivary electrolytes of 30-59-year-old women.

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Risbud, Mandar, Chris Menictas, Maria Skyllas-Kazacos, and Jens Noack. "Vanadium Oxygen Fuel Cell Utilising High Concentration Electrolyte." Batteries 5, no. 1 (February 19, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5010024.

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A vanadium oxygen fuel cell is a modified form of a conventional vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) where the positive electrolyte (VO2+/VO2+ couple) is replaced by the oxygen reduction (ORR) process. This potentially allows for a significant improvement in energy density and has the added benefit of overcoming the solubility limits of V (V) at elevated temperatures, while also allowing the vanadium negative electrolyte concentration to increase above 3 M. In this paper, a vanadium oxygen fuel cell with vanadium electrolytes with a concentration of up to 3.6 M is reported with preliminary results presented for different electrodes over a range of current densities. Using precipitation inhibitors, the concentration of vanadium can be increased considerably above the commonly used 2 M limit, leading to improved energy density.

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Xia, Wen Tang, Xiao Yan Xiang, Wen Qiang Yang, and Jian Guo Yin. "Effect of Flow Pattern on Energy Consumption and Properties of Copper Powder in the Electrolytic Process." Solid State Phenomena 279 (August 2018): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.279.77.

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Because of distinctive properties, such as dendritic structure, high green strength, and low oxygen content, electrolytic copper powder has been widely used in aviation, aerospace, national defense industry and other domains. But at present, energy consumption of the electrolysis process in copper powder production is high, and the current efficiency is only about 90%. Therefore,the decrease in energy consumption of the electrolysis process has become the major bottlenecks in the development of the enterprises. In this paper, a new electrolysis cell with different electrolyte inlet arranged on the cell was manufactured. Then, the effect of flow pattern of electrolyte on the current efficiency, energy consumption and properties of copper powder was investigated. The experimental results showed that the electrolytic process had the higher current efficiency, lower energy consumption and smaller copper powders when the flow rate is 0.5l/min in the paralleled inlet and 1.5 l/min in the traditional inlet. Under the optimal conditions, the current efficiency, energy consumption and copper powder size were 99.10%, 712.90kw∙h/t and 47.80um respectively. This means an obvious rise in current efficiency and decrease in energy consumption compared to traditional feeding method.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrolyte flow'

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