Relevant bibliographies by topics / Electrodes, Carbon – Design and construction

Academic literature on the topic 'Electrodes, Carbon – Design and construction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Electrodes, Carbon – Design and construction"

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Tian, Chengxiang, Juwei Wu, Zheng Ma, Bo Li, Pengcheng Li, Xiaotao Zu, and Xia Xiang. "Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS2/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (November 14, 2019): 2251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.217.

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We report a simple one-step hydrothermal strategy for the fabrication of a C-MoS2/rGO composite with both large surface area and high porosity for the use as advanced electrode material in lithium–sulfur batteries. Double modified defect-rich MoS2 nanosheets are successfully prepared by introducing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and amorphous carbon. The conductibility of the cathodes can be improved through the combination of amorphous carbon and rGO, which could also limit the dissolution of polysulfides. After annealing at different temperatures, it is found that the C-MoS2/rGO-6-S composite annealed at 600 °C yields a noticeably enhanced performance of lithium–sulfur batteries, with a high specific capacity of 572 mAh·g−1 at 0.2C after 550 cycles, and 551 mAh·g−1 even at 2C, much better than that of MoS2-S nanosheets (249 mAh·g−1 and 149 mAh·g−1) and C-MoS2/rGO-S composites (334 mAh·g−1 and 382 mAh·g−1). Our intended electrode design protocol and annealing process may pave the way for the construction of other high-performance metal disulfide electrodes for electrochemical energy storage.
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Mardani, Leila, Mohammad Taghi Vardini, Moosa Es'haghi, and Ebrahim Ghorbani Kalhor. "Design and construction of a carbon paste electrode modified with molecularly imprinted polymer-grafted nanocomposites for the determination of thyroxin in biological samples." Analytical Methods 12, no. 3 (2020): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay02030f.

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Michalkiewicz, Slawomir, Agata Skorupa, and Magdalena Jakubczyk. "Carbon Materials in Electroanalysis of Preservatives: A Review." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 11, 2021): 7630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247630.

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Electrochemical sensors in electroanalysis are a particularly useful and relatively simple way to identify electroactive substances. Among the materials used to design sensors, there is a growing interest in different types of carbon. This is mainly due to its non-toxic properties, low cost, good electrical conductivity, wide potential range, and the possibility of using it in both aqueous and nonaqueous media. The electrodes made of carbon, and especially of carbon modified with different materials, are currently most often used in the voltammetric analysis of various compounds, including preservatives. The objective of this paper is to present the characteristics and suitability of different carbon materials for the construction of working electrodes used in the voltammetric analysis. Various carbon materials were considered and briefly discussed. Their analytical application was presented on the example of the preservatives commonly used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical preparations. It was shown that for the electroanalysis of preservatives, mainly carbon electrodes modified with various modifiers are used. These modifications ensure appropriate selectivity, high sensitivity, low limits of detection and quantification, as well as a wide linearity range of voltammetric methods of their identification and determination.
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Landon, James, Lindsay Boehme, Alan Rassoolkhani, Collin Dunn, Jeffrey Rentschler, Elliott Rushing, and Cameron Lippert. "Design of Electrochemical Cells for Targeted Metals Removal Using Carbon Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 27 (October 9, 2022): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02271048mtgabs.

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Selective separations are needed in a wide variety of industrial and commercial applications where discharge to publicly owned treatment works (POTW) requires certain metals concentrations to be sufficiently low to protect public health and the surrounding environment. Metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) represent a non-exhaustive list of compounds requiring removal for discharge regulations. Typically, coagulants such as iron and aluminum combined with precipitation chemistry or ion exchange processes are used to meet these regulations.1 However, these methods are not particularly selective and can produce sizable sludge waste that must be disposed of properly. Size-selective membranes are one alternative approach, but the pretreatment requirements for these membranes further complicates the water treatment process. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging water treatment option as well with notable advances in recent years, but it currently lacks the selectivity needed for many industrial streams.2 Therefore, alternative methods are being sought to realize these separations. The use of electrochemical processes offers a number of benefits such as a defined interface for interaction with the metal of interest, the ability to modulate the interface easily and quickly through changes in localized voltage, use of the electrical current to monitor system conditions, and the in situ generation of chemical species that can aid in the separation. Of particular interest in a wide variety of industrial applications is the removal or Cu from water being discharged to the POTW. Cu is found in waste streams emanating from electroplating, electronics, semiconductor, and battery manufacturing operations. While coagulation approaches mentioned above can often be used to meet effluent regulations, metal recovery through an electrochemical process can be highly effective and efficient, reaching current efficiencies in excess of 95% in many applications. The ability to plate Cu at a cathode under highly localized conditions affords the removal of Cu down to levels <100 ppb. Electrowinning has been used for over a century in the creation of purified metals such as Cu, so the concept is not entirely new, but the design of electrode materials and overall cell construction capable of removing Cu to such low concentrations in streams that have conductivities <1 mS/cm opens up new avenues for water treatment in industrial and commercial waste. In this talk, electrochemical cell design and operation as well as feed water conditions will be reviewed towards the development of selective metal removal technologies. Copper removal will be highlighted as an example, but the concept will also be applied to other metals of interest, demonstrating the more ubiquitous nature of the approach. References: Azimi, A. Azari, M. Rezakazemi and M. Ansarpour, Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewaters: A Review, ChemBioEng Reviews, 4, 37-59 (2017). Gao, A. Omosebi, J. Landon, and K. Liu, Energy Environ. Sci., 8 (3), 897-909 (2015). Boehme, C. Lippert, and J. Landon. “Faradaic Porosity Cell.” U.S. Patent 16/520,340 & PCT/US2019/043129, filed July 23, 2019. Figure 1
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Chittur K, Subramaniam, and Muthuraja S. "Design and Simulation of methanol sensing devices using DMFC technology." MRS Proceedings 1774 (2015): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.746.

