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1
Tanumihardja, Esther, Douwe S. de Bruijn, Rolf H. Slaats, Wouter Olthuis, and Albert van den Berg. "Monitoring Contractile Cardiomyocytes via Impedance Using Multipurpose Thin Film Ruthenium Oxide Electrodes." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041433.
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A ruthenium oxide (RuOx) electrode was used to monitor contractile events of human pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) through electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Using RuOx electrodes presents an advantage over standard thin film Pt electrodes because the RuOx electrodes can also be used as electrochemical sensor for pH, O2, and nitric oxide, providing multisensory functionality with the same electrode. First, the EIS signal was validated in an optically transparent well-plate setup using Pt wire electrodes. This way, visual data could be recorded simultaneously. Frequency analyses of both EIS and the visual data revealed almost identical frequency components. This suggests both the EIS and visual data captured the similar events of the beating of (an area of) hPSC-CMs. Similar EIS measurement was then performed using the RuOx electrode, which yielded comparable signal and periodicity. This mode of operation adds to the versatility of the RuOx electrode’s use in in vitro studies.
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HO, M. Y., P. S. KHIEW, D. ISA, T. K. TAN, W. S. CHIU, and C. H. CHIA. "A REVIEW OF METAL OXIDE COMPOSITE ELECTRODE MATERIALS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS." Nano 09, no. 06 (August 2014): 1430002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292014300023.
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With the emerging technology in the 21st century, which requires higher electrochemical performances, metal oxide composite electrodes in particular offer complementary properties of individual materials via the incorporation of both physical and chemical charge storage mechanism together in a single electrode. Numerous works reviewed herein have identified a wide variety of attractive metal oxide-based composite electrode material for symmetric and asymmetric electrochemical capacitors. The focus of the review is the detailed literature data and discussion regarding the electrochemical performance of various metal oxide composite electrodes fabricated from different configurations including binary and ternary composites. Additionally, projection of future development in hybrid capacitor coupling lithium metal oxides and carbonaceous materials are found to obtain significantly higher energy storage than currently available commercial electrochemical capacitors. This review describes the novel concept of lithium metal oxide electrode materials which are of value to researchers in developing high-energy and enhanced-cyclability electrochemical capacitors comparable to Li -ion batteries. In order to fully exploit the potential of metal oxide composite electrode materials, developing low cost, environment-friendly nanocomposite electrodes is certainly a research direction that should be extensively investigated in the future.
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Schlack, Sebastian, Hendrik Wulfmeier, and Holger Fritze. "Impact of electrode conductivity on mass sensitivity of piezoelectric resonators at high temperatures." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 11, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-299-2022.
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Abstract. High-temperature stable piezoelectric Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 and La3Ga5SiO14 resonators with keyhole-shaped Pt electrodes are coated with metal oxide films such as TiO2−δ and SnO2 that overlap the Pt electrodes. The resonators are exposed to reducing atmospheres in order to increase the electrical conductivity of the oxide film and then act as extended oxide electrodes. The resulting increase in the effective electrode radius causes an increase in the mass sensitivity of the resonators and, thereby, resonance frequency shifts. In other words, the effective mass of the Pt electrode becomes higher. An electrical circuit model is presented to describe the increase in the effective electrode radius of the resonator, which is used to calculate the related resonance frequency shift. Additionally, an electromechanical model is presented, which subdivides the resonator into two coupled oscillators. One is representing the resonator volume underneath the Pt electrode and the other underneath the oxide electrode at increased electrical conductivity. The model reflects how the oxide electrodes affect the resonance frequency. Furthermore, the impact of increasing oxide electrode conductivity on the resonance frequency is discussed with respect to the application of oxide electrodes and for gas sensing.
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Ho, Mui Yen, Poi Sim Khiew, Dino Isa, and Wee Siong Chiu. "Electrochemical studies on nanometal oxide-activated carbon composite electrodes for aqueous supercapacitors." Functional Materials Letters 07, no. 06 (December 2014): 1440012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604714400128.
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In present study, the electrochemical performance of eco-friendly and cost-effective titanium oxide ( TiO 2)-based and zinc oxide-based nanocomposite electrodes were studied in neutral aqueous Na 2 SO 3 electrolyte, respectively. The electrochemical properties of these composite electrodes were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (CD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The experimental results reveal that these two nanocomposite electrodes achieve the highest specific capacitance at fairly low oxide loading onto activated carbon (AC) electrodes, respectively. Considerable enhancement of the electrochemical properties of TiO 2/AC and ZnO /AC nanocomposite electrodes is achieved via synergistic effects contributed from the nanostructured metal oxides and the high surface area mesoporous AC. Cations and anions from metal oxides and aqueous electrolyte such as Ti 4+, Zn 2+, Na + and [Formula: see text] can occupy some pores within the high-surface-area AC electrodes, forming the electric double layer at the electrode–electrolyte interface. Additionally, both TiO 2 and ZnO nanoparticles can provide favourable surface adsorption sites for [Formula: see text] anions which subsequently facilitate the faradaic processes for pseudocapacitive effect. These two systems provide the low cost material electrodes and the low environmental impact electrolyte which offer the increased charge storage without compromising charge storage kinetics.
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Chuma, Takeshi, Haruhiko Toda, Morihiro Saito, Jun Kuwano, and Hidenobu Shiroishi. "Oxygen Reduction Electrode Properties of Perovskite-Related Oxides Sr(Fe,Co,Ru)O3-δ at Low Temperatures." Key Engineering Materials 320 (September 2006): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.320.243.
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The O2-gas electrode (OGE) properties of the perovskite-related oxides SrFe1-x-yCoyRuxO3 (SFCR) were examined with the solid-state cells of the type (SFCR | Ba0.975Ce0.8Gd0.2O3 | SFCR) below 300°C. The SrFe0.7Co0.2Ru0.1O3 electrode showed the best OGE properties of the other SrFe1-x-yCoyRuxO3 (x0.2) electrodes prepared here. An oxide-ion current of 200 μA/cm2 was allowed to flow through the cell with the SFCR electrode at 225°C. The SFCR electrodes including some other compositions can be used instead of conventional Pt electrodes in solid-state cells at temperatures below 300°C.
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Gaire, Madhu, Najma Khatoon, and Douglas Chrisey. "Preparation of Cobalt Oxide–Reduced Graphitic Oxide Supercapacitor Electrode by Photothermal Processing." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030717.
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We report a photonic technique to instantaneously synthesize cobalt oxide reduced graphitic oxide (CoOx-rGO) supercapacitor electrodes. The electrode processing is achieved through rapidly heating the precursor material by irradiation of high-energy pulsed mostly visible light from a xenon lamp. Due to the short duration of the light pulse, we prepared the electrodes at room temperature instantaneously (ms), thus eliminating the several hours of processing times of the conventional techniques. The as-prepared electrodes exhibited a highly porous morphology, allowing for enhanced ionic transport during electrochemical interactions. The electrochemical properties of the CoOx-rGO electrodes were studied in 1 M KOH aqueous electrolyte. The non-rectangular cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves with characteristic redox peaks indicated the pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanism of the electrodes. From the discharge curves at 0.4 mA/cm2 and 1.6 A/g constant current densities, the electrode showed areal specific capacitance of 17 mF/cm2 and specific capacitance of 69 F/g, respectively. Cyclic stability was tested by performing 30,000 galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) cycles and the electrode exhibited 65% capacitance retention, showing its excellent electrochemical performance and ultra-long cycle life. The excellent electrochemical electrode properties are attributed to the unique processing technique, optimum processing parameters, improved conductivity due to the presence of rGO, and highly porous morphology which offers a high specific surface area. The novel photonic processing we report allows for high-temperature heating of the precursor films achieved via non-radiative recombination of photogenerated electron holes pairs during irradiation. Such extremely quick (ms) heating followed by instantaneous cooling results in the formation of a dense and robust bottom layer of the electrode, resulting in a long cycle life.
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Son, Seong Ho, Do Won Chung, and Won Sik Lee. "Development of Noble Metal Oxide Electrode for Low Oxygen Evolution." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 750–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.750.
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In the electroplating and water treatment fields, as the demand and expectation on an electrode with high productivity and high efficiency are getting increased, various electrodes(DSE) with higher reactivity and durability are being developed. This study is intended to analyze the characteristics of the produced electrodes and to establish the optimum manufacturing conditions for electrode being used that we mentioned. For improving the durability, the changes of reactivity and corrosion resistance are observed as adding Tantalum and/or another components (hereafter stated as “α”) and surface treatment of substrate(Ti). As a result, increasing the amount of Iridium, the reactivity of electrode increased, and increasing amount of Tantalum, the durability of electrode increased. And thus, it is found out that Iridium and Tantalum have the opposite role each on the electrode’s reactivity and durability. And adding α and surface treatment substrate, an electrode with excellent reactivity and durability and low oxygen evolution can be manufactured. In the water treatment field like sterilizing in a swimming pool and power-plant cooling water, the high efficiency of sodium-hypochlorite generation is surely guaranteed.
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Cirocka, Anna, Dorota Zarzeczańska, and Anna Wcisło. "Good Choice of Electrode Material as the Key to Creating Electrochemical Sensors—Characteristics of Carbon Materials and Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCO)." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 4743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164743.
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The search for new electrode materials has become one of the goals of modern electrochemistry. Obtaining electrodes with optimal properties gives a product with a wide application potential, both in analytics and various industries. The aim of this study was to select, from among the presented electrode materials (carbon and oxide), the one whose parameters will be optimal in the context of using them to create sensors. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques were used to determine the electrochemical properties of the materials. On the other hand, properties such as hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and their topological structure were determined using contact angle measurements and confocal microscopy, respectively. Based on the research carried out on a wide group of electrode materials, it was found that transparent conductive oxides of the FTO (fluorine doped tin oxide) type exhibit optimal electrochemical parameters and offer great modification possibilities. These electrodes are characterized by a wide range of work and high chemical stability. In addition, the presence of a transparent oxide layer allows for the preservation of valuable optoelectronic properties. An important feature is also the high sensitivity of these electrodes compared to other tested materials. The combination of these properties made FTO electrodes selected for further research.
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Rossini, Matteo, Fabrizio Ganci, Claudio Zanca, Bernardo Patella, Giuseppe Aiello, and Rosalinda Inguanta. "Nanostructured Lead Electrodes with Reduced Graphene Oxide for High-Performance Lead–Acid Batteries." Batteries 8, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110211.
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Nanostructured Pb electrodes consisting of nanowire arrays were obtained by electrodeposition, to be used as negative electrodes for lead–acid batteries. Reduced graphene oxide was added to improve their performances. This was achieved via the electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide directly on the surface of nanowire arrays. The electrodes with and without reduced graphene oxide were tested in a 5 M sulfuric acid solution using a commercial pasted positive plate and an absorbed glass mat separator in a zero-gap configuration. The electrodes were tested in deep cycling conditions with a very low cut-off potential. Charge–discharge tests were performed at 5C. The electrode with reduced graphene oxide outperformed the electrode without reduced graphene oxide, as it was able to work with a very high utilization of active mass and efficiency. A specific capacity of 258 mAhg−1–very close to the theoretical one–was achieved, and the electrode lasted for more than 1000 cycles. On the other hand, the electrode without reduced graphene oxide achieved a capacity close to 230 mAhg−1, which corresponds to a 90% of utilization of active mass.
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Barnett, Scott A. "(High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes Division Outstanding Achievement Award Address) Mechanisms of Oxide Exsolution and Electrode Applications in Solid Oxide Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 47 (October 9, 2022): 1769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02471769mtgabs.
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Solid oxide cell fuel electrodes based on perovskite oxides are desirable to avoid problems with Ni-based anodes, including coking in hydrocarbon fuels and degradation due to fuel impurities or redox cycling. However, oxide anode electrochemical performance is often lacking, limited by surface processes such as the dissociative adsorption of hydrogen. One way to improve such anodes is by the addition of a reducible cation in the oxide formulation, resulting in cation exsolution and nucleation of metallic nanoparticles on oxide surfaces during cell startup and operation. For example, substitution of small amounts of Ni or Ru on the B-site of Sr(Ti,Fe)O3 results in the formation of Ni-Fe or Ru-Fe nanoparticles, respectively, during exposure of the electrode to fuel during cell operation. This talk will examine the microstructural evolution of these exsolution anodes, making use of in situ x-ray diffraction measurements to detect formation of exsolved metal alloys and oxide phase changes. Exsolved metal nanoparticles enhance electrochemical performance, usually by promoting hydrogen dissociation on electrode surfaces. Changes in perovskite stoichiometry resulting from B-site exsolution can also impact the phase stability of the oxide, in some cases resulting in the formation of Ruddlesden-Popper phases that deleteriously affect electrochemical performance. The application of exsolution in fuel electrodes in novel thin-electrolyte oxygen-electrode-supported cells is discussed; the results indicate that performance in H2/H2O fuel is superior to Ni-YSZ in both electrolysis and fuel cell modes. Electrochemical characteristics of the exsolution electrodes are especially superior to Ni-YSZ when operated in CO/CO2 fuel.
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Yakubovskaya, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Vyacheslav Vital'evich Volynskii, Ivan Alekseevich Kazarinov, and Mikhail Al'bertovich Novoselov. "Porous Strukturen and Electrochemical Characteristics of Nickel-Oxide Electrodes Based on Metallized Carbon Graphite Felt Matrix." Electrochemical Energetics 12, no. 4 (2012): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1608-4039-2012-12-4-205-207.
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A study of the porous structure and discharge characteristics of electrochemically impregnated nickel oxide electrodes based on nickelized graphitized felt «Voilocarb-22» is conducted. It is shown that the developed technology of nickel oxide electrodes fabrication that involves such operations as nickel plating of the substrate, electrochemical impregnation, electrode formation and pressing allows forming polydisperse structured electrode active material with pore sizes ranging from 0.01 µm to 100 µm. The electrochemical tests have shown that the mockup batteries with newly-developed nickel oxide electrodes based on nickelized carbon/graphite felt have surpassed all requirements of the international standard IEC 62259:2007.
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Yu, Mei Hui, Hui Min Meng, and Ying Xue. "Nano-Mesh Structured Mn-Based Oxide/Conducting Polymer Composite Electrode for Supercapacitor." Materials Science Forum 859 (May 2016): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.859.104.
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In this work, modified nano-mesh structured Mn-based oxide electrode material and the supercapacitors are researched. Three types of conducting polymers, i.e. polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy) and polythiophene (PTs) are considered to modify Mn-based oxide electrodes. The results of field emission scanning electron microscope show that conducting polymer film can form porous structure on Mn-based oxide electrode, this special structure is beneficial to the improvement of specific surface area, so that the specific capacitance can be increased. The specific capacitance of the supercapacitors assembled by Mn-based oxide/conducting polymer composite electrodes are tested, resulting that the maximum initial specific capacitance is 843 F g-1, cycle life is 105 times. Compared to supercapacitors assembled by general Mn-based oxide electrodes, this Mn-based oxide/conducting polymer material electrode can improve the specific capacitance up to 1.4~1.9 times, and the conductivity and cycle stability can be increased at the same time.
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Yazvinskaya, Nataliya N., Mikhail S. Lipkin, Nikolay E. Galushkin, and Dmitriy N. Galushkin. "Research of Nanomaterials as Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage." Molecules 27, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030837.
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This paper has experimentally proved that hydrogen accumulates in large quantities in metal-ceramic and pocket electrodes of alkaline batteries during their operation. Hydrogen accumulates in the electrodes in an atomic form. After the release of hydrogen from the electrodes, a powerful exothermic reaction of atomic hydrogen recombination with a large energy release occurs. This exothermic reaction is the cause of thermal runaway in alkaline batteries. For the KSL-15 battery, the gravimetric capacity of sintered nickel matrix of the oxide-nickel electrode, as hydrogen storage, is 20.2 wt%, and cadmium electrode is 11.5 wt%. The stored energy density in the metal-ceramic matrix of the oxide-nickel electrode of the battery KSL-15 is 44 kJ/g, and in the cadmium electrode it is 25 kJ/g. The similar values for the KPL-14 battery are as follows. The gravimetric capacity of the active substance of the pocket oxide-nickel electrode, as a hydrogen storage, is 22 wt%, and the cadmium electrode is 16.9 wt%. The density of the stored energy in the active substance oxide-nickel electrode is 48 kJ/g, and in the active substance of the cadmium electrode it is 36.8 kJ/g. The obtained results of the accumulation of hydrogen energy in the electrodes by the electrochemical method are three times higher than any previously obtained results using the traditional thermochemical method.
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Guo, Siyuan, Zhicheng Xu, Wenyu Hu, Duowen Yang, Xue Wang, Hao Xu, Xing Xu, Zhi Long, and Wei Yan. "Progress in Preparation and Application of Titanium Sub-Oxides Electrode in Electrocatalytic Degradation for Wastewater Treatment." Catalysts 12, no. 6 (June 6, 2022): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12060618.
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To achieve low-carbon and sustainable development it is imperative to explore water treatment technologies in a carbon-neutral model. Because of its advantages of high efficiency, low consumption, and no secondary pollution, electrocatalytic oxidation technology has attracted increasing attention in tackling the challenges of organic wastewater treatment. The performance of an electrocatalytic oxidation system depends mainly on the properties of electrodes materials. Compared with the instability of graphite electrodes, the high expenditure of noble metal electrodes and boron-doped diamond electrodes, and the hidden dangers of titanium-based metal oxide electrodes, a titanium sub-oxide material has been characterized as an ideal choice of anode material due to its unique crystal and electronic structure, including high conductivity, decent catalytic activity, intense physical and chemical stability, corrosion resistance, low cost, and long service life, etc. This paper systematically reviews the electrode preparation technology of Magnéli phase titanium sub-oxide and its research progress in the electrochemical advanced oxidation treatment of organic wastewater in recent years, with technical difficulties highlighted. Future research directions are further proposed in process optimization, material modification, and application expansion. It is worth noting that Magnéli phase titanium sub-oxides have played very important roles in organic degradation. There is no doubt that titanium sub-oxides will become indispensable materials in the future.
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Guo, Siyuan, Zhicheng Xu, Wenyu Hu, Duowen Yang, Xue Wang, Hao Xu, Xing Xu, Zhi Long, and Wei Yan. "Progress in Preparation and Application of Titanium Sub-Oxides Electrode in Electrocatalytic Degradation for Wastewater Treatment." Catalysts 12, no. 6 (June 6, 2022): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12060618.
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To achieve low-carbon and sustainable development it is imperative to explore water treatment technologies in a carbon-neutral model. Because of its advantages of high efficiency, low consumption, and no secondary pollution, electrocatalytic oxidation technology has attracted increasing attention in tackling the challenges of organic wastewater treatment. The performance of an electrocatalytic oxidation system depends mainly on the properties of electrodes materials. Compared with the instability of graphite electrodes, the high expenditure of noble metal electrodes and boron-doped diamond electrodes, and the hidden dangers of titanium-based metal oxide electrodes, a titanium sub-oxide material has been characterized as an ideal choice of anode material due to its unique crystal and electronic structure, including high conductivity, decent catalytic activity, intense physical and chemical stability, corrosion resistance, low cost, and long service life, etc. This paper systematically reviews the electrode preparation technology of Magnéli phase titanium sub-oxide and its research progress in the electrochemical advanced oxidation treatment of organic wastewater in recent years, with technical difficulties highlighted. Future research directions are further proposed in process optimization, material modification, and application expansion. It is worth noting that Magnéli phase titanium sub-oxides have played very important roles in organic degradation. There is no doubt that titanium sub-oxides will become indispensable materials in the future.
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Yamada, Hiroko, Naoko Kamio, Akihiro Ohishi, Manami Kawano, Tetsuo Okujima, and Noboru Ono. "Photocurrent generation by benzoporphyrin films prepared by a solution process." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 11, no. 05 (May 2007): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424607000436.
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Tetrabenzoporphyrin films on indium-tin-oxide electrodes were prepared by continuous spin-coating of indium-tin-oxide electrodes with a soluble precursor, tetrabicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene-fused porphyrin, and subsequent thermal conversion of the precursor to tetrabenzoporphyrin by annealing the modified electrodes. When the tetrabenzoporhyrin-modified indium-tin-oxide working electrode was irradiated in a three-electrode system, using Pt as a counter electrode and Ag / Ag + as a reference electrode in the presence of hexyl viologen as an electron acceptor, a cathodic photocurrent was observed. A double layer structure consisting of tetrabenzoporphyrin and [6,6]-phenyl- C 61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) films and a triple layer structure consisting of tetrabenzoporphyrin; a mixture of tetrabenzoporphyrin and PCBM; and PCBM films were also prepared on indium-tin-oxide electrodes by repeated spin-coating. The incident photon to photocurrent efficiency values of up to 6.8% were obtained for the triple layer structure, in which the mixed layer contained tetrabenzoporphyrin and PCBM molecules in a 7:3 ratio. Action spectra of the triple layer structure showed that visible light from 380 to 700 nm sensitized the system for photocurrent generation.
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Paseka, Ivo. "Characterization of RuO2, Ru and Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 materials and their behaviour in hydrogen evolution reaction." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 11, no. 3 (2005): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0503114p.
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Polarization characteristics of the hydrogen evolution reaction were studied at RuO2 Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 and Ru electrodes prepared by various methods. The initial activity of all oxide electrodes, related to the real surface area, was comparable. After a long-term cathodic loading of electrodes the change of physical-chemical properties occurred. Voltametric curves of electrodes showed that ad- and absorption of hydrogen occurred after a long-term cathodic loading. Absorbed hydrogen caused changes of RuO2 lattice parameters and even changes of lattice parameters of the Ti support on which the RuO2 layer was deposited. Arisen stresses in the Ru - oxides layers caused the destruction of the electrode layer and limited life-time of these electrodes.
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Ilginis, Arminas, and Egidijus Griškonis. "Modification of Graphite Felt with Lead (II) Formate and Acetate—An Approach for Preparation of Lightweight Electrodes for a Lead-Acid Battery." Processes 8, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101248.
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Lead-acid battery (LAB) weight is a major downside stopping it from being adapted to electric/hybrid vehicles. Lead grids constitute up to 50% of LAB electrode’s weight and it only ensures electric connection to electrochemically active material and provides structural integrity. Using graphite felt (GF) as a current collector can reduce the electrode’s weight while increasing the surface area. Modification of GF with lead (II) oxide using impregnation and calcination techniques and lead (II) formate and acetate as precursors was conducted to produce composite electrodes. It was found that lead (II) formate is not a viable material for this purpose, whereas multiple impregnation in lead (II) acetate saturated solution and calcination in air leads to thermal destruction GF. However, impregnation and calcination under nitrogen atmosphere in three cycles produced a sample of good quality with a mass loading of lead (II) oxide that was 17.18 g g−1 GF. This equates to only 5.5% of the total mass of composite electrode to be GF, which is immensely lower than lead grid mass in traditional electrodes. This result shows that a possible lightweight alternative of LAB electrode can be produced using the proposed modification method.
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Ibrahim, Suriani, Tawatchai Charinpanitkul, Eiry Kobatake, and Mana Sriyudthsak. "Nanowires Nickel Oxide and Nanospherical Manganese Oxide Synthesized via Low Temperature Hydrothermal Technique for Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor." Journal of Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9138961.
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Binary catalyst nickel oxides (NiO) and manganese oxides (MnO) were prepared individually via hydrothermal route. The catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and amperometry. Morphology studies revealed physical structure of nanowires nickel oxide and spherical manganese oxide with estimated length of 0.3–2.3 μm and diameter of 0.2–0.8 μm, respectively. Surface areas obtained for nickel oxide and manganese oxide were 68.9 m2 g−1and 45.2 m2 g−1, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry exhibits electrochemical responses corresponding to the electrode surfaces. The linear responses of the binary catalyst modified gold electrodes with NiO-MnO were observed in the concentration range from 31.8 μM to 0.5 mM with the detection limit of 62.5 μM.
