Journal articles on the topic 'Electrode electrolyte composite'
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1
Park, Jung Eun, Seung Kyu Yang, Ji Hyun Kim, Mi-Jung Park, and Eun Sil Lee. "Electrocatalytic Activity of Pd/Ir/Sn/Ta/TiO2 Composite Electrodes." Energies 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 3356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123356.
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This study compared the electrolytic refining process using different commercial Pd-based electrodes. The Pd-based electrode had an Ir:Sn molar ratio of 1:1 and contained 10% tantalum on a titanium substrate. The palladium weight ratio varied from 0 g to 1.8 g, 4.7 g, 8.6 g, and 15.4 g. Electrolytic refining was investigated for the Pd-based electrode in 3 M of H2SO4. The interfacial microstructure and components of the substrate were investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and the electrochemical properties of the materials were measured using cyclic voltammetry, linear scan voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and accelerated life tests. Of all the tested Pd-based electrodes, those with a palladium loading weight of 8.6 g showed the highest and most stable electrode activity at 3 M of H2SO4, with a capacitance retention of 96% of its initial value. The accelerated life test results for the 8.6 g Pd-Ir-Sn-Ta/TiO2 electrode showed a gradual slope with an efficiency of almost 100% at 1000 h in an aqueous solution of 3 M of H2SO4. After the test, the dissolved elements that caused resistance in the electrolyte increased with increasing palladium loading content. Thus, the 8.6 g Pd-Ir-Sn-Ta/TiO2 electrode demonstrated the optimum composition in 3 M of H2SO4 for electrolyte refining.
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Luo, Zhian, and Jian Zhong Xiao. "Preparation and Characterization of Pt/YSZ Composite Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 66 (April 2009): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.66.202.
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Substrates of ytrria stabilized zirconia electrolyte were prepared by the ceramic injection molding, and then composite electrode slurry was made of platinum powder and yttria stabilized zirconia powder by ball milling, and then was brushed on both surfaces of the zirconia substrate. After this, the Pt/YSZ composites were sintered on the YSZ substrate under various temperatures. The microstructure of the surface and interface of the electrodes was characterized by scanning electronic microscope, and the results showed that the sintering temperature of the electrode has a remarkable effect on the microstructure of the composite electrode, and that the electrode and substrate was interconnected and interpenetrated. The electrochemical properties of the as-prepared electrodes were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS experimental results reveal that the Pt/YSZ composite electrodes show the favorable electrochemical catalysis performance compared with the Pt electrodes.
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Ureña-Torres, Violeta, Gelines Moreno-Fernández, Juan Luis Gómez-Urbano, Miguel Granados-Moreno, and Daniel Carriazo. "Graphene-Wine Waste Derived Carbon Composites for Advanced Supercapacitors." ChemEngineering 6, no. 4 (June 29, 2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6040049.
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In this work, we investigate the potential of a novel carbon composite as an electrode for high-voltage electrochemical double-layer capacitors. The carbon composite was prepared following a sustainable synthetic approach that first involved the pyrolysis and then the activation of a precursor formed by winery wastes and graphene oxide. The composite prepared in this way shows a very high specific surface area (2467 m2·g−1) and an optimum pore size distribution for their use in supercapacitor electrodes. Graphene-biowaste-derived carbon composites are tested as active electrode materials in two different non-aqueous electrolytes, the ammonium salt-based conventional organic electrolyte and one imidazolium-based ionic liquid (1 M Et4NBF4/ACN and EMINTFSI). It was found that the presence of graphene oxide led to significant morphological and textural changes, which result in high-energy and power densities of ~27 W·h·kg−1 at 13,026 W·kg−1. Moreover, the devices assembled retain above 70% of the initial capacitance after 6000 cycles in the case of the organic electrolyte.
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Malmberg, Siret, Mati Arulepp, Krista Laanemets, Maike Käärik, Ann Laheäär, Elvira Tarasova, Viktoria Vassiljeva, Illia Krasnou, and Andres Krumme. "The Performance of Fibrous CDC Electrodes in Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Electrolytes." C 7, no. 2 (May 14, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c7020046.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the electrochemical behaviour of aqueous electrolytes on thin-layer (20 µm) nanoporous carbide-derived carbon (CDC) composite fibrous directly electrospun electrodes without further carbonisation. There have been previously investigated fibrous electrodes, which are produced by applying different post-treatment processes, however this makes the production of fibrous electrodes more expensive, complex and time consuming. Furthermore, in the present study high specific capacitance was achieved with directly electrospun nanoporous CDC-based fibrous electrodes in different neutral aqueous electrolytes. The benefit of fibrous electrodes is the advanced mechanical properties compared to the existing commercial electrode technologies based on pressure-rolled or slurry-cast powder mix electrodes. Such improved mechanical properties are preferred in more demanding applications, such as in the space industry. Electrospinning technology also allows for larger electrode production capacities without increased production costs. In addition to the influence of aqueous electrolyte chemical composition, the salt concentration effects and cycle stability with respect to organic electrolytes are investigated. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements on electrospun electrodes showed the highest capacitance for asymmetrical cells with an aqueous 1 M NaNO3-H2O electrolyte. High CV capacitance was correlated with constant current charge–discharge (CC) data, for which a specific capacitance of 191 F g−1 for the positively charged electrode and 311 F g−1 for the negatively charged electrode was achieved. The investigation of electrolyte salt concentration on fibrous electrodes revealed the typical capacitance dependence on ionic conductivity with a peak capacitance at medium concentration levels. The cycle-life measurements of selected two-electrode test cells with aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes revealed good stability of the electrospun electrodes.
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Gu, Zhenqi, Kai Wang, Feng Zhu, and Cheng Ma. "All-solid-state Li battery with atomically intimate electrode–electrolyte contact." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 14 (October 3, 2022): 143904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0116721.
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Creating epitaxial interfaces has recently been discovered as an effective strategy for addressing the electrode–electrolyte contact issue in all-solid-state Li batteries. The solid–solid composite electrode fabricated using this approach not only exhibits atomically intimate solid–solid contact but also possesses excellent tolerance to repeated cycling. Nevertheless, so far such epitaxial composite electrodes have only been cycled in cells with liquid-electrolyte-soaked separators, instead of all-solid-state cells, because realizing a thorough contact between the epitaxial composite electrode and the solid-electrolyte separator layer is difficult. Here, an all-solid-state cell with decent cycling performance was constructed using the epitