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Journal articles on the topic 'Electroencephalography'

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Electroencephalography.

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Bottros, Michael M., Ben Julian A. Palanca, George A. Mashour, Ami Patel, Catherine Butler, Amanda Taylor, Nan Lin, and Michael S. Avidan. "Estimation of the Bispectral Index by Anesthesiologists." Anesthesiology 114, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 1093–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e31820e7c5c.

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Background Processed electroencephalographic indices, such as the bispectral index (BIS), are potential adjuncts for assessing anesthetic depth. While BIS® monitors might aid anesthetic management, unprocessed or nonproprietary electroencephalographic data may be a rich source of information for clinicians. We hypothesized that anesthesiologists, after training in electroencephalography interpretation, could estimate the index of a reference BIS as accurately as a second BIS® monitor (twin BIS®) (Covidien Medical, Boulder, CO) when provided with clinical and electroencephalographic data. Methods Two sets of electrodes connected to two separate BIS® monitors were placed on the foreheads of 10 surgical patients undergoing general anesthesia. Electroencephalographic parameters, vital signs, and end-tidal anesthetic gas concentrations were recorded at prespecified time points, and were provided to two sets of anesthesiologists. Ten anesthesiologists received brief structured training in electroencephalograph interpretation and 10 were untrained. Although electroencephalographic waveforms and open-source processed electroencephalograph metrics were provided from the reference BIS®, both groups were blinded to BIS values and were asked to estimate BIS. Results The trained anesthesiologists averaged as close to or closer to the reference BIS® compared with the twin BIS® monitor for 34% of their BIS estimates versus 26% for the untrained anesthesiologists. Using linear mixed effects model analysis, there was a statistically significant difference between the trained and untrained anesthesiologists (P = 0.02), but no difference between the twin BIS® monitor and trained anesthesiologists (P = 0.9). Conclusion With limited electroencephalography training and access to clinical data, anesthesiologists can estimate the BIS almost as well as a second BIS® monitor. These results reinforce the potential utility of training anesthesia practitioners in unprocessed electroencephalogram interpretation.

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Diab, Eva, Michel Lefranc, Bertille Perin, and William Szurhaj. "Delayed intracerebral hemorrhage during stereo-electroencephalography: Electroencephalographic pattern." Neurophysiologie Clinique 52, no. 2 (April 2022): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2021.12.002.

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3

Moore, Michael P., Stephen A. Greene, Robert D. Keegan, LeRoy Gallagher, Patrick R. Gavin, Susan L. Kraft, Constance DeHaan, and Kurt Klappenbach. "Quantitative electroencephalography in dogs anesthetized with 2.0% end-tidal concentration of isoflurane anesthesia." American Journal of Veterinary Research 52, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1991.52.04.551.

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SUMMARY Quantitative electroencephalography was assessed in dogs under controlled, 2% end-tidal isoflurane anesthetic conditions, and each variable at each electrode site was tested for normal distribution. With the quantitative electroencephalographic system used, 16 values for each of 21 electrode sites were evaluated. Absolute power ratios also were evaluated. The methods for quantitative electroencephalographic recording and analysis appear to be readily adaptable to the dog. Most of the data do not conform to a normal distribution. Therefore, distribution- free nonparametric statistics should be used when looking for differences under experimental or clinical conditions. Quantitative electroencephalography appears to be a sensitive noninvasive method that could be used to evaluate brain function under anesthetic, clinical, and experimental settings.

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4

Babintseva, А. G., and D. М. Kostiukova. "APPLICATION OF AMPLITUDE-INTEGRATED ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS OF NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNITS." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 23, no. 4 (December 20, 2023): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.23.4.5.

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Intriduction. Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography is a technique for monitoring continuous cerebral function, when electroencephalographic signal is filtered, scaled and compressed in time. Objective of the study is to elucidate peculiarities of interpreting findings of the amplitude-integrated electroencephalography in patients of neonatal intensive care units, and represent a clinical case of establishing diagnosis by using the amplitude-integrated electroencephalography for a critically sick neonate. Materials and methods. A comprehensive literature review was conducted across international and national databases, including Elsevier, PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar, covering the period from 2019 to 2023. The search focused on the keywords "amplitude-integrated electroencephalography" and/or "aEEG" and "neonates" and/or "term infants" and/or "preterm infants." The clinical case presented took place at the neonatal intensive care unit of the Maternity Home "Central Municipal Clinical Hospital", Chernivtsi, Ukraine. Permission for publication was obtained from both parents of the child. Results. The main indications for conducting the amplitude-integrated electroencephalography in neonates include the assessment of the cerebral function and the degree of cerebral damage with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy or asphyxia at birth (often combined with therapeutic hypothermia); assessment of sleep-wake cycle; identification of seizures; assessment of cerebral function maturity in preterm neonates. The underlying cerebral activity is estimated according to the amplitude-integrated electroencephalography findings by means of a simple recognition of visual images corresponding to the five main patterns: Continuous Normal Voltage, Discontinuous Normal Voltage, Burst Suppression, Low Voltage, and Flat Trace. A typical neonatal single seizure fit on the amplitude-integrated electroencephalography looks like a “hump” or lower edge elevation interrupting the background recording. Repeated fits (epileptic status) look like a “saw” of repeated “humps”, one of each represents one attack. The article presents a clinical case of the diagnostic search in the neonate with congenital pneumonia and development of multiple organ failure syndrome including seizure syndrome. Clinical tonic-clonic seizures of the infant were associated with electroencephalographic criteria of status epilepticus both on the amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (repeated symmetrical elevations of the lower edge in the left and right) and on the standard electroencephalography (different variations of seizure graphic elements in the right and left). Considering the results of the clinical and instrumental examination, an adequate anticonvulsant therapy was administered. Conclusions. Continuous recording of the video-amplitude-integrated electroencephalography and standard electroencephalography in infants from the risk group is a good strategy of the neurological status effective monitoring. It enables to assess the underlying cerebral electric activity and it maturity, diagnose seizures and manage anticonvulsant therapy correctly. An adequate training of the staff who are at the patient’s bedside 24/7 is an important part of the interdisciplinary collaboration which is essential for a safe and effective management of patients in the neonatal intensive care units, prevention of early complications and disability in the future.

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5

Jamal, G. A. "Electroencephalography." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 51, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 1247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.51.9.1247-a.

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6

Binnie, C. D., and P. F. Prior. "Electroencephalography." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 57, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 1308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.57.11.1308.

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7

Biasiucci, Andrea, Benedetta Franceschiello, and Micah M. Murray. "Electroencephalography." Current Biology 29, no. 3 (February 2019): R80—R85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.052.

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8

D'Souza, Delon, Gosala R. K. Sarma, and Elizabeth V. T. "Teaching Electroencephalography: Persistent Altered Sensorium with Ominous Appearing Electroencephalographic Activity." International Journal of Epilepsy 05, no. 02 (October 2018): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676560.

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AbstractA 51-year-old man presented with persistent altered sensorium following a seizure. His magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed features of focal encephalitis involving the left temporal, parietal, and occipital regions. His electroencephalogram (EEG) showed ongoing epileptiform discharges over the left hemisphere. This article discusses dilemmas in the diagnosis of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in such a case scenario.

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9

Sá, Catarina, Paulo Veloso Gomes, António Marques, and António Correia. "The Use of Portable EEG Devices in Development of Immersive Virtual Reality Environments for Converting Emotional States into Specific Commands." Proceedings 54, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020054043.

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The application of electroencephalography electrodes in Virtual Reality (VR) glasses allows users to relate cognitive, emotional, and social functions with the exposure to certain stimuli. The development of non-invasive portable devices, coupled with VR, allows for the collection of electroencephalographic data. One of the devices that embraced this new trend is Looxid LinkTM, a system that adds electroencephalography to HTC VIVETM, VIVE ProTM, VIVE Pro EyeTM, or Oculus Rift STM glasses to create interactive environments using brain signals. This work analyzes the possibility of using the Looxid LinkTM device to perceive, evaluate and monitor the emotions of users exposed to VR.

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10

Koles, Zoly J. "Western Electroencephalography Society and Southern Electroencephalography Society." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 87, no. 5 (November 1993): P96—P99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(93)90195-2.

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11

Holmes, Gregory L. "Atlas of electroencephalography. Vol. 1. Neonatal electroencephalography." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 91, no. 4 (October 1994): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(94)90200-3.

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12

Farouk, Ayat Allah. "Digital electroencephalography and long-term video electroencephalography." Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine 24, no. 1 (April 2012): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7123/01.ejim.0000415590.13433.52.

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AbstractEEG is the name commonly used for electroencephalography. EEG is an important test for diagnosing epilepsy. Conventional EEG has relatively low sensitivity in epilepsy, ranging between 25–56%. The combination of wake and sleep records gives a yield of 80% in patients with clinically confirmed epilepsy. Video-EEG is most helpful in determining whether seizures with unusual features are actually epilepsy.

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13

Yoshinaga, Harumi. "Pediatric electroencephalography." Journal of the Japan Epilepsy Society 32, no. 1 (2014): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3805/jjes.32.39.

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14

Casson, Alexander, David Yates, Shelagh Smith, John Duncan, and Esther Rodriguez-Villegas. "Wearable Electroencephalography." IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 29, no. 3 (May 2010): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memb.2010.936545.

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15

Nuwer, Marc. "Paperless Electroencephalography." Seminars in Neurology 10, no. 02 (June 1990): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1041267.

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16

Nuwer, Marc R. "Intraoperative Electroencephalography." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 10, no. 4 (October 1993): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199310000-00005.

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17

Bullimore, Edward, Michael Brammer, Colin Binnie, and Gonzalo Alarcon. "Fractal electroencephalography." Lancet 339, no. 8793 (March 1992): 618–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)90906-j.

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18

Gholipour, Taha, Mohamad Z. Koubeissi, and Donald C. Shields. "Stereotactic electroencephalography." Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 189 (February 2020): 105640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.105640.

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19

Kennett, Robin. "Modern electroencephalography." Journal of Neurology 259, no. 4 (February 8, 2012): 783–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6425-6.

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20

Nuwer, Marc R. "Quantitative Electroencephalography." Archives of General Psychiatry 44, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800210092017.

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21

Politi, Keren, Sara Kivity, Hadassa Goldberg-Stern, Ayelet Halevi, and Avinoam Shuper. "Selective Mutism and Abnormal Electroencephalography (EEG) Tracings." Journal of Child Neurology 26, no. 11 (May 18, 2011): 1377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073811406731.

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Epileptic discharges are not considered a part of the clinical picture of selective mutism, and electroencephalography is generally not recommended in its work-up. This report describes 6 children with selective mutism who were found to have a history of epilepsy and abnormal interictal or subclinical electroencephalography recordings. Two of them had benign epilepsy of childhood with centro-temporal spikes. The mutism was not related in time to the presence of active seizures. While seizures could be controlled in all children by medications, the mutism resolved only in 1. Although the discharges could be coincidental, they might represent a co-morbidity of selective mutism or even play a role in its pathogenesis. Selective mutism should be listed among the psychiatric disorders that may be associated with electroencephalographic abnormalities. It can probably be regarded as a symptom of a more complicated organic brain disorder.

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22

Haneef, Zulfi, Harvey S. Levin, James D. Frost, and Eli M. Mizrahi. "Electroencephalography and Quantitative Electroencephalography in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury." Journal of Neurotrauma 30, no. 8 (April 15, 2013): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2012.2585.

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23

Henry, Charles E. "Atlas of electroencephalography, Vol. 11. Pediatric and adult electroencephalography." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 94, no. 4 (April 1995): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(95)90547-2.

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24

Lee, MD, Ki Hwa. "Beyond the index of processed electroencephalography: a narrative review." Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care 27, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35975/apic.v27i1.2128.

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There is a growing interest in monitoring the processed electroencephalography (p-EEG) as a measure of the delivery of anesthetic agent and the depth of the general anesthesia (GA). Each p-EEG monitor constructs an index that is suitable for GA. Although these monitors have become widely used, but it remains controversial whether they can become the gold standard for anesthesia monitoring like pulse oximeter and electrocardiogram. Whether p-EEG-guided anesthesia can affect perioperative outcomes remains unclear. This narrative review describes the relationship between p-EEG monitoring and perioperative outcome such as postoperative neurocognitive function, intraoperative awareness and mortality. Also, this article describes how and what to look beyond the index of processed electroencephalographic monitors. Abbreviations: GA: General anesthesia; EEG: Electroencephalogram; BIS: Bispectral index; POD: Postoperative delirium; CODA: Cognitive Dysfunction after Anaesthesia; POCD: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction; PACU: Post-anesthetic care unit; POQI-6: Perioperative Quality Initiative-6 Consensus Key words: Anesthesia; Delirium; Electroencephalography; Intraoperative awareness; Mortality Citation: Lee KH. Beyond the index of processed electroencephalography: a narrative review. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2022;27(1):112−118; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v27i1.2128 Received: April 07, 2022; Reviewed: August 16, 2022; Accepted: October 20, 2022

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25

Holmes, Mark D., Don M. Tucker, Jason M. Quiring, Shahin Hakimian, John W. Miller, and Jeffrey G. Ojemann. "Comparing Noninvasive Dense Array and Intracranial Electroencephalography for Localization of Seizures." Neurosurgery 66, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000363721.06177.07.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE To compare the localization of the seizure onset zone estimated from ictal recordings with high spatial resolution, 256-channel scalp dense array electroencephalographic video long-term monitoring (LTM) with the aid of source analysis with that obtained from subsequent intracranial ictal recordings. METHODS Ten patients with medically refractory epilepsy, all surgical candidates, underwent intracranial LTM after standard noninvasive evaluation failed to provide adequate localizing information regarding ictal origins. Before invasive studies, all patients underwent dense array electroencephalographic LTM in which habitual clinical seizures were recorded for each patient. Source analysis was applied to ictal onsets. Intracranial electrode placement followed conventional guidelines, although the neurosurgeon was aware of the dense array electroencephalographic results. Patients ranged in age from 10 to 49 years (mean age, 24 y); 7 were male. Identified risk factors included closed head injury in 1 patient and childhood meningitis in another. No focal neurological signs were found in any patient. Magnetic resonance imaging findings were normal in 6 patients; 1 patient had cerebellar hypoplasia, 1 had right frontoparietal dysplasia, 1 had bilateral nonspecific white matter abnormalities, and 1 had bilateral cavernous angiomas. RESULTS Ictal onsets, based on invasive recordings, were in the mesiotemporal lobe (3 patients), lateroparietal (2 patients), mesioparietal (1 patient), laterofrontal (1 patient), superolateral frontocentral (1 patient), frontopolar (1 patient), and posteroinferior temporo-occipital neocortex (1 patient). Dense array electroencephalography localized ictal onsets to the same region as intracranial monitoring in 8 of 10 cases; invasive studies disclosed an additional ictal focus in 2 of these patients. Surgical resections were based only on intracranial electroencephalographic findings. CONCLUSION Dense array electroencephalography has the potential to assist in the noninvasive localization of epileptic seizures and to guide the placement of invasive electrodes for localizing seizure onset.

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García-Asensio, S., S. Guelbenzu, R. Barrena, and P. Valero. "Technical Aspects of Intra-Arterial Electroencephalogram Recording." Interventional Neuroradiology 5, no. 4 (December 1999): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101999900500405.

