Journal articles on the topic 'Electrodes, Carbon – Design and construction'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Electrodes, Carbon – Design and construction.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Electrodes, Carbon – Design and construction.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Tian, Chengxiang, Juwei Wu, Zheng Ma, Bo Li, Pengcheng Li, Xiaotao Zu, and Xia Xiang. "Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS2/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (November 14, 2019): 2251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.217.
Full textAbstract:
We report a simple one-step hydrothermal strategy for the fabrication of a C-MoS2/rGO composite with both large surface area and high porosity for the use as advanced electrode material in lithium–sulfur batteries. Double modified defect-rich MoS2 nanosheets are successfully prepared by introducing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and amorphous carbon. The conductibility of the cathodes can be improved through the combination of amorphous carbon and rGO, which could also limit the dissolution of polysulfides. After annealing at different temperatures, it is found that the C-MoS2/rGO-6-S composite annealed at 600 °C yields a noticeably enhanced performance of lithium–sulfur batteries, with a high specific capacity of 572 mAh·g−1 at 0.2C after 550 cycles, and 551 mAh·g−1 even at 2C, much better than that of MoS2-S nanosheets (249 mAh·g−1 and 149 mAh·g−1) and C-MoS2/rGO-S composites (334 mAh·g−1 and 382 mAh·g−1). Our intended electrode design protocol and annealing process may pave the way for the construction of other high-performance metal disulfide electrodes for electrochemical energy storage.
2
Mardani, Leila, Mohammad Taghi Vardini, Moosa Es'haghi, and Ebrahim Ghorbani Kalhor. "Design and construction of a carbon paste electrode modified with molecularly imprinted polymer-grafted nanocomposites for the determination of thyroxin in biological samples." Analytical Methods 12, no. 3 (2020): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay02030f.
Full text
3
Michalkiewicz, Slawomir, Agata Skorupa, and Magdalena Jakubczyk. "Carbon Materials in Electroanalysis of Preservatives: A Review." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 11, 2021): 7630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247630.
Full textAbstract:
Electrochemical sensors in electroanalysis are a particularly useful and relatively simple way to identify electroactive substances. Among the materials used to design sensors, there is a growing interest in different types of carbon. This is mainly due to its non-toxic properties, low cost, good electrical conductivity, wide potential range, and the possibility of using it in both aqueous and nonaqueous media. The electrodes made of carbon, and especially of carbon modified with different materials, are currently most often used in the voltammetric analysis of various compounds, including preservatives. The objective of this paper is to present the characteristics and suitability of different carbon materials for the construction of working electrodes used in the voltammetric analysis. Various carbon materials were considered and briefly discussed. Their analytical application was presented on the example of the preservatives commonly used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical preparations. It was shown that for the electroanalysis of preservatives, mainly carbon electrodes modified with various modifiers are used. These modifications ensure appropriate selectivity, high sensitivity, low limits of detection and quantification, as well as a wide linearity range of voltammetric methods of their identification and determination.
4
Landon, James, Lindsay Boehme, Alan Rassoolkhani, Collin Dunn, Jeffrey Rentschler, Elliott Rushing, and Cameron Lippert. "Design of Electrochemical Cells for Targeted Metals Removal Using Carbon Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 27 (October 9, 2022): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02271048mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Selective separations are needed in a wide variety of industrial and commercial applications where discharge to publicly owned treatment works (POTW) requires certain metals concentrations to be sufficiently low to protect public health and the surrounding environment. Metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) represent a non-exhaustive list of compounds requiring removal for discharge regulations. Typically, coagulants such as iron and aluminum combined with precipitation chemistry or ion exchange processes are used to meet these regulations.1 However, these methods are not particularly selective and can produce sizable sludge waste that must be disposed of properly. Size-selective membranes are one alternative approach, but the pretreatment requirements for these membranes further complicates the water treatment process. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging water treatment option as well with notable advances in recent years, but it currently lacks the selectivity needed for many industrial streams.2 Therefore, alternative methods are being sought to realize these separations. The use of electrochemical processes offers a number of benefits such as a defined interface for interaction with the metal of interest, the ability to modulate the interface easily and quickly through changes in localized voltage, use of the electrical current to monitor system conditions, and the in situ generation of chemical species that can aid in the separation. Of particular interest in a wide variety of industrial applications is the removal or Cu from water being discharged to the POTW. Cu is found in waste streams emanating from electroplating, electronics, semiconductor, and battery manufacturing operations. While coagulation approaches mentioned above can often be used to meet effluent regulations, metal recovery through an electrochemical process can be highly effective and efficient, reaching current efficiencies in excess of 95% in many applications. The ability to plate Cu at a cathode under highly localized conditions affords the removal of Cu down to levels <100 ppb. Electrowinning has been used for over a century in the creation of purified metals such as Cu, so the concept is not entirely new, but the design of electrode materials and overall cell construction capable of removing Cu to such low concentrations in streams that have conductivities <1 mS/cm opens up new avenues for water treatment in industrial and commercial waste. In this talk, electrochemical cell design and operation as well as feed water conditions will be reviewed towards the development of selective metal removal technologies. Copper removal will be highlighted as an example, but the concept will also be applied to other metals of interest, demonstrating the more ubiquitous nature of the approach. References: Azimi, A. Azari, M. Rezakazemi and M. Ansarpour, Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewaters: A Review, ChemBioEng Reviews, 4, 37-59 (2017). Gao, A. Omosebi, J. Landon, and K. Liu, Energy Environ. Sci., 8 (3), 897-909 (2015). Boehme, C. Lippert, and J. Landon. “Faradaic Porosity Cell.” U.S. Patent 16/520,340 & PCT/US2019/043129, filed July 23, 2019. Figure 1
5
Chittur K, Subramaniam, and Muthuraja S. "Design and Simulation of methanol sensing devices using DMFC technology." MRS Proceedings 1774 (2015): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.746.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTDirect Methanol Fuel Cell, DMFC, technology, can be used for fabrication of sensors for volatile organic compounds like alcohols. A fundamental limitation in DMFC is methanol crossover. In this process methanol diffuses from the anode through the electrolyte to the cathode, where it reacts directly with the oxygen and produces no electrical current from the cell. This also results in poisoning of the cathode catalysts. The designed and fabrication of the sensor is by means of micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication technology with electrochemical inputs. To achieve this we have used a passive mode design protocol using COMSOL Multiphysics. The design and simulation would involve optimization of various parameters, in the construction of the cell. We can optimize the overall power density and hence the sensitivity of the sensor by the modification of various parameters like the area of the working electrodes, separation distance and the electrode-electrolyte interface. A passive mode design protocol, for a cm cell area, using various parametric functions, and interfacing Darcy’s law of fluidic flow through a porous medium, under specific pressure and temperature, was applied. The designing involves the construction of gas diffusion layers using carbon cloth for anode and cathode with various parametric variations. Nafion membrane was selected as proton exchange membrane for the construction with different interface structure to analyze the sensor’s performance. Platinum and various alloy catalysts like Pt-Ru, Pt-Fe, Pt-Sn and Pt-Mo was chosen as the working catalysts. The parametric functions of the cell were optimized for ampherometric detection. It is proposed to design a MEMS based sensor with microfludic interconnects and its response characteristics will be studied.
6
Di-Oliveira, Marina, Raquel G. Rocha, Lucas V. de Faria, Eduardo M. Richter, and Rodrigo A. A. Munoz. "Carbon-Black Integrated Polylactic Acid Electrochemical Sensor for Chloramphenicol Determination in Milk and Water Samples." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 047517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac6454.
Full textAbstract:
Extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising technology for the construction of electrochemical devices and some features can be highlighted such as low-cost, versatility, large-scale production, fast prototyping in varied designs and availability of conductive filaments. Herein, we show the detection of chloramphenicol (CAP) in milk and tap water samples using carbon-black integrated polylactic acid (CB/PLA) electrodes fabricated by combining a 3D pen and 3D-printed substrates. The electrode surface activated in basic medium provided a considerable improvement of CAP response (12-fold) due to the removal of PLA and consequent higher exposure of conductive sites. Differential-pulse voltammetric measurements exploring the reduction of the nitro group of CAP at −0.45 V (vs. Ag∣AgCl∣KCl(sat.)) were performed. A wide linear range (10–331 μmol L−1, r = 0.998) with a detection limit of 0.98 μmol L−1 was obtained with a precision of 5.1% (n = 10). Tap water and milk samples were spiked with known amounts of CAP and analyzed by the standard-addition method. Recovery values between 88–93% demonstrated that sample matrix did not interfere on the CAP determination. Therefore, this work shows a promising tool for low-cost construction of electrodes for CAP detection in food and environmental samples which can be extended to other antibiotics.
7
Yun, Jonghyeok, Hong Rim Shin, Eun-Seo Won, and Jong-Won Lee. "Li Metal Storage in Porous Carbon Frameworks: Effect of Li–Substrate Interaction." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 4 (July 7, 2022): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-014529mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Lithium-metal electrodes are of particular interest for next-generation rechargeable batteries because of their high specific capacity and low redox potential. Therefore, Li-metal-based batteries may afford higher energy densities than commercially available Li-ion batteries with graphite anodes. However, various bottlenecks have hampered the commercial development of these batteries, including uncontrolled Li dendrite formation and huge volume changes during cycling. Consequently, Li-metal batteries suffer from low Coulombic efficiency and poor cycling stability. In recent years, there has been extensive research on the design and construction of three-dimensional (3D) porous electrodes that can host metallic Li. However, the low pore utilization and uneven Li plating remain crucial issues. This can be understood in terms of electronic and ionic transport through the framework electrode. The carbon frameworks exhibit high electronic conductance; however, large resistance to Li+ migration in the electrolytes of internal and interparticle pores inhibits the penetration of Li+ deep into the electrode. In this work, we demonstrate that a strong interaction between Li and a lithiophilic nanolayer on a substrate plays a critical role in enhancing pore utilization in carbon framework electrodes. As a model architecture, we examine a Li storage process in a framework electrode consisting of porous carbon derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and a galvanically displaced Ag layer on a Cu substrate (Cu@Ag). The electrochemical experiments combined with operando XRD measurements and microstructural characterizations suggest that a lithiophilic Ag on the Cu substrate preferentially reacts with Li+ to form Li x Ag during the initial stage of Li plating. This Li x Ag phase acts as a seed that can regulate the subsequent Li plating, promoting confined Li storage in the carbon framework electrode while suppressing top plating. Because of these advantages, the MOF-C framework electrode on Cu@Ag exhibits better cycling stability (>250 cycles) than the MOF-C framework electrode on Cu (140cycles). However, when the thickness of the MOF-C framework is increased to 90 μm, the diffraction peak for Ag remains dominant throughout Li plating-stripping, and the formation of Li x Ag alloys is not clearly detectable in the diffraction patterns, suggesting that only a limited amount of Ag is involved in the alloying reaction with Li+. Based on the computational studies, the efficacy of lithiophilic layers toward improving pore utilization is discussed in terms of the kinetic competition between Li+ transport through porous channels and the interfacial reaction of Li+ with the substrate. This study conveys an important message that the Li-substrate interaction plays a vital role in promoting the confined Li storage; hence, it should be considered a key design factor for porous carbon frameworks with high capacity and long cycle lifetime. References Yun, H. R. Shin, E.-S. Won, H. C. Kang, J.-W. Lee, Confined Li metal storage in porous carbon frameworks promoted by strong Li-substrate interaction, Chem. Eng. J. 430 (2022) 132897. Jin, Y. Ye, Y. Niu, Y. Xu, H. Jin, J. Wang, Z. Sun, A. Cao, X. Wu, Y. Luo, H. Ji, L. J. Wan, Solid-solution-based metal alloy phase for highly reversible lithium metal anode, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 (2020) 8818–8826. Kim, J. Lee, J. Yun, S.H. Choi, S.A. Han, J. Moon, J.H. Kim, J.-W. Lee, M.-S. Park, Functionality of dual-phase lithium storage in a porous carbon host for lithium-metal anode, Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 (2020) 1910538.
8
Li, Kainan, Ke Zheng, Zhifang Zhang, Kuan Li, Ziyao Bian, Qian Xiao, Kuangjian Zhao, et al. "Three-dimensional graphene encapsulated hollow CoSe2-SnSe2 nanoboxes for high performance asymmetric supercapacitors." Nanotechnology 33, no. 16 (January 24, 2022): 165602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac487a.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Construction of metal selenides with a large specific surface area and a hollow structure is one of the effective methods to improve the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. However, the nano-material easily agglomerates due to the lack of support, resulting in the loss of electrochemical performance. Herein, we successfully design a three-dimensional graphene (3DG) encapsulation-protected hollow nanoboxes (CoSe2-SnSe2) composite aerogel (3DG/CoSe2-SnSe2) via a co-precipitation method coupled with self-assembly route, followed by a high temperature selenidation strategy. The obtained aerogel possesses porous 3DG conductive network, large specific surface area and plenty of reactive active sites. It could be used as a flexible and binder-free electrode after a facile mechanical compression process, which provided a high specific capacitance of 460 F g–1 at 0.5 A g–1, good rate capability of 212.7 F g−1 at 10 A g−1 The capacitance retention rate is 80% at 2 A g−1 after 5000 cycles due to the fast electron/ion transfer and electrolyte diffusion. With the as-prepared 3DG/CoSe2-SnSe2 as positive electrodes and the AC (activated carbon) as negative electrodes, an asymmetric supercapacitor (3DG/CoSe2-SnSe2//AC) was fabricated, which delivered a high specific capacity of 38 F g–1 at 1 A g–1 and an energy density of 11.89 Wh kg−1 at 749.9 W kg–1, as well as excellent cycle stability. This work provides a new method for preparing electrode material.
9
Guo, Xingmei, Han Zhou, Di Zhang, and Tongxiang Fan. "Cyclic voltammogram on ridge/pore array architectured electrode inspired by butterfly-wings." Pure and Applied Chemistry 87, no. 8 (August 1, 2015): 815–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-1201.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPorous architectured electrodes are intensely investigated for promoting electrochemical performance. Besides the high surface area, mass transport plays an irreplaceable role in the architecture assisting effect, which is, however, far beyond expression due to the complexity and irregularity of various electrode materials. Here, we took advantage of elaborate architectures from butterfly wings and obtained carbon electrode with ridge/pore array hierarchical architecture (ridge/pore-C) using a carbonizing-graphite coating method. A basic one-electron transfer process using the redox couple ferri/ferrocyanide as a benchmark under cyclic voltammetric conditions was conducted. The peak potential separation for ridge/pore-C was decreased by 117 mV compared to its non-architectured counterpart, with obvious enhancement of peak current density, indicating prominent beneficial impact on electrochemical responses. Further finite element simulation demonstrated the additional lateral diffusion within the ridge domain and partial thin layer diffusion within the pore array domain of ridge/pore-C, and simultaneously verified the experimental results. By constructing and investigating the well-organized porous architecture for affecting cyclic voltammogram, this work provides a prototype and cost-effective method for structural design of efficient electrodes by drawing inspiration from nature.
10
Neale, Zachary Garbe, Ryan H. DeBlock, Megan B. Sassin, Debra R. Rolison, and Jeffrey W. Long. "Scalable Carbon Nanofoams for Faradaic Desalination of Brackish Water." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 27 (October 9, 2022): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02271056mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Water scarcity is becoming an increasing exigent humanitarian crisis which can be ameliorated with development of economical and practical water treatment systems. Present reverse-osmosis systems effectively desalinate seawater, but are energy and time-intensive, require regular maintenance due to membrane fouling, and are less adaptable to small scale uses. In contrast, capacitive deionization (CDI) technology shows promise for scalable, energy-efficient desalination of brackish waters, but its application has been limited by reliance on double-layer capacitance ion storage at carbon-only electrodes. Recent advances in electrochemical desalination have focused on exploiting Faradaic (redox-active) materials to increase ion-storage capacity. We design hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI) flow-cells utilizing scalable, NRL-pioneered porous carbon nanofoam (CNF) architectures that also incorporate environmentally benign, faradaic active materials. Electrolessly deposited nanometric MnO2 on CNFs supports a 6-fold increase in sodium-ion adsorption capacity compared to bare-carbon CNFs, while solvothermally deposited BiOCl in CNFs renders a reversible, high-capacity chloride-ion adsorption electrode. We systematically explore architectural parameters such as the pore size distribution and electrode thickness of the CNF, and faradaic material loading with respect to their optimization for desalination performance in prototype flow-cells. Additionally, the performance of such electrode architectures may be further improved by constructing graded-pore, multilayer CNFs that optimize and balance ion transport to the electrode interior while maintaining high capacity. Continued progress in bench-top level HCDI flow-cells with faradaic materials will validate the promise of this technology en route to demonstrating larger-scale desalination devices.
11
Wu, Chunhui, Zifan Pei, Menglin Lv, Duchen Huang, Yuan Wang, and Shaojun Yuan. "Polypyrrole-Coated Low-Crystallinity Iron Oxide Grown on Carbon Cloth Enabling Enhanced Electrochemical Supercapacitor Performance." Molecules 28, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010434.
