Journal articles on the topic 'Electrodes, Carbon'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Electrodes, Carbon.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Electrodes, Carbon.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Temirgaliyeva, T. S., S. Kuzuhara, S. Noda, M. Nazhipkyzy, A. R. Kerimkulova, B. T. Lesbayev, N. G. Prikhodko, and Z. A. Mansurov. "Self-Supporting Hybrid Supercapacitor Electrodes Based on Carbon Nanotube and Activated Carbons." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 20, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj719.
Full textAbstract:
Self-supporting AC (activated carbon)-FWCNT (few-wall carbon nanotubes) hybrid electrodes were fabricated by mixing of ACs with high specific surface area (SSA) and sub-millimeter-long FWCNTs. In order to fabricate the hybrid electrodes, AC and FWCNT were mixed in a weight ratio of 9:1, dispersed by bath-sonication and vacuum-filtrated on a membrane filter. The addition of FWCNTs gives conductivity and mechanical strength, and replace metallic current collectors in thick (0.1 mm) electrodes. For making an electrode, three different ACs that derived from walnut shell (WS), that from apricot stones (AS), and that commercially used for capacitors (YP-80F, Kuraray Chemical Co., Osaka Japan), were used with FWCNT in weight ratio of AC:FWCNT = 9:1. An electrode based only on FWCNT was also prepared as a reference for comparison. Electrochemical properties of the obtained electrodes were investigated by the cyclic voltammetry method (CV). Electrochemical characteristics were measured using the three-electrode cell contained of YP80F-FWCNT, AS-FWCNT, WS-FWCNT as a working electrode, a YP-80F-FWCNT counter electrode and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode with an electrolyte of 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution. Also, the morphological properties of obtained electrodes were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM), the SSA was investigated by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. SSA, conductivity, and resistivity of AS-FWCNT and WS-FWCNT electrodes were summarized. Both the AS-FWCNT and WS-FWCNT hybrid electrodes showed specific capacitances of about 140 F/g at 1 mV/s and about 100 F/g at 100 mV/s, which are similar or even better than the AC-CNT hybrid electrode made of commercialized AC (YP-80F).
2
Wójcik, Szymon, and Małgorzata Jakubowska. "Optimization of anethole determination using differential pulse voltammetry on glassy carbon electrode, boron doped diamond electrode and carbon paste electrode." Science, Technology and Innovation 3, no. 2 (December 27, 2018): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8152.
Full textAbstract:
Voltammetry is the general term for all techniques in which the current is measured as a function of electrode potential. The voltammetric techniques can be applied for the quantitative analysis of inorganic and organic species and are best suited for substances which can be either oxidized or reduced on electrodes. These techniques are characterized by high sensitivity which results in the possibility of performing determinations at a low concentration level. In voltammetry, many different types of working electrodes are applied. One of the important groups are solid electrodes, among which carbon electrodes play an important role. They represent a good alternative to mercury electrodes, however, surface preparation before the usage is required. In this work anethole determination will be presented using three types of carbon electrodes: glassy carbon electrode, boron doped diamond electrode and carbon paste electrode. Optimization process will be also described.
3
Goh, Andrew, David Roberts, Jesse Wainright, Narendra Bhadra, Kevin Kilgore, Niloy Bhadra, and Tina Vrabec. "Evaluation of Activated Carbon and Platinum Black as High-Capacitance Materials for Platinum Electrodes." Sensors 22, no. 11 (June 3, 2022): 4278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114278.
Full textAbstract:
The application of direct current (DC) produces a rapid and reversible nerve conduction block. However, prolonged injection of charge through a smooth platinum electrode has been found to cause damage to nervous tissue. This damage can be mitigated by incorporating high-capacitance materials (HCM) (e.g., activated carbon or platinum black) into electrode designs. HCMs increase the storage charge capacity (i.e., “Q value”) of capacitive devices. However, consecutive use of these HCM electrodes degrades their surface. This paper evaluates activated carbon and platinum black (PtB) electrode designs in vitro to determine the design parameters which improve surface stability of the HCMs. Electrode designs with activated carbon and PtB concentrations were stressed using soak, bend and vibration testing to simulate destructive in vivo environments. A Q value decrease represented the decreased stability of the electrode–HCM interface. Soak test results supported the long-term Q value stabilization (mean = 44.3 days) of HCM electrodes, and both HCMs displayed unique Q value changes in response to soaking. HCM material choices, Carbon Ink volume, and application of Nafion™ affected an electrode’s ability to resist Q value degradation. These results will contribute to future developments of HCM electrodes designed for extended DC application for in vivo nerve conduction block.
4
Sýs, Milan, Elmorsy Khaled, Radovan Metelka, and Karel Vytřas. "Electrochemical characterisation of novel screen-printed carbon paste electrodes for voltammetric measurements." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 82, no. 7-8 (2017): 865–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc170207048s.
Full textAbstract:
This work is focused on the homemade screen-printed carbon paste electrode containing basically graphite powder (or glassy carbon powder), poly(vinylbchloride) (PVC) and paraffin oil. It compares the electrochemical properties of conventional carbon-based electrodes and prepared screen-printed carbon paste electrodes towards [Fe(CN)6]3-/[Fe(CN)6]4- and quinone/hydroquinone redox couples. Significant attention is paid to the development of the corresponding carbon inks, printing and the surface characterisation of the resulting electrodes by the scanning electron microscopy. An optimization consisted of the selection of the organic solvent, the optimal content of the used polymer with the chosen paste binder, appropriate isolation of electric contact, etc. Very similar properties of the prepared screen-printed electrodes, containing only corresponding carbon powder and 3 % PVC, with their conventional carbon paste electrode and glassy carbon-based electrodes, were observed during their characterisation. Screen-printed electrodes, with the pasting liquid usually provided satisfactory analytical data. Moreover, they can be used in the flow injection analysis and could undoubtedly replace the carbon paste grooved electrodes. It can be assumed that certain progress in the development of electrode materials was achieved by this research.
5
Zhen, Shao Hua, Li Bao An, and Chun Rui Chang. "Simulation on the Dielectrophoretic Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.328.
Full textAbstract:
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been verified to be an efficient means of assembling carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for various applications. This paper simulates the electric field distribution of the quadruple electrode structure when the external AC voltage is applied between a pair of opposite electrodes. There exist induced electric potentials between high voltage electrodes and floating electrodes and thus floating electrodes seriously change the field distribution. For a pair of wide parallel electrodes, the deposition of one CNT bridging the electrode pair will greatly alter the local electric field and repel the further deposition of CNTs in the vicinity. The screening distance is relevant with the width of the electrode gap, which provides a way to estimate the density of assembled CNTs between the electrode pair.
6
Zhang, Ying Jie, Jia Guo, and Ting Li. "Research Progress on Binder of Activated Carbon Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 549 (July 2012): 780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.780.
Full textAbstract:
The activated carbon electrode has been widely used as an electrode material in capacitive deionization (CDI). The binder of activated carbon electrode has important influence on the electrochemical properties and structures of the electrodes. The effect of binder on the conductivity and capacitance of the electrodes is discussed in this article. And the structures characteristics of electrodes by adding different kinds of binder are summarized. The electrodes have higher capacitance and specific surface using polyvinylalochol (PVA) and sulfosuccinic-acid (SSA) as hydrophilic binder, comparing with hydrophobic binders include phenolicresin, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF). Therefore, activated carbon electrodes consisted by PVA and SSA are expected to become the future hot spot. The study of this paper has special significance to the choice and application of the binder in capacitive deionization.