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ABSTRACTDirect Methanol Fuel Cell, DMFC, technology, can be used for fabrication of sensors for volatile organic compounds like alcohols. A fundamental limitation in DMFC is methanol crossover. In this process methanol diffuses from the anode through the electrolyte to the cathode, where it reacts directly with the oxygen and produces no electrical current from the cell. This also results in poisoning of the cathode catalysts. The designed and fabrication of the sensor is by means of micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication technology with electrochemical inputs. To achieve this we have used a passive mode design protocol using COMSOL Multiphysics. The design and simulation would involve optimization of various parameters, in the construction of the cell. We can optimize the overall power density and hence the sensitivity of the sensor by the modification of various parameters like the area of the working electrodes, separation distance and the electrode-electrolyte interface. A passive mode design protocol, for a cm cell area, using various parametric functions, and interfacing Darcy’s law of fluidic flow through a porous medium, under specific pressure and temperature, was applied. The designing involves the construction of gas diffusion layers using carbon cloth for anode and cathode with various parametric variations. Nafion membrane was selected as proton exchange membrane for the construction with different interface structure to analyze the sensor’s performance. Platinum and various alloy catalysts like Pt-Ru, Pt-Fe, Pt-Sn and Pt-Mo was chosen as the working catalysts. The parametric functions of the cell were optimized for ampherometric detection. It is proposed to design a MEMS based sensor with microfludic interconnects and its response characteristics will be studied.
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Di-Oliveira, Marina, Raquel G. Rocha, Lucas V. de Faria, Eduardo M. Richter, and Rodrigo A. A. Munoz. "Carbon-Black Integrated Polylactic Acid Electrochemical Sensor for Chloramphenicol Determination in Milk and Water Samples." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 047517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac6454.

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Extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising technology for the construction of electrochemical devices and some features can be highlighted such as low-cost, versatility, large-scale production, fast prototyping in varied designs and availability of conductive filaments. Herein, we show the detection of chloramphenicol (CAP) in milk and tap water samples using carbon-black integrated polylactic acid (CB/PLA) electrodes fabricated by combining a 3D pen and 3D-printed substrates. The electrode surface activated in basic medium provided a considerable improvement of CAP response (12-fold) due to the removal of PLA and consequent higher exposure of conductive sites. Differential-pulse voltammetric measurements exploring the reduction of the nitro group of CAP at −0.45 V (vs. Ag∣AgCl∣KCl(sat.)) were performed. A wide linear range (10–331 μmol L−1, r = 0.998) with a detection limit of 0.98 μmol L−1 was obtained with a precision of 5.1% (n = 10). Tap water and milk samples were spiked with known amounts of CAP and analyzed by the standard-addition method. Recovery values between 88–93% demonstrated that sample matrix did not interfere on the CAP determination. Therefore, this work shows a promising tool for low-cost construction of electrodes for CAP detection in food and environmental samples which can be extended to other antibiotics.
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Yun, Jonghyeok, Hong Rim Shin, Eun-Seo Won, and Jong-Won Lee. "Li Metal Storage in Porous Carbon Frameworks: Effect of Li–Substrate Interaction." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 4 (July 7, 2022): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-014529mtgabs.

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Lithium-metal electrodes are of particular interest for next-generation rechargeable batteries because of their high specific capacity and low redox potential. Therefore, Li-metal-based batteries may afford higher energy densities than commercially available Li-ion batteries with graphite anodes. However, various bottlenecks have hampered the commercial development of these batteries, including uncontrolled Li dendrite formation and huge volume changes during cycling. Consequently, Li-metal batteries suffer from low Coulombic efficiency and poor cycling stability. In recent years, there has been extensive research on the design and construction of three-dimensional (3D) porous electrodes that can host metallic Li. However, the low pore utilization and uneven Li plating remain crucial issues. This can be understood in terms of electronic and ionic transport through the framework electrode. The carbon frameworks exhibit high electronic conductance; however, large resistance to Li+ migration in the electrolytes of internal and interparticle pores inhibits the penetration of Li+ deep into the electrode. In this work, we demonstrate that a strong interaction between Li and a lithiophilic nanolayer on a substrate plays a critical role in enhancing pore utilization in carbon framework electrodes. As a model architecture, we examine a Li storage process in a framework electrode consisting of porous carbon derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and a galvanically displaced Ag layer on a Cu substrate (Cu@Ag). The electrochemical experiments combined with operando XRD measurements and microstructural characterizations suggest that a lithiophilic Ag on the Cu substrate preferentially reacts with Li+ to form Li x Ag during the initial stage of Li plating. This Li x Ag phase acts as a seed that can regulate the subsequent Li plating, promoting confined Li storage in the carbon framework electrode while suppressing top plating. Because of these advantages, the MOF-C framework electrode on Cu@Ag exhibits better cycling stability (>250 cycles) than the MOF-C framework electrode on Cu (140cycles). However, when the thickness of the MOF-C framework is increased to 90 μm, the diffraction peak for Ag remains dominant throughout Li plating-stripping, and the formation of Li x Ag alloys is not clearly detectable in the diffraction patterns, suggesting that only a limited amount of Ag is involved in the alloying reaction with Li+. Based on the computational studies, the efficacy of lithiophilic layers toward improving pore utilization is discussed in terms of the kinetic competition between Li+ transport through porous channels and the interfacial reaction of Li+ with the substrate. This study conveys an important message that the Li-substrate interaction plays a vital role in promoting the confined Li storage; hence, it should be considered a key design factor for porous carbon frameworks with high capacity and long cycle lifetime. References Yun, H. R. Shin, E.-S. Won, H. C. Kang, J.-W. Lee, Confined Li metal storage in porous carbon frameworks promoted by strong Li-substrate interaction, Chem. Eng. J. 430 (2022) 132897. Jin, Y. Ye, Y. Niu, Y. Xu, H. Jin, J. Wang, Z. Sun, A. Cao, X. Wu, Y. Luo, H. Ji, L. J. Wan, Solid-solution-based metal alloy phase for highly reversible lithium metal anode, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 (2020) 8818–8826. Kim, J. Lee, J. Yun, S.H. Choi, S.A. Han, J. Moon, J.H. Kim, J.-W. Lee, M.-S. Park, Functionality of dual-phase lithium storage in a porous carbon host for lithium-metal anode, Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 (2020) 1910538.
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Li, Kainan, Ke Zheng, Zhifang Zhang, Kuan Li, Ziyao Bian, Qian Xiao, Kuangjian Zhao, et al. "Three-dimensional graphene encapsulated hollow CoSe2-SnSe2 nanoboxes for high performance asymmetric supercapacitors." Nanotechnology 33, no. 16 (January 24, 2022): 165602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac487a.

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Abstract Construction of metal selenides with a large specific surface area and a hollow structure is one of the effective methods to improve the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. However, the nano-material easily agglomerates due to the lack of support, resulting in the loss of electrochemical performance. Herein, we successfully design a three-dimensional graphene (3DG) encapsulation-protected hollow nanoboxes (CoSe2-SnSe2) composite aerogel (3DG/CoSe2-SnSe2) via a co-precipitation method coupled with self-assembly route, followed by a high temperature selenidation strategy. The obtained aerogel possesses porous 3DG conductive network, large specific surface area and plenty of reactive active sites. It could be used as a flexible and binder-free electrode after a facile mechanical compression process, which provided a high specific capacitance of 460 F g–1 at 0.5 A g–1, good rate capability of 212.7 F g−1 at 10 A g−1 The capacitance retention rate is 80% at 2 A g−1 after 5000 cycles due to the fast electron/ion transfer and electrolyte diffusion. With the as-prepared 3DG/CoSe2-SnSe2 as positive electrodes and the AC (activated carbon) as negative electrodes, an asymmetric supercapacitor (3DG/CoSe2-SnSe2//AC) was fabricated, which delivered a high specific capacity of 38 F g–1 at 1 A g–1 and an energy density of 11.89 Wh kg−1 at 749.9 W kg–1, as well as excellent cycle stability. This work provides a new method for preparing electrode material.
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Guo, Xingmei, Han Zhou, Di Zhang, and Tongxiang Fan. "Cyclic voltammogram on ridge/pore array architectured electrode inspired by butterfly-wings." Pure and Applied Chemistry 87, no. 8 (August 1, 2015): 815–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-1201.

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AbstractPorous architectured electrodes are intensely investigated for promoting electrochemical performance. Besides the high surface area, mass transport plays an irreplaceable role in the architecture assisting effect, which is, however, far beyond expression due to the complexity and irregularity of various electrode materials. Here, we took advantage of elaborate architectures from butterfly wings and obtained carbon electrode with ridge/pore array hierarchical architecture (ridge/pore-C) using a carbonizing-graphite coating method. A basic one-electron transfer process using the redox couple ferri/ferrocyanide as a benchmark under cyclic voltammetric conditions was conducted. The peak potential separation for ridge/pore-C was decreased by 117 mV compared to its non-architectured counterpart, with obvious enhancement of peak current density, indicating prominent beneficial impact on electrochemical responses. Further finite element simulation demonstrated the additional lateral diffusion within the ridge domain and partial thin layer diffusion within the pore array domain of ridge/pore-C, and simultaneously verified the experimental results. By constructing and investigating the well-organized porous architecture for affecting cyclic voltammogram, this work provides a prototype and cost-effective method for structural design of efficient electrodes by drawing inspiration from nature.
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Neale, Zachary Garbe, Ryan H. DeBlock, Megan B. Sassin, Debra R. Rolison, and Jeffrey W. Long. "Scalable Carbon Nanofoams for Faradaic Desalination of Brackish Water." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 27 (October 9, 2022): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02271056mtgabs.

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Water scarcity is becoming an increasing exigent humanitarian crisis which can be ameliorated with development of economical and practical water treatment systems. Present reverse-osmosis systems effectively desalinate seawater, but are energy and time-intensive, require regular maintenance due to membrane fouling, and are less adaptable to small scale uses. In contrast, capacitive deionization (CDI) technology shows promise for scalable, energy-efficient desalination of brackish waters, but its application has been limited by reliance on double-layer capacitance ion storage at carbon-only electrodes. Recent advances in electrochemical desalination have focused on exploiting Faradaic (redox-active) materials to increase ion-storage capacity. We design hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI) flow-cells utilizing scalable, NRL-pioneered porous carbon nanofoam (CNF) architectures that also incorporate environmentally benign, faradaic active materials. Electrolessly deposited nanometric MnO2 on CNFs supports a 6-fold increase in sodium-ion adsorption capacity compared to bare-carbon CNFs, while solvothermally deposited BiOCl in CNFs renders a reversible, high-capacity chloride-ion adsorption electrode. We systematically explore architectural parameters such as the pore size distribution and electrode thickness of the CNF, and faradaic material loading with respect to their optimization for desalination performance in prototype flow-cells. Additionally, the performance of such electrode architectures may be further improved by constructing graded-pore, multilayer CNFs that optimize and balance ion transport to the electrode interior while maintaining high capacity. Continued progress in bench-top level HCDI flow-cells with faradaic materials will validate the promise of this technology en route to demonstrating larger-scale desalination devices.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electrodes, Carbon – Design and construction"

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Dennison, John Robert. "(e,2e) spectroscopic investigations of the spectral momentum densities of thin carbon films." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53869.