Full textAbstract:
It is highly attractive to design pseudocapacitive metal oxides as anodes for supercapacitors (SCs). However, as they have poor conductivity and lack active sites, they generally exhibit an unsatisfied capacitance under high current density. Herein, polypyrrole-coated low-crystallinity Fe2O3 supported on carbon cloth (D-Fe2O3@PPy/CC) was prepared by chemical reduction and electrodeposition methods. The low-crystallinity Fe2O3 nanorod achieved using a NaBH4 treatment offered more active sites and enhanced the Faradaic reaction in surface or near-surface regions. The construction of a PPy layer gave more charge storage at the Fe2O3/PPy interface, favoring the limitation of the volume effect derived from Na+ transfer in the bulk phase. Consequently, D-Fe2O3@PPy/CC displayed enhanced capacitance and stability. In 1 M Na2SO4, it showed a specific capacitance of 615 mF cm−2 (640 F g−1) at 1 mA cm−2 and still retained 79.3% of its initial capacitance at 10 mA cm−2 after 5000 cycles. The design of low-crystallinity metal oxides and polymer nanocomposites is expected to be widely applicable for the development of state-of-the-art electrodes, thus opening new avenues for energy storage.
12
Peasura, Prachya. "Application of 23 Factorial Design Experiments for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Parameters on ASTM A36 Steel Welds." Applied Mechanics and Materials 246-247 (December 2012): 707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.246-247.707.
Full textAbstract:
ASTM A36 carbon steel is the most commonly available of the hot-rolled steels. This specification covers carbon steel shapes, plates, and bars of structural quality for use in riveted, bolted, or welded construction of bridges and buildings, and for general structural purposes. The research was to study the in effected of gas tungsten arc welding parameters which effects the hardness and physical characteristics of welding for carbon steel ASTM A36. The specimen was carbon steel sheet metal 6 mm thick. The 23 factors experiment was used polarity direct current electrode negative (DCEN) and alternating current (AC), welding current at 90 and100 amperes with tungsten electrode angles at 30 and 60degree. The weld sample was test by hardness and penetration. The result showed that polarity, welding current and tungsten electrode angle had on interaction on hardness and penetration at 95% confidence (p-value < 0.05).The factors made maximum hardness was polarity AC, welding current 100 amp. and tungsten angle 60๐of 803.16 HV. The factors made maximum penetration was polarity DCEN, welding current 100 amp. and tungsten angle 60๐ of 2.71mm. The research data can be used to determine the appropriate gas tungsten arc welding process of carbon steel weld.
13
Zhao, Ying Jun, Christoph Beisteiner, Sandra Gschossmann, and Martin Schagerl. "An Inkjet-Printed Carbon Nanotube Strain Distribution Sensor for Quasi Real-Time Strain Monitoring of Lightweight Design Materials." Advances in Science and Technology 101 (October 2016): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.101.3.
Full textAbstract:
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are lightweight, durable, and corrosionresistive materials that are popular for constructing automotive bodies and aircraft structures. However, their heterogeneous composition and anisotropic mechanical behavior make design of their service lives challenging. To address challenges in monitoring CFRP’s structural behavior, a cheap, weightless, and reliable sensor shall be developed for CFRPs to monitor their damage-to-failure mode. In this study a carbon nanotube (CNT)-embedded thin film is inkjet-printed onto a flexible substrate and applied over a tensile testing coupon. Coupled with the algorithm of electrical impedance tomography, the sensor with 16 electrodes is able to reconstruct the strain distribution of a surface under 8 sec. Non-uniform strain distribution can also be reconstructed at strain levels down to 0.001%.
14
Niu, Xiao-qing, Xiu-li Wang, Dong-huang Wang, Yi Li, Yi-jun Zhang, Yi-di Zhang, Tao Yang, Ting Yu, and Jiang-ping Tu. "Metal hydroxide – a new stabilizer for the construction of sulfur/carbon composites as high-performance cathode materials for lithium–sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 33 (2015): 17106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta03062e.
Full text
15
Chansaenpak, Kantapat, Anyanee Kamkaew, Sireerat Lisnund, Pannaporn Prachai, Patipat Ratwirunkit, Thitichaya Jingpho, Vincent Blay, and Piyanut Pinyou. "Development of a Sensitive Self-Powered Glucose Biosensor Based on an Enzymatic Biofuel Cell." Biosensors 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11010016.
Full textAbstract:
Biofuel cells allow for constructing sensors that leverage the specificity of enzymes without the need for an external power source. In this work, we design a self-powered glucose sensor based on a biofuel cell. The redox enzymes glucose dehydrogenase (NAD-GDH), glucose oxidase (GOx), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were immobilized as biocatalysts on the electrodes, which were previously engineered using carbon nanostructures, including multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Additional polymers were also introduced to improve biocatalyst immobilization. The reported design offers three main advantages: (i) by using glucose as the substrate for the both anode and cathode, a more compact and robust design is enabled, (ii) the system operates under air-saturating conditions, with no need for gas purge, and (iii) the combination of carbon nanostructures and a multi-enzyme cascade maximizes the sensitivity of the biosensor. Our design allows the reliable detection of glucose in the range of 0.1–7.0 mM, which is perfectly suited for common biofluids and industrial food samples.
16
Kotecki, Damian J. "Landmark Events in the Welding of Stainless Steels." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.257.
Full textAbstract:
This lecture presents the authors personal views on the landmark events that have strongly affected the welding of stainless steels over their lifetime. Although 1913 is commonly recognized as the birth of stainless steels with the commercialization of the martensitic alloy of Harry Brearly and the austenitic alloy of Eduard Maurer and Benno Straus, the story can be considered to begin as long ago as 1797 with the discovery of chromium by Klaproth and Vauquelin, and the observation by Vauquelin in 1798 that chromium resists acids surprisingly well. From the 1870s onwards, corrosion resisting properties of iron-chromium alloys were known. One might mark the first iron-chromium-nickel constitution diagram of Maurer and Strauss in 1920 as a major landmark in the science of welding of stainless steels. Their diagram evolved until the outbreak of World War II in Europe in 1939, and nominally austenitic stainless steel weld metals, containing ferrite that provided crack resistance, were extensively employed for armor welding during the war, based on their diagram. Improved diagrams for use in weld filler metal design and dissimilar welding were developed by Schaeffler (1947-1949), DeLong (1956-1973) and the Welding Research Council (1988 and 1992). Until about 1970, there was a major cost difference between low carbon austenitic stainless steels and those austenitic stainless steels of 0.04% carbon and more because the low carbon grades had to be produced using expensive low carbon ferro-chromium. Welding caused heat affected zone sensitization of the higher carbon alloys, which meant that they had to be solution annealed and quenched to obtain good corrosion resistance. In 1955, Krivsky invented the argon-oxygen decarburization process for refining stainless steels, which allowed low carbon alloys to be produced using high carbon ferro-chromium. AOD became widely used by 1970 in the industrialized countries and the cost penalty for low carbon stainless steel grades virtually vanished, as did the need to anneal and quench stainless steel weldments. Widespread use of AOD refining of stainless steels brought with it an unexpected welding problem. Automatic welding procedures for orbital gas tungsten arc welding of stainless steel tubing for power plant construction had been in place for many years and provided 100% penetration welds consistently. However, during the 1970s, inconsistent penetration began to appear in such welds, and numerous researchers sought the cause. The 1982 publication of Heiple and Roper pinpointed the cause as a reversal of the surface tension gradient as a function of temperature on the weld pool surface when weld pool sulfur became very low. The AOD refining process was largely responsible for the very low sulfur base metals that resulted in incomplete penetration. The first duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steel was developed in 1933 by Avesta in Sweden. Duplex stainless steels were long considered unweldable unless solution annealed, due to excessive ferrite in the weld heat-affected zone. However, in 1971, Joslyn Steel began introducing nitrogen into the AOD refining of stainless steels, and the duplex stainless steel producers noticed. Ogawa and Koseki in 1989 demonstrated the dramatic effect of nitrogen additions on enhanced weldability of duplex stainless steels, and these are widely welded today without the need to anneal. Although earlier commercial embodiments of small diameter gas-shielded flux cored stainless steel welding electrodes were produced, the 1982 patent of Godai and colleagues became the basis for widespread market acceptance of these electrodes from many producers. The key to the patent was addition of a small amount of bismuth oxide which resulted in very attractive slag detachment. Electrodes based on this patent quickly came to dominate the flux cored stainless steel market. Then a primary steam line, welded with these electrodes, ruptured unexpectedly in a Japanese power plant. Investigations published in 1997 by Nishimoto et al and Toyoda et al, among others, pinpointed the cause as about 200 ppm of bismuth retained in the weld metal which led to reheat cracking along grain boundaries where the Bi segregated. Bismuth-free electrode designs were quickly developed for high temperature service, while the bismuth-containing designs remain popular today for service not involving high temperatures.
17
Wang, Shifu, Zuoyi Xiao, Shangru Zhai, Haisong Wang, Weijie Cai, Longfei Qin, Jianying Huang, Di Zhao, Zhongcheng Li, and Qingda An. "Construction of strawberry-like Ni3S2@Co9S8 heteronanoparticle-embedded biomass-derived 3D N-doped hierarchical porous carbon for ultrahigh energy density supercapacitors." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 29 (2019): 17345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta05145g.
Full textAbstract:
The design of advanced supercapacitors requires electrode materials that combine high surface area with a developed hierarchical porous structure to facilitate ion transport and electrolyte permeability.