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Koo, B. R., J. W. Bae, and H. J. Ahn. "Improved Long-Term Stability of Transparent Conducting Electrodes Based on Double-Laminated Electrosprayed Antimony Tin Oxides and Ag Nanowires." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 1275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0192.
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AbstractWe fabricated double-laminated antimony tin oxide/Ag nanowire electrodes by spin-coating and electrospraying. Compared to pure Ag nanowire electrodes and single-laminated antimony tin oxide/Ag nanowire electrodes, the double-laminated antimony tin oxide/Ag nanowire electrodes had superior transparent conducting electrode performances with sheet resistance ~19.8 Ω/□ and optical transmittance ~81.9%; this was due to uniform distribution of the connected Ag nanowires because of double lamination of the metallic Ag nanowires without Ag aggregation despite subsequent microwave heating at 250°C. They also exhibited excellent and superior long-term chemical and thermal stabilities and adhesion to substrate because double-laminated antimony tin oxide thin films act as the protective layers between Ag nanowires, blocking Ag atoms penetration.
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Ikegawa, Kazutaka, Kengo Miyara, Yuya Tachikawa, Stephen Matthew Lyth, Junko Matsuda, and Kazunari Sasaki. "Performance and Durability of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell Air Electrodes Prepared By Various Conditions." ECS Transactions 109, no. 11 (September 30, 2022): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10911.0071ecst.
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Fuel electrode materials are important for achieving higher performance and durability in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), and reversible solid oxide cells (r-SOCs). On the other hand, the air electrode also faces performance and durability issues. For air electrodes, studies have been conducted on their performance and durability in SOFC operation, but the performance and durability of air electrodes in SOEC and r-SOC operation needs to be investigated in more detail. The electrochemical performance and durability of SOEC and r-SOC are evaluated by conducting electrolysis performance tests of LSCF-based air electrodes with different preparation conditions, electrolysis durability tests at the thermoneutral potential, and a 1000-cycle test in r-SOC mode.
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Kong, Wei, Mengtong Zhang, Zhen Han, and Qiang Zhang. "A Theoretical Model for the Triple Phase Boundary of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrospun Electrodes." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030493.
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Electrospinning is a new state-of-the-art technology for the preparation of electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Electrodes fabricated by this method have been proven to have an experimentally superior performance compared with traditional electrodes. However, the lack of a theoretic model for electrospun electrodes limits the understanding of their benefits and the optimization of their design. Based on the microstructure of electrospun electrodes and the percolation threshold, a theoretical model of electrospun electrodes is proposed in this study. Electrospun electrodes are compared to fibers with surfaces that were coated with impregnated particles. This model captures the key geometric parameters and their interrelationship, which are required to derive explicit expressions of the key electrode parameters. Furthermore, the length of the triple phase boundary (TPB) of the electrospun electrode is calculated based on this model. Finally, the effects of particle radius, fiber radius, and impregnation loading are studied. The theory model of the electrospun electrode TPB proposed in this study contributes to the optimization design of SOFC electrospun electrode.
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Dietrich, Stefan, Mihails Kusnezoff, and Alexander Michaelis. "Studies of Indium Tin Oxide-Based Sensing Electrodes in Potentiometric Zirconia Solid Electrolyte Gas Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 7 (March 27, 2021): 2345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072345.
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A zirconia-based potentiometric solid electrolyte gas sensor with internal solid state reference was used to study the response behavior of platinum cermet and indium tin oxide sensing electrodes. Target gases included both oxygen and carbon monoxide in nitrogen-based sample gas mixtures. It was found that with the indium tin oxide sensing electrode, the low-temperature behavior is mainly a result of incomplete equilibration due to contaminations of the electrode surface. On the other hand, some of these contaminant species have been identified as being pivotal for the higher carbon monoxide sensitivity of the indium tin oxide sensing electrode as compared to platinum cermet electrodes.
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Harris, Alexander R., and Antonio G. Paolini. "Correlation of Impedance and Effective Electrode Area of Iridium Oxide Neural Electrodes." Australian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 9 (2017): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch17218.
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Iridium oxide is routinely used for bionic applications owing to its high charge injection capacity. The electrode impedance at 1 kHz is typically reported to predict neural recording performance. In this article, the impedance of activated iridium oxide films (AIROFs) has been examined. The impedance of unactivated iridium electrodes was half that of platinum electrodes of similar geometry, indicating some iridium oxide was present on the electrode surface. A two time constant equivalent circuit was used to model the impedance of activated iridium. The impedance at low and intermediate frequencies decreased with increasing number of activation pulses and total activation charge. The impedance at 12 Hz correlated with the steady-state diffusion electroactive area. The impedance at 12 Hz also correlated with the charge density of the electrode. The high charge density and low impedance of AIROFs may provide improved neural stimulation and recording properties compared with typically used platinum electrodes.
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Au, Benedict Wen-Cheun, Kah-Yoong Chan, Gregory Soon How Thien, Mian-En Yeoh, Mohd Zainizan Sahdan, and Hanabe Chowdappa Ananda Murthy. "The Effect of Transparent Conducting Oxide Films on WO3-based Electrochromic Devices with Conducting Polymer Electrolytes." Polymers 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010238.
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Over the past few decades, electrochromism has been a prominent topic in energy-saving applications, which is based on the mechanism of altering the optical transmittance of EC materials under the effect of a small applied voltage. Thus, tungsten oxide (WO3) is a significant chemical compound typically applied in electrochromic devices (ECDs) as it is responsible for the optical transmittance variation. In this work, the WO3 films were produced through a sol–gel spin-coating method. The effect of various transparent conducting oxides (TCOs, which are indium-doped tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO)) was investigated in the construction of ECDs. Based on a conducting polymer polypyrene carbonate electrolyte, ITO and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO)-coated glasses were also examined as counter electrodes. The electrode combination employing FTO and ITO as the TCO and counter electrode, respectively, exhibited the most significant coloration efficiency of 72.53 cm2/C. It had coloring and bleaching transmittance of 14% and 56%, respectively, with a large optical modulation of 42%. In addition to that, ECDs with the AZO counter electrode have the advantage of lower intercalation charges compared to ITO and FTO. Hence, this research offers a new avenue for understanding the role of common TCO and counter electrodes in the development of WO3-based ECDs with conducting polymer electrolytes.
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Liu, Yun Fu, Zhao Hua Jiang, and Guo Hui Yuan. "Graphene and Metal Oxide Composites for Supercapacitors." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1074–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1074.
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Graphene-metal oxide composites as supercapacitor electrodes combine the large pseudocapacitance of metal oxides with the fascinating electrical and mechanical properties and large surface area of graphene. The synthetic methods for composites are reviewed, including in-siu synthesis, solution mixing, hydrothermal method, microware irradiation and electrochemical deposition. Among these techniques, the hydrothermal method offers an effective and simple way to anchor metal oxides on the 2D graphene sheet uniformly. Consequently, the composites exhibit high capacity, high rate capability and well reversibility, presenting promising prospects as supercapacitor electrode material.
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Chen, Kongfa, Junji Hyodo, Aaron Dodd, Na Ai, Tatsumi Ishihara, Li Jian, and San Ping Jiang. "Chromium deposition and poisoning of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 oxygen electrodes of solid oxide electrolysis cells." Faraday Discussions 182 (2015): 457–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00010f.
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The effect of the presence of an Fe–Cr alloy metallic interconnect on the performance and stability of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) oxygen electrodes is studied for the first time under solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) operating conditions at 800 °C. The presence of the Fe–Cr interconnect accelerates the degradation and delamination processes of the LSM oxygen electrodes. The disintegration of LSM particles and the formation of nanoparticles at the electrode/electrolyte interface are much faster as compared to that in the absence of the interconnect. Cr deposition occurs in the bulk of the LSM oxygen electrode with a high intensity on the YSZ electrolyte surface and on the LSM electrode inner surface close to the electrode/electrolyte interface. SIMS, GI-XRD, EDS and XPS analyses clearly identify the deposition and formation of chromium oxides and strontium chromate on both the electrolyte surface and electrode inner surface. The anodic polarization promotes the surface segregation of SrO and depresses the generation of manganese species such as Mn2+. This is evidently supported by the observation of the deposition of SrCrO4, rather than (Cr,Mn)3O4 spinels as in the case under the operating conditions of solid oxide fuel cells. The present results demonstrate that the Cr deposition is essentially a chemical process, initiated by the nucleation and grain growth reaction between the gaseous Cr species and segregated SrO on LSM oxygen electrodes under SOEC operating conditions.
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Berisha, Liridon S., Kurt Kalcher, Arsim Maloku, Eduard Andoni, and Tahir Arbneshi. "Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Nitric Oxide at Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Chromium (III) Oxide." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 5, no. 3 (December 2, 2009): 792–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v5i3.2676.
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Chromium (III) oxide was used as a bulk mediator in carbon paste electrodes to improve the better performance of the carbon electrodes for the detection of nitric oxide in comparison with unmodified electrodes. The reaction mechanism of the electrocatalytic oxidation of NO at the modified electrode was studied using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The chemical sensor could be operated under physiological conditions (pH 7.5, 0.1 M phosphate buffer), with an operating potential of 750 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl), in hydrodynamic amperometry. The amperometric response of the sensor showed good linearity up to 200 mmol/L with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.69 mmol/L. The effect of the interferent nitrite was not fatal and could be eliminated by the use of the standard addition method. The new chemical sensor seems also promising to detect NO in car exhaust fumes.
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Belles, Loukas, Constantinos Moularas, Szymon Smykała, and Yiannis Deligiannakis. "Flame Spray Pyrolysis Co3O4/CoO as Highly-Efficient Nanocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction." Nanomaterials 11, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11040925.
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The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the rate-limiting reaction in the cathode side of fuel cells. In the quest for alternatives to Pt-electrodes as cathodes in ORR, appropriate transition metal oxide-based electrocatalysts are needed. In the present work, we have synthesized Co3O4 and CoO/Co3O4 nanostructures using flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), as electrocatalysts for ORR in acidic and alkaline media. A detailed study of the effect of (Co-oxide)/Pt ratio on ORR efficiency shows that the present FSP-made Co-oxides are able to perform ORR at very low-Pt loading, 0.4% of total metal content. In acid medium, an electrode with (5.2% Pt + 4.8% Co3O4), achieved the highest ORR performance (Jmax = 8.31 mA/cm2, E1/2 = 0.66 V). In alkaline medium, superior performance and stability have been achieved by an electrode with (0.4%Pt + 9.6% (CoO/Co3O4)) with ORR activity (Jmax = 3.5 mA/cm2, E1/2 = 0.08 V). Using XRD, XPS, Raman and TEM data, we discuss the structural and electronic aspects of the FSP-made Co-oxide catalysts in relation to the ORR performance. Cyclic voltammetry data indicate that the ORR process involves active sites associated with Co3+ cations at the cobalt oxide surface. Technology-wise, the present work demonstrates that the developed FSP-protocols, constitutes a novel scalable process for production of co-oxides appropriate for oxygen reduction reaction electrodes.
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Song, Yu, Mingyue Zhang, Tianyu Liu, Tianjiao Li, Di Guo, and Xiao-Xia Liu. "Cobalt-Containing Nanoporous Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanocuboids from Zeolite Imidazole Frameworks for Supercapacitors." Nanomaterials 9, no. 8 (August 2, 2019): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9081110.
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Pyrolyzing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) typically yield composites consisting of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles finely dispersed on carbon matrices. The blend of pseudocapacitive metal oxides and conductive metals, as well as highly porous carbon networks, offer unique opportunities to obtain supercapacitor electrodes with mutually high capacitances and excellent rate capabilities. Herein, we demonstrate nitrogen-doped carbon nanocuboid arrays grown on carbon fibers and incorporating cobalt metal and cobalt metal oxides. This composite was synthesized via pyrolysis of a chemical bath deposited MOF, cobalt-containing zeolite imidazole framework (Co–ZIF). The active materials for charge storage are the cobalt oxide and nitrogen-doped carbon. Additionally, the Co metal and the nanoporous carbon network facilitated electron transport and the rich nanopores in each nanocuboid shortened ion diffusion distance. Benefited from these merits, our Co–ZIF-derived electrode delivered an areal capacitance of 1177 mF cm−2 and excellent cycling stability of ~94% capacitance retained after 20,000 continuous charge–discharge cycles. An asymmetric supercapacitor prototype having the Co–ZIF-derived hybrid material (positive electrode) and activated carbon (negative electrode) achieved a maximal volumetric energy density of 1.32 mWh cm−3 and the highest volumetric power density of 376 mW cm−3. This work highlights the promise of metal–metal oxide–carbon nanostructured composites as electrodes in electrochemical energy storage devices.
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Brahem, Amina, Ammar Al-Hamry, Marcos Andriola Gross, Leonardo G. Paterno, Mounir Ben Ali, and Olfa Kanoun. "Stability Enhancement of Laser-Scribed Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrodes Functionalized by Iron Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites for Nitrite Sensors." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6080221.
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An iron oxide/reduced graphene oxide (ION-RGO) nanocomposite has been fabricated to functionalize a low-cost electrochemical nitrite sensor realized by light-scribed reduced graphene oxide (LRGO) electrodes on a PET substrate. To enhance the stability and adhesion of the electrode, the PET substrate was modified by RF oxygen plasma, and a thin layer of the cationic poly (diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) was deposited. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) reveal that the light-scribing process successfully reduces graphene oxide while forming a porous multilayered structure. As confirmed by cyclic voltammetry, the LRGO electrochemical response to ferri-ferrocyanide and nitrite is significantly improved after functionalization with the ION-RGO nanocomposite film. Under optimized differential pulse voltammetry conditions, the LRGO/ION-RGO electrode responds linearly (R2 = 0.97) to nitrite in the range of 10–400 µM, achieving a limit of detection of 7.2 μM and sensitivity of 0.14 µA/µM. A single LRGO/ION-RGO electrode stands for 11 consecutive runs. The novel fabrication process leads to highly stable and reproducible electrodes for electrochemical sensors and thus offers a low-cost option for the rapid and sensitive detection of nitrite.
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Wang, Penggang, Tengfei Guo, Tiejun Zhao, Zhenxing Du, Zuquan Jin, Biqin Dong, and Zhe Li. "Effect of Oxidization Temperatures and Aging on Performance of Carbonate Melt Oxidized Iridium Oxide pH Electrode." Sensors 19, no. 21 (November 1, 2019): 4756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214756.
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Iridium oxide pH electrodes employing the carbonate melt oxidation method were fabricated with oxidation temperatures of 750 °C, 800 °C and 850 °C, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) images showed that the oxide film regularized with the increase in oxidation temperatures. The pH response, response time and long-term stability of the electrodes indicated that the electrodes made at 850 °C had the best performance. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) surveys investigated the change in the electrodes’ chemical composition and element oxidation states at 850 °C, and the results showed that the relative content of Ir3+ had increased by 23.9%, and the Ir4+ and Ir6+ had decreased by 10.9% and 13%, respectively, in the surface oxide layer after one month of aging. However, the relative contents of Ir3+, Ir4+ and Ir6+ were almost constant for the inner oxide layer. Meanwhile, the XPS result also indicated that the outer oxide layer of the electrode had a higher hydration degree than the inner oxide layer.
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Olivo, Alberto, Berceste Beyribey, Hwan Kim, and Joshua Persky. "Cobalt oxide enhanced lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite electrode for solid oxide fuel cells." Main Group Chemistry 21, no. 1 (April 8, 2022): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/mgc-210114.