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The purpose of this prospective study is to show a technique for recording electroencephalographic activity via an endovascular approach in presurgical evaluation of epileptic patients. Technical aspects and insertion strategy are outlined. Advantages of intra-arterial electroencephalography have been demonstrated. It is a semi-invasive procedure that provides information in temporal lobe and extratemporal epilepsy. It allows a dynamic electroencephalographic recording and patient tolerance is excellent. Risks are practically absent. Disadvantages are: in comparison to ovale electrodes, chronic and multicontact recording is not possible and the recording is only intercritical.

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27

Lee, Seung-Hwan. "Electroencephalography and Schizophrenia." Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 58, no. 2 (2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2019.58.2.105.

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28

Gupta, Nidhi, and Gyaninder Singh. "Electroencephalography-based monitors." Journal of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care 02, no. 03 (December 2015): 168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2348-0548.165030.

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AbstractAn electroencephalogram (EEG), detects changes and abnormalities in the electrical activity of the brain and thus provides a way to dynamically assess brain function. EEG may be used to diagnose and manage a number of clinical conditions such as epilepsy, convulsive and non-convulsive status epilepticus, encephalitis, barbiturate coma, brain death, etc., EEG provides a large amount of information to the anaesthesiologist for routine clinical practice as depth of anaesthesia monitors and detection of sub-clinical seizures; and also for understanding the complex mechanisms of anaesthesia-induced alteration of consciousness. In the initial years, the routine clinical applicability of EEG was hindered by the complexity of the raw EEG signal. However, with technological advancement, several EEG-derived dimensionless indices have been developed that correlate with the depth of the hypnotic component of anaesthesia and are easy to interpret. Similarly, with the development of quantitative EEG tools, the routine use of continuous EEG is ever expanding in the Intensive Care Units. This review, describe various commonly used EEG-based monitors and their clinical applicability in the field of anaesthesia and critical care.

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29

Malver, Lasse Paludan, Anne Brokjaer, Camilla Staahl, Carina Graversen, Trine Andresen, and Asbjørn Mohr Drewes. "Electroencephalography and analgesics." British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 77, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 72–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12137.

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MacDonald, Jennifer M., Nicholas S. Abend, and Alexis A. Topjian. "Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography." Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 21, no. 3 (March 2020): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pcc.0000000000002180.

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31

Stephenson, John B. P. "Syncope and electroencephalography." Brain 137, no. 7 (April 14, 2014): e284-e284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu086.

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32

Elian, M. "Atlas of Electroencephalography." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 53, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.53.5.452.

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33

Luisto, M., and A. M. Seppäläinen. "Electroencephalography in tetanus." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 80, no. 2 (August 1989): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1989.tb03859.x.

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34

Gonzalez-Martinez, Jorge A. "The Stereo-Electroencephalography." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 33, no. 6 (December 2016): 522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnp.0000000000000327.

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35

CALVERLEY, ROD. "Electroencephalography and Anesthesia." Survey of Anesthesiology 29, no. 4 (August 1985): 241???242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132586-198508000-00030.

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Guberman, A., M. Couture, and Sudhansu Chokroverty. "Atlas of Electroencephalography." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 7, no. 2 (April 1990): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199004000-00012.

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37

Blume, W. T. "Atlas of Electroencephalography." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 7, no. 3 (July 1990): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199007000-00009.

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38

Brenner, Richard P. "Electroencephalography in Syncope." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 14, no. 3 (May 1997): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199705000-00004.

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39

Cascino, Gregory D. "Electroencephalography and Epilepsy." Journal of Epilepsy 10 (January 1996): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0896-6974(96)82676-4.

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40

Hughes, John R. "Atlas of electroencephalography." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 75, no. 1-2 (February 1990): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(90)90162-d.

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Shewmon, D. Alan. "Western electroencephalography society." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 79, no. 3 (September 1991): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(91)90148-w.

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Niedermeyer, E. "Atlas of electroencephalography." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 91, no. 3 (September 1994): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(94)90077-9.

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Swartz, Barbara. "Western electroencephalography society." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 91, no. 4 (October 1994): P114—P115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(94)90182-1.

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Hughes, John R. "Electroencephalography, 2nd Edition." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 69, no. 5 (May 1988): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(88)90074-0.