7
Pan, Yusheng, Ke Xu, and Canliu Wu. "Recent progress in supercapacitors based on the advanced carbon electrodes." Nanotechnology Reviews 8, no. 1 (November 26, 2019): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2019-0029.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper demonstrates a brief review of the research progress of the advanced carbon-based materials for the supercapacitor electrodes. Diverse types of carbon-based electrodes exploited and reported to the literature are summarized and classified into pure carbon electrodes, carbon/metal oxides composite electrodes, carbon/metal oxides/conducting polymers composite electrodes as well as carbon electrodes based on other materials. Pure carbon electrodes are firstly introduced, confirming their merits and shortcomings. To cover the shortage of pure carbon electrodes and further enhances their electrochemical performance, a composite electrode, combined with metal oxides and conducting polymers, is respectively presented. It is worth noticing in this article that combining various materials to form composites has been one main direction to own a positive synergistic effect on the carbon-based electrodes.
8
Hua, Xin, Gui Jun Shen, and Yu Du. "Carbon Materials Electrodes: Electrochemical Analysis Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 248 (December 2012): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.248.262.
Full textAbstract:
The electrochemical properties of traditional carbon materials and applications of these materials based electrodes as well as physical and chemically modified carbon materials electrodes would be reviewed. Hence, the scope of the current review is limited to analytical electrochemistry using carbon materials electrode, and 48 references are cited.
9
Tsai, Hung-Yin, Wei-Hsuan Hsu, and Ying-Chen Huang. "Characterization of Carbon Nanotube/Graphene on Carbon Cloth as an Electrode for Air-Cathode Microbial Fuel Cells." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/686891.
Full textAbstract:
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which can generate low-pollution power through microbial decomposition, have become a potentially important technology with applications in environmental protection and energy recovery. The electrode materials used in MFCs are crucial determinants of their capacity to generate electricity. In this study, we investigate the performance of using carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene-modified carbon-cloth electrodes in a single-chamber MFC. We develop a process for fabricating carbon-based modified electrodes andEscherichia coliHB101 in an air-cathode MFC. The results show that the power density of MFCs can be improved by applying a coat of either graphene or CNT to a carbon-cloth electrode, and the graphene-modified electrode exhibits superior performance. In addition, the enhanced performance of anodic modification by CNT or graphene was greater than that of cathodic modification. The internal resistance decreased from 377 kΩ for normal electrodes to 5.6 kΩ for both electrodes modified by graphene with a cathodic catalyst. Using the modified electrodes in air-cathode MFCs can enhance the performance of power generation and reduce the associated costs.
10
Popov, Maxim V., Alexander G. Bannov, and Stepan I. Yusin. "Carbon nanomaterials for supercapacitors: two electrode scheme." MATEC Web of Conferences 340 (2021): 01035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134001035.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, the electrochemical and texture characteristics of electrode materials made of a number of promising carbon materials for supercapacitors were considered. Carbon nanofibers, thermally expanded graphite, and activated carbon derived from rice hulls were used as electrodes for supercapacitors. The paper presents a technique of synthesis of these electrode materials. A comparison of the capacitive characteristics of the electrodes using two-electrode scheme was carried out.
11
Widiatmoko, Pramujo, Hary Devianto, Isdiriayani Nurdin, Adriaan Adriaan, and Henry Natanail Purwito. "THE EFFECT OF COUNTER ELECTRODE PREPARATION METHODS TOWARD DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL PERFORMANCE." Jurnal Teknologi Bahan dan Barang Teknik 8, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.37209/jtbbt.v8i1.112.
Full textAbstract:
Carbon-coated electrodes is superior substitution for platinum electrodes of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC). This paper describes effect of electrode coating methods as well as carbon types on the performance of DSSC. The electrodes were prepared using 3 methods, i.e. doctor blade, metering rod and bubble deposition. Commercial industrial-grade and medical-grade activated carbon were used in this research. The DSSC performance was measured from I-V curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, meanwhile the morphology of coated carbon electrode was studied from Scanning Electron Microscope and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. It was found that efficiency of DSSC was higher when the counter electrodes were prepared using doctor blade and bubble deposition methods with medical-grade activated carbon. The highest achievement on light-to-electricity conversion was 3.76%.Keywords: carbon-based electrode, coating methods, performances of DSSC
12
Lekakou, C., O. Moudam, F. Markoulidis, T. Andrews, J. F. Watts, and G. T. Reed. "Carbon-Based Fibrous EDLC Capacitors and Supercapacitors." Journal of Nanotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/409382.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) including two alternative types of carbon-based fibrous electrodes, a carbon fibre woven fabric (CWF) and a multiwall carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode, as well as hybrid CWF-CNT electrodes. Two types of separator membranes were also considered. An organic gel electrolyte PEO-LiCIO4-EC-THF was used to maintain a high working voltage. The capacitor cells were tested in cyclic voltammetry, charge-discharge, and impedance tests. The best separator was a glass fibre-fine pore filter. The carbon woven fabric electrode and the corresponding supercapacitor exhibited superior performance per unit area, whereas the multiwall carbon nanotube electrode and corresponding supercapacitor demonstrated excellent specific properties. The hybrid CWF-CNT electrodes did not show a combined improved performance due to the lack of carbon nanotube penetration into the carbon fibre fabric.
13
Chen, Yan, and Li Bao An. "Simulation of Electric Field for Carbon Nanotube Assembly by Dielectrophoresis." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.421.
Full textAbstract:
In the process of carbon nanotube assembly by dielectrophoresis, the geometry and spacing of electrodes are significantly affecting the assembly precision. In the simulation process, we showed the geometrical shape of conical, round and rectangular electrode and compared the electric field distribution with these electrodes. Compared with single electrode pairs, comb electrodes can achieve high-yield manipulation. Simulation results show that when the distance between adjacent electrode pairs is larger than twice electrode width, it will avoid electric field superimposition. A method of using floating metal posts within the electrode gap can realize precise positioning of assembled carbon nanotubes.
14
Handaja, Suka, Heru Susanto, and Hermawan Hermawan. "Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Electrodes by Mixing Carbon Rod and Electrolyte Paste of Spent Battery." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.31637.
Full textAbstract:
As a consequence of increasing battery use, spent batteries are increasingly contributing to solid waste. This situation has the potential to create a severe environmental problem. Thus, the utilization of these spent batteries, including the reuse of some components, is essential. The reusable components of the spent battery are carbon rods and electrolyte pastes. In this work, these components were utilized to prepare a carbon-based electrode for reverse electrodialysis. These electrodes can be an alternative to commercial Ti-based electrodes. The important characteristics of an electrode are the electrical conductivity, porosity, and surface area of the particles. This study aimed to determine the best electrical conductivity exhibited by various mixtures of carbon rods and electrolyte paste taken from spent batteries. The spent battery contained 95% carbon, and the electrolyte paste of the spent battery contained 64% carbon, 19% zinc, and 5% manganese. Before mixing, the carbon rods were powdered using ball mills for 4 h; 85.6% of particles were sized <1 μm. The best electrical conductivity was obtained from a mixture of carbon rods and electrolyte paste in the weight ratio of 7:2, with electrical conductivity, porosity, and surface area of 2.75 S/cm, 0.019 cc/g, and 15.936 m2/g, respectively.
15
L. de Souza, L., and C. A. L. G. de O. Forbicini. "USO DA VOLTAMETRIA CÍCLICA E DA ESPECTROSCOPIA DE IMPEDÂNCIA ELETROQUÍMICA NA DETERMINAÇÃO DA ÁREA SUPERFICIAL ATIVA DE ELETRODOS MODIFICADOS À BASE DE CARBONO." Eclética Química Journal 39, no. 1 (July 9, 2014): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v39.1.2014.p49-67.
Full textAbstract:
Carbon-based electrodes as well the ion exchange electrodes among others have been applied mainly in the treatment of industrial effluents and radioactive wastes. Carbon is also used in fuel cells as substrate for the electrocatalysts, having high surface area which surpasses its geometric area. The knowledge of the total active area is important for the determination of operating conditions of an electrochemical cell with respect to the currents to be applied (current density). In this study it was used two techniques to determine the electrochemical active surface area of glassy carbon, electrodes and ion exchange electrodes: cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The experiments were carried out with 0.1 mol.L-1 KNO3 solutions in a three-electrode electrochemical cell: carbon-based working electrode, platinum auxiliary electrode and Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The glassy carbon and porous carbon electrodes with geometric areas of 3.14 x 10-2 and 2.83 х 10-1 cm2, respectively, were used. The ion exchange electrode was prepared by mixing graphite, carbon, ion exchange resin and a binder, and this mixture was applied in three layers on carbon felt, using a geometric area of 1.0 cm2 during the experiments. The capacitance (Cd) of the materials was determined by EIS using Bode diagrams. The value of 172 μF.cm-2 found for the glassy carbon is consistent with the literature data (~200 μF.cm-2). By VC, varying the scan rate from 0.2 to 2 mV.s-1, the capacitance CdS (S = active surface area) in the region of the electric double layer (EDL) of each material was determined. By EIS, the values of Cd, 3.0 x 10-5 μF.cm-2 and 11 x 103 μF.cm-2, were found for the porous carbon and ion exchange electrodes, respectively, which allowed the determination of active surface areas as 3.73 x 106 cm2 and 4.72 cm2. To sum up, the combined use of EIS and CV techniques is a valuable tool for the calculation of active surface areas of carbon-based electrodes.
16
Sun, Dan Zi. "Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrite at Carbon-Nanotube-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 1221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.1221.
Full textAbstract:
Carbon-nanotube(CNT)-modified glassy carbon electrodes exhibiting strong electrocatalytic response toward nitrite are described. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry are used to investigate the electrocatalytic property of CNT-modified glassy carbon electrode toward the reduction of nitrite. The modified electrode could be used for nitrite sensing.
17
Boz, Emre Burak, Kitty Nijmeijer, and Antoni Forner-Cuenca. "Electrografting As a Versatile Approach to Engineer Porous Electrode Interfaces for Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 48 (July 7, 2022): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01482017mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
The intermittent nature of renewable sources can be alleviated by grid-scale energy storage technologies, such as redox flow batteries (RFBs). However, these systems are currently not cost-competitive for widespread deployment. The system costs are linked to stack performance that is limited by kinetic, ohmic and mass-transfer overpotentials as well as materials stability. Carbon fiber-based porous electrodes, ubiquitous in electrochemical reactors, strongly influence these limiting phenomena as they facilitate redox reactions on their surface, conduct electrons, and provide flow paths for reactant transport. Unfortunately, the inherently hydrophobic and inert carbon surface is not optimal for aqueous electrolytes with kinetically sluggish redox couples such as vanadium and iron1. In these systems, controlling the surface chemical state of the electrode is vital to attain significant performance gains. Popular strategies to modify surface chemistry are thermal and acid treatments with a general aim to increase the heteroatom content and number of functional groups of the carbon surface2. These functional groups increase the surface energy of inherently hydrophobic carbon electrode and can serve as active sites for redox-reactions3. However, these treatment strategies can cause embrittlement of the electrode4, mass-loss5, and the formed functional groups, especially in the case of oxygen, can manifest in multiple chemical forms, hindering proper structure-property relationships to be established. Thus, to correlate the surface chemical state to the battery performance, there is a need to develop methodologies to synthesize homogenous, conformal, and stable interfaces onto three-dimensional porous electrodes6. Here we propose electrografting as a surface modification strategy for carbon fiber-based RFB electrodes with a model molecule, taurine. Electrografting is the electrochemical analogue of chemical grafting where covalent bonds are formed between species and the conductive substrate7, with an added advantage that the charge transfer reactions responsible for bond formation can be controlled with applied voltage. We selected taurine as a model molecule to graft on carbon cloth electrodes as its amine group can undergo oxidative electrografting and we hypothesize its sulfonic acid group to be beneficial for electrode wetting, allowing coverage of the electrode surface with a thin layer of desired functional groups. We performed diagnostic studies on glassy carbon electrodes by hydrodynamic voltammetry, where the kinetic rate for the reduction of Fe3+ on taurine treated electrodes is revealed to be an order of magnitude faster than untreated electrodes (1.23 x 10-4 vs 1.84 x 10-5 cm s-1). In-situ flow cell studies in single cell configuration revealed improved performance for mixed Fe2+/3+ electrolyte, especially at lower flow rates (Figure 1). Also, for the first time, we visualized wetting dynamics of porous RFB electrodes in flow cells using neutron radiography. We find that treated electrodes imbibe the acidic electrolyte instantaneously even at low flow rates, which indicates the electrode interfaces feature hydrophilic character. Finally, we performed extended in-situ stability tests under mixed Fe2+/3+ electrolyte flow at open-circuit and applied voltage conditions. Impedance spectroscopy revealed performance degradation with pristine electrodes but not with taurine treated electrodes, confirming the formation of a stable interface with electrografting of taurine. In summary, we show that electrografting of taurine is a facile and environmentally benign approach to functionalize porous electrodes for aqueous redox flow batteries. Beyond this specific application, the possibility to extend the molecular library makes electrografting a suitable approach to engineer interfaces for next-generation electrochemical devices. References P. Chen and R. L. McCreery, Anal. Chem., 68, 3958–3965 (1996). K. Jae Kim et al., Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 3, 16913–16933 (2015). R. H. Bradley and P. Pendleton, Adsorption Science & Technology, 31, 113–133 (2013). L. Yue, W. Li, F. Sun, L. Zhao, and L. Xing, Carbon, 48, 3079–3090 (2010). K. V. Greco, A. Forner-Cuenca, A. Mularczyk, J. Eller, and F. R. Brushett, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 44430–44442 (2018). A. Forner-Cuenca and F. R. Brushett, Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 18, 113–122 (2019). D. Bélanger and J. Pinson, Chem. Soc. Rev., 40, 3995–4048 (2011). Figure 1
18
Rufford, Thomas E., Denisa Hulicova-Jurcakova, Zhonghua Zhu, and Gao Qing Lu. "A comparative study of chemical treatment by FeCl3, MgCl2, and ZnCl2 on microstructure, surface chemistry, and double-layercapacitance of carbons from waste biomass." Journal of Materials Research 25, no. 8 (August 2010): 1451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.0186.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of chemical treatment on the capacitance of carbon electrodes prepared from waste coffee grounds was investigated. Coffee grounds were impregnated with FeCl3 and MgCl2 and then treated at 900 °C. The resultant carbons were compared with activated coffee ground carbons prepared by ZnCl2 treatment. The carbon treatment processes of FeCl3 and MgCl2 were studied using thermal gravimetric analysis. Raman spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and N2 and CO2 adsorption were used to characterize the activated carbons. Activation with ZnCl2 and FeCl3 produced carbons with higher surface areas (977 and 846 m2/g, respectively) than treatment with MgCl2 (123 m2/g). Electrochemical double-layer capacitances of the carbons were evaluated in 1 M H2SO4 using two-electrode cells. The system with FeCl3-treated carbon electrodes provided a specific cell capacitance of 57 F/g.
19
Tsai, Shan-Ho, Ying-Ru Chen, Yi-Lin Tsou, Tseng-Lung Chang, Hong-Zheng Lai, and Chi-Young Lee. "Applications of Long-Length Carbon Nano-Tube (L-CNT) as Conductive Materials in High Energy Density Pouch Type Lithium Ion Batteries." Polymers 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071471.
Full textAbstract:
Lots of lithium ion battery (LIB) products contain lithium metal oxide LiNi5Co2Mn3O2 (LNCM) as the positive electrode’s active material. The stable surface of this oxide results in high resistivity in the battery. For this reason, conductive carbon-based materials, including acetylene black and carbon black, become necessary components in electrodes. Recently, carbon nano-tube (CNT) has appeared as a popular choice for the conductive carbon in LIB. However, a large quantity of the conductive carbon, which cannot provide capacity as the active material, will decrease the energy density of batteries. The ultra-high cost of CNT, compared to conventional carbon black, is also a problem. In this work, we are going to introduce long-length carbon nano-tube s(L-CNT) into electrodes in order to design a reduced-amount conductive carbon electrode. The whole experiment will be done in a 1Ah commercial type pouch LIB. By decreasing conductive carbon as well as increasing the active material in the positive electrode, the energy density of the LNCM-based 1Ah pouch type LIB, with only 0.16% of L-CNT inside the LNCM positive electrode, could reach 224 Wh/kg and 549 Wh/L, in weight and volume energy density, respectively. Further, this high energy density LIB with L-CNT offers stable cyclability, which may constitute valuable progress in portable devices and electric vehicle (EV) applications.
20
Đorđević, Jelena, Ana Kalijadis, Ksenija Kumrić, Zoran Jovanović, Zoran Laušević, and Tatjana Trtić-Petrović. "Glassy carbon and boron doped glassy carbon electrodes for voltammetric determination of linuron herbicide in the selected samples." Open Chemistry 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 1271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0042-1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn this study the application of home-made unmodified (GC) and bulk modified boron doped glassy carbon (GCB) electrodes for the voltammetric determination of the linuron was investigated. The electrodes were synthesized with a moderate temperature treatment (1000°C). Obtained results were compared with the electrochemical determination of the linuron using a commercial glassy carbon electrode (GC-Metrohm). The peak potential (E p ) of linuron oxidation in 0.1 mol dm−3 H2SO4 as electrolyte was similar for all applied electrodes: 1.31, 1.34 and 1.28 V for GCB, GC and GC-Metrohm electrodes, respectively. Potential of linuron oxidation and current density depend on the pH of supporting electrolyte. Applying GCB and GC-Metrohm electrodes the most intensive electrochemical response for linuron was obtained in strongly acidic solution (0.1 mol dm−3 H2SO4). Applying the boron doped glassy carbon electrode the broadest linear range (0.005–0.1 µmol cm−3) for the linuron determination was obtained. The results of voltammetric determination of the linuron in spiked water samples showed good correlation between added and found amounts of linuron and also are in good agreement with the results obtained by HPLC-UV method. This appears to be the first application of a boron doped glassy carbon electrode for voltammetric determination of the environmental important compounds.
21
García-Morales, Nancy Gabriela, Luis Alfonso García-Cerda, Bertha Alicia Puente-Urbina, Leonor María Blanco-Jerez, René Antaño-López, and Federico Castañeda-Zaldivar. "Electrochemical Glucose Oxidation Using Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Au-Ag Nanoparticles: Influence of Ag Content." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/295314.
Full textAbstract:
This paper describes the application of glassy carbon modified electrodes bearing Aux-Agynanoparticles to catalyze the electrochemical oxidation of glucose. In particular, the paper shows the influence of the Ag content on this oxidation process. A simple method was applied to prepare the nanoparticles, which were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. These nanoparticles were used to modify glassy carbon electrodes. The effectiveness of these electrodes for electrochemical glucose oxidation was evaluated. The modified glassy carbon electrodes are highly sensitive to glucose oxidation in alkaline media, which could be attributed to the presence of Aux-Agynanoparticles on the electrode surface. The voltammetric results suggest that the glucose oxidation speed is controlled by the glucose diffusion to the electrode surface. These results also show that the catalytic activity of the electrodes depends on the Ag content of the nanoparticles. Best results were obtained for the Au80-Ag20nanoparticles modified electrode. This electrode could be used for Gluconic acid (GA) production.
22
Zhang, Ling, Dan Zuo, Su Li Guo, Zhong Cao, Jun Liu, Qiu Jie Meng, and Xi Yan Yu. "Electrosorptive Deionization Based on Activated Carbon Capacitor Prepared from Bamboo Char." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.378.
Full textAbstract:
A kind of bamboo char with high specific surface area has been studied as the absorption material of the activated carbon electrodes, and the electrosorptive deionization ability of the as-obtained electrodes for elimination of metal ions in tap water has been examined under certain direct voltage. The effects of the distance between the elect rode plates, and the numbers of the electrode plates have been investigated in detail. The results show that the electrodes exhibit the optimal deionization ability over 2 cm of distance between the electrode plates and 4 couples of the elect rode plates. The reverse wash treatment indicates that the activated carbon electrodes can be cycle used. The efficiency order of the electrosorptive deionization of different metal ions on the activated carbon electrode has been summarized as follows: Pb2+＞Cu2+＞Cr3+＞Cd2+.
23
Zhou, Gui Zhong, Xuan Wang, Zhao Feng Wang, Shu Qing Pan, and Shao Xiang Li. "Electrosorption Desalination by Activated Carbon Fibers Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1710–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1710.
Full textAbstract:
The activated carbon fiber(ACF) electrodes were prepared for electrosorption desalination. The electrodes were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the desalting efficiency was represented by the removal rate of Cl-. As a result, desalting efficiency decreases with increasing initial concentration of Cl-, whereas the total adsorption capacity increases. The most suitable voltage for electrosorption desalination is 1.2 ~ 1.4V. The electrosorption desalination achieves the best results while the distance between two electrodes is 1.0cm. Electrosorption plays a more important role in the adsorption process compared with physical adsorption. The removal rate of Cl- is obviously improved by using ACF electrode modified by HNO3 and KOH and desalination ratio of the electrode treated with KOH is increased by 16.5%. Therefore, the ACF electrode would be suitable for using in the application of electrosorption desalination.
24
Shen, Peng, Dan Ma, Jing Li, Yu Tang, and Qing Yun Ding. "Synthesis of Composite Carbon Fiber Electrode Materials for CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction." Materials Science Forum 1072 (October 25, 2022): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-5k366d.
Full textAbstract:
For the purpose of environmental protection, the solution to the excessive release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has become the focus of current research. The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, which enables the capture and storage of carbon dioxide and its conversion into new compounds, has shown its effectiveness. By studying various methods of preparing CO2 absorption electrodes, Carbon fiber material is considered as a promising electrode material due to its good electrical conductivity and availability. In this paper, Ag/PTFE composites (Silver as catalyst, PTFE as hydrophobic agent), combined with carbon fibers, are used as Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) materials. After verifying its hydrophobicity by contact angle measurement, the performance of electrode is tested. The results show that the new electrodes synthesised are suitable for use as Gas diffusion electrodes materials (GDE) and that Ag catalysts combined with carbon nanofibers can be used for the electrochemical reduction of CO2.
25
Thepsuparungsikul, N., N. Phonthamachai, and H. Y. Ng. "Multi-walled carbon nanotubes as electrode material for microbial fuel cells." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 7 (April 1, 2012): 1208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.956.