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An (e,2e) electron scattering spectrometer has been constructed and used for the first time to investigate the spectral momentum density of the valence bands of a solid target. This technique provides fundamental information about the electronic structure of both crystalline and amorphous solids. The three fundamental quantities, the band structure, electron density of states, and electron momentum distribution can be simultaneously derived from the measured (e,2e) cross section. A review of single electron and (e,2e) scattering theory is given with an emphasis on scattering from solids. The effects of multiple scattering are discussed and a method of deconvoluting those effects from the measured (e,2e) cross section is developed. There is a detailed description of the spectrometer design and operation with particular attention given to the electron optics and voltage distribution. The algorithms and software for computer aided data acquisition and analysis are also outlined, as is error analysis. The techniques employed in the preparation and characterization of extremely thin film samples of a-C and single crystal graphite are described. An analysis of the data taken for a-C samples is given. The data are compared with the results of complementary experiments and theory for graphite, diamond, and a-C which are given in a review of the literature. The existence of a definite dispersion relation ε(q) in amorphous carbon is demonstrated. The a-C band structure appears to be more similar to that of graphite than to that of diamond, however it differs significantly from both in some respects. The measured spectral momentum density seems compatible with a model of a-C based on small, randomly-oriented islands of quasi-2D graphite-like continuous random network structures. However, no definitive interpretations can be made until higher resolution experiments are performed on both a-C and single crystal graphite.
Ph. D.
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Temur, Roberto. "Tool-electrodes design and construction for electrochemical machining." Thesis, Bucks New University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251330.

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Bostanci, Sevket Can. "Low carbon sustainable concrete design and construction." Thesis, Kingston University, 2015. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/34545/.

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Li, Sinan. "DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF NANOARCHITECTURAL METAL DERIVATIVES-CARBON NANOTUBE HYBRIDS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1195248061.

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Su, Xin. "NOVEL DESIGN OF FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOTUBE ELECTRODES AND MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS AND ENERGY STORAGE." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cme_etds/5.

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A novel electrochemical method to generate nm-scale bubbles at the tips of CNTs can temporarily block the membrane. A 92% blocking efficiency is achieved when the bubbles are stabilized in 30-60 nm diameter „wells‟ at the tips of CNTs. This well is formed by the electrochemical oxidation of the conductive CNTs partially into the polymer matrix of the membrane. Meanwhile, the nanoscale bubbles can be removed with 0.004 atm pressure to recover the transport through the CNT membrane. The CNT membrane with nanoscale bubble valve system was used to demonstrate electrochemical energy storage. Uniform ultrathin Pt films were electrodeposited onto an aligned array of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for high-area chemically stable methanol fuel cell anodes. Electrochemical treatment of the graphitic CNT surfaces by diazonium benzoic acid allowed for uniform Pt electroplating. The mass activity of the Pt thin film can reach 400 A/g at a scan rate of 20 mV/s and in a solution of 1 M CH3OH/0.5 M H2SO4. A novel programmed pulse potential at 0 V was also seen to nearly eliminate the effects of carbon monoxide poisoning on catalyst Pt. Furthermore, the Pt monolayer was deposited on buckypaper by replacing the precursor Cu monolayer coated on CNTs by the underpotential deposition. The electrochemical surface modification of graphite CNTs by fluorinated benzoic acid was critical to coordinate Cu ions for monolayer formation. The mass activity of the monolayer can be improved to the record value of 2711 A/g. This is about 13 times higher than that of the ~10 nm thick Pt film coated on MWCNTs. Besides the high mass activity, the Pt monolayer coated on buckypaper can be used as catalyst for fuel cells with several advantages such as low cost, high surface area, flexibility, mechanical robustness and enhanced pressure flow. Finally, a new strategy has been developed toward electrochemical water oxidation with Ir complexes catalyst, which was grafted on buckypaper by direct binding to enhance catalyst activity. The TOF (turn over frequency) of the Ir catalyst for water splitting was 7.9 s-1 at the constant potential of 1.4 V vs Ag/AgCl.
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Agarwal, Ritesh. "Design and Modeling of a Novel Direct Carbon Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell with Porous Bed Electrodes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51251.

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A novel concept has been developed for the direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) based on molten carbonate recirculating electrolyte. In the cathode, co-current flow of electrolyte with entrained gases carbon dioxide and oxygen is sent in the upward direction through a porous bed grid. In the anode, co-current flow of a slurry of electrolyte entrained with carbon particles is sent in the downward direction through a porous bed grid. The gases carbon dioxide and oxygen in the cathode react on the grid surface to form carbonate ions. The carbonate ions are then transported via conduction to the anode for reaction with carbon to produce carbon dioxide for temperatures under 750 deg C. A mathematical model based on this novel DCFC concept has been developed. The model includes governing equations that describe the transport and electrochemical processes taking place in both the anode and cathode and a methodology for solving these equations. Literature correlations from multi-phase packed-bed chemical reactors were used to estimate phase hold-up and mass transfer coefficients. CO production and axial diffusion were neglected. The results demonstrated that activation and ohmic polarization were important to the cell output. The impact of concentration polarization to the cell output was comparatively small. The bed depths realized were of the order of 10cm which is not large enough to accommodate the economies of scale for a large scale plant, however thousands of smaller cells (10 m^2 area) in series could be built to scale up to a 10 MW industrial plant. Limiting current densities of the order of 1000-1500 A/m^2 were achieved for various operating conditions. Maximum power densities of 200-350 W/m^2 with current densities of 500-750 A/m^2, and cell voltages of 0.4-0.5 V have been achieved at a temperature of 700 deg C. Over temperatures ranging from 700 to 800 deg C, results from the modeled cell are comparable with results seen in the literature for direct carbon fuel cells that are similar in design and construction.
Ph. D.
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Zhang, Di, and 张笛. "Transparent electrode design and interface engineering for high performance organic solar cells." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/202360.

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With the growing needs for energy, photovoltaic solar cells have attracted increasing research interests owing to its potentially renewable, feasible and efficient applications. Compared to its inorganic counterparts, organic solar cell (OSC) is highly desirable due to the low-cost processing, light weight, and the capability of flexible applications. While rapid progress has been made with the conversion efficiency approaching 10%, challenges towards high performance OSCs remain, including further improving device efficiency, fully realizing flexible applications, achieving more feasible large-area solution process and extending the stability of organic device. Having understood the key technical issues of designing high performance OSCs, we focus our work on (1) introducing flexible graphene transparent electrodes into OSCs as effective anode and cathode; (2) interface engineering of metal oxide carrier transport layers (CTLs) in OSCs through incorporating plasmonic metal nanomaterials ;(3)proposing novel film formation approach for solution-processed CTLs in OSCs in order to improve the film quality and thus device performance. The detailed work is listed below: 1. Design of transparent graphene electrodes for flexible OSCs Flexible graphene films are introduced into OSCs as transparent electrodes, which complement the flexibility of organic materials. We demonstrate graphene can function effectively as both the anode and cathode in OSCs: a) Graphene anode: we propose an interface modification for graphene to function as anode as an alternative to using aconventional polymer CTL. Using the proposed interfacial modification, graphene OSCs show enhanced performance. Further analysis shows that our approach provides favorable energy alignment and improved interfacial contact. b) Graphene cathode: efficient OSCs using graphene cathode are demonstrated, using a new composite CTL of aluminum-titanium oxide (Al-TiO2).We show that the role of Al is two-fold: improving the wettability as well as reducing the work function of graphene. To facilitate electron extraction, self-assembledTiO2is employed on the Al-covered graphene, which exhibits uniform morphology. 2. Incorporation of plasmonic nanomaterialsinto the metal oxide CTLinOSCs By incorporating metallic nanoparticles (NPs) into the TiO2CTLin OSCs, we demonstrate the interesting plasmonic-electrical effect which leads to optically induced charge extraction enhancement. While OSCs using TiO2CTL can only operate by ultraviolet (UV)activation, NP-incorporated TiO2enables OSCs to perform efficiently at a plasmonic wavelength far longer than the UV light. In addition, the effciency of OSCs incorporated with NPs is notably enhanced. We attribute the improvement to the charge injection of plasmonically excited electrons from NPs into TiO2. 3. Formation of uniform TiO2CTLfor large area applications using a self-assembly approach A solution-processed self-assembly method is proposed for forming large-area high-quality CTL films. Owing to the careful control of solvent evaporation, uniform film is formed, leading to enhanced OSC performance. Meanwhile, our method is capable of forming large-area films. This approach can contribute to future low-cost, large-area applications.
published_or_final_version
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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8

Mears, Benjamin M. "Design, Construction and Testing of Pilot Scale Photobioreactor Subsystems." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1213028732.

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Chen, Yi S. B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Lorentz force actuator and carbon fiber co-winding design, construction and characterization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45772.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-67).
Carbon fiber composites are materials that present many benefits to engineering applications, ranging from aerospace to medicine. This thesis provides background on carbon fiber properties and manufacturing techniques, and outlines the methodology for manufacturing a co-wound carbon fiber and copper coil for use in linear Lorentz force actuators. A conventionally-wound, plastic-bobbin actuator coil and the new, co-wound coil were then tested to compare their electrical, thermal, and mechanical performance. In a needle-free injection application, the cowound coil demonstrated improved performance over the conventional coil configuration. The carbon fiber coil is lighter by 3.75 ± 0.155 grams, increases the transient heat transfer by 15.7 %, is 2.18 ± 0.13 times stiffer, and can survive a higher compressive force than the conventional plastic bobbin.
by Yi Chen.
S.B.
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10

Braiwish, Mohammad I. "Fabrication and packaging of carbon-dioxide-laser-induced long-period fiber grating devices." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15033.

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Books on the topic "Electrodes, Carbon – Design and construction"

1

W, Murray Royce, ed. Molecular design of electrode surfaces. New York: Wiley, 1992.

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2

Hiltz, R. H. Design and construction of a mobile activated carbon regenerator system. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, 1986.

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Delhi, India) International Seminar on Reducing Carbon Footprint in Road Construction (2011 New. International Seminar on Reducing Carbon Footprint in Road Construction: Technical papers. New Delhi: Shri R.P. Indoria, Secretary General, Indian Roads Congress, 2011.

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Burrill, Daniel. How to fabricate automotive fiberglass & carbon fiber parts. North Branch, MN: CarTech, 2012.

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Designing zero carbon buildings using dynamic simulation methods. Abingdon, Oxon [England]: Earthscan, 2012.

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International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (10th 2007 Nara, Japan). Solid oxide fuel cells 10: (SOFC-X). Edited by Eguchi K and Electrochemical Society. Pennington, N.J: Electrochemical Society, 2007.

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International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (6th 1999 Honolulu, Hawaii). Solid oxide fuel cells: (SOFC VI) : proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium. Edited by Singhal Subhash C, Dokiya M, Electrochemical Society. High Temperature Materials Division., Electrochemical Society Battery Division, and SOFC Society of Japan. Pennington, NJ: Electrochemical Society, 1999.

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Pak, Sin. Chŏt'anso noksaek toro rŭl hyanghan oeguk ŭi toro chŏngch'aek ŭi pyŏnhwa wa uri nara toro chŏngch'aek ŭi sisachŏm. Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi: Han'guk Pŏpche Yŏn'guwŏn, 2011.

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Chisok kanŭng ch'angjo sahoe ŭi noksaek toro: Green life through green highway. Kyŏnggi-do P'aju-si: Idam Books, 2013.

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Kemp, William H. The zero-carbon car: Building the car the auto industry can't get right. Tamworth, Ont: Aztext, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electrodes, Carbon – Design and construction"

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Benko, Milan, Ĺuboš Kučera, Tomáš Gajdošík, and Michal Herda. "Unconventional Carbon Springs." In Current Methods of Construction Design, 225–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33146-7_26.

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Hosek, J., and J. Drahokoupil. "Design of a Disc Grinder for EDM Electrodes Machining." In The Latest Methods of Construction Design, 331–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22762-7_49.

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Wang, Xiaoming, and Sayanthan Ramakrishnan. "Energy and Carbon Emission." In Environmental Sustainability in Building Design and Construction, 75–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76231-5_4.

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Kulhavý, Petr, and Vítězslav Pfliegel. "Principles of Winding Elbows from Pre-impregnated Carbon Fibers." In Current Methods of Construction Design, 547–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33146-7_62.

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Kuo, Tsai Chi, Jia Yi Liu, and Ya Wen Chou. "The construction of collaboration platform for carbon footprint calculation." In Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sustainable Society, 312–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3010-6_60.

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Guo, Chun, and Jianfeng Xu. "Influence of Tunnel Lining Design Parameters on Construction Carbon Emissions." In Carbon Emission Calculation Methods for Highway Tunnel Construction, 185–221. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5308-7_7.

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Suresh Vidyasagar, C. H., E. Rajasekar, and P. S. Chani. "On-Site Construction Phase Carbon Footprint of Different Multi-Storied Buildings in India." In Design Science and Innovation, 401–11. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7361-0_36.

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Pomponi, Francesco, and Alice Moncaster. "A Method for Visualising Embodied and Whole Life Carbon of Buildings." In Building Information Modelling, Building Performance, Design and Smart Construction, 185–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50346-2_13.

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Robertson, Craig, and Dejan Mumovic. "The Role Of Feedback in low Carbon Building Design, Construction and Management." In A Handbook of Sustainable Building Design and Engineering, 445–55. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2018]: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315172026-32.

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Huang, Zujian. "Carbon Efficiency-Oriented Design Optimization of Bamboo Construction: A Case Study in Guangzhou, China." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 47–60. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4293-8_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Electrodes, Carbon – Design and construction"

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Malakooti, Amir, S. M. Sajed Sadati, Halil Ceylan, and Sunghwan Kim. "System Design Improvements of Heated Pavements: Recommendations for Future Projects." In 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/graq16tb.

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Many agencies allocate a great deal of resources to clearing infrastructure systems (e.g., roads, bridges, and airports) from ice and snow during winter seasons using traditional snow-removal equipment and application of salt or de-icing chemicals. Using an electrically-conductive concrete (ECON) heated pavement system (HPS) is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to melting ice and snow. ECON is a carbon-fiber-reinforced form of concrete that uses carbon fiber (conductive agent) with low median electrical resistivity to conduct electrical current through the concrete ECON layer through embedded stainless-steel electrodes. The inherent electrical resistance in the concrete generates heat used in the ECON HPS to melt ice and snow on the surface. ECON HPS construction is different from regular concrete construction in using two-lift paving, two different concrete mixes, and embedded stainless-steel electrodes with electrical connections to a power supply. An ECON HPS demonstration project has recently been constructed at the south parking lot of the Iowa Department of Transportation in Ames, Iowa. This project consists of 10 instrumented slabs, and this paper is focused on the ideas for improvement and lessons learned emerged from the full-scale demonstration project with respect to the construction methods the ECON mix design, control system design, electrode, cross slope design, and instrumentation of the concrete pavement system. These improvements in the construction of this unique concrete pavement system are expected to increase future paving quality, ECON HPS performance, and significantly decrease construction time and cost of such systems.
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Ladpli, Purim, Raphael Nardari, Raunaq Rewari, Hongjian Liu, Michael Slater, Keith Kepler, Yinan Wang, Fotis Kopsaftopoulos, and Fu-Kuo Chang. "Multifunctional Energy Storage Composites: Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59416.

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We propose the concept of Multifunctional-Energy-Storage Composites (MES Composites) which highlights a unique integration technique for embedding lithium-ion battery materials in structural carbon-fiber-reinforced-polymers (CFRP). Unlike standard lithium-ion pouch cells, the MES Composites maximizes material utilization by using CFRP facesheets to house the electrochemistry. Through-thickness polymer reinforcements are implemented to allow load transfer between the two facesheets, analogous to the sandwich structure construction. In this work, the design rationale, materials and fabrication techniques, experimental evaluation, and performance of the first-generation MES Composites will be presented. MES Composite cells with a nominal capacity of approximately 4 Ah, with various reinforcements-array configurations, were fabricated and first tested through a series of electrochemical reference performance tests (RPT) under a strain-free condition. The MES Composite cells then underwent a mechanical-electrical-coupling test, where a quasi-static three-point-bending load was applied at increasing increments. Mechanical testing was interrupted after each increment to perform a sequential RPT to quantify any non-catastrophic degradation in the electrochemical performance. The obtained results verify the feasibility of the concept showing that the electrochemical performance of the MES Composites can be maintained at the same level as the regular lithium-ion battery. The reinforcement architecture of the MES Composite constrains the relative motion of the battery electrodes and increases the bending rigidity, resulting in a higher load carrying capacity and inhibiting non-fatal injury of the cell under mechanical loads. This multifunctional material system can also be scaled up and ultimately provide considerable weight and volume saving at the system level.
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Jun Zhu and Shu Xing. "Campus environment design in national low-carbon construction." In 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Problems in Architecture and Construction. IET, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2011.1295.

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Hu, Huiyao, Do Phuong Tung Bui, and Patrick Janssen. "Continuous Adaptability: Web-Based Residential Participatory Design Using Modular Prefabricated Construction." In CAADRIA 2022: Post-Carbon. CAADRIA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2022.2.495.

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Liu, Xiaoyu, and Qingbin Cui. "Introduction of Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design into Pavement Carbon Footprint Analysis." In Construction Research Congress 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479827.118.

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Zayer, F., K. Lahbacha, W. Dghais, H. Belgacem, Massimiliano de Magistris, Alexander V. Melnikov, and Antonio Maffucci. "Electrothermal Analysis of 3D Memristive 1D-1RRAM Crossbar with Carbon Nanotube Electrodes." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Design & Test of Integrated Micro & Nano-Systems (DTS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dtss.2019.8915266.

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Kruzner, Kelly, Ulrike Heine, and Leidy Klotz. "Low-Carbon Materials Management: A Case Study for a Net-Zero Energy House with Minimized Carbon Footprint." In International Conference on Sustainable Design, Engineering, and Construction 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412688.013.

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Negroiu, R., P. Svasta, M. R. Buga, A. Spinu Zaulet, and C. Ungureanu. "Realization and Testing of Electrodes for Supercapacitors based on MOFs and Activated Carbon." In 2021 IEEE 27th International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging (SIITME). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siitme53254.2021.9663655.

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Lai, J. H. K., and F. W. H. Yik. "Comparative Study on the Carbon Footprints of Hotels." In International Conference on Sustainable Design, Engineering, and Construction 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412688.015.

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Xiao, Shaoping, David R. Andersen, and Wenyi Hou. "Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Carbon Nanotube-Based Oscillators." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84747.

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A [10, 10]/[5,5] nanotube-based oscillator is studied using molecular dynamics in this paper. The inner tube can oscillate inside the outer tube with a stable frequency of 55GHz, if this nanomechanical system is insulated. When temperature effects are considered, it is found that the nanooscillator will stop due to the temperature-related interlayer friction between the outer tube and the inner tube. A nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) is designed by coating electrodes on the top of the outer tube. The electromagnetic forces, induced by the WRITE voltage pulses that are applied on the electrodes, can overcome the interlayer friction. The frequency of the proposed NEMS oscillator depends on the frequency of the WRITE voltage pulses.
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Reports on the topic "Electrodes, Carbon – Design and construction"

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Middleton, Bobby D., Salvador B. Rodriguez, and Matthew David Carlson. Design Construction and Operation of a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (sCO2) Loop for Investigation of Dry Cooling and Natural Circulation Potential for Use in Advanced Small Modular Reactors Utilizing sCO2 Power Conversion Cycles. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1226786.

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Waisner, Scott, Victor Medina, Charles Ellison, Jose Mattei-Sosa, John Brasher, Jacob Lalley, and Christopher Griggs. Design, construction, and testing of the PFAS Effluent Treatment System (PETS), a mobile ion exchange–based system for the treatment of per-, poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) contaminated water. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43823.

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Poly-,Per-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are versatile chemicals that were incorporated in a wide range of products. One of their most important use was in aqueous film-forming foams for fighting liquid fuel fires. PFAS compounds have recently been identified as potential environmental contaminants. In the United States there are hundreds of potential military sites with PFAS contamination. The ERDC designed and constructed a mobile treatment system to address small sites (250,000 gallons or less) and as a platform to field test new adsorptive media. The PFAS Effluent Treatment System (PETS) has cartridge filters to remove sediments and a granular activated carbon (GAC) media filter to remove organic compounds that might compete with PFAS in the ion exchange process, although it may also remove PFAS too. The last process is an ion exchange resin specifically designed to remove PFAS to a target level of 70 ng/L or less (equivalent to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Drinking Water Health Advisory). The system was tested at Hurlburt Field, a US Air Force facility in Florida and at Naval Support Activity (NSA) Mid-South in Millington, TN.
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Kaaret, Kaidi, and Evelin Piirsalu. Decarbonizing the EU’s road and construction sectors through green public procurement: the cases of Estonia and Poland. Stockholm Environment Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.031.

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Government spending on public works, goods and services in the European Union (EU) accounts for about 14% of the EU’s GDP. Consequently, the EU and its Member States (MS) can make a great impact in accelerating the development and uptake of low-carbon technologies through green public procurement (GPP). This brief is part of a wider project financed by Breakthrough Energy, aiming to understand the divergences in GPP uptake in different EU MS and to identify key barriers to greater adoption and opportunities ahead. Ultimately, the project aims to contribute to greater policy coherence among member states to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as to increase policy support for the design of GPP implementation frameworks and for harmonized GPP target-setting. In 2020, the road transport sector accounted for 23% and 20% of total Estonian and Polish GHG emissions, respectively, while the construction sector represented about 5% and 9% of Estonian and Polish total GHG emissions, respectively. These numbers point to the large mitigation potential that procuring authorities can support by including environmental criteria in procurements. In this brief, we share the results from our desktop research and stakeholder interviews for Estonia and Poland. Results from all cases and additional research will be published in a report later in 2022.
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Delwiche, Michael, Boaz Zion, Robert BonDurant, Judith Rishpon, Ephraim Maltz, and Miriam Rosenberg. Biosensors for On-Line Measurement of Reproductive Hormones and Milk Proteins to Improve Dairy Herd Management. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573998.bard.

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The original objectives of this research project were to: (1) develop immunoassays, photometric sensors, and electrochemical sensors for real-time measurement of progesterone and estradiol in milk, (2) develop biosensors for measurement of caseins in milk, and (3) integrate and adapt these sensor technologies to create an automated electronic sensing system for operation in dairy parlors during milking. The overall direction of research was not changed, although the work was expanded to include other milk components such as urea and lactose. A second generation biosensor for on-line measurement of bovine progesterone was designed and tested. Anti-progesterone antibody was coated on small disks of nitrocellulose membrane, which were inserted in the reaction chamber prior to testing, and a real-time assay was developed. The biosensor was designed using micropumps and valves under computer control, and assayed fluid volumes on the order of 1 ml. An automated sampler was designed to draw a test volume of milk from the long milk tube using a 4-way pinch valve. The system could execute a measurement cycle in about 10 min. Progesterone could be measured at concentrations low enough to distinguish luteal-phase from follicular-phase cows. The potential of the sensor to detect actual ovulatory events was compared with standard methods of estrus detection, including human observation and an activity monitor. The biosensor correctly identified all ovulatory events during its testperiod, but the variability at low progesterone concentrations triggered some false positives. Direct on-line measurement and intelligent interpretation of reproductive hormone profiles offers the potential for substantial improvement in reproductive management. A simple potentiometric method for measurement of milk protein was developed and tested. The method was based on the fact that proteins bind iodine. When proteins are added to a solution of the redox couple iodine/iodide (I-I2), the concentration of free iodine is changed and, as a consequence, the potential between two electrodes immersed in the solution is changed. The method worked well with analytical casein solutions and accurately measured concentrations of analytical caseins added to fresh milk. When tested with actual milk samples, the correlation between the sensor readings and the reference lab results (of both total proteins and casein content) was inferior to that of analytical casein. A number of different technologies were explored for the analysis of milk urea, and a manometric technique was selected for the final design. In the new sensor, urea in the sample was hydrolyzed to ammonium and carbonate by the enzyme urease, and subsequent shaking of the sample with citric acid in a sealed cell allowed urea to be estimated as a change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The pressure change in the cell was measured with a miniature piezoresistive pressure sensor, and effects of background dissolved gases and vapor pressures were corrected for by repeating the measurement of pressure developed in the sample without the addition of urease. Results were accurate in the physiological range of milk, the assay was faster than the typical milking period, and no toxic reagents were required. A sampling device was designed and built to passively draw milk from the long milk tube in the parlor. An electrochemical sensor for lactose was developed starting with a three-cascaded-enzyme sensor, evolving into two enzymes and CO2[Fe (CN)6] as a mediator, and then into a microflow injection system using poly-osmium modified screen-printed electrodes. The sensor was designed to serve multiple milking positions, using a manifold valve, a sampling valve, and two pumps. Disposable screen-printed electrodes with enzymatic membranes were used. The sensor was optimized for electrode coating components, flow rate, pH, and sample size, and the results correlated well (r2= 0.967) with known lactose concentrations.
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EMBODIED CARBON CALCULATION AND ASSESSMENT FOR STEEL STRUCTURE PROJECT. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.299.

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Carbon emissions need to be reduced in order to achieve current sustainability and global climate emergency objectives. Structural engineers have control of over 50% of embodied carbon from the design of superstructures and substructures alone. Embodied carbon calculations do not only depend on the amount of structural materials, other factors such as transport, manufacturing and construction/installation needs to be considered, some of which are geographically specific. With significant focus on operation carbon on last few decades, embodied carbon is becoming equally important. Computational engineering technology with Grasshopper script has been developed to calculate embodied carbon for a steel structure project based on different structural scheme options. The related assessment has been provided to compare embodied carbon with different structural systems and representative Hong Kong Carbon benchmark database. In addition, different construction methods with supply chains also affect carbon emissions, the details have been shown in the paper.
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Decarbonizing the EU’s road and construction sectors through green public procurement: the case of Sweden and the Netherlands. Stockholm Environment Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.026.

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Government spending on public works, goods and services in the European Union (EU) accounts for about 14% of the EU’s GDP. Consequently, the EU and its Member States can make a great impact in accelerating the development and uptake of low-carbon technologies through green public procurement (GPP). This brief is part of a wider project financed by Breakthrough Energy, aiming to understand the divergences in GPP uptake in different EU Member States and to identify key barriers to greater adoption and opportunities ahead. Ultimately, the project’s goal is to contribute to greater policy coherence among member states to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as to increase policy support for the design of GPP implementation frameworks and for harmonized GPP target-setting. We focus on the construction and road transport sector because of their high share of GHG emissions (respectively about 25% and 21% of EU’s total carbon dioxide [CO2] emissions), and hence the large mitigation potential that procuring authorities can support by including sustainability criteria in procurements. In this brief, we share results from our research and stakeholder interviews for Sweden and the Netherlands. Results from all cases and additional research will be published in a report later in 2022.
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