Journal articles: 'Electrodic surfaces'

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Slater, Lee, Dimitrios Ntarlagiannis, Nathan Yee, Michael O’Brien, Chi Zhang, and Kenneth H. Williams. "Electrodic voltages in the presence of dissolved sulfide: Implications for monitoring natural microbial activity." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 2 (March 2008): F65—F70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2828977.

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There is growing interest in the development of new monitoring strategies for obtaining spatially extensive data diagnostic of microbial processes occurring in the earth. Open-circuit potentials arising from variable redox conditions in the fluid local-to-electrode surfaces (electrodic potentials) were recorded for a pair of silver-silver chloride electrodes in a column experiment, whereby a natural wetland soil containing a known community of sulfate reducers was continuously fed with a sulfate-rich nutrient medium. Measurements were made between five electrodes equally spaced along the column and a reference electrode placed on the column inflow. The presence of a sulfate reducing microbial population, coupled with observations of decreasing sulfate levels, formation of black precipitate (likely iron sulfide),elevated solid phase sulfide, and a characteristic sulfurous smell, suggest microbial-driven sulfate reduction (sulfide generation) in our column. Based on the known sensitivity of a silver electrode to dissolved sulfide concentration, we interpret the electrodic potentials approaching [Formula: see text] recorded in this experiment as an indicator of the bisulfide [Formula: see text] concentration gradients in the column. The measurement of the spatial and temporal variation in these electrodic potentials provides a simple and rapid method for monitoring patterns of relative [Formula: see text] concentration that are indicative of the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Our measurements have implications both for the autonomous monitoring of anaerobic microbial processes in the subsurface and the performance of self-potential electrodes, where it is critical to isolate, and perhaps quantify, electrochemical interfaces contributing to observed potentials.

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Barrientos, C., R. Moscoso, S. Moris, and J. A. Squella. "Electrochemical Study of Butyl-Pyrene Nitrobenzoate Derivatives Trapped on MWCNT Nanostructured Electrodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 126515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac3ff5.

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In the scope of our studies tending to find new nanostructured electrodic platforms containing nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) capable of generating in situ electrocatalytic redox couples, we synthesized and electrochemically studied three related 4-(pyren-1-yl)-butyl-substituted nitrobenzoates (2-NBPy, 3-NBPy and 4-NBPy). The design of the compounds is based on a combination of a) an adsorptive tail (-butyl-pyrene) capable of interacting via π–π stacking with the MWCNT nanostructured electrodes and b) nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) capable of electrochemically activating to form a RNHOH/NO redox couple trapped on the nanostructured electrodic platform. Morphological and structural analyses of the nanostructured interfaces were performed by SEM and WAXS/SAXS analysis. All of the NBPy compounds trapped on the nanostructured electrodic platform were susceptible to reduction, generating the corresponding hydroxylamine derivative. The order of ease of reduction for the nitrocompounds is 4-NBPy > 2-NBPy > 3-NBPy. After electrochemical activation, all compounds generated an RNHOH/NO redox mediator couple with the following order of stability of the mediator couple: 2-NBPy > 3-NBPy > 4-NBPy. For the 2-NBPy and 3-NBPy derivatives, excellent stability of the couple was observed, and a decrease in the peak current of 6% was observed after 60 min.

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Torsi, L. "An infra-red study of the interaction between thin polybithiophene films and Pt electrodic surfaces." Synthetic Metals 41, no. 1-2 (April 1991): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(91)91136-x.

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Spanu, Davide, Gilberto Binda, Marcello Marelli, Laura Rampazzi, Sandro Recchia, and Damiano Monticelli. "Quantitative Determination of the Surface Distribution of Supported Metal Nanoparticles: A Laser Ablation–ICP–MS Based Approach." Chemosensors 9, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9040077.

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A laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) based method is proposed for the quantitative determination of the spatial distribution of metal nanoparticles (NPs) supported on planar substrates. The surface is sampled using tailored ablation patterns and the data are used to define three-dimensional functions describing the spatial distribution of NPs. The volume integrals of such interpolated surfaces are calibrated to obtain the mass distribution of Ag NPs by correlation with the total mass of metal as determined by metal extraction and ICP–MS analysis. Once this mass calibration is carried out on a sacrificial sample, quantifications can be performed over multiple samples by a simple micro-destructive LA–ICP–MS analysis without requiring the extraction/dissolution of metal NPs. The proposed approach is here tested using a model sample consisting of a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) disk decorated with silver NPs, achieving high spatial resolution over cm2-sized samples and very high sensitivity. The developed method is accordingly a useful analytical tool for applications requiring both the total mass and the spatial distribution of metal NPs to be determined without damaging the sample surface (e.g., composite functional materials and NPs, decorated catalysts or electrodic materials).

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Hou, Wei, Qingwei Liao, Shuang Xie, Yujun Song, and Lei Qin. "Prospects and Challenges of Flexible Stretchable Electrodes for Electronics." Coatings 12, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050558.

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The application of flexible electronics in the field of communication has made the transition from rigid physical form to flexible physical form. Flexible electrode technology is the key to the wide application of flexible electronics. However, flexible electrodes will break when large deformation occurs, failing flexible electronics. It restricts the further development of flexible electronic technology. Flexible stretchable electrodes are a hot research topic to solve the problem that flexible electrodes cannot withstand large deformation. Flexible stretchable electrode materials have excellent electrical conductivity, while retaining excellent mechanical properties in case of large deformation. This paper summarizes the research results of flexible stretchable electrodes from three aspects: material, process, and structure, as well as the prospects for future development.

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Karpenko, O. S., V. V. Lobanov, and M. T. Kartel. "C1s core-level binding energy shift dependence from carbon atoms position in graphenenanoflakes C96 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon C96H24: a dft study." SURFACE 14(29) (December 30, 2022): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2022.14.063.