Full textAbstract:
The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a novel and innovative technology that could allow direct harvesting of energy from wastewater through microbial activity with simultaneous oxidation of organic matter in wastewater. Among all MFC parts, electrode materials play a crucial role in electricity generation. A variety of electrode materials have been used, including plain graphite, carbon paper and carbon cloth. However, these electrode materials generated only limited electricity or power. Recently, many research studies have been conducted on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) because of their unique physical and chemical properties that include high conductivity, high surface area, corrosion resistance, and electrochemical stability. These properties make them extremely attractive for fabricating electrodes and catalyst supports. In this study, CNT-based electrodes had been developed to improve MFC performance in terms of electricity generation and treatment efficiency. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with carboxyl groups have been employed to fabricate electrodes for single-chamber air-cathode MFCs. The quality of the prepared MWCNTs-based electrodes was evaluated by morphology, electrical conductivity and specific surface area using a field emission scanning electron microscope, four-probe method and Brunauer–Emmerr–Teller method, respectively. The performance of MFCs equipped with MWCNT-based electrodes was evaluated by chemical analysis and electrical monitoring and calculation. In addition, the performance of these MFCs, using MWCNTs as electrodes, was compared against that using commercial carbon cloth.
26
Yang, Lingfang, Zhou Shi, and Wenhao Yang. "Characterization of air plasma-activated carbon nanotube electrodes for the removal of lead ion." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 11 (March 24, 2014): 2272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.157.
Full textAbstract:
Carbon nanotube electrodes were prepared by pressing a mixture of carbon nanotubes and polytetrafluoroethylene (which acted as a binder) on a stainless steel net collector, and the electrodes were subsequently activated in our self-designed plasma apparatus, using air plasma. The morphology and surface functional groups of the electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The results showed that the electrodes activated by air plasma possessed a rougher surface and more oxygen-containing groups than the raw electrodes, properties that were beneficial for their electrosorption performance. After 5 min of air plasma activation, the lead ion electrosorption capacity of the activated electrodes (measured at 450 mV) increased to 3.40 mg/g, which was 73% higher than the capacity of the non-activated, raw electrode, and 5.76 times the adsorption capacity of the raw electrode at 0 mV. The results of this study indicate that air plasma activation can be used to effectively enhance the electrosorption capacity of carbon nanotube electrodes.
27
Moon, Junga, Huaide Jiang, and Eun-Cheol Lee. "Physical Surface Modification of Carbon-Nanotube/Polydimethylsiloxane Composite Electrodes for High-Sensitivity DNA Detection." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (October 10, 2021): 2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102661.
Full textAbstract:
The chemical modification of electrode surfaces has attracted significant attention for lowering the limit of detection or for improving the recognition of biomolecules; however, the chemical processes are complex, dangerous, and difficult to control. Therefore, instead of the chemical process, we physically modified the surface of carbon-nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane composite electrodes by dip coating them with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (F-MWCNTs). These electrodes are used as working electrodes in electrochemistry, where they act as a recognition layer for sequence-specific DNA sensing through π–π interactions. The F-MWCNT-modified electrodes showed a limit of detection of 19.9 fM, which was 1250 times lower than that of pristine carbon/polydimethylsiloxane electrodes in a previous study, with a broad linear range of 1–1000 pM. The physically modified electrode was very stable during the electrode regeneration process after DNA detection. Our method paves the way for utilizing physical modification to significantly lower the limit of detection of a biosensor system as an alternative to chemical processes.
28
Sandulescu, Robert V., Simona M. Mirel, Radu N. Oprean, and Simion Lotrean. "Comparative Electrochemical Study of Some Phenothiazines with Carbon Paste, Solid Carbon Paste and Glass-Like Carbon Electrodes." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 65, no. 6 (2000): 1014–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20001014.
Full textAbstract:
In order to obtain modified electrodes with phenothiazines and to develop electrochemical methods for their determination in pharmaceutical formulations, promazine maleate, promethazine maleate and levomepromazine, were studied by linear sweep voltammetry using different types of working electrodes: carbon paste, solid carbon paste and glass-like carbon electrodes. A comparative electrochemical study of the above mentioned pheno- thiazines was performed in aqueous-alcoholic solutions, investigating the influence of pH, ionic strength and concentration on the current-potential curves. Linear sweep voltammetry in potential range from -0.1 to +1.3 V revealed that the oxidation potential and the current, strongly depend on the type of electrode and pH, the best results being obtained in acid buffer (pH 1.0). The current intensity depending linearly on the concentration in the range of 2.5·10-5-5·10-4 M promazine maleate, 2.5·10-5-2.5·10-4 M promethazine maleate and 6.2·10-5-1.2·10-3 M levomepromazine permits the development of electroanalytical methods to determine these phenothiazines in pharmaceuticals. The electrochemical determination yielded results comparable with spectrophotometric methods. Linear sweep voltammetry of carbon paste electrodes modified by incorporation of phenothiazines opens the possibility to use them as mediators in the design of some enzyme selective electrodes.
29
Trudgeon, David P., and Xiaohong Li. "Enhanced Surface Area Carbon Cathodes for the Hydrogen–Bromine Redox Flow Battery." Batteries 8, no. 12 (December 6, 2022): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8120276.
Full textAbstract:
The hydrogen–bromine redox flow battery is a promising energy storage technology with the potential for capital costs as low as 220 $ kWh−1 and high operational power densities in excess of 1.4 W cm−2. In this work, enhanced surface area bromine electrodes incorporating carbon black (CB) and graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) on carbon paper and carbon cloth substrates were investigated, and the effect of electrolyte concentration on performance of the electrodes was studied. Carbon-black-modified electrodes are found to possess the largest electrochemically active surface areas, i.e., up to 11 times that of unmodified materials, while GnP electrodes are shown to have superior kinetic activity towards the bromine electrode reaction. In terms of performance, lower electrolyte concentrations are found to favour the improved kinetic parameters associated with graphene nanoplatelet electrodes, while highly concentrated electrolytes favour the larger electrochemically active surface area of carbon black electrodes. The optimal performance was achieved on a carbon-black-modified carbon cloth electrode in a 6 M HBr/2 M Br2 electrolyte concentration, with polarisation current densities approaching 1.6 A cm−2 at overpotentials of ±400 mV, and mean overpotentials of 364 mV during oxidation and 343 mV during reduction, resulting from bromine oxidation/reduction cycling tests at ±1.5 A cm−2.
30
Pongprayoon, Thirawudh, and Hsiao-Chen Liu. "Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Improvement of Biosensor Electrodes." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 11, no. 1 (February 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2020.11.1.770.
Full text
31
Ghoseyri, Airin, Afshin Farahbakhsh, Sajad Khakpur, and Nahid Hosseinfakhrabadi. "The Effect of Electrode’s Material on Immobilization of Sulfite Oxidase Enzyme in Construction of Sulfite Biosensors." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 1387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.1387.
Full textAbstract:
Electrodes have an important role in performance of sulfite detector biosensors. To increase efficiency of performance, using immobilizing processes in the structure of an enzyme electrode is very important. Enzymes can be connected to the working electrode by crosslinking and trapping methods. In this paper, sulfite oxidase enzyme has immobilized on aluminum, screen-printed carbon and glassy carbon electrodes in different ways. Flow production measurement of amperometric cycle showed that aluminum and screen-printed carbon electrode had better performance at concentrations less than 110 micro-molar, but in higher concentrations, glassy carbon electrode showed highest conductivity.
32
Zhou, Yuqing, Weijin Qian, Weijun Huang, Boyang Liu, Hao Lin, and Changkun Dong. "Carbon Nanotube-Graphene Hybrid Electrodes with Enhanced Thermo-Electrochemical Cell Properties." Nanomaterials 9, no. 10 (October 12, 2019): 1450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9101450.
Full textAbstract:
Carbon nanotube-Graphene (CNT-Gr) hybrids were prepared on stainless steel substrates by the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to make the thermo-electrochemical cell (TEC) electrodes. The as-obtained TEC electrodes were investigated by the SEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, tensile, and surface resistance tests. These hybrid electrodes exhibited significant improved TEC performances compared to the pristine CNT electrode. In addition, these hybrid electrodes could be optimized by tuning the contents of the graphene in the hybrids, and the CNT-Gr-0.1 hybrid electrode showed the best TEC performance with the current density of 62.8 A·m−2 and the power density of 1.15 W·m−2, 30.4% higher than the CNT electrode. The enhanced TEC performance is attributed to improvements in the electrical and thermal conductivities, as well as the adhesion between the CNT-Gr hybrid and the substrate. Meanwhile, the relative conversion efficiency of the TECs can reach 1.35%. The investigation suggests that the growth of CNT-Gr hybrid electrodes by the EPD technique may offer a promising approach for practical applications of the carbon nanomaterial-based TEC electrodes.
33
Lim, Jong-Min, and Chung-Seog Choi. "Study on the Analysis of Restrike Pattern and Radial Spectrum of AC Arc Discharge based on the Electrode Material." Fire Science and Engineering 35, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.2c23dfaa.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, we designed and fabricated a system based on IEC-62606 and UL-1699 such that stable arc discharge could be produced. AC arc discharge was performed to interpret the restrike pattern and radiation spectrum according to the electrode material. In the voltage waveform analysis of flat copper electrodes, it was analyzed that the accompaniment cycle of the negative waveform was more unstable than the half cycle of the positive waveform. We observed that the radiation spectrum of copper electrodes occurred in the ultraviolet and visible light regions. Moreover, the voltage waveform of the carbon electrode was found to be similar to the pattern produced by the copper electrode. However, we observed that the restrike generated at the half cycle of the negative waveform was produced relatively faster. The radio spectra were strongest near 589 nm, 671 nm, and 766 nm. AC arc discharges using copper electrodes and carbon electrodes were found to be between the arc-discharge patterns of copper electrodes and carbon electrodes. It has been proven that depending on the material of the electrode, there are differences in voltage list like, current patterns, and radiated spectra bands.
34
Lee, P. T., D. Lowinsohn, and R. G. Compton. "The selective electrochemical detection of homocysteine in the presence of glutathione, cysteine, and ascorbic acid using carbon electrodes." Analyst 139, no. 15 (2014): 3755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an00372a.
Full textAbstract:
The detection of homocysteine, HCys, was achieved with the use of catecholvia1,4-Michael addition reaction using carbon electrodes: a glassy carbon electrode and a carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode.
35
Pradid, Preawpun, Kanyanee Sanglee, Non Thongprong, and Surawut Chuangchote. "Carbon Electrodes in Perovskite Photovoltaics." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 5989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14205989.
Full textAbstract:
High-performance lab-scale perovskite solar cells often have a precious metal as the top electrode. However, there are drawbacks to using metal top electrodes on a large scale, such as inducing degradation processes, requiring a high-temperature deposition process under vacuum, and having low scalability. Recently many studies have shown the potentials of using a carbon electrode because of its conductivity, flexibility, low cost, and ease of fabrication. This review article presents an overview of using carbon materials to replace the top electrode in perovskite photovoltaics. We discuss various fabrication techniques, various carbon-based device structures, and the advantages of using carbon materials. A collection of research works on device performance, large-scale fabrication, and device stability is presented. As a result, this review offers insight into the future of large-scale flexible solar cells.
36
López-Chavéz, R., and A. K. Cuentas-Gallegos. "The Effect of Binder in Electrode Materials for Capacitance Improvement and EDLC Binder-free Cell Design." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 16, no. 3 (July 8, 2013): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v16i3.17.
Full textAbstract:
In the present work we show results related with the influence of the binder type used to elaborate active electrodes made of activated carbon (DLC) for the assembly of supercapacitor cells. A Nafion 5%w solution and/or Kinar Flex (Polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF) were used as binders at different concentrations, using DLC carbon as the active material to make the electrodes by aerography, and carbon paper as support and current collector. Thickness of the electrodes was controlled by the weight of active material (DLC carbon). Cyclic voltammetry technique was used to investigate the intrinsic capacitive nature of these electrodes, increasing this value from 120 F/g to 245 F/g at 20 mV/s just by improving the type and amount of binder, and the thickness of the electrode. Symmetric 2-electrode cells assembled with binder-free electrodes were electrochemically characterized by galvanostatic cycling, showing capacitance values of 38F/g and a stable behavior during 7000 charge-discharge cycles.
37
Mistry, Aashutosh, Stephen E. Trask, Alison R. Dunlop, Bryant Polzin, Partha P. Mukherjee, and Venkat Srinivasan. "On Accuracy of Porous Electrode Design in the Presence of Negative Effects of Carbon-Binder Networks." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 28 (October 9, 2022): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02281078mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Porous electrodes for Li-ion batteries are composed of energy storing active material particles, carbon-binder networks, and electrolyte filled pores 1. The carbon-binder networks improve the electronic conduction through the porous electrode, and are expected to improve electrode performance at finite currents. Accordingly, the porous electrode designs treat carbon-binder networks as a positive influence. In this talk, by using systematic experiments of electrochemical performance for different electrode compositions, we will show that the carbon-binder networks also exhibit negative effects 2. These negative effects deteriorate performance by decreasing the area available for intercalation reaction as well as increasing the resistance to ion transport. These effects are prominent for electrodes even with low carbon-binder content, e.g., 5%wt (of dry electrode). We will discuss the implications of these results in the context of predicting porous electrode performance 3, and in turn, designing these electrodes for different operations. Liu et al. (2012) Particles and Polymer Binder Interaction: A Controlling Factor in Lithium-ion Electrode Performance, J. Electrochem. Soc. 159(3), pp. A214-A221, https://doi.org/10.1149/2.024203jes Mistry et al. (2021) Quantifying Negative Effects of Carbon-binder Networks from Electrochemical Performance of Porous Li-ion Electrodes, J. Electrochem. Soc. 168(7), 070536, https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac1033 Doyle, Fuller & Newman (1993) Modeling of Galvanostatic Charge and Discharge of Lithium/Polymer/Insertion Cell, J. Electrochem. Soc. 140(6), pp. 1526-1533, https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2221597 Figure 1
38
Bajaber, Majed A., and Ayman H. Kamel. "All-Solid State Potentiometric Sensors for Desvenlafaxine Detection Using Biomimetic Imprinted Polymers as Recognition Receptors." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 4814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224814.
Full textAbstract:
Using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as an ion-to-electron transducer, a novel disposable all-solid-state desvenlafaxine-selective electrode based on a screen-printed carbon paste electrode was created. SWCNTs were put onto the carbon-paste electrode area, which was protected by a poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane with a desvenlafaxine-imprinted polymer serving as a recognition receptor. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and chronopotentiometric techniques were used to examine the electrochemical characteristics of the SWCNTs/PVC coating on the carbon screen-printed electrode. The electrode displayed a 57.2 ± 0.8 mV/decade near-Nernstian slope with a 2.0 × 10−6 M detection limit. In 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6, the ODV-selective electrodes displayed a quick reaction (5 s) and outstanding stability, repeatability, and reproducibility. The usefulness of electrodes was demonstrated in samples of ODV-containing pharmaceutical products and human urine. These electrodes have the potential to be mass produced and employed as disposable sensors for on-site testing, since they are quick, practical, and inexpensive.
39
Barhalescu, Mihaela Luminita. "Protective Coatings on Carbon Steel." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.241.