18
Ghaedi, Mehrorang, Ardeshir Shokrollahi, Morteza Montazerozohori, and Somayyeh Derki. "Design and Construction of Azide Carbon Paste Selective Electrode Based on a New Schiff's Base Complex of Iron." IEEE Sensors Journal 10, no. 4 (April 2010): 814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2009.2034133.
Full text
19
Yang, Hui, Shunxing Li, Huiwu Yu, Fengying Zheng, Luxiu Lin, Jie Chen, Yuehai Li, and Ye Lin. "In situ construction of hollow carbon spheres with N, Co, and Fe co-doping as electrochemical sensors for simultaneous determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers." Nanoscale 11, no. 18 (2019): 8950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr01146c.
Full text
20
Chiorcea-Paquim, Ana-Maria, Ramon Eritja, and Ana Maria Oliveira-Brett. "Electrochemical and AFM Characterization of G-Quadruplex Electrochemical Biosensors and Applications." Journal of Nucleic Acids 2018 (2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5307106.
Full textAbstract:
Guanine-rich DNA sequences are able to form G-quadruplexes, being involved in important biological processes and representing smart self-assembling nanomaterials that are increasingly used in DNA nanotechnology and biosensor technology. G-quadruplex electrochemical biosensors have received particular attention, since the electrochemical response is particularly sensitive to the DNA structural changes from single-stranded, double-stranded, or hairpin into a G-quadruplex configuration. Furthermore, the development of an increased number of G-quadruplex aptamers that combine the G-quadruplex stiffness and self-assembling versatility with the aptamer high specificity of binding to a variety of molecular targets allowed the construction of biosensors with increased selectivity and sensitivity. This review discusses the recent advances on the electrochemical characterization, design, and applications of G-quadruplex electrochemical biosensors in the evaluation of metal ions, G-quadruplex ligands, and other small organic molecules, proteins, and cells. The electrochemical and atomic force microscopy characterization of G-quadruplexes is presented. The incubation time and cations concentration dependence in controlling the G-quadruplex folding, stability, and nanostructures formation at carbon electrodes are discussed. Different G-quadruplex electrochemical biosensors design strategies, based on the DNA folding into a G-quadruplex, the use of G-quadruplex aptamers, or the use of hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzymes, are revisited.
21
Kawamura, Yusuke, Shunsuke Hayashi, Yuya Shinde, and Takahide Oya. "Development of Paper Transistor Using Carbon-Nanotube-Composite Paper." Advances in Science and Technology 80 (September 2012): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.80.59.
Full textAbstract:
We have developed a unique “paper transistor” comprised of carbon nanotube (CNT) composite papers. CNTs have recently attracted much research attention in the nanotechnology field due to their many excellent physical properties, including good electrical and heat conductivities, physical strength, and dual semiconducting- and metallic- characteristics. CNTs have great potential for use as many different functional materials. In a previous work, we developed a CNT-composite paper as a new functional material. A normal paper is flexible and can be fabricated and used easily, and we can easily fabricate the CNT-composite paper by mixing pulp with CNTs. The resulting CNT-composite paper has both CNT and normal paper characteristics. In this study, we focused primarily on the dual semiconducting- and metallic- characteristics exhibited by CNTs because we can create paper composites that are both semiconducting and metallic. Our main goal was to develop a field-effect-transistor (FET) using semiconducting- and metallic- CNT-composite papers. A conventional FET has metal, insulator, and semiconductor layers. Our FET also has three layers: the metallic CNT-composite paper is used for gate, source, and drain electrodes as the metal layer; the semiconducting CNT-composite paper is used for a semiconductor as the channel layer; and the normal paper is used as a gate insulator layer. The key point here is that we were able to design and develop an FET using only normal paper and two kinds of CNT-composite paper, without any silicon or semiconductors. After the construction, we measured the electrical conductivity of our FET to test its operation. A drain-to-source current of about 10μA was observed. Moreover, we could control the current flow by controlling the gate voltage. These results demonstrate that it is possible to fabricate a paper FET using only normal paper and two kinds of CNT-composite paper.
22
Lo, Momath, Mahamadou Seydou, Asma Bensghaïer, Rémy Pires, Diariatou Gningue-Sall, Jean-Jacques Aaron, Zineb Mekhalif, Joseph Delhalle, and Mohamed M. Chehimi. "Polypyrrole-Wrapped Carbon Nanotube Composite Films Coated on Diazonium-Modified Flexible ITO Sheets for the Electroanalysis of Heavy Metal Ions." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030580.
Full textAbstract:
Highly sensitive multicomponent materials designed for the recognition of hazardous compounds request control over interfacial chemistry. The latter is a key parameter in the construction of the sensing (macro) molecular architectures. In this work, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were deposited on diazonium-modified, flexible indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes prior to the electropolymerization of pyrrole. This three-step process, including diazonium electroreduction, the deposition of CNTs and electropolymerization, provided adhesively-bonded, polypyrrole-wrapped CNT composite coatings on aminophenyl-modified flexible ITO sheets. The aminophenyl (AP) groups were attached to ITO by electroreduction of the in-situ generated aminobenzenediazonium compound in aqueous, acidic medium. For the first time, polypyrrole (PPy) was electrodeposited in the presence of both benzenesulfonic acid (dopant) and ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), which acts as a chelator. The flexible electrodes were characterized by XPS, Raman and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which provided strong supporting evidence for the wrapping of CNTs by the electrodeposited PPy. Indeed, the CNT average diameter increased from 18 ± 2.6 nm to 27 ± 4.8, 35.6 ± 5.9 and 175 ± 20.1 after 1, 5 and 10 of electropolymerization of pyrrole, respectively. The PPy/CNT/NH2-ITO films generated by this strategy exhibit significantly improved stability and higher conductivity compared to a similar PPy coating without any embedded CNTs, as assessed by from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The potentiometric response was linear in the 10−8–3 × 10−7 mol L−1 Pb(II) concentration range, and the detection limit was 2.9 × 10−9 mol L−1 at S/N = 3. The EGTA was found to drastically improve selectivity for Pb(II) over Cu(II). To account for this improvement, the density functional theory (DFT) was employed to calculate the EGTA–metal ion interaction energy, which was found to be −374.6 and −116.4 kJ/mol for Pb(II) and Cu(II), respectively, considering solvation effects. This work demonstrates the power of a subtle combination of diazonium coupling agent, CNTs, chelators and conductive polymers to design high-performance electrochemical sensors for environmental applications.
23
Imahori, Hiroshi. "Preparation and Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterial/Fullerene Composites." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 8 (October 9, 2022): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-028645mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Bismuthene, an exfoliated two-dimensional material obtained from bulk bismuth, has drawn significant attention because of its unique electronic properties. Few-layered bismuthene (FLBi) with an average thickness of 1.0 nm was synthesized by the ball mill and sonication method. The FLBi film was fabricated onto a semiconducting SnO2 electrode by electrophoretic deposition (SnO2/FLBi). In the flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity measurement, the SnO2/FLBi film showed a rise of conductivity upon photoexcitation, supporting the occurrence of the electron injection from the photoexcited FLBi to the conduction band of SnO2. The SnO2/FLBi on a transparent fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode was used for photoelectrochemical devices. Photocurrents produced by the FTO/SnO2/FLBi electrode were larger than those produced by the FTO/SnO2 and FTO/FLBi electrodes because of the efficient electron injection. Moreover, FLBi was noncovalently functionalized with fullerene C60 in a mixed solvent of toluene and acetonitrile. Upon photoexcitation, the composite of FLBi and C60 exclusively led to the occurrence of photoinduced energy transfer from C60 to FLBi without generating the charge-separated state. These results give fundamental insights into the feasibility toward the construction of FLBi-based optoelectronic devices. Supramolecular composites consisting of fullerene C60 and carbon nanodiamond (ND) were prepared through spontaneous complexation of C60 aggregates onto the surface of ND aggregates in N-methylpyrrolidone. The resultant C60-ND composite was fabricated onto a nanostructured SnO2 electrode by an electrophoretic deposition method. Formation of the C60-ND composite was supported by dynamic light scattering and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The C60-ND composite on the SnO2 electrode revealed high incident photon-to-current efficiencies in the visible region in comparison with the single component system of C60 or ND. The enhanced photocurrent generation of the C60-ND composite may originate from the photoinduced charge separation at the interface between C60 and ND. These results will give important insight into the design of all-nanocarbon optoelectronic devices. [1] T. Umeyama, Y. Okawada, T. Ohara, and H. Imahori, Chem. Asian J., 14, 4042-4047 (2019). [2] T. Umeyama, H. Xu, T. Ohara, Y. Tsutsui, S. Seki, H. Imahori, J. Phys. Chem. C, 125, 13954-13962 (2021).