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The hexagon-shape graphene nanoflakes (GNFs) limited by zigzag edges only (with doubly and triply coordinated atoms) have unique increased reactivity. Despite the high systems symmetry (D6h) the Carbon atoms in GNFs occupy non-equivalent positions. Can such physical and chemical characteristics of GNFs, which depend of the atom position in the cluster, definition? This characteristic together with the simplicity of its calculation makes it possible to predict the properties of nanoflakes obtained from GNFs by introducing single and multiatomic vacancies into them or by replacing Carbon atoms with electron withdrawing and electron donating atoms. This characteristic includes the C1s core-level binding energy shifts, the maxima of which characterize the C atoms of a certain type. The proposed work is devoted to quantum chemical calculations of the electronic density of states (DOS) of pristine hexagon-shape GNF C96 (multiplicity, M=5), their saturated counterpart –polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) C96H24 (M=1) and their derivatives with one and two single vacancies in the ground electronic state (GES). All calculations were performed using the density functional theory (DFT) method with the involvement of the valence-split basis set 6-31G (d,p). Systems with open shells were considered using the UB3LYP exchange-correlation functional. The obtained spectra were fitted using Gaussian curve fitting program to determine the binding energy for each peak. The Gaussian function distribution of the theoretically calculated C1s core-level binding energy shifts of GNFs testified the presence of six peaks, each of which refers to a certain type of Carbon atoms. The C1s peak with the highest binding energy (-285.57 eV) is caused by contributions from the doubly coordinated edge cyclic chain (ECC) Carbon atoms. The C1s orbitals of the central hexagon (CHex) atoms and the first cyclic chain (FCC) atoms form delocalized molecular orbitals (MOs) in different parts of the cluster. The analogous spectrum of PAH C96H24 is slightly shifted to the region of lower binding energies and contains only two well-defined peaks. The peak with a higher binding energy (-284.36 eV) is generated by the 1s states of the CHex atoms and the atoms of the FCC, which are bounded to the CHex atoms. The electronic DOS difference in C1s core-level spectra of GNF C96 (M=5) and their saturated counterpart PAH C96H24 is established due to the presence of two weakly bounded π-systems in GNF and common conjugated system in PAH. The electronic DOS of defect-containing cluster C96-1(1) (M=3) (one CHex atom has been removed from the C96nanoflake) is generated by the C1s core-level atoms of the second cyclic chain (SCC), which are located at the different distances from the center of the nanoflake. The peak of the lowest intensity (-284.63 eV) appears in the spectrum as a reflection of the appearance of doubly coordinated Carbon atoms surrounding the single vacancy in the C96-1(1) nanoflake. The analysis of the electronic DOS of the C1s core-level spectrum of the C96-2(1) nanoflakeis shown, that doubly coordinated Carbon atoms, concentrated around two single vacancies, are essentially non-equivalent. If the MO with the lowest binding energy is localized on two of them – the MO with the highest binding energy is localized on the third atoms (one around each single vacancy). The electronic C1s core-level DOS spectrum of defect-containing molecular systems with one C96-1(1)H24 and two C96‑2(1)H24 single vacancies are similar to the analogous spectrum of PAH C96H24. In the first of them – one additional maximum appears due to C1s atoms surrounding the single vacancy. In the second – there are two additional maxima, each of which is generated by C1s core-level atoms adjacent to individual vacancies.

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Terebinska, M. I., O. I. Tkachuk, A. M. Datsyuk, O. V. Filonenko, and V. V. Lobanov. "Electronic structure of complexes of oligomers of 3,4-ethylene-dietoxythiophene with polystyrlesulphonic acid." Surface 13(28) (December 30, 2021): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2021.13.084.

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By the method of density functional theory (B3LYP, 6-31G **) the electronic structures of poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene containing 12 links in charge states 0, +1, +2, +3 and +4 were calculated. It is shown that the oligomer of 12 units is sufficient to reflect the properties of the conductive polymer. To estimate the probability of electron density movement along the polymer chain, the width of the energy gap between NOMO and LUMO was calculated. It is shown that the molecules of oligomers EDOT and SS do not remain parallel to each other after polymerization, but rather, with increasing chain length, the latter gradually bends around the anionic unit SS; the charge distribution in the EDOT and SS oligomer complexes indicates the presence of two separated polarons at the two ends of the chain, and the asymmetry in the charge distribution also implies the presence of a curved spiral structure of the formed complex.

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Han, Qing, Ge Ming Liu, Niu Sheng Peng, Tao Feng, Jin Feng Xia, and Jin Xia. "Preparation and Characterization of Pt/YSZ Electrode of Zirconia Oxygen Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 544 (March 2013): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.544.72.

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Electrode slurry made of Pt powder was brushed on both surfaces of the sintered ZrO2 substrate. And then the Pt electrodes were sintered under various temperatures. The microstructure of the surface of the electrodes was characterized by scanning electronic microscope. The electrochemical properties of the electrodes were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that the sintered temperature of the electrode has a remarkable effect on the microstructure of the electrode and the Pt electrode show favorable electrochemical catalysis performance.

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Zolotarenko, Ol D., E. P. Rudakova, N. Y. Akhanova, M. Ualkhanova, An D. Zolotarenko, D. V. Shchur, M. T. Gabdullin, et al. "Synthesis of carbon nanostructures using cheap grades of graphite." SURFACE 14(29) (December 30, 2022): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2022.14.113.

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In the work, carbon nanostructures (CNS) were synthesized on a plasma chemical plant using graphite electrodes SIGE (Special Impregnated Graphite Electrodes) and FGDG-7 (Fine-grained dense graphite) in a helium environment. In the experiments, it was established that graphite electrodes of the SIGE brand are suitable for the synthesis of CNS by the electric arc plasma chemical method. In addition, the experiments indicate that SIGE graphite in electric arc synthesis in a gas environment allows the creation of centimeter composite rods (deposits), where the core consists of graphene sheets rolled into nanotubes that can withstand extremely high temperatures (>4000 K). Studies using scanning microscopy have shown that the synthetic deposit of SIGE graphite can be divided into blocks, which is important for its use in high voltage stations because it is possible to prepare deposits of the required length without mechanical impact and without violating the integrity of its structure. The structure of the synthesized carbon materials was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and it was shown that carbon nanotubes are formed during the evaporation of SIGE brand graphite even without the use of a catalyst. Experiments have confirmed that the mass yield of wall fullerene-containing carbon black during the evaporation of SIGE grade graphite significantly exceeds the results obtained during the evaporation of FGDG-7 grade graphite electrodes. Such results make SIGE graphite more productive for the synthesis of expensive carbon nanoproducts (fullerenes and fullerene-like structures) by the electric arc method. It was also recorded that during the synthesis of carbon nanostructures, single-walled carbon nanotubes are formed, which have a positive charge and are deposited in the form of a core on the surface of the cathode electrode under the action of an electromagnetic field.

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Zhang, Tian, Zhongyun Ma, Linjun Wang, Jinyang Xi, and Zhigang Shuai. "Interface electronic structures of reversible double-docking self-assembled monolayers on an Au(111) surface." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2013 (April 13, 2014): 20130018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0018.