Full textAbstract:
The experimental research aim was to analyze the corrosion resistance of superficial layers obtained by electrical sparking on the steel carbon samples. The electrodes used in these processes being made from corrosive resistance materials (coper and nickel). Processing by electric sparking occurs through electrode material erosion (anode) with a transfer by erosion products on the superficial workpiece. Processing of the treated surface begins with approximation of electrode by sample and at critical interval, it triggers electrical discharge through impulses. It is often continuous and ends at the electrodes contact. At the contact surface of the electrodes appear areas strongly heated causing electrical erosion of the electrodes (sample and electrode). The predominant transfer of anode material (electrode) to the cathode (the sample) ensures the formation superficial layer. After it the discharge was complete, at very small time interval, start removal of the Anode by cathode, action which ends with the interruption of electric circuit due to the transfer of material and the thermal changes from discharge area, in the superficial processing of metallic materials with electric sparks, the superficial layer of cathode it changes its structure and chemical composition. The samples being immersed 285 days in static sea water at the environments temperature. Corrosion resistance in seawater of superficial layers obtained with copper and nickel electrodes was determined by gravimetrical method. The samples covered with thin layers immersed in the corrosive agent (sea water) were analyzed through optical microscopy using QX3 Intel Play microscope and through atomic force microscopy. Experimental results were compared for both the surface of the initial sample material (OL 37) and the surface of the samples covered with Cu and Ni layers. One of the conclusions is: the superficial layer obtained by electrical sparking using cooper and nickel electrodes proves a improved corrosion resistance to see water compared to the base steel, specially for long term tries, when the corrosion speed is stabilizing remaining almost constant. The second main conclusion is: the investigations through atomic force microscopy made on the samples tested for long term corrosion, accentuate the compact and homogenous surfaces areas, which had not permitted the corrosive agent to interact with the base material.also, the wave-mode images present the discontinuities of the superficial laid layers, which represent a possible access way in for the corrosive agent to the samples material.
40
Zestos, Alexander G. "Carbon Nanoelectrodes for the Electrochemical Detection of Neurotransmitters." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2018 (August 1, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3679627.
Full textAbstract:
Carbon-based electrodes have been developed for the detection of neurotransmitters over the past 30 years using voltammetry and amperometry. The traditional electrode for neurotransmitter detection is the carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME). The carbon-based electrode is suitable for in vivo neurotransmitter detection due to the fact that it is biocompatible and relatively small in surface area. The advent of nanoscale electrodes is in high demand due to smaller surface areas required to target specific brain regions that are also minimally invasive and cause relatively low tissue damage when implanted into living organisms. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers, carbon nanospikes, and carbon nanopetals among others have all been utilized for this purpose. Novel electrode materials have also required novel insulations such as glass, epoxy, and polyimide coated fused silica capillaries for their construction and usage. Recent research developments have yielded a wide array of carbon nanoelectrodes with superior properties and performances in comparison to traditional electrode materials. These electrodes have thoroughly enhanced neurotransmitter detection allowing for the sensing of biological compounds at lower limits of detection, fast temporal resolution, and without surface fouling. This will allow for greater understanding of several neurological disease states based on the detection of neurotransmitters.
41
Kawada, Yoshihiro, and Hirotaka Shimizu. "Development of an Electrostatic Precipitator with Porous Carbon Electrodes to Collect Carbon Particles." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 21, 2019): 2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142805.
Full textAbstract:
Exhaust gases from internal combustion engines contain fine carbon particles. If a biofuel is used as the engine fuel for low-carbon emission, the exhaust gas still contains numerous carbon particles. For example, the ceramic filters currently used in automobiles with diesel engines trap these carbon particles, which are then burned during the filter regeneration process, thus releasing additional CO2. Electrostatic precipitators are generally suitable to achieve low particle concentrations and large treatment quantities. However, low-resistivity particles, such as carbon particles, cause re-entrainment phenomena in electrostatic precipitators. In this study, we develop an electrostatic precipitator to collect fine carbon particles. Woodceramics were used for the grounded electrode in the precipitator to collect carbon particles on the carbon electrode. Woodceramics are eco-friendly materials, made from sawdust. The electrical resistivity and surface roughness of the woodceramics are varied by the firing temperature in the production process. Woodceramics electrodes feature higher resistivity and roughness as compared to stainless-steel electrodes. We evaluated the influence of woodceramics electrodes on the electric field formed by electrostatic precipitators and calculated the corresponding charge distribution. Furthermore, the particle-collection efficiency of the developed system was evaluated using an experimental apparatus.
42
Kim, Jisu, Youn-Ji Heo, Jin-Yong Hong, and Sung-Kon Kim. "Preparation of Porous Carbon Nanofibers with Tailored Porosity for Electrochemical Capacitor Electrodes." Materials 13, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030729.
Full textAbstract:
Porous carbon electrodes that accumulate charges at the electrode/electrolyte interface have been extensively investigated for use as electrochemical capacitor (EC) electrodes because of their great attributes for driving high-performance energy storage. Here, we report porous carbon nanofibers (p-CNFs) for EC electrodes made by the formation of a composite of monodisperse silica nanoparticles and polyacrylonitrile (PAN), oxidation/carbonization of the composite, and then silica etching. The pore features are controlled by changing the weight ratio of PAN to silica nanoparticles. The electrochemical performances of p-CNF as an electrode are estimated by measuring cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge. Particularly, the p-CNF electrode shows exceptional areal capacitance (13 mF cm−2 at a current of 0.5 mA cm−2), good rate-retention capability (~98% retention of low-current capacitance), and long-term cycle stability for at least 5000 charge/discharge cycles. Based on the results, we believe that this electrode has potential for use as high-performance EC electrodes.
43
Sides, Charles R., Naichao Li, Charles J. Patrissi, Bruno Scrosati, and Charles R. Martin. "Nanoscale Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries." MRS Bulletin 27, no. 8 (August 2002): 604–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.195.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTemplate synthesis is a versatile nanomaterial fabrication method used to make monodisperse nanoparticles of a variety of materials including metals, semiconductors, carbons, and polymers. We have used the template method to prepare nanostructured lithium-ion battery electrodes in which nanofibers or nanotubes of the electrode material protrude from an underlying current-collector surface like the bristles of a brush. Nanostructured electrodes of this type composed of carbon, LiMn2O4, V2O5, tin, TiO2, and TiS2 have been prepared. In all cases, the nanostructured electrode showed dramatically improved rate capabilities relative to thin-film control electrodes composed of the same material. The rate capabilities are improved because the distance that Li+ must diffuse in the solid state (the current- and power-limiting step in Li-ion battery electrodes) is significantly smaller in the nanostructured electrode. For example, in a nanofiber-based electrode, the distance that Li+ must diffuse is restricted to the radius of the fiber, which may be as small as 50 nm. Recent developments in template-prepared nanostructured electrodes are reviewed.
44
Yu, Yuan, Yanli Zhou, Liangzhuan Wu, and Jinfang Zhi. "Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes with Modified Surfaces." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/567171.
Full textAbstract:
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin films, as one kind of electrode materials, are superior to conventional carbon-based materials including carbon paste, porous carbon, glassy carbon (GC), carbon nanotubes in terms of high stability, wide potential window, low background current, and good biocompatibility. Electrochemical biosensor based on BDD electrodes have attracted extensive interests due to the superior properties of BDD electrodes and the merits of biosensors, such as specificity, sensitivity, and fast response. Electrochemical reactions perform at the interface between electrolyte solutions and the electrodes surfaces, so the surface structures and properties of the BDD electrodes are important for electrochemical detection. In this paper, the recent advances of BDD electrodes with different surfaces including nanostructured surface and chemically modified surface, for the construction of various electrochemical biosensors, were described.