24
Pérez-Bueno, J. J., M. L. Mendoza López, K. M. Brieño Enriquez, J. Ledesma García, L. A. Godínez Mora-Tovar, and C. Angeles Chavez. "Hydrogen Storage Enhancement Attained by Fixation of Ti on MWNTs." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/801230.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays, hydrogen has a preponderant position among the potentially sustainable energy sources. Due to its power density, its storage is of main concern when considering a broad use in practical applications. Carbon nanotubes constitute promising candidates for the design and construction of hydrogen storage devices. This work explores the use of some procedures involving electrochemistry, aimed to bond atomic Ti on the outer surface of MWNTs. Each titanium atom has the potential of hosting two hydrogen molecules and relinquishing them by heating. Nevertheless, nanotubes are difficult to handle due to electrostatic charge and agglomeration, and in this context, two routes were tested as procedures to spread and stick nanotubes on an electrode: (1) a functionalization capable of attaching gold was tested in two forms, as either using 4 nm particles or a flat gold electrode. The fixation of Au particles was confirmed by HRTEM. (2) A simpler route that consisted on drying a CH2Cl2/nanotubes solution previously spread on a glassy carbon flat electrode. CH2Cl2was selected as the medium and TiCl4as the precursor for attaching atomic Ti to the nanotubes. The results revealed that hydrogen adsorption, estimated from voltamperometry, was five times higher on Ti-MWNTs than on bare nanotubes.
25
Chen, Yu Ming, Xin Yao Yu, Zhen Li, Ungyu Paik, and Xiong Wen (David) Lou. "Hierarchical MoS2 tubular structures internally wired by carbon nanotubes as a highly stable anode material for lithium-ion batteries." Science Advances 2, no. 7 (July 2016): e1600021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600021.
Full textAbstract:
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a typical two-dimensional material, is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries because it has three times the theoretical capacity of graphite. The main challenges associated with MoS2 anodes are the structural degradation and the low rate capability caused by the low intrinsic electric conductivity and large strain upon cycling. Here, we design hierarchical MoS2 tubular structures internally wired by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to tackle these problems. These porous MoS2 tubular structures are constructed from building blocks of ultrathin nanosheets, which are believed to benefit the electrochemical reactions. Benefiting from the unique structural and compositional characteristics, these CNT-wired MoS2 tubular structures deliver a very high specific capacity of ~1320 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, exceptional rate capability, and an ultralong cycle life of up to 1000 cycles. This work may inspire new ideas for constructing high-performance electrodes for electrochemical energy storage.
26
Hendawy, Hassan A. m., Hanan M. Elwy, and Amany M. Fekry. "ELECTROCHEMICAL AND CHEMOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF DORZOLAMIDE AND TIMOLOL IN EYE DROPS USING MODIFIED MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBE ELECTRODE." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 9 (July 13, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i9.18646.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: This work is focused on the construction of simple and sensitive electrochemical sensor for quantitative determination of dorzolamide (DOR) and timolol maleate (TIM). This method is based on the incorporation of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) into the carbon paste electrode which improve the characteristics of the electrode.Methods: The electrochemical response of modified electrode was based on voltammetric oxidation, using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The structural morphology of the surface modified electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Quantitative analysis for each of the two compounds in a mixture has been examined by using of chemometric tools for resolving overlapping signals. The prediction performance of the chemometric method was analyzed by principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square (PLS).Results: Fractional factorial design was constructed from set of synthetic mixtures of two drugs in concentration ranges of 0.05 to 1.6µg/ml for DOR and 1.5-20 µg/ml for TIM. Under optimum experimental conditions, DOR and TIM gave rectilinear response over the concentration range of 0.072-1.88 µg/ml and 1.16-20.84 µg/ml, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.098 and 1.025 µg/ml, for DOR and TIM, respectively. It found that the % of relative prediction error (RPE) was acceptable and satisfactory.Conclusion: In these work, for the first time, a new voltammetric simultaneous method developed for a rapid and efficient determination of DOR and TIM from eye dropper sample at nano modified electrode with satisfactory results. These results indicate that MWCNT holds great promise in practical application.
27
Triviño-Bolaños, Diego F., Gustavo A. López-Martínez, Rubén J. Camargo-Amado, and William H. Lizcano-Valbuena. "Development of a Passive Mini-Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell: Effect of Mea Assembly Parameters by Hot Pressure." Revista de Ciencias 17, no. 3 (October 18, 2014): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/rc.v17i3.482.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents preliminary results on the design, construction and evaluation of a passive mini direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC), capillary fed with 2 mol l-1 aqueous ethanol, at a rate of 2.03 μL min-1, and air oxygen in the cathode through an air vent. Parameters such as pressure, temperature and time of manufacturing a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) by hot-pressure were evaluated. As the electrode holder used a 0.25 cm2 carbon tissue which was deposited on the catalytic layer (C. L.) for both the anode (0.8 mg cm-2of PtRu/C) and the cathode (0.8 mg cm -2of Pt/C), Nafi on® 115 membranes were used as the electrolyte. The results show, an average power density of 302 μWcm2 under the best conditions used, a catalytic layer with a Nafi on percentage of 50% at 25 °C. A temperature of 125 °C, a pressure of 49.2 Kg/cm2, and 90 seconds duration were used to obtain the MEA.
28
Kumar, Praveen, Mohd Quasim Khan, Rais Ahmad Khan, Khursheed Ahmad, and Haekyoung Kim. "Hydrothermal Synthesis of MnO2/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite for 4-Nitrophenol Sensing Applications." Inorganics 10, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10120219.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, the electrochemical sensing approach has attracted materials/electrochemical scientists to design and develop electrode materials for the construction of electrochemical sensors for the detection of para-nitrophenol (4-NP). In the present study, we have prepared a hybrid composite of MnO2 and rGO (MnO2/rGO) using a hydrothermal approach. The morphological features of the prepared MnO2/rGO composite were studied by scanning electron microscopy, whereas the phase purity and formation of the MnO2/rGO composite were authenticated via the powder X-ray diffraction method. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was also employed to analyze the elemental composition of the prepared MnO2/rGO composite. In further studies, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with MnO2/rGO composite (MnO2/rGO/GCE) and explored as 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) sensor. The fabricated MnO2/rGO/GCE exhibited a reasonably good limit of detection of 0.09 µM with a sensitivity of 0.657 µA/µMcm2. The MnO2/rGO/GCE also demonstrates good selectivity, stability and repeatability in 50 cycles.
29
Guschin, Igor A. "DYNAMICS OF LAYER-BY-LAYER DESTRUCTION OF CARBON PLASTIC BY LIGHTNING CURRENTS: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2020-3-67-73.
Full textAbstract:
On the basis of two models of lightning currents spreading on carbon plastic, the criteria of material destruction are determined. One of the models – the anisotropic conductive medium model from the Laplace equation with specified Neumann boundary conditions – makes it possible to obtain an exact solution in the form of Bessel functions for longitudinal and transverse current densities and to consider the material destruction zones by the radius and the depth. The model adequately describes the experiment with different arrangement of electrodes simulating the passage of lightning currents on constructions made of conductive composite and metal. The second – the model of composite layered structure – is constructed using the diagram of carbon plastic substitution and makes it possible to find the distribution of currents by a numerical method. The results of the calculations for both models are well consistent. The dynamics analysis of carbon plastic destruction revealed the criteria of destruction with parameters of real carbon plastic and experiment data that do not contradict the parameters of carbon plastic destruction obtained in foreign experimental studies. These criteria allow to determine the dependence between the value of the current integral and the number of layers of the composite material. Options with a small number of layers and with a large one when the reach-through breakdown criterion is possible were taken into account. Comparison of calculated and experimental destruction data showed good curve matching. The obtained criteria make it possible to predict the effects of lightning exposure under different material parameters and to take measures to improve the lightning resistance of carbon plastic products at the stage of aircraft design.
30
Du, Jing, Lixin Wang, Jingmei Li, Lei Cao, Shijia Dang, and Xiujuan Qin. "Highly Active and Durable Nanostructured Ni-CNTs-HG Composite Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Production." Current Nanoscience 16, no. 2 (March 26, 2020): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413715666190717150739.
Full textAbstract:
Background: World energy crisis has triggered more attention to energy developing of clean energy carrier. To find simple, economical and effective hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts is one of the major challenges. Rational design and modification of electrocatalysts materials are of great importance for the development of low-cost and effective catalysts. Methods: Herein, we report a Ni-CNTs-HG/NF electrode catalyst, which is fabricated on the surface of Ni foam by electrodeposition technique. The fabrication strategy allows the construction of a composite architecture with the Ni foam morphology at the macro level, and the Ni nanoparticles supported by carbon nanotubes and Hydrophilic graphene nanosheets at the nanoscopic level. Results: Compared to NF electrocatalyst, the Ni-CNTs-HG/NF, the CNTs and HG sheets possess the largest electrocatalytic active surface area, providing Ni nanoparticles with catalytically active sites. The Ni-CNTs-HG/NF electrocatalyst exhibits better HER performance in alkaline electrolytes. Conclusion: The Ni-CNTs-HG cathode performs its activity under alkaline conditions with an overpotential i.e 56 and 227 mV at a current density of 10 and 100mAcm-2, which is much lower than that of Ni foam electrode (423 and 278 mV). The secret of the enhanced electrochemical activity lies in its interior structure by coupling metal nanoparticles with carbon materials.