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Double-docking self-assembled monolayers (DDSAMs), namely self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed by molecules possessing two docking groups, provide great flexibility to tune the work function of metal electrodes and the tunnelling barrier between metal electrodes and the SAMs, and thus offer promising applications in both organic and molecular electronics. Based on the dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) in comparison with conventional DFT, we carry out a systematic investigation on the dual configurations of a series of DDSAMs on an Au(111) surface. Through analysing the interface electronic structures, we obtain the relationship between single molecular properties and the SAM-induced work-function modification as well as the level alignment between the metal Fermi level and molecular frontier states. The two possible conformations of one type of DDSAM on a metal surface reveal a strong difference in the work-function modification and the electron/hole tunnelling barriers. Fermi-level pinning is found to be a key factor to understand the interface electronic properties.

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Grinko, А. M., А. V. Brichka, О. М. Bakalinska, and М. Т. Каrtel. "Application of nano cerium oxide in solid oxide fuel cells." Surface 12(27) (December 30, 2020): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2020.12.231.

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This review is analyzed the state of modern literature on the nanoceria based materials application as components for solid oxide fuel cells. The principle of operation of fuel cells, their classification and the difference in the constructions of fuel cells are described. The unique redox properties of nanosized cerium oxide make this material promising for application as components for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Because of high ionic conductivity, high coefficient of thermal expansion and low activation energy at relatively low temperatures, cerium-containing materials are widely used as a solid electrolyte. On the surface of nanosized CeO2 there many surface defects (which is determined by the concentration of oxygen vacancies) that lead to the electronic conductivity increases even at temperatures (300 - 700 °C). The concentration of surface defects can be increased by doping the surface of nanoceria by divalent and trivalent cations. The ionic and electrical properties of the obtained nanocomposites dependent from synthesis methods, ionic radii and concentration of doping cations. It is explained the effect of the transition in the size of cerium oxide particles in the nanoscale region on the concentration of surface defects and defects in the sample structure. Particular attention is paid to the effect of doping nanosized CeO2 by transition metal cations and lanthanides on the characteristics of the obtained material, namely, on the increase of concentration of surface defects due to the increase of oxygen vacancies. It is established that nanosized cerium oxide is used for the development and implementation of the main components of SOFC: electrolyte, anode and cathode. Advantages of using solid electrolytes based on nanosized cerium oxide over the classical electrolytes are listed. It was shown that doping of cerium oxide by double and triple cations lead to increase the ionic conductivity and reduces the activation energy and has a positive effect on its characteristics as a SOFC electrolyte. Composites, based on nanoscaled cerium oxide, are actively developed and studied for use as electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells. Cerium-containing anodes are resistant to the deposition of carbon and fuel impurities, increase the catalytic activity of solid oxide fuel cells, and compatible with other components. Nanosized cerium oxide particles are sprayed onto the cathode to prevent the cathode from interacting with the electrolyte. The prospects for the use of cerium-containing materials for the conversion of chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy are analyzed.

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Chahma, M’hamed. "Doped Polythiophene Chiral Electrodes as Electrochemical Biosensors." Electrochem 2, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2040042.

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π-conducting materials such as chiral polythiophenes exhibit excellent electrochemical stability in doped and undoped states on electrode surfaces (chiral electrodes), which help tune their physical and electronic properties for a wide range of uses. To overcome the limitations of traditional surface immobilization methods, an alternative pathway for the detection of organic and bioorganic targets using chiral electrodes has been developed. Moreover, chiral electrodes have the ability to carry functionalities, which helps the immobilization and recognition of bioorganic molecules. In this review, we describe the use of polythiophenes for the design of chiral electrodes and their applications as electrochemical biosensors.

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Díez-Pascual, Ana M., and Abbas Rahdar. "Graphene-Based Polymer Composites for Flexible Electronic Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 7 (July 16, 2022): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13071123.

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Graphene-based nanomaterials have gained a lot of interest over the last years in flexible electronics due to their exceptional electrical, mechanical, and optoelectronic properties, as well as their potential of surface modification. Their flexibility and processability make them suitable for electronic devices that require bending, folding, and stretching, which cannot be fulfilled by conventional electronics. These nanomaterials can be assembled with various types of organic materials, including polymers, and biomolecules, to generate a variety of nanocomposites with greater stretchability and healability, higher stiffness, electrical conductivity, and exceptional thermal stability for flexible lighting and display technologies. This article summarizes the main characteristics and synthesis methods of graphene, its oxidized form graphene oxide (GO), and reduced GO derivative, as well as their corresponding polymeric composites, and provides a brief overview about some recent examples of these nanocomposites in flexible electronic applications, including electrodes for solar cells and supercapacitors, electronic textiles, and transistors.

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SHCHEKA, OLEG L., TATYNA B. EMELINA, and OKSANA O. KLIMENKO. "QUANTUM CHEMICAL STUDY OF THE OXYGEN EVOLUTION ON THE PLATINUM AND RHODIUM OXIDIZED SURFACES." Surface Review and Letters 02, no. 04 (August 1995): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x9500042x.

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The nonempirical discrete-variational method of local-density approximation was used to study the peculiarities of the oxygen evolution reaction on the polycrystalline platinum and rhodium oxidized surfaces. The correlations of the electronic properties and electrocatalytic activity of purely oxidized and N-substituted in part of surfaces were noted. A comparison of the behavior of the platinum and rhodium electrode surface layers in oxygen evolution reaction was carried out. It was found that under the substitution of one oxygen atom in first coordination sphere of metal on the nitrogen atom, the surface electrocatalytic activity of both platinum and rhodium electrodes became identical.

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Strelko, V. V., and Yu I. Gorlov. "Influence of electronic states of nanographs in carbon microcrystallines on surface chemistry of activated charcoal varieties." Surface 13(28) (December 30, 2021): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2021.13.015.

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In this paper, the nature of the chemical activity of pyrolyzed nanostructured carbon materials (PNCM), in particular active carbon (AC), in reactions of electron transfer considered from a single position, reflecting the priority role of paramagnetic centers and edge defunctionaled carbon atoms of carbon microcristallites (CMC) due to pyrolysis of precursors. Clusters in the form of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with open (OES) and closed (CES) electronic shells containing terminal hydrogen atoms (or their vacancies) and different terminal functional groups depending on specific model reactions of radical recombination, combination, replacement and elimination were used to model of nanographenes (NG) and CM. Quantum-chemical calculations of molecular models of NG and CMC and heat effects of model reactions were performed in frames of the density functional theory (DFT) using extended valence-splitted basis 6-31G(d) with full geometry optimization of concrete molecules, ions, radicals and NG models. The energies of boundary orbitals were calculated by means of the restricted Hartry-Fock method for objects with closed (RHF) and open (ROHF) electronic shells. The total energies of small negative ions (HOO-, HO-) and anion-radical О2•‾) were given as the sum of calculated total energies of these compounds and their experimental electron affinities. The estimation of probability of considered chemical transformations was carried out on the base on the well-known Bell-Evans-Polyani principle about the inverse correlation of the thermal effects of reactions and its activation energies. It is shown that the energy gap ΔЕ (energy difference of boundary orbitals levels) in simulated nanographens should depend on a number of factors: the periphery structure of models, its size and shape, the number and nature of various structural defects, electronic states of NG. When considering possible chemical transformations on the AC surface, rectangular models of NG were used, for which the simple classification by type and number of edge structural elements of the carbon lattice was proposed. Quantum chemical calculations of molecular models of NG and CNC and the energy of model reactions in frames of DTF showed that the chemisorption of free radicals (3O2 and N•O), as recombination at free radical centers (FRC), should occur with significant heat effects. Such calculations give reason to believe that FRC play an important role in formation of the functional cover on the periphery of NG in CMC of studied materials. On the base of of cluster models of active carbon with OES new ideas about possible reactions mechanisms of radical-anion О2•‾ formation and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide on the surface of active carbon are offered. Explanation of increased activity of AC reduced by hydrogen in H2O2 decomposition is given. It is shown that these PNCM models, as first of all AC, allow to adequately describe their semiconductor nature and acid-base properties of such materials.

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Lee, Hyunah, Nam-Joo Cho, and Dong-soo Kim. "Development of a Novel Reverse Offset Printer Equipped with Double-Layer Blanket (DLB) for Micropattern Printing on 3D Curved Surfaces." Processes 10, no. 2 (February 21, 2022): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10020424.

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The double-layer blanket (DLB) reverse offset is a newly designed printing process for patterning electronic circuits on a 3D curved surface. Unlike the existing reverse offset process, the DLB reverse offset utilizes an offset roll composed of two layers comprising polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a thick, soft cushioned rubber to print microelectrode patterns and transparent electrodes on a curved surface. The optimal printing process was determined by adjusting the printing pressure and printing speed for horizontal and vertical micropatterns, based on which transparent electrodes with metal mesh and honeycomb structures with a line width of 30 μm and pitch of 600 μm with micropatterns ranging from 30 μm to 60 μm were printed on a curved surface. Ag ink was used, and the 3D curved surface indicated a print quality similar to that of the flat surface for both the vertical and horizontal patterns and transparent electrodes. The DLB reverse offset technique demonstrated the possibility of printing on a 3D curved surface and is expected to broaden the range of printed electronics to applications such as smart glasses and 3D shape sensors.

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Eichler, A., J. Hafner, G. Kresse, and J. Furthmüller. "Relaxation and electronic surface states of rhodium surfaces." Surface Science 352-354 (May 1996): 689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(95)01231-1.

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Tshwane, David M., and Rosinah Modiba. "Surface Properties of Ti₂AlV (100) and (110) Surfaces Using First-Principle Calculations." MATEC Web of Conferences 370 (2022): 09005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202237009005.

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Ti2AlV alloys are commonly employed as structural materials in electronics, metallurgy, and other industries because of their outstanding properties. Knowledge about their surface properties is lacking and limited at the atomic level. In this work, structural, electronic, and stabilities of Ti2AlV surfaces were investigated using the density functional theory approach. This study also looked at the surface energies and work functions of various surfaces. According to our findings, it was found that the (110) surface is thermodynamically stable with lower surface energy than the (100) surface. It was discovered that the surface energy increases with regard to the thickness of the surface slab. Furthermore, the work function of the (110) surface was found to be increasing than that of the (100) surface. Moreover, the work function was found to increase with increasing number of layers in both surfaces. The partial and total density of states of Ti2AlV (100) and (110) were also studied. It was also found that the Fermi level lies at the minimum curve in the TDOS graphs for the Ti2AlV (110) surface while lies at the maximum in (100) surface.

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Löberg, Johanna, Jenny Perez Holmberg, Ingela Mattisson, Anna Arvidsson, and Elisabet Ahlberg. "Electronic Properties ofTiO2Nanoparticles Films and the Effect on Apatite-Forming Ability." International Journal of Dentistry 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/139615.

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Nanoparticle-covered electrodes have altered properties as compared to conventional electrodes with same chemical composition. The changes originate from the large surface area and enhanced conduction. To test the mineralization capacity of such materials, TiO2nanoparticles were deposited on titanium and gold substrates. The electrochemical properties were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy while the mineralization was tested by immersion in simulated body fluid. Two types of nucleation and growth behaviours were observed. For smooth nanoparticle surfaces, the initial nucleation is fast with the formation of few small nuclei of hydroxyapatite. With time, an amorphous 2D film develops with a Ca/P ratio close to 1.5. For the rougher surfaces, the nucleation is delayed but once it starts, thick layers are formed. Also the electronic properties of the oxides were shown to be important. Both density of states (DOS) in the bandgap of TiO2and the active area were determined. The maximum in DOS was found to correlate with the donor density (Nd) and the active surface area. The results clearly show that a rough surface with high conductivity is beneficial for formation of thick apatite layers, while the nanoparticle covered electrodes show early nucleation but limited apatite formation.

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Sigareva, N. V., B. M. Gorelov, and S. V. Shulga. "Еffect of graphene filler oxidation on the thermal destruction of epoxy-graphene composites." Surface 13(28) (December 30, 2021): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2021.13.166.