45
Hussain, Humair, Asim Jilani, Numan Salah, Ahmed Alshahrie, Adnan Memić, Mohammad Omaish Ansari, and Joydeep Dutta. "Freestanding Activated Carbon Nanocomposite Electrodes for Capacitive Deionization of Water." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 16, 2022): 2891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142891.
Full textAbstract:
Freshwater reserves are being polluted every day due to the industrial revolution. Man-made activities have adverse effects upon the ecosystem. It is thus the hour of need to explore newer technologies to save and purify water for the growing human population. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is being considered as an emerging technique for removal of excess ions to produce potable water including desalination. Herein, cost-effective activated carbon incorporated with carbon nanotubes (CNT) was used as a freestanding electrode. Further, the desalination efficiency of the designed electrodes was tuned by varying binder concentration, i.e., polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) in the activated carbon powder and CNT mixture. PVDF concentration of 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 wt% was selected to optimize the freestanding electrode formation and further applied for desalination of water. PVDF content affected the surface morphology, specific surface area, and functional groups of the freestanding electrodes. Moreover, the electrical conductivity and specific surface area changed with PVDF concentration, which ultimately affected the desalination capacity using the freestanding electrodes. This study paves the way to produce cost effective carbon-based freestanding electrodes for capacitive deionization and other applications including battery electrodes.
46
Popat, Yaksh, David P. Trudgeon, Xiaohong Li, Peter Connor, Arunchander Asokan, and Matthew E. Suss. "Electrochemical Testing of Carbon Materials as Bromine Electrodes for the Hydrogen-Bromine Redox Flow Battery." Batteries 8, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100166.
Full textAbstract:
Hydrogen-bromine (H2-Br2) redox flow batteries (RFBs) have gained a lot of interest due to their advantages in mitigating the performance shortcomings of conventional zinc-bromine and vanadium flow batteries. Various carbon materials have been tested in H2-Br2 RFBs as bromine electrodes. However, a comparative study among the different carbon materials has not been reported in the literature. This work reports, for the first time, an evaluation of carbon papers, felt and cloth in a three-electrode half-cell setup as potential bromine electrodes, in pristine and thermally treated state. A systematic evaluation was performed by comparing the surface morphologies, kinetic parameters, polarisation curves and stability tests of different carbon electrodes. Thermally treated graphite felt electrode demonstrated the best electrochemical performance as bromine electrode owing to its improved surface area, hydrophilicity and intrinsic activity. Further in-depth studies will shed important insights, which will help understand the electrode characteristics for future bromine battery design. The current study will assist in evaluating the performance of upcoming novel electrode materials in a three-electrode assembly.
47
Luo, Xiaojin, Weihua Shi, Haoming Yu, Zhaoyang Xie, Kunyi Li, and Yue Cui. "Wearable Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors on Gloves for Lactate." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 11, 2018): 3398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103398.
Full textAbstract:
Developing a simple and direct approach for interfacing a sensor and a target analyte is of great interest for fields such as medical diagnosis, threat detection, food quality control, and environmental monitoring. Gloves provide a unique interface for sensing applications. Here, we show for the first time the development of wearable carbon nanotube (CNT)-based amperometric biosensors painted onto gloves as a new sensing platform, used here for the determination of lactate. Three sensor types were studied, configured as: two CNT electrodes; one CNT electrode, and an Ag/AgCl electrode, and two CNT electrodes and an Ag/AgCl electrode. The sensors are constructed by painting the electrodes using CNT or Ag/AgCl inks. By immobilizing lactate oxidase onto the CNT-based working electrodes, the sensors show sensitive detections of lactate. Comparison of sensor performance shows that a combination of CNT and Ag/AgCl is necessary for highly sensitive detection. We anticipate that these findings could open exciting avenues for fundamental studies of wearable bioelectronics, as well as practical applications in fields such as healthcare and defense.
48
Kakuda, Tatsunori, Takashi Terasawa, and Tomoaki Futakuchi. "Development of a Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell with a Carbon Counter Electrode Formed by Screen-Printing." Key Engineering Materials 485 (July 2011): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.485.157.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, we attempted to develop a low-cost dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) by substituting a screen-printed carbon electrode for the conventional platinum counter electrode. Carbon electrodes were formed from mixtures of activated carbon, carbon nanofiber, carbon black, and a resin. The best carbon electrode conversion efficiency obtained was approximately 90% that of a platinum-based electrode.
49
Khamees, Nesreen, Tagreed Abdel-Fattah Mohamed, Abeer Rashad Derar, and Azza Aziz. "All-Solid-State, PVC Membrane, and Carbon Paste Ion-Selective Electrodes for Determination of Donepezil Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulation." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 100, no. 5 (September 1, 2017): 1414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.16-0299.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract All-solid-state, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane, and carbon paste potentiometric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) were proposed for the determination of donepezil hydrochloride (DON) in the drug substance and a pharmaceutical formulation. The potentiometric response toward DON was based on the existence ofdonepezil-tetraphenyl borate (DON-TPB) in a PVC membrane or a carbon paste in the presence of dioctylphthalate. In contrast, the solid-state electrode was prepared by direct incorporation of DON-TPB into a commercial nail varnish without external additives. The electrodes exhibited Nernstian slopes of 55.0, 57.0, and 53.0 mV/decade over the concentration ranges of 1 × 10−5 to 1 × 10−3, 1 × 10−4 to 10−2, and 1 × 10−4 to 5 × 10−3 for the solid-state, PVC membrane, and carbon paste electrodes, respectively. The response of the electrodes is independent of pH in the range of 2–≤8. The electrodes showed good selectivity for DON with respect to a number of inorganic cations and amino acids. The electrodes were used for the determination of DON in pure solution and in pharmaceutical tablets with high accuracy (±2%) and precision (RSD ≤2%). The solid-state electrode is simple, economical, and rapid when compared to the PVC membrane and carbon paste electrodes.
50
Wimberley, P. D., K. Grønlund Pedersen, J. Olsson, and O. Siggaard-Andersen. "Transcutaneous carbon dioxide and oxygen tension measured at different temperatures in healthy adults." Clinical Chemistry 31, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 1611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/31.10.1611.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (tc-pco2) at 37, 39, 41, 43, and 45 degrees C, and transcutaneous oxygen tension (tc-po2) at 41, 43, and 45 degrees C were measured simultaneously in 10 healthy adults during hyperventilation and inhalation of O2/CO2 gas. Nine electrodes were applied to each subject: Five CO2 electrodes, one O2 electrode, and three combined O2/CO2 electrodes. The CO2 electrodes had negligible temperature coefficients in the calibration gases, but the O2 electrodes showed an increase in po2 of 4.5% per degree C. With skin application, tc-pco2 increased approximately 4% per degrees C between 37 and 45 degrees C, which is close to the anaerobic temperature coefficient of pco2 in blood. The tc-po2 increases on the skin with increasing temperature appeared to be more dependent on changes in blood flow in skin, but in the temperature range 43 to 45 degrees C, tc-po2 showed the expected decrease in the temperature coefficient with increasing po2. The correlation between transcutaneous and capillary pco2 was close at all transcutaneous electrode temperatures, even 37 degrees C, provided the skin was preheated (via the electrode) to 45 degrees C. For tc-po2, an electrode temperature of at least 43 degrees C was necessary to produce a reasonable correlation between tc-po2 and capillary po2. The combined O2/CO2 electrodes measured slightly higher pco2 values than the single CO2 electrodes, but there were no differences in po2 readings, stabilization time, imprecision, or electrode drift between the two electrode types. The imprecision (CV, %) of tc-pco2 and tc-po2 measurements was approximately twice that of the corresponding capillary blood-gas measurements.