31
Sendetskyi, Oles, Mark Salomons, Patricio Mendez, and Michael Fleischauer. "ConFlat cell for operando electrochemical X-ray studies of lithium-ion battery materials in commercially relevant conditions." Journal of Applied Crystallography 54, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 1416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576721008839.
Full textAbstract:
In situ and operando techniques play an important role in modern battery materials research and development. As materials characterization and application requirements advance, so too must the in situ/operando test methods and hardware. The effects of temperature, internal mechanical pressure and parasitic reactions due to, for example, cell sealing are critical for commercial scale-up but often overlooked in in situ/operando cell designs. An improved electrochemical operando cell for X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy using ConFlat-style flanges in combination with a beryllium window is presented. The cell is reusable and simple to fabricate and assemble, providing superior sealing, relevant and adjustable cell stack pressure, and reproducible charge/discharge cycling performance for short- and long-term experiments. Cell construction, electrochemical performance, and representative operando X-ray powder diffraction measurements with carbon and aluminium electrodes at temperatures between 303 and 393 K are provided. Operando electrochemical cell testing at high temperatures allows access to temperature-sensitive phase transitions and opens the way for analysis and development of new lithium-based cathode, anode and electrolyte materials for lithium-ion batteries.
32
Safavi, A., M. Pakniat, and N. Maleki. "Design and construction of a flow system for determination of Cu(II) ions in water by means of a chemically modified carbon paste electrode." Analytica Chimica Acta 335, no. 3 (December 1996): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(96)00369-8.
Full text
33
Hernández Ramírez, Daniel, Giaan Arturo Álvarez Romero, L. Humberto Mendoza Huizar, Carlos Andres Galan-Vidal, and Guadalupe Yoselin Aguilar-Lira. "Glucose Determination Using Non-Enzymatic Sensors Based on Fe2O3 Nanoparticles." ECS Transactions 106, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10601.0033ecst.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, Fe2O3 nanoparticles were used for the construction of a modified carbon paste electrode for the electrochemical determination of glucose in an alkaline solution. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used as a quantitative analytical technique and a Box-Behnken design to optimize the variables related to this technique. The Fe2O3-NPs/CPE sensor showed excellent electro-catalytic performance towards glucose oxidation with a wide linear range of 0.0003 mM - 0.7 mM, a detection limit of 4.42x10-5 mM, and a quantification limit of 1.47x10-4 mM. The sensor also showed good reproducibility and repeatability, excellent selectivity (in the presence of ascorbic acid, uric acid, lactose, caffeine, and paracetamol), and satisfactory applicability for glucose detection in commercial electrolyte drink and human urine samples. Fe2O3 nanostructures are promising for the development of effective non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for glucose determination in complex samples.
34
Ahmad, Mashkoor, Amjad Nisar, and Hongyu Sun. "Emerging Trends in Non-Enzymatic Cholesterol Biosensors: Challenges and Advancements." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12110955.
Full textAbstract:
The development of a highly sensitive and selective non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensor for precise and accurate determination of multiple disease biomarkers has always been challenging and demanding. The synthesis of novel materials has provided opportunities to fabricate dependable biosensors. In this perspective, we have presented and discussed recent challenges and technological advancements in the development of non-enzymatic cholesterol electrochemical biosensors and recent research trends in the utilization of functional nanomaterials. This review gives an insight into the electrochemically active nanomaterials having potential applications in cholesterol biosensing, including metal/metal oxide, mesoporous metal sulfide, conductive polymers, and carbon materials. Moreover, we have discussed the current strategies for the design of electrode material and key challenges for the construction of an efficient cholesterol biosensor. In addition, we have also described the current issues related to sensitivity and selectivity in cholesterol biosensing.
35
Wang, Pengfei, Zhe Gong, Ke Ye, Vipin Kumar, Kai Zhu, Linna Sha, Jun Yan, et al. "Design and construction of a three‐dimensional electrode with biomass‐derived carbon current collector and water‐soluble binder for high‐sulfur‐loading lithium‐sulfur batteries." Carbon Energy 2, no. 4 (June 2, 2020): 635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cey2.49.
Full text
36
MIKHALCHENKOV, ALEKSANDR M. "TECHNICAL CONDITION AND WEAR OF THE LEFT-SIDE KNIVES OF PSKU-SERIES SPEED PLOWS, METHODS OF BRAKING AND WEAR MINIMIZING." Agricultural engineering, no. 6 (2021): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2021-6-56-61.
Full textAbstract:
High-speed plowing forces signifi cant changes in the design of the working elements of the plow. Such changes greatly aff ected the wear pattern and, consequently, called for modifi ed technical processes of restoring and strengthening. The working body design includes a plowshare, the function of which is performed by the left-side knife. The research purpose was to control the technical condition of the above-mentioned parts of the PSKu-series plow; study the geometry, location, and magnitude of wear; and develop restoration and hardening technologies. The residual values of thickness and width were used as the criteria for wear since they infl uence the recovery method. These values were controlled by standard measuring instruments – calipers and height gauges. The hardness measured by the Rockwell method (HRC) was used as a criterion for the mechanical properties of the construction material. Studies have shown that the wear on the working surfaces has a rather complex geometry, which is associated with the specifi cs of the force action of the soil. This defect should be eliminated because the probability of extreme wear in thickness increases when the part rotates. The authors proposed that the wear on the left-side knife should be eliminated by patching with a low-carbon electrode and subsequent hardening with surfacing reinforcement. It has been experimentally established that the wear amounts to about 7 mm in thickness and no more than 8 mm in width for a knife with a 45…54 HRC blade. The wear is caused by a hard-facing layer with a hardness of 73…74 HRC on the backside. High-quality heat treatment ensures an increased resistance of the part to abrasive wear. For left-side knives, it is expedient to apply electrode surfacing with a low-carbon rod and the subsequent hardening by surfacing reinforcement.
37
Zhang, Yuxuan, Thomas Kivevele, Han Wook Song, and Sunghwan Lee. "(Digital Presentation) Accelerating the Conversion Process of Polysulfides in High Mass Loading Sulfur Cathode for the Longevity Li-S Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012383mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Conventional lithium-ion batteries are unable to meet the increasing demands for high-energy storage systems, because of their limited theoretical capacity.1 In recent years, intensive attention has been paid to enhancing battery energy storage capability to satisfy the increasing energy demand in modern society and reduce the average energy capacity cost. Among the candidates for next generation high energy storage systems, the lithium sulfur battery is especially attractive because of its high theoretical specific energy (around 2600 W h kg-1) and potential cost reduction. In addition, sulfur is a cost effective and environmentally friendly material due to its abundance and low-toxicity. 2 Despite all of these advantages, the practical application of lithium sulfur batteries to date has been hindered by a series of obstacles, including low active material loading, poor cycle life, and sluggish sulfur conversion kinetics.3 Achieving high mass loading cathode in the traditional 2D planar thick electrode has been challenged. The high distorsion of the traditional planar thick electrodes for ion/electron transfer leads to the limited utilization of active materials and high resistance, which eventually results in restricted energy density and accelerated electrode failure.4 Furthermore, of the electrolyte to pores in the cathode and utilization ratio of active materials. Catalysts such as MnO2 and Co dopants were employed to accelerate the sulfur conversion reaction during the charge and discharge process.5 However, catalysts based on transition metals suffer from poor electronic conductivity. Other catalysts such as transition metal dopants are also limited due to the increased process complexities. . In addition, the severe shuttle effects in Li-S batteries may lead to fast failures of the battery. Constructing a protection layer on the separator for limiting the transmission of soluble polysulfides is considered an effective way to eliminate the shuttle phenomenon. However, the soluble sulfides still can largely dissolve around the cathode side causing the sluggish reaction condition for sulfur conversion.5 To mitigate the issues above, herein we demonstrate a novel sulfur electrode design strategy enabled by additive manufacturing and oxidative vapor deposition (oCVD). Specifically, the electrode is strategically designed into a hierarchal hollow structure via stereolithography technique to increase sulfur usage. The active material concentration loaded to the battery cathode is controlled precisely during 3D printing by adjusting the number of printed layers. Owing to its freedom in geometry and structure, the suggested design is expected to improve the Li ions and electron transport rate considerably, and hence, the battery power density. The printed cathode is sintered at 700 °C at N2 atmosphere to achieve carbonization of the cathode during which intrinsic carbon defects (e.g., pentagon carbon) as catalytic defect sites are in-situ generated on the cathode. The intrinsic carbon defects equipped with adequate electronic conductivity. The sintered 3D cathode is then transferred to the oCVD chamber for depositing a thin PEDOT layer as a protection layer to restrict dissolutions of sulfur compounds in the cathode. Density functional theory calculation reveals the electronic state variance between the structures with and without defects, the structure with defects demonstrates the higher kinetic condition for sulfur conversion. To further identify the favorable reaction dynamic process, the in-situ XRD is used to characterize the transformation between soluble and insoluble polysulfides, which is the main barrier in the charge and discharge process of Li-S batteries. The results show the oCVD coated 3D printed sulfur cathode exhibits a much higher kinetic process for sulfur conversion, which benefits from the highly tailored hierarchal hollow structure and the defects engineering on the cathode. Further, the oCVD coated 3D printed sulfur cathode also demonstrates higher stability during long cycling enabled by the oCVD PEDOT protection layer, which is verified by an absorption energy calculation of polysulfides at PEDOT. Such modeling and analysis help to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms that govern cathode performance and degradation in Li-S batteries. The current study also provides design strategies for the sulfur cathode as well as selection approaches to novel battery systems. References: Bhargav, A., (2020). Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Attaining the Critical Metrics. Joule 4, 285-291. Chung, S.-H., (2018). Progress on the Critical Parameters for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries to be Practically Viable. Advanced Functional Materials 28, 1801188. Peng, H.-J.,(2017). Review on High-Loading and High-Energy Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. Advanced Energy Materials 7, 1700260. Chu, T., (2021). 3D printing‐enabled advanced electrode architecture design. Carbon Energy 3, 424-439. Shi, Z., (2021). Defect Engineering for Expediting Li–S Chemistry: Strategies, Mechanisms, and Perspectives. Advanced Energy Materials 11. Figure 1
38
Chen, Jinping, Xianyun Peng, Lida Song, Lihan Zhang, Xijun Liu, and Jun Luo. "Facile synthesis of Al-doped NiO nanosheet arrays for high-performance supercapacitors." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 11 (November 2018): 180842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180842.