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The participation of the electronic subsystem of graphene nanoparticles in heat transfer on the interfaphase surface with epoxy polymer, its participation in the thermodestruction processes of epoxy matrix and the concentration interval of the subsystem's influence on the thermal destruction of the polymer matrix are investigated. For such purpose, epoxy resin composites with oxidized and non-oxidized graphene nanoparticles have been used.The particles were obtained by electrochemical method and those are characterized by the same dispersion and analogical of defect spectra. The particles have the same crystal structure, however in composites with oxidized graphene, the participation of the electronic subsystem in thermophysical processes on the interfacial surface is blocked by the atomic layer of adsorbed oxygen. Сomposites of epoxy resin filled with the same particles of nonoxidized and oxidized nanoparticles in the filler content 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 wt%. The multilayered graphene particles were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy (RS) methods. It was shown that the graphene particles are the 2D dimensional structures with about of 100 layers. Desorption curves of epoxy and its composites have been obtained using a programmable thermal desorption mass-spectroscopic (TDMS) technique for fragments with 15≤ m/z ≤108 and temperature interval 35 - 800 оС. The activation energy of desorption was determined from the Wigner-Polanyi equation as 35 - 150 kJ/mol, temperature and mass dependences of the quantity of desorbed atomic fragments have been calculated. It were established the graphene electron subsystem takes part in polymer structure thermodestruction for epoxy composites with nonoxidized graphene enhancing their heat resistance at graphene content С ≤ 1 wt%. With increasing filler content, the thermodestruction behavior in pristine epoxy and its composites with nonoxidized and oxidized graphene is analogical. The thermodestruction characterizes by the stepwise variations in the desorption intensity of atomic fragments. The electron subsystem of graphene particles does not participate in the heat resistance variations.

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Kang, Jianxiong, Yanni An, Jiwei Xue, Xiao Ma, Jiuzhou Li, Fanfan Chen, Sen Wang, He Wan, Chonghui Zhang, and Xianzhong Bu. "Density Functional Theory Study of the Electronic Structures of Galena." Processes 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11020619.

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In this study, the electronic structure of the galena surface was investigated using the first-principle calculation. The results of band structure, density of states, Mulliken population distribution, and frontier orbital analysis showed that galena was the p-type semiconductor of the direct band gap. During the formation of galena crystals, the 3p orbital of the S and the 6p orbital of the Pb played a primary role. Additionally, S atoms in galena quickly lose electrons and are oxidized, while Pb readily reacts with anions. The results of surface structure and electronic properties, such as surface relaxation, surface state energy levels, electronic density of states, and atomic charge distribution showed that the electronics in the 6p orbital of the Pb are transferred to the 3p orbital of the S in galena crystal. They caused the change of atomic valence states in lattice surfaces. The total electron number of the outermost surface layer was also higher than the bulk, giving the galena surface the properties of electron enrichment. This research is of great significance for developing new galena flotation reagents and for further in-depth exploration of the adsorption of reagents on the galena surface.

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Liang, Zefen, Tianxiang He, Junpeng An, Hongtao Xue, Fuling Tang, and Ding Fan. "Coupling effect and charge redistribution of cyclo[18]carbons and cyclocarbon oxides on NaCl surface." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 13 (May 20, 2020): 2050138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220501386.

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The electronic structure, energy barrier and charge redistribution of cyclo[18]carbon and cyclocarbon oxides [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] on NaCl(001) surface were computationally studied by using MOPAC. The HOMO electronics are mainly distributed at the inner and outer circumferential half circle of the cyclo[18]carbon along triple C–C bonds. However, the LUMO electronics are distributed at above and below surfaces of the cyclo[18]carbon circle along single C–C bonds. The energy barrier is different along different direction. The energy barrier of cyclo[18]carbon on the NaCl surface is the smallest (0.23 eV/per atom). When the cyclo[18]carbon and cyclo[18]carbon oxides molecular are put on the NaCl surface, they show different amounts of positive charge, no longer neutral.

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TSUKADA, Masaru. "Theoretical Studies on Surface Electronics States. Theories for Surface Electronic States." Hyomen Kagaku 19, no. 3 (1998): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.19.138.

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Zolotarenko, O. D., O. P. Rudakova, M. T. Kartel, H. O. Kaleniuk, A. D. Zolotarenko, D. V. Schur, and Yu O. Tarasenko. "The mechanism of forming carbon nanostructures by electric arc-method." Surface 12(27) (December 30, 2020): 263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2020.12.263.

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The regularities of the formation of nanostructures during the evaporation of graphite by the electric ARC – method are studied. Described physicochemical processes in the synthesis reactor . At plasma temperatures taking into account the behavior of particles in electromagnetic fields with extreme temperature and pressure grants. A sequence of organization of matter in the process of forming a structure according to nano-dimensional characteristics is proposed. The self-organization of systems during electric arc evaporation of graphite or graphite-containing electrodes has been studied. The mechanisms of formation of soluble (fullerenes and fullerene-like structures) and insoluble (nanocomposites, CNTs, graphenes) carbon nanostructures are considered. The processes occurring in the electric arc synthesis reactor are analyzed: the process of distribution of charged particles in an electric arc at different times; processes taking place at the anode; the mechanism of carbon vapor formation during graphite evaporation; processes in the gas phase and on the walls of the reactor under the conditions of an electric arc discharge; model of the reactor space zones; formation of carbon nanostructures in the gas phase and on the inner surface of the reactor. use of doped electrodes and metal inserts (sleeves) as catalysts for the synthesis of carbon nanostructures. The sequence of processes in the formation of spherical carbon molecules is studied, and the processes and structural transformations are considered. In the research work, the products (fullerenes and fullerene-like structures, nanocomposites, VNT, graphenes) of electric arc synthesis are presented, and modern methods of analysis are used for their fixation and identification.

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Park, Chanwoo, Jaewoo Seol, Ali Aldalbahi, Mostafizur Rahaman, Alexander L. Yarin, and Sam S. Yoon. "Drop impact phenomena and spray cooling on hot nanotextured surfaces of various architectures and dynamic wettability." Physics of Fluids 35, no. 2 (February 2023): 027126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0139960.

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Spray cooling has been used to quench metal slabs during casting, cool nuclear reactors, suppress accidental fires, and remove heat from high-power density electronics. In particular, the miniaturization of electronic devices inevitably results in an increased power density or heat flux on the microelectronics surfaces and poses a threat of a thermal shutdown of such devices when cooling is insufficient. Surface nanotexturing effectively augments additional liquid-to-substrate surface area, thereby increasing cooling capability, as well as an effective heat transfer coefficient. In spray cooling, surface dynamic wettability also affects drop impact dynamics and subsequent coolant evaporation on a hot surface. Herein, we introduced various nanotextured surfaces and affected dynamic wettability using the so-called thorny-devil nanofibers, nickel nanocones, Teflon and titania nanoparticles, and zinc nanowires. The effect of these different nanoscale architectures on drop impact phenomena and subsequent evaporative cooling was investigated. These nanotextured surfaces were fabricated using various deposition methods, including electrospinning, electroplating, supersonic spraying, aerosol deposition, and chemical bath deposition. We found that the surface with greater dynamic wettability related to the hydrodynamic focusing considerably improved the heat removal capability by furthering the Leidenfrost limit and facilitating drop spreading. In particular, the thorny-devil nanofiber surface yielded the highest heat flux at all ranges of the Reynolds and Weber numbers. Spray cooling on a model electronic kit also confirmed that the thorny-devil nanofibers were most effective in cooling the surface of the model kit during multiple cycles of water spraying.

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Dief, Essam M., Anton P. Le Brun, Simone Ciampi, and Nadim Darwish. "Spontaneous Grafting of OH-Terminated Molecules on Si−H Surfaces via Si–O–C Covalent Bonding." Surfaces 4, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces4010010.

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The surface functionalization of oxide-free hydrogen-terminated silicon (Si−H) enables predictably tuning its electronic properties, by incorporating tailored functionality for applications such as photovoltaics, biosensing and molecular electronics devices. Most of the available chemical functionalization approaches require an external radical initiator, such as UV light, heat or chemical reagents. Here, we report forming organic monolayers on Si–H surfaces using molecules comprising terminal alcohol (–OH) groups. Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation is spontaneous, requires no external stimuli–and yields Si–O–C covalently bound monolayers. The SAMs were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the chemical bonding, by X-ray reflectometry (XRR) to determine the monolayers thicknesses on the surface and by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to probe surface topography and surface roughness. The redox activity and the electrochemical properties of the SAMs were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The availability and the ease of incorporating OH groups in organic molecules, makes this spontaneous grafting as a reliable method to attach molecules to Si surfaces in applications ranging from sensing to molecular electronics where incorporating radical initiator setups is not accessible.

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Bullett, D. W. "Surface states and the local electronic structure at surfaces." Philosophical Magazine B 51, no. 2 (February 1985): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642818508240566.

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Grass, M., J. Braun, G. Borstel, R. Schneider, H. Durr, T. Fauster, and V. Dose. "Unoccupied electronic states and surface barriers at Cu surfaces." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 5, no. 5 (February 1, 1993): 599–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/5/5/011.

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SHIMOJO, Takemi, and Kazuomi ANDO. "Special Issue. Surface Finishing for Electronics Parts. Surface Finishing for Electronic Connectors." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 44, no. 12 (1993): 1068–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.44.1068.

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30

Tejkl, Adam, and Petr Kavka. "Automated Low Investment Cost Evaporometers (ALICEs)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 4986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114986.

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Evaporation is an important part of the hydrological cycle. This paper discusses the materials and methods we used to develop an evaporometer, which measures evaporation from the water surface, like a drop in water level. The main problem is that there are relatively small differences in the levels measured directly in the field. During the research, we tested conductive filament and stainless steel as measuring electrode materials. We used 3D printing in combination with low-cost open-source electronics and a hand-etched circuit board to make a device which measures the free water surface level. A 3D printed jig is used when assembling the device, and this ensures that the contact electrodes are set precisely. Another 3D printed jig is used to create the etched circuit board, which holds all the electronic devices. The device uses the low-cost open-source Arduino Uno electronics microcontroller board. Our results show that high-precision measurements can be gathered with the use of open-source electronics in 3D printed housing. The device is also durable and easy to maintain.

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Luo, Zhian, and Jian Zhong Xiao. "Preparation and Characterization of Pt/YSZ Composite Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 66 (April 2009): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.66.202.

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Substrates of ytrria stabilized zirconia electrolyte were prepared by the ceramic injection molding, and then composite electrode slurry was made of platinum powder and yttria stabilized zirconia powder by ball milling, and then was brushed on both surfaces of the zirconia substrate. After this, the Pt/YSZ composites were sintered on the YSZ substrate under various temperatures. The microstructure of the surface and interface of the electrodes was characterized by scanning electronic microscope, and the results showed that the sintering temperature of the electrode has a remarkable effect on the microstructure of the composite electrode, and that the electrode and substrate was interconnected and interpenetrated. The electrochemical properties of the as-prepared electrodes were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS experimental results reveal that the Pt/YSZ composite electrodes show the favorable electrochemical catalysis performance compared with the Pt electrodes.

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Pennathur, Sumita, and Pete Crisalli. "Low Temperature Fabrication and Surface Modification Methods for Fused Silica Micro- and Nanochannels." MRS Proceedings 1659 (2014): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.32.

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ABSTRACTElectrokinetic based micro- and nanofluidic technologies provide revolutionary opportunities to separate, identify and analyze biomolecular species. Key to fully harnessing the power of such systems is the development of a robust method for integrated electrodes as well as a thorough understanding of the influence of the electrokinetic surface properties with and without different surface modifications. In this work, we demonstrate a surface micromachined fabrication approach for integrated addressable metal electrodes within centimeter-long nanofluidic channels using a low-temperature, xenon diflouride dry-release method for novel biosensing applications, as well as recent results from a joint theoretical and experimental study of electrokinetic surface properties in nano- and microfluidic channels fabricated with fused silica. The main contribution of this fabrication process involves the addition of addressable electrodes to a novel dry-release channel fabrication method, produced at <300°C, to be used in nanofluidic electronic sensing of biomolecules. Finally, we also show a novel method with which to coat our channels with silane based chemistries. Certain modifications are observed to show improved resistance to non-specific adhesion of both small molecules and proteins, indicating their further use as compatible surfaces in micro- and nanofluidic applications.

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Sun, Jing-Bo, Jian-Gang Yao, Jiang Meng, Shuping Li, Yong Jiang, and Jigang Wang. "Surface energies and electronic properties of intermetallic compound B2-AgMg." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 08 (March 20, 2019): 1950097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919500970.

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A new method was used to predict the surface energies of three low-index surfaces for intermetallic compound B2-AgMg. The results show that Ag-terminal and Mg-terminal are the two kinds of surface models for (1 0 0) and (1 1 1) surfaces which are non-stoichiometry. (1 1 0) surface has only one surface terminal, which is stoichiometry, and the smallest surface energy (about [Formula: see text] in three low-index surfaces. The surface energies are related to the chemical potential of Ag and Mg atoms for (1 0 0) and (1 1 1) surfaces, but it is of no concern to this factor for stoichiometry (1 1 0) surface. Analysis of electronic properties is coincident with the calculated surface energies.

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34

Sengupta, Joydip, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain. "Graphene-Induced Performance Enhancement of Batteries, Touch Screens, Transparent Memory, and Integrated Circuits: A Critical Review on a Decade of Developments." Nanomaterials 12, no. 18 (September 10, 2022): 3146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183146.

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Graphene achieved a peerless level among nanomaterials in terms of its application in electronic devices, owing to its fascinating and novel properties. Its large surface area and high electrical conductivity combine to create high-power batteries. In addition, because of its high optical transmittance, low sheet resistance, and the possibility of transferring it onto plastic substrates, graphene is also employed as a replacement for indium tin oxide (ITO) in making electrodes for touch screens. Moreover, it was observed that graphene enhances the performance of transparent flexible electronic modules due to its higher mobility, minimal light absorbance, and superior mechanical properties. Graphene is even considered a potential substitute for the post-Si electronics era, where a high-performance graphene-based field-effect transistor (GFET) can be fabricated to detect the lethal SARS-CoV-2. Hence, graphene incorporation in electronic devices can facilitate immense device structure/performance advancements. In the light of the aforementioned facts, this review critically debates graphene as a prime candidate for the fabrication and performance enhancement of electronic devices, and its future applicability in various potential applications.

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Ku, Ja-Hum, and R. J. Nemanich. "Surface electronic structure of clean and hydrogen-chemisorbedSixGe1−xalloy surfaces." Physical Review B 54, no. 19 (November 15, 1996): 14102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.54.14102.

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36

Willner, Itamar, and Bilha Willner. "Functional nanoparticle architectures for sensoric, optoelectronic, and bioelectronic applications." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, no. 9 (January 1, 2002): 1773–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274091773.

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Tailored sensoric, electronic, photoelectrochemical, and bioelectrocatalytic functions can be designed by organized molecular or biomolecular nanoparticle hybrid configurations on surfaces. Layered receptor-cross-linked Au nanoparticle assemblies on electrodes act as specific sensors of tunable sensitivities. Layered DNA-cross-linked CdS nanoparticles on electrode supports reveal organized assemblies of controlled electronic and photoelectrochemical properties. Au nanoparticle-FAD semisynthetic cofactor units are reconstituted into apo-glucose oxidase (GOx) and assembled onto electrodes. The resulting enzymes reveal effective electrical contacting with the electrodes, and exhibit bioelectrocatalytic functions toward the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid. Magneto-switchable electrocatalysis and bioelectrocatalysis are accomplished by the surface modification of magnetic particles with redox-relay units. By the attraction of the modified magnetic particles to the electrode support, or their retraction from the electrode, by means of an external magnet, the electrochemical functions of the magnetic particle-tethered relays can be switched between "ON" and "OFF" states, respectively. The magneto-switchable redox functionalities of the modified particles activate electrocatalytic transformations, such as a biocatalytic chemoluminescence cascade that leads to magneto-switchable light emission or the activation of bioelectrocatalytic processes.

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Wintle, H. J., and M. P. Pépin. "Decay of surface charge between electrodes on insulator surfaces." Journal of Electrostatics 48, no. 2 (January 2000): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3886(99)00058-3.

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38

Du, Yongquan, Peng Xiao, Jian Yuan, and Jianwen Chen. "Research Progress of Graphene-Based Materials on Flexible Supercapacitors." Coatings 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090892.

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With the development of wearable and flexible electronic devices, there is an increasing demand for new types of flexible energy storage power supplies. The flexible supercapacitor has the advantages of fast charging and discharging, high power density, long cycle life, good flexibility, and bendability. Therefore, it exhibits great potential for use in flexible electronics. In flexible supercapacitors, graphene materials are often used as electrode materials due to the advantages of their high specific surface area, high conductivity, good mechanical properties, etc. In this review, the classification of flexible electrodes and some common flexible substrates are firstly summarized. Secondly, we introduced the advantages and disadvantages of five graphene-based materials used in flexible supercapacitors, including graphene quantum dots (GQDs), graphene fibers (GFbs), graphene films (GFs), graphene hydrogels (GHs), and graphene aerogels (GAs). Then, we summarized the latest developments in the application of five graphene-based materials for flexible electrodes. Finally, the defects and outlooks of GQDs, GFbs, GFs, GHs, and GAs used in flexible electrodes are given.

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Cao Xin, 曹鑫, 高志山 Gao Zhishan, 许宁晏 Xu Ningyan, 陈露 Chen Lu, 袁群 Yuan Qun, and 郭珍艳 Guo Zhenyan. "基于环带拼接的电子内窥物镜系统的设计." Chinese Journal of Lasers 48, no. 21 (2021): 2107003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl202148.2107003.

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40

Lee, Heechan, Youngdo Kim, Jiwoo Kim, Su Young Moon, and Jea Uk Lee. "Consecutive Ink Writing of Conducting Polymer and Graphene Composite Electrodes for Foldable Electronics-Related Applications." Polymers 14, no. 23 (December 3, 2022): 5294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235294.

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For foldable electronic devices of the future, most components should have very good flexibility and reliability to maintain electrical properties even under repeated deformation. In this study, two types of inks for conducting polymer and graphene were simultaneously printed on flexible plastic substrates via the newly developed consecutive ink writing (CIW) process for the formation of composite electrodes of foldable electronic devices. To consecutively print conducting polymer ink and graphene ink, a conventional three-dimensional (3D) printer was modified by installing two needles in the printer head, and the two inks were printed through the nozzle in the same route with a time interval. By adjusting several printing conditions (ink concentration, printing parameters, printing time intervals between the two inks, etc.), various structures of composite electrodes, such as layered or fused 2D or 3D structures were developed on the glass substrate. Furthermore, by changing the printing order of the two inks and 3D printer bed temperature, the composite electrodes with a higher printing resolution were successfully printed on the flexible polyimide substrate. The printed composite electrodes via CIW process exhibit the lowest surface electrical resistance of 0.9 kΩ and high flexibility, and stable resistance values were maintained after 1000 cycles of the folding test. Consequently, the CIW process developed in this study applies to the production of the electrical parts and components for various flexible devices, such as foldable and wearable electronics.

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41

Jeffrey, M. R., G. Kafanas, and D. J. W. Simpson. "Jitter in Piecewise-Smooth Dynamical Systems with Intersecting Discontinuity Surfaces." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 28, no. 06 (June 15, 2018): 1830020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127418300203.