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45

Chancellor, A. "Electroencephalography: maturing gracefully." Practical Neurology 9, no. 3 (May 15, 2009): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2009.176586.

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46

Thatcher, Robert W. "Tomographic Electroencephalography/Magnetoencephalography." Journal of Neuroimaging 5, no. 1 (January 1995): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jon19955135.

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Barbanoj, Manuel-José, Rosa-María Antonijoan, and Francesc Jané. "Buspirone and electroencephalography." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 57, no. 6 (June 1995): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-9236(95)90234-1.

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48

Farzi, Mohammad Amin. "Successful Treatment of Patient with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome with Combination of Levetiracetam, Lamotrigine and Valproate after Failure of Corpus Callosotomy." Journal of Epilepsy Research 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14581/jer.22007.

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Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a pharmacoresistant epileptic encephalopathy. Herein reported is a case of LGS that combination therapy with levetiracetam, lamotrigine and valproate culminated in control of all seizure types and resolution of epileptic discharges in electroencephalography. This case indicates that logical combination therapy may provide seizure control and improvement of electroencephalographic pattern in patients with LGS even in cases at which epileptic surgery fails.

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Jayakar, Prasarma, Michael Duchowny, and Trevor J. Resnick. "Subdural Monitoring in the Evaluation of Children for Epilepsy Surgery." Journal of Child Neurology 9, no. 2_suppl (October 1994): 2S61–2S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073894009002091.

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Noninvasive assessment of children with chronic epilepsy is often imprecise and localization of seizure foci requires intracranial electroencephalographic monitoring. Subdural electrodes provide coverage of large areas of neocortex and are ideally suited for evaluating children with intractable epilepsy and to functionally map critical cortex. This report discusses the role of subdural electroencephalography in the evaluation of childhood epilepsy. (J Child Neurol 1994; 9(Suppl):2S61-2S66).

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Schulz, Reinhard, Matthias Hoppe, Frank Boesebeck, Csilla Gyimesi, Heinz W. Pannek, Friedrich G. Woermann, Theodor May, and Alois Ebner. "Analysis of Reoperation in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With Hippocampal Sclerosis." Neurosurgery 68, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e3181fdf8f8.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: Most patients do well after epilepsy surgery for mesial temporal lobe sclerosis, and in only 8 to 12% of all operations, the outcome is classified as not improved. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the outcome of reoperation in cases of incomplete resection of mesial temporal lobe structures in patients with mesial temporal lobe sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS: We analyzed 22 consecutive patients who underwent reoperation for mesial temporal lobe sclerosis (follow-up, 23-112 months; mean, 43.18 months) by evaluating noninvasive electroencephalographic/video monitoring before the first and second surgeries (semiology, interictal epileptiform discharges, ictal electroencephalography with special attention to the secondary contralateral evolution of the electroencephalographic seizure pattern after the initial regionalization), and magnetic resonance imaging (resection indices after the first and second surgeries on the amygdala, hippocampus, lateral temporal lobe). In 18 of 22 patients T2 relaxometry of the contralateral hippocampus was performed. RESULTS: Nine of 22 patients became seizure free; another 4 patients had a decrease in seizures and eventually became seizure free (range, 16-51 months; mean, 30.3). Recurrence of seizures is associated with (1) ictal electroencephalography with later evolution of an independent pattern over the contralateral temporal lobe (0 of 5 patients seizure free vs 5 of 7 patients non–seizure free; P = .046) and (2) a smaller amount of lateral temporal lobe resection in the second surgery (1.06 ± 0.59 cm vs 2.18 ± 1.37 cm; P = .019). No significant correlation with outcome was found for lateralization of interictal epileptiform discharges, change in semiology, other resection indices, T2 relaxometry, onset and duration of epilepsy, duration of follow-up, and side of surgery. CONCLUSION: Patients have a less favorable outcome with a reoperation if they show ictal scalp electroencephalography with secondary contralateral propagation and if only a small second resection of the lateral temporal lobe is performed.

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