Full textAbstract:
Electrode material design is the key to the development of asymmetric supercapacitors with high electrochemical performances and stability. In this work, Al-doped NiO nanosheet arrays were synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method followed by a calcination process, and the synthesized arrays exhibited a superior pseudocapacitive performance, including a favourable specific capacitance of 2253 ± 105 F g −1 at a current density of 1 A g −1 , larger than that of an undoped NiO electrode (1538 ± 80 F g −1 ). More importantly, the arrays showed a high-rate capability (75% capacitance retention at 20 A g −1 ) and a high cycling stability (approx. 99% maintained after 5000 cycles). The above efficient capacitive performance benefits from the large electrochemically active area and enhanced conductivity of the arrays. Furthermore, an assembled asymmetric supercapacitor based on the Al-doped NiO arrays and N-doped multiwalled carbon nanotube ones delivered a high specific capacitance of 192 ± 23 F g −1 at 0.4 A g −1 with a high-energy density of 215 ± 15 Wh kg −1 and power density of 21.6 kW kg −1 . Additionally, the asymmetric device exhibited a durable cyclic stability (approx. 100% retention after 5000 cycles). This work with the proposed doping method will be beneficial to the construction of high-performance supercapacitor systems.
39
Kumar, R. Ranjith, S. Thanigaivel, Nibedita Dey, A. K. Priya, Alagar Karthick, V. Mohanavel, S. Kannadhasan, M. Muhibbullah, and Sameh M. Osman. "Performance Evaluation of Cyclic Stability and Capacitance of Manganese Oxide Modified Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Potential Supercapacitor Applications." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (January 22, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7352246.
Full textAbstract:
Supercapacitors are a revolutionary type of energy storage device. They must be able to charge and discharge quickly while maintaining a high energy density. A storage material’s cyclic stability is a desirable feature. The type of electrode materials employed for the specific study design affects supercapacitor performance. Manganese dioxide has long been regarded as one of the best and most abundant materials in nature, having a potentially high specific capacitance. They also offer a wider potential range, more electroactivity, and are more environmentally friendly. However, because of its decreased volume expansion and low conductivity, it is difficult to use as a capacitor material. As a result, carbon-based porous films and supports can be employed to produce critical composites to overcome the current shortcoming. These nanoparticle-based materials will have improved electrical conductivity and a large surface area. Graphene oxide (GO) has a high surface area, thermal stability, and porosity. As an electrode material, many types of MnO2/carbon-based materials have been widely used in supercapacitors. Their overall performance is influenced by their construction processes, metal ratios, electrolyte medium, and voltage factors. Microwave technology was chosen as a cost-efficient and effective alternative to expensive and laborious techniques for fabricating MnO2/GO composites. The production procedure of a supercapacitor has been explored in this study using MnO2-GO composite materials. Using the electrochemical deposition process, the nanocomposite materials of MnO2-GO are significantly deposited on the stainless steel (SS) substrate material. Galvanostatic charge-discharge techniques and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analytical methods were used to investigate the storage and cycle ability of supercapacitors. The composite MnO2-GO supercapacitor has a higher electrochemical capacitance based on these findings.
40
Mersal, Gaber A. M., Hamdy S. El-Sheshtawy, Mohammed A. Amin, Nasser Y. Mostafa, Amine Mezni, Sarah Alharthi, Rabah Boukherroub, and Mohamed M. Ibrahim. "Simultaneous Hydrolysis and Detection of Organophosphate by Benzimidazole Containing Ligand-Based Zinc(II) Complexes." Crystals 11, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060714.
Full textAbstract:
The agricultural use of organophosphorus pesticides is a widespread practice with significant advantages in crop health and product yield. An undesirable consequence is the contamination of soil and groundwater by these neurotoxins resulting from over application and run-off. Here, we design and synthesize the mononuclear zinc(II) complexes, namely, [Zn(AMB)2Cl](ClO4) 1 and [Zn(AMB)2(OH)](ClO4) 2 (AMB = 2-aminomethylbenzimidazole), as artificial catalysts inspired by phosphotriesterase (PTE) for the hydrolysis of organophosphorus compounds (OPs) and simultaneously detect the organophosphate pesticides such as fenitrothion and parathion. Spectral and DFT (B3LYP/Lanl2DZ) calculations revealed that complexes 1 and 2 have a square-pyramidal environment around zinc(II) centers with coordination chromophores of ZnN4Cl and ZnN4O, respectively. Both 1 and 2 were used as a modifier in the construction of a biomimetic sensor for the determination of toxic OPs, fenitrothion and parathion, in phosphate buffer by square wave voltammetry. The hydrolysis of OPs using 1 or 2 generates p-nitrophenol, which is subsequently oxidized at the surface of the modified carbon past electrode. The catalytic activity of 2 was higher than 1, which is attributed to the higher electronegativity of the former. The oxidation peak potentials of p-nitrophenol were obtained at +0.97 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and +0.88 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) using square wave voltammetry. Several parameters were investigated to evaluate the performance of the biomimetic sensor obtained after the incorporation of zinc(II) complex 1 and 2 on a carbon paste electrode (CPE). The calibration curve showed a linear response ranging between 1.0 μM (0.29 ppm) and 5.5 μM (1.6 ppm) for fenitrothion and 1.0 μM (0.28 ppm) and 0.1 μM (0.028 ppm) for parathion with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.08 μM (0.022 ppm) and 0.51 μM (0.149 ppm) for fenitrothion and parathion, respectively. The obtained results clearly demonstrated that the CPE modified by 1 and 2 has a remarkable electrocatalytic activity towards the hydrolysis of OPs under optimal conditions.
41
Nikulin, S. A., S. O. Rogachev, V. A. Belov, A. A. Komissarov, V. Yu Turilina, N. V. Shplis, and Yu A. Nikolaev. "Influence of long-term high-temperature action on impact toughness of base metal and weld metal of 22K steel welded joint." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, no. 7 (August 28, 2021): 498–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-7-498-509.
Full textAbstract:
One of the applications of construction low-carbon 22K steel (AISI 1022 type) is as a material for the vessel of a core catcher (CC) for nuclear power plants with VVER reactors. In the event of severe beyond design basis accident, the CC-vessel will be under conditions of prolonged hightemperature impacts, which can significantly change the structural state and lead to degradation of mechanical properties of the vessel material. Data on the effect of such actions on the mechanical properties and fracture resistance of welds (the properties of which usually differ from those of the base metal) from low-carbon steels are very limited in the literature. This makes it difficult to guarantee the reliability and safety prediction of CC. The purpose of this work was to carry out the comparative Charpy V-notch impact tests of the samples of base metal and weld metal of the 22K steel welded joint before and after long-term high-temperature heat treatment, simulating the thermal effect on the reactor vessel material of nuclear power plants during severe accidents. Welded joints of 22K steel sheets were obtained by the method of automatic argon-arc welding with a consumable electrode (welding wire SV-08G2S was used) in accordance with PNAE G-7-009–89. Based on the test results, the ductile–brittle transition curves were plotted and analysis of fracture surfaces after tests was carried out. The influence of structural factors on the impact toughness has been studied. It is shown that prolonged high-temperature exposure leads to an increase in the temperatures of beginning and end of the ductile-brittle transition by 30 – 50 °C and to the expansion of range of the ductile-brittle transition temperature by 15 – 25 °C of both base metal and weld metal of the welded joint.
42
Brechelt, Sascha, Philipp Neef, Henning Wiche, and Volker Wesling. "Spot weld bonding − process behavior of three-sheet steel stack‑ups and analysis strategies with online measuring methods." Manufacturing Review 7 (2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2019029.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the increased demands for reducing CO2 emissions, improving fuel efficiency of modern vehicles has been continuously monitored. The body of a typical compact car design has a weight share of approx. 40%. In addition to increasing torsional stiffness and crash safety of the body, the aim is also to reduce the overall weight at the same time. In order to achieve these individual requirements, the use of three-sheet steel stack-ups with adhesive applications for car body construction is one of the current strategies used in automobile manufacturing. Adhesive applications lead to a change in process behavior of resistance spot welding. The effective weldability lobe is reduced and an adjusted preheat current is necessary to reconstitute the weldability of a component. Depending on squeeze time and electrode force the adhesive will be displaced. For an asymmetric sheet stack-up, the electrical resistance for every faying surface is highly differentiated. During welding, a specific characteristic of the electrical resistance is created for each individual material combination. These characteristics can be analyzed by using an online measurement device. In this manuscript, different sheet stack-ups are examined with regard to their weldability lobes and their process behavior. The individual three-sheet steel stack-ups used are made of low carbon steel (DX51), HSLA-steel (HX340) and UHS-steel (22MnB5). The corresponding characteristics of electrical resistance will be recorded by using an online measurement device. In addition, the process of adhesive displacement during the squeeze time and the initial welding current are discussed on the basis of the electrical energy generated in the component to be welded. The obtained results contribute to a direct verification of the welding process and an automatic detection of possible imperfect welds.
43
Wang, Yu, and Hong Zhang. "Industrialized Precast Construction Low Carbon Design Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.445.
Full textAbstract:
Adopting prefabricated industrial manufacturing technology can save resources and materials, reduce the adverse impact of the construction waste and construction on the environment. To meet the national currently established building energy conservation and emissions reduction target, realize the whole life process of low carbon technology index, developing industrialization of prefabricated construction industry is an effective way. By analyzing the industrialized precast building lifecycle carbon emissions, all of them, and finally from the design point of low carbon control methods are put forward.
44
Venton, B. Jill, Qun Cao, and Pumidech Puthongkham. "(Invited) New Carbon Electrodes for Neurochemistry." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2019-02, no. 55 (September 1, 2019): 2419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2019-02/55/2419.
Full textAbstract:
Carbon-fiber microelectrodes are the standard for neurochemical measurements, but improvements can be made for both sensitivity and spatial resolution. In this talk, I will cover how principles of thin layer cell electrochemistry are driving the design of new carbon electrodes. Specifically, electrodes that have roughness on the micron scale or cavities that trap dopamine are useful for enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of electrodes. Three examples will be discussed, CNT yarn electrodes, cavity carbon nanopipettes, and 3D printed electrodes. These examples show how new technology, combined with a fundamental understanding of electrochemistry, is pushing development of better electrodes for neurochemistry.
45
Luna, Adriel Phillip, Franz Kevin B. Manalo, and Emmanuel A. Florido. "Design and Implementation of Microbial Fuel Cell Using Carbon Paste Electrode." Key Engineering Materials 775 (August 2018): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.775.350.
Full textAbstract:
This study was conducted to design and implement microbial fuel cells (MFC) using graphite and carbon paste electrode to harness electricity from sewage water. The effect of the number of anodic graphite electrodes and concentration of zinc acetate on the voltage output was investigated. One-way ANOVA at 5% level of significance showed that there is no significant difference between the number of graphite electrodes and the voltage output of the MFC. The zinc acetate concentrations used were 0.005M, 0.01N, 0.02M, and 0.04M. Result showed that there was no significant difference using the 0.005M, 0.01M, and 0.04M zinc acetate concentration. The Tukey simultaneous comparison revealed that 0.02M MFC exhibited a significant difference in the voltage output compared to the other concentrations. The study showed that carbon paste electrodes can be utilized in MFC as an alternative to other electrodes that are commonly used.
46
Paucar, N. Evelin, and Chikashi Sato. "An Overview of Microbial Fuel Cells within Constructed Wetland for Simultaneous Nutrient Removal and Power Generation." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 6841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186841.
Full textAbstract:
Water, energy, and food are indispensable for sustainable economic development. Despite nutrients, especially phosphorus and nitrogen, being essential for plant growth and thus food supplies, those present in wastewater are considered an environmental burden. While microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are receiving much interest, combining wastewater treatment with an MFC has emerged as an option for low-cost wastewater treatment. Among others, a constructed wetland (CW) coupled with an MFC (CW-MFC) has the potential to provide a low carbon footprint and low-energy wastewater treatment, as well as nutrient and energy recovery from wastewater. Findings from this review show that the organic and nutrient removal and power generation by the integrated CW-MFC systems are affected by a number of factors including the organic loading rate, hydraulic retention time, system design, plant species, dissolved oxygen, substrate/media type, influent feeding mode, electrode materials and spacing, and external resistance. This review aims to summarize the current state of the CW-MFC and related technologies with particular emphasis on organic and nutrient removal, as well as on the bioenergy recovery from different wastewaters. Despite the benefits that these technologies can offer, the interactive mechanisms between the CW and MFC in the integrated system are still unclear. Further research is needed to fully understand the CW-MFC and related systems. The results of this work provide not only an overview and insight into existing knowledge but also the future direction of the CW-MFC technologies.
47
Yin, Pengfei, Yang Liu, Lin Xiao, and Chao Zhang. "Advanced Metallic and Polymeric Coatings for Neural Interfacing: Structures, Properties and Tissue Responses." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 2834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162834.
Full textAbstract:
Neural electrodes are essential for nerve signal recording, neurostimulation, neuroprosthetics and neuroregeneration, which are critical for the advancement of brain science and the establishment of the next-generation brain–electronic interface, central nerve system therapeutics and artificial intelligence. However, the existing neural electrodes suffer from drawbacks such as foreign body responses, low sensitivity and limited functionalities. In order to overcome the drawbacks, efforts have been made to create new constructions and configurations of neural electrodes from soft materials, but it is also more practical and economic to improve the functionalities of the existing neural electrodes via surface coatings. In this article, recently reported surface coatings for neural electrodes are carefully categorized and analyzed. The coatings are classified into different categories based on their chemical compositions, i.e., metals, metal oxides, carbons, conducting polymers and hydrogels. The characteristic microstructures, electrochemical properties and fabrication methods of the coatings are comprehensively presented, and their structure–property correlations are discussed. Special focus is given to the biocompatibilities of the coatings, including their foreign-body response, cell affinity, and long-term stability during implantation. This review article can provide useful and sophisticated insights into the functional design, material selection and structural configuration for the next-generation multifunctional coatings of neural electrodes.
48
Nguyen, Tu N., and Cao-Thang Dinh. "Gas diffusion electrode design for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction." Chemical Society Reviews 49, no. 21 (2020): 7488–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cs00230e.
Full text
49
MAALOUF, R., H. CHEBIB, Y. SAIKALI, O. VITTORI, M. SIGAUD, F. GARRELIE, C. DONNET, and N. JAFFREZICRENAULT. "Characterization of different diamond-like carbon electrodes for biosensor design." Talanta 72, no. 1 (April 15, 2007): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2006.10.025.
Full text
50
Dan, Yihua, Zhanlong Zhang, Yiqiao Li, Jun Deng, and Jing Zou. "Novel Grounding Electrode Model with Axial Construction Space Consideration." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 4765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244765.
Full textAbstract:
Grounding electrodes are used to ensure safe operation of electrical apparatus. The limited axial construction space for grounding electrodes is a significant constraining factor. Grounding performance will attenuate rapidly under the influence of the reduced length of horizontal or vertical grounding electrodes. However, if additional resistance-reducing measures are adopted, the operation and maintenance cost of grounding electrodes will considerably increase. To solve above problem, this study proposed a novel grounding model that uses a helical grounding electrode to improve grounding performance within limited axial construction space. Firstly, a calculation model of finite element methods (FEM) is built based on the concept of increasing the contact area between the grounding electrodes and the soil. Grounding performance parameters of helical grounding electrodes, grounding resistance, electrical potential rise (EPR) distribution and maximum touch voltage, are analyzed. At the same time, structural parameters and buried depth for the helical grounding electrodes are studied and the optimal design criteria for the parameters are given. Results show that the helical grounding electrode exhibits better grounding performance in a limited axial construction area.