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A Co3O4 enhanced La0.8Sr0.2Co0.5Fe0.5O3 - δ (LSCF) electrode is developed for use in air electrodes with proton conducting solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The incipient wetness impregnation method enables Co3O4 nanoparticles on the LSCF surface without altering the bulk porosity of the LSCF electrode. The polarization resistance of LSCF electrodes is significantly reduced by Co3O4 doping, and both charge transfer and diffusion/conversion resistances were positively affected. The highest reduction in charge transfer resistance is obtained at 700 °C, which is increased from 21 % to 32 % through reduction of po2. Conversely, the highest reduction in diffusion/conversion resistance is achieved at 550 °C. By increasing po2, the reduction is increased from 57 % to 66 % and its activation energy is reduced up to 33 % compared to pure LSCF. The lowest total area specific resistances obtained under air are 1.45 Ω·cm2, 2.95 Ω·cm2, 6.75 Ω·cm2 and 16.45 Ω·cm2 at 700 °C, 650 °C, 600 °C and 550 °C, respectively.
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Tiwari, Santosh K., Anukul K. Thakur, Amrita De Adhikari, Yanqiu Zhu, and Nannan Wang. "Current Research of Graphene-Based Nanocomposites and Their Application for Supercapacitors." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 2046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10102046.
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This review acmes the latest developments of composites of metal oxides/sulfide comprising of graphene and its analogues as electrode materials in the construction of the next generation of supercapacitors (SCs). SCs have become an indispensable device of energy-storage modes. A prompt increase in the number of scientific accomplishments in this field, including publications, patents, and device fabrication, has evidenced the immense attention they have attracted from scientific communities. These efforts have resulted in rapid advancements in the field of SCs, focusing on the development of electrode materials with features of high performance, economic viability, and robustness. It has been demonstrated that carbon-based electrode materials mixed with metal oxides and sulfoxides can perform extremely well in terms of energy density, durability, and exceptional cyclic stability. Herein, the state-of-the-art technologies relevant to the fabrication, characterization, and property assessment of graphene-based SCs are discussed in detail, especially for the composite forms when mixing with metal sulfide, metal oxides, metal foams, and nanohybrids. Effective synthetic methodologies for the nanocomposite fabrications via intercalation, coating, wrapping, and covalent interactions will be reviewed. We will first introduce some fundamental aspects of SCs, and briefly highlight the impact of graphene-based nanostructures on the basic principle of SCs, and then the recent progress in graphene-based electrodes, electrolytes, and all-solid-state SCs will be covered. The important surface properties of the metal oxides/sulfides electrode materials (nickel oxide, nickel sulfide, molybdenum oxide, ruthenium oxides, stannous oxide, nickel-cobalt sulfide manganese oxides, multiferroic materials like BaMnF, core-shell materials, etc.) will be described in each section as per requirement. Finally, we will show that composites of graphene-based electrodes are promising for the construction of the next generation of high performance, robust SCs that hold the prospects for practical applications.
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Choi, Yumi, Chang Kim, and Sungjin Jo. "Spray Deposition of Ag Nanowire–Graphene Oxide Hybrid Electrodes for Flexible Polymer–Dispersed Liquid Crystal Displays." Materials 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 2231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112231.
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We investigated the effect of different spray-coating parameters on the electro-optical properties of Ag nanowires (NWs). Highly transparent and conductive Ag NW–graphene oxide (GO) hybrid electrodes were fabricated by using the spray-coating technique. The Ag NW percolation network was modified with GO and this led to a reduced sheet resistance of the Ag NW–GO electrode as the result of a decrease in the inter-nanowire contact resistance. Although electrical conductivity and optical transmittance of the Ag NW electrodes have a trade-off relationship, Ag NW–GO hybrid electrodes exhibited significantly improved sheet resistance and slightly decreased transmittance compared to Ag NW electrodes. Ag NW–GO hybrid electrodes were integrated into smart windows based on polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) for the first time. Experimental results showed that the electro-optical properties of the PDLCs based on Ag NW–GO electrodes were superior when compared to those of PDLCs based on only Ag NW electrodes. This study revealed that the hybrid Ag NW–GO electrode is a promising material for manufacturing the large-area flexible indium tin oxide (ITO)-free PDLCs.
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Szabó, S., and I. Bakos. "Reference Electrodes in Metal Corrosion." International Journal of Corrosion 2010 (2010): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/756950.
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With especial regard to hydrogen electrode, the theoretical fundamentals of electrode potential, the most important reference electrodes and the electrode potential measurement have been discussed. In the case of the hydrogen electrode, it have been emphasised that there is no equilibrium between the hydrogen molecule (H2) and the hydrogen (H+), hydronium (H3O+) ion in the absence of a suitable catalyst. Taking into account the practical aspects as well, the theorectical basis of working of hydrogen, copper-copper sulphate, mercury-mercurous halide, silver-silver halide, metal-metal oxide, metal-metal sulphate and “Thalamid” electrodes, has been discussed.
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SETIARSO, PIRIM, and NERRY PUSPITA SARI. "Graphene Oxide-Paraffin-Nanobentonite as Working Electrode for Cyclic Voltammetry Analysis for Nicotinic Acid." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 4 (March 20, 2021): 757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.22786.
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The composition of graphene oxide (GO):paraffin:nanobentonite electrode was optimized to acquire the optimal working electrode to analyze nicotinic acid under the optimum conditions through cyclic voltammetry. Graphene oxide was synthesized from graphite by employing the improved Hummer method. Bentonite was synthesized using the sonothermal method. The ratio of GO:paraffin:nanobentonite electrodes of 3:3:4 provided the optimal voltammogram. The results indicated that the composition of the comparative working electrodes of GO-modified nanobentonite was best 3:3:4 with a good peak recovery averaged value of 96.16%.
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Fang, Xin, Shafeer Kalathil, Giorgio Divitini, Qian Wang, and Erwin Reisner. "A three-dimensional hybrid electrode with electroactive microbes for efficient electrogenesis and chemical synthesis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 9 (February 12, 2020): 5074–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913463117.
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Integration of electroactive bacteria into electrodes combines strengths of intracellular biochemistry with electrochemistry for energy conversion and chemical synthesis. However, such biohybrid systems are often plagued with suboptimal electrodes, which limits the incorporation and productivity of the bacterial colony. Here, we show that an inverse opal-indium tin oxide electrode hosts a large population of current-producingGeobacterand attains a current density of 3 mA cm−2stemming from bacterial respiration. Differential gene expression analysis revealedGeobacter’s transcriptional regulations to express more electron-relaying proteins when interfaced with electrodes. The electrode also allows coculturing withShewanellafor syntrophic electrogenesis, which grants the system additional flexibility in converting electron donors. The biohybrid electrode containingGeobactercan also catalyze the reduction of soluble fumarate and heterogenous graphene oxide, with electrons from an external power source or an irradiated photoanode. This biohybrid electrode represents a platform to employ live cells for sustainable power generation and biosynthesis.
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Shi, Qiaofang, Guowang Diao, and Shaolin Mu. "Electrochemical oxidation of glucose on gold nanoparticle-modified reduced graphene oxide electrodes in alkaline solutions." Functional Materials Letters 08, no. 03 (June 2015): 1540004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604715400044.
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A given amount of gold is electrodeposited on the reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/glassy carbon (GC) electrodes to form Au /RGO/GC electrodes, which are carried out at different potentials. The Au /RGO/GC electrode with Au loading of 250 μg cm-2 prepared at a constant potential of -0.30 V exhibits the best electrocatalytic activity to glucose oxidation in alkaline solutions because of homogeneous dispersion of gold nanoparticles with smaller sizes. This electrode shows long-term stability, rapid charge transfer ability, and higher current density compared to other gold electrodes reported previously.
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Oliveira, João Pedro Jenson de, Acelino Cardoso de Sá, and Leonardo Lataro Paim. "Electrocatalysis of Ethanol and Methanol Electrooxidation by Composite Electrodes with NiOOH/FeOOH Supported on Reduced Graphene Oxide onto Composite Electrodes." Chemistry Proceedings 2, no. 1 (November 9, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eccs2020-07523.