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Differential equations that switch between different modes of behavior across a surface of discontinuity are used to model, for example, electronic switches, mechanical contact, predator–prey preference changes, and genetic or cellular regulation. Switching in such systems is unlikely to occur precisely at the ideal discontinuity surface, but instead can involve various spatiotemporal delays or noise. If a system switches between more than two modes, across a boundary formed by the intersection of discontinuity surfaces, then its motion along that intersection becomes highly sensitive to such nonidealities. If switching across the surfaces is affected by hysteresis, time delay, or discretization, then motion along the intersection can be affected by erratic variations that we characterize as “jitter”. Introducing noise, or smoothing out the discontinuity, instead leads to steady motion along the intersection well described by the so-called canopy extension of Filippov’s sliding concept (which applies when the discontinuity surface is a simple hypersurface). We illustrate the results with numerical experiments and an example from power electronics, providing explanations for the phenomenon as far as they are known.

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42

Slassi, A., M. Hammi, and O. El Rhazouani. "Surface Relaxations, Surface Energies and Electronic Structures of BaSnO3 (001) Surfaces: Ab Initio Calculations." Journal of Electronic Materials 46, no. 7 (February 15, 2017): 4133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-017-5348-5.

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43

Hamers, R. J., U. K. Kohler, K. Markert, and J. E. Demuth. "Probing nucleation and growth phenomena on silicon surfaces by scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100152112.

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Nucleation and growth processes have long been studied using diffraction technique On semiconductor surfaces, localized defects strongly affect both the electron properties of the surfaces as well as their reactivity, therby affecting nucleat and growth. In order to identify the role of local electronic structure, and surface irregularities such as steps and defects, a real-space probe of electronic structure is needed. Scanning tunneling microscopy is capable of probing both the local surface geometry and local electronic structure, permitting adsorption and chemical reactivity to be studied on an atom-by-atom basis.

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Maurel, Victor, Pierre-Louis Taberna, and Patrice Simon. "Operando Tracking of Ionic and Electronic Percolation in Electrodes for Energy Storage Application Using AC-in Plane Impedance." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-011108mtgabs.

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Achieving efficient electronic and ionic electrode percolation is one of the most important parameters to improve batteries and supercapacitors power performance. Various electrical and electrochemical techniques (Cyclic voltammetry, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, EQCM, SECM, in-situ XRD, etc) can be used to assess the electronic and ionic transport properties in these electrodes. However, there are only few studies and techniques on tracking the change in resistance of an electrode during electrochemical polarization [1, 2, 3], which plays a key-role on its electrochemical performance. In this study, we propose a new method to achieve operando resistance measurement under alternative current (AC), that we’ll call in-plane impedance measurement, under bias potential. In these experiments, the electrodes are deposited onto an insulating substrate so that, differently from conventional electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments, here the electrode in-plane conductivity is measured. Moreover, this method allows for distinguishing the ionic part of the in-plane electrode impedance from the electronic part that appears at high and low frequencies, respectively. In this work, in-plane electronic and ionic transport properties of porous carbon (YP50F) and MXene (Ti3C2) electrode are studied while being fully charged or. During polarization, both the ionic and electronic percolation change with the applied potential for both electrode, that could be associated with electrode volume and conductivity change under potential and/or because of some doping caused by ionic specific electrosorption. This operando in-plane impedance measurement method furthers the fundamental understanding of ionic and electronic transport properties and may turn out to be effective tool to improve the electrochemical performances of capacitive, pseudocapacitive, or battery-like electrodes. References: [1] R.I. Tucceri. A review about the surface resistance technique in electrochemistry. Surface Science Reports 56 85-157 (2004). [2] E. Pollak et al. The Dependence of the Electronic Conductivity of Carbon Molecular Sieve Electrodes on Their Charging States. J. Phys. Chem. B. 110 7443-7448 (2006). [3] Yu. M. Vol’fkovich, et al. Surface Conductivity Measurements for Porous Carbon Electrodes. Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 49 (6) 594-598 (2013). Figure 1

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45

Serrano-Garcia, William, Irene Bonadies, Sylvia W. Thomas, and Vincenzo Guarino. "New Insights to Design Electrospun Fibers with Tunable Electrical Conductive–Semiconductive Properties." Sensors 23, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031606.

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Fiber electronics, such as those produced by the electrospinning technique, have an extensive range of applications including electrode surfaces for batteries and sensors, energy storage, electromagnetic interference shielding, antistatic coatings, catalysts, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and smart textiles. New composite materials and blends from conductive–semiconductive polymers (C-SPs) offer high surface area-to-volume ratios with electrical tunability, making them suitable for use in fields including electronics, biofiltration, tissue engineering, biosensors, and “green polymers”. These materials and structures show great potential for embedded-electronics tissue engineering, active drug delivery, and smart biosensing due to their electronic transport behavior and mechanical flexibility with effective biocompatibility. Doping, processing methods, and morphologies can significantly impact the properties and performance of C-SPs and their composites. This review provides an overview of the current literature on the processing of C-SPs as nanomaterials and nanofibrous structures, mainly emphasizing the electroactive properties that make these structures suitable for various applications.

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Lin, Kuo Feng, and Wen Feng Hsieh. "Electronic Structures and Surface States of ZnO Finite Well Structures." Solid State Phenomena 151 (April 2009): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.151.208.

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Electronic band structures and surface states were investigated for ZnO finite wells or slabs grown along <0001> and <1-100> directions using tight binding representation. The dangling bonds on two end-surfaces caused surface bands for different directions grown slabs, of which the wavefunctions tend to localize at the end surfaces. The increasing splitting of the degenerate surface bands at the Γ point was observed decreasing with the thickness of the nonpolar [1-100] slab. And, the quantum confinement effect is distinctively enhanced by the extra electron-field induced in the <0001> grown finite well with the polar end-surfaces.

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Aoki, H., M. Koshino, D. Takeda, H. Morise, and K. Kuroki. "Electronic structure of periodic curved surfaces—continuous surface versus graphitic sponge." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 22, no. 1-3 (April 2004): 696–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2003.12.102.

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Memmel, Norbert. "Monitoring and modifying properties of metal surfaces by electronic surface states." Surface Science Reports 32, no. 3-4 (January 1998): 91–163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5729(98)00006-5.

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Shiraishi, Kenji, and Tomonori Ito. "Atomic and electronic structures of surface kinks on GaAs(001) surfaces." Applied Surface Science 121-122 (November 1997): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(97)00264-x.

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Sun, Hong, and Shi-Wei Gu. "Effective image potential and surface electronic states outside stepped dielectric surfaces." Physical Review B 41, no. 5 (February 15, 1990): 3145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.41.3145.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrodic surfaces'

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