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This paper presents graphite/paraffin composite electrodes modified with microparticles of nickel (Ni) and Ni-Fe alloy anchored in reduced graphene oxide (rGO); these electrodes were made by electrosynthesis. Firstly, the electrodeposition of reduced graphene oxide was made by cyclic voltammetry (CV) onto the graphite/paraffin electrodes’ surface. After electrodeposition of the rGO, iron and nickel were electrodeposited by CV with successive scans. Finally, the formation of iron-nickel oxyhydroxide on the electrode surface was performed by cyclic voltammetry in alkaline medium. The composites were investigated by field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM); it was observed that the Ni microparticles had spherical shapes, while the Ni-Fe alloy did not present a defined shape. The composite electrodes were used to analysis ethanol and methanol electrooxidation in an alkaline medium of 0.10 mol L−1 of NaOH in a potential range of from −0.20 to 1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) at 50 mV s−1 by CV. The electrodes were able to make the electrooxidation of ethanol at a potential of around 0.57 V for the electrode constituted by the Ni-Fe alloy and around 0.61 V for the electrode modified with Ni, and for methanol in a potential around 0.57 V for the Ni-Fe alloy and around 0.66 V for the Ni electrode. The Ni-Fe alloy electrodes showed the electrocatalysis of the alcohols in relation to Ni electrodes.
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Zheng, Ming Dong, Ru Chun Li, Xiao Jun He, Xian Ping Dong, Ping Hua Ling, Nan Zhao, Xiao Yong Zhang, Mo Xin Yu, and Ming Bo Wu. "Ruthenium Oxide/Activated Carbon Composites for Electrochemical Capacitors." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3370.
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Activated carbon (AC) was prepared from lignite by microwave heating ZnCl2. The pore structure parameters of AC are characterized by nitrogen adsorption technique. The AC and ruthenium oxide/AC composite are characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscope. Electrochemical properties of ACs and ruthenium oxide/AC composite electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and constant current charge–discharge after AC was pre−oxidized by HNO3 solution. The results show that the specific surface area and total pore volume of AC from lignite reaches 1310 m2 g−1 and 0.80 cm3 g−1, respectively. The micropore volume of AC from lignite totals only 12.5%. AC and ruthenium oxide/AC composite electrodes with 5wt.% ruthenium oxide loading show high cycle stability. Compared to pristine AC electrode, specific capacitance of ruthenium/AC composite electrode and energy density of ruthenium/AC capacitor after 100 charge−discharge cycles increases 40.8% and 39.1%, respectively.
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Chen, Runze, Lixin Wang, Naixia Jiu, Hongkai Zhang, and Min Guo. "An Optimized Structure of Split-Gate Resurf Stepped Oxide UMOSFET." Electronics 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9050745.
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In this paper, a split-gate resurf stepped oxide with double floating electrodes (DFSGRSO) U-shape metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (UMOSFET) is proposed. The floating electrodes are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the source electrode in the trench. The performance of the DFSGRSO UMOSFET with different size of floating electrodes is simulated and analyzed. The simulation results reveal that the floating electrodes can modulate the distribution of the electric field in the drift area, improving the performance of the device significantly. The breakdown voltage (BV) and figure of merit (FOM) of the DFSGRSO UMOSFET at optimal parameters are 23.6% and 53.1% higher than that of the conventional structure. In addition, the regulatory mechanism of the floating electrodes is analyzed. The electric field moves from the bottom of the trench to the middle of the drift area, which brings a new electric field peak. Therefore, the distribution of the electric field is more uniform for the DFSGRSO UMOSFET compared with the conventional structure.
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Fan, Ling, Jun Wei, Shu Quan Peng, and Rong Zhen Dong. "Performance of Manganese Oxide Reference Electrode for Concrete Monitoring with Inner Alkaline Electrolytes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 475-476 (December 2013): 504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.475-476.504.
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Manganese oxide electrode (MnO2) is a promising reference electrode imbedded in concrete for long-term health monitoring of concrete structure. The MnO2 electrodes made of the high purity graphite powders, the MnO2 powders and Ca (OH)2 powders mixed with the inner alkaline electrolytes such as saturated Ca (OH)2 solution or synthetic concrete pore solution are manually assembled. The rejection ratios, reproducibilities, stabilities and the effects of temperature and NaCl concentration in outer electrolyte (synthetic concrete pore solution) on potentials of the MnO2 electrodes are comparatively experimented. And then the comprehensive properties of the MnO2 electrodes are analyzed based on their potentials relative standard error (PRSE). Though the relative high rejection ratio of MnO2 electrode is induced by the manual method, the following results and conclusions can be drawn. Firstly the MnO2 electrodes express good performances with little potential fluctuations in outer synthetic concrete pore solution. Secondly the potentials under condition of certain temperature or certain NaCl concentration, the reproducibilities and stabilities of MnO2 electrodes are influenced by their inner alkaline electrolytes. Especially the potential of the MnO2 electrode with the inner saturated Ca (OH)2 solution in outer electrolyte with high NaCl concentration is more outstandingly stable than the one with the inner synthetic concrete pore solution. The third the MnO2 electrode with inner synthetic concrete pore solution has better comprehensive property than the one with inner saturated Ca (OH)2 solution when the temperature is less than 50 °C or the NaCl concentration is not greater than 0.1 mol/L in outer electrolyte.
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Lee, Dahye, Sunmi Lee, Hae Yeon Lee, and Taek Dong Chung. "(Invited) Immunosensing Chip of Indium Tin Oxide Interdigitated Electrode Array." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 53 (July 7, 2022): 2199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01532199mtgabs.
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We introduce three-dimensional (3D) interdigitated electrode array (IDA), which is a pair of IDAs on the ceiling and bottom in a microfluidic channel. The IDAs comprise of Indium tin oxide (ITO) microband electrodes that are alternatively biased. ITO based IDA can be easily and precisely patterned using conventional etching process to be integrated in a single microchannel in which very small volume of liquid sample is enough to fill. Correspondingly requiring extremely small amount of sample, the proposed strategy offers great opportunity for multiplex electrochemical biosensors with high sensitivity. ITO as an electrode material can make 3D IDA more attractive because the limit of detection goes down owing to substantially low background current. Additionally, this serves as a transparent electrode that allows simultaneous optical detection and thus widens the range of options for electrochemical biosensing chip. There are two key issues toward practical analysis. One is reference electrode that needs to lie as closely as possible to working electrodes to minimize iR drop for precise control of electrochemical potential. It is problematic because reference electrode can be hardly miniaturized to be put inside the microchannel with negligible iR drop due to narrow microchannel, i.e. high resistance. The other is functionalization of ITO surface for efficient plan of glass surface as well as ITO microbands. ITO is chemically inert so that few organic molecules can be anchored and any functional layer on it is readily detached to go away. In this presentation, we introduce two-electrode (2E) system that has appropriate mediator layer on ITO IDA. 2E system consists of only two complementary IDA demanding no reference electrodes while electrochemical potential can be retained owing to the mediators lying on the ITO electrodes. And we suggest a more reliable and versatile way of electrografting to firmly pin various mediators onto ITO surface for sensitive electrochemical immunosensing on a chip. Figure 1
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Do Thi Thuy. "SYNTHESIS THIN FILM ELECTRODES GRAPHENE VIA NOVEL 3D PRINTALBE TECHNIQUE AND DETERMINE PROPERTY ELECTROCHEMICAL." Journal of Military Science and Technology, no. 75A (November 11, 2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.75a.2021.29-37.
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Graphene film electrodes have many important applications, but the fabriacion of these electrodes is difficult dues to the poor processing of graphene. This article describes the preliminary results of using 3D printing technology to fabricate thin-film electrodes from graphene oxide inks. Graphene oxide ink is synthesized by chemical method. The graphene oxide (GO) and reduction graphene oxide (r GO) thin film were chacracterized by filed scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrocopy (EDX spectrocopy) to make sure the morphological and optical characteristics of the thin film. In addition, the electrochemical aera active studies were also determined by cyclic voltametry (CV) curves. The r GO thin film displays higher electrochemical area active in comparison with GO, which is 2.56 cm2 compare to 0.31 cm2, indicating the best result for the superior conductivity of thin film electrode.
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Battisti, A. De, G. Lodi, L. Nanni, G. Battaglin, and A. Benedetti. "Preparation and characterization of oxide film electrodes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-609.
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In this paper are presented data on the preparation and characterization of different oxide electrodes. RuO2–TiO2, IrO2–TiO2, and SnO2–Sb2O5 mixed-oxide films have been taken as model systems. For the first, the traditional preparation method based on the pyrolysis of precursor salt deposits was adopted. For the SnO2-based films, the spray pyrolysis preparation has been used. The characterization of RuO2–TiO2 films confirms the existence of a solid solution between the two component oxides over a wide composition range. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry confirms the occurrence of segregation of titanium oxide species in the outermost part of the films. Nuclear reaction analysis indicates that large amounts of carbon and hydrogen impurities are trapped in the oxide films. SnO2-based films were found to be less porous and chemically more simple. The differences between the two systems have been discussed in terms of the preparation method and the differences in chemical properties of the precursors. Keywords: oxide film electrodes, mixed-oxide films, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, nuclear reaction analysis.
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Huang, Jin Hua, Rui Qin Tan, Jia Li, Yu Long Zhang, Ye Yang, and Wei Jie Song. "Thermal Stability of Aluminum Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films." Materials Science Forum 685 (June 2011): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.685.147.
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Transparent conductive oxides are key electrode materials for thin film solar cells. Aluminum doped zinc oxide has become one of the most promising transparent conductive oxide (TCO) materials because of its excellent optical and electrical properties. In this work, aluminum doped zinc oxide thin films were prepared using RF magnetron sputtering of a 4 at% ceramic target. The thermal stability of aluminum doped zinc oxide thin films was studied using various physical and structural characterization methods. It was observed that the electrical conductivity of aluminum doped zinc oxide thin films deteriorated rapidly and unevenly when it was heated up to 350 °C. When the aluminum doped zinc oxide thin films were exposed to UV ozone for a short time before heating up, its thermal stability and large area homogeneity were significantly improved. The present work provided a novel method for improving the durability of aluminum doped zinc oxides as transparent conductive electrodes in thin film solar cells.
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Al Najjar, Taher, Nageh K. Allam, and Ehab El Sawy. "Effect of Tungsten Oxide Structure on Enhancing the V(II)/(VIII) Reaction and Inhibiting H2 Evolution for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-013468mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Renewable energy sources require high-efficiency storage systems to allow for its integration within the electrical grid and to supply that energy when needed. All-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are very promising for this application because they can store high amounts of energy, are designed to work for long periods, and their solutions can be used indefinitely.1 VRFBs have various advantages when combined with renewable energy sources. The relatively high cost of VRFBs limits their widespread deployment. Enhancing the kinetics of the electrochemical reactions is needed to increase the power density and energy efficiency of the VRFB, and hence decrease the kWh cost of VRFBs. Different carbon materials are used as electrodes in VRFBs (carbon felt, paper and cloth), and each of these materials affects the performance of the battery differently either through sluggish kinetics or a high chance for parasitic reactions catalyzation.2 Modification of these electrodes by carbon-based3 or metal oxides2 nanomaterials can increase the power density of the battery and suppress the parasitic reactions. Some metal oxides like tungsten oxide4 can enhance vanadium reactions alone or when used as composites with nanocarbon materials. This work aims at enhancing the VRFBs negative half-cell reaction (V2+/V3+) kinetics and inhibiting the hydrogen evolution parasitic reaction. Carbon cloth electrodes were modified, using different tungsten oxide nanostructures such as nanowires, nanoflakes, and nanospheres, and tested at different loadings. The results suggest that the change in tungsten oxide structure would lead to a change in the electrode overall performance as a result of changing the electrical conductivity, the wettability of the electrodes, the coverage of the carbon cloth, and the number and nature of the active sites available to catalyze the V2+/V3+ reaction, with the tungsten oxide nanowires showing to be the best electrode modifier. References: R. K. Sankaralingam, S. Seshadri, J. Sunarso, A. I. Bhatt, and A. Kapoor, Journal of Energy Storage, 41, 102857 (2021). A. Wodaje Bayeh et al., Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 5, 1668–1707 (2021). F. A. E. Diwany, B. A. Ali, E. N. E. Sawy, and N. K. Allam, Chem. Commun., 56, 7569–7572 (2020). M. Faraji, R. Khalilzadeh Soltanahmadi, S. Seyfi, B. Mostafavi Bavani, and H. Mohammadzadeh Aydisheh, J Solid State Electrochem, 24, 2315–2324 (2020).
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Kamboj, Vipin, and Chinmoy Ranjan. "Mixed Metal Cathodes for CO2 Electroreduction Using Solid Oxide Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 64 (October 9, 2022): 2369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02642369mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Electroreduction of CO2 to fuels through the use of renewable energy provides a beneficial route and it decreases the reliance on fossil fuels. The electrochemical reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbon fuels (CHx) is highly energy inefficient owing to kinetic limitations which are a direct consequence of multistep-multielectron transfer process. The selective formation of CO from CO2 is energy efficient. CO thus formed, serves as a valuable source of energy as it can be directly used as a fuel. Moreover, it can be further converted into hydrocarbon fuels via Fischer-Tropsch reactions using green hydrogen. We hereby propose Ni(M)x/YSZ based electrodes for electroreduction of CO2 on solid oxide cells at high temperature (~800∘C). Electrodes were fabricated on commercial standard YSZ supports using Ni(M)x/YSZ and LSM/YSZ mixtures which were respectively employed as materials for that cathode and anode. Characterisation of the developed electrode architecture was carried out via electron microscopy and X ray diffraction. The behaviour of electrodes during CO2 electrolysis was analysed through online mass spectrometry and operando Raman spectroscopy. Ni/YSZ electrodes displayed sustained performance only upon the addition of H2 to the fuel mixture. The reaction progressed through a reverse water gas shift reaction (RWGS) (CO2 + H2 à CO + H2O) along with water electrolysis where CO originates from non-electrochemical RWGS reaction. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was employed to analyse the reactions. Three electrode assembly was used to compare the electrochemical performance of the various electrodes. The pure Ni/YSZ cathodes showed deactivation under pure CO2 atmosphere. Mixed metal oxide electrodes such as Ni(M)x exhibit enhanced performance for CO2 electrolysis in both pure CO2 as well as in the presence of 5% H2. Catalytic performance of the electrodes was evaluated by varying fuel mixtures composition and temperature. Kinetics of electrode performance were evaluated using distribution of relaxation time formalism. Mixed metal oxide such as Ni(M)x showed improved kinetic with significant improvement in charge transfer resistance. Figure 1
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Mirzaeian, Mojtaba, Nazym Akhanova, Maratbek Gabdullin, Zhanar Kalkozova, Aida Tulegenova, Shyryn Nurbolat, and Khabibulla Abdullin. "Improvement of the Pseudocapacitive Performance of Cobalt Oxide-Based Electrodes for Electrochemical Capacitors." Energies 13, no. 19 (October 8, 2020): 5228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195228.
Full textAbstract:
Cobalt oxide nanopowders are synthesized by the pyrolysis of aerosol particles of water solution of cobalt acetate. Cobalt nanopowder is obtained by subsequent reduction of obtained cobalt oxide by annealing under a hydrogen atmosphere. The average crystallite size of the synthesized porous particles ranged from 7 to 30 nm, depending on the synthesis temperature. The electrochemical characteristics of electrodes based on synthesized cobalt oxide and reduced cobalt oxide are investigated in an electrochemical cell using a 3.5 M KOH solution as the electrolyte. The results of electrochemical measurements show that the electrode based on reduced cobalt oxide (Re-Co3O4) exhibits significantly higher capacity, and lower Faradaic charge–transfer and ion diffusion resistances when compared to the electrodes based on the initial cobalt oxide Co3O4. This observed effect is mainly due to a wide range of reversible redox transitions such as Co(II) ↔ Co(III) and Co(III) ↔ Co(IV) associated with different cobalt oxide/hydroxide species formed on the surface of metal particles during the cell operation; the small thickness of the oxide/hydroxide layer providing a high reaction rate, and also the presence of a metal skeleton leading to a low series resistance of the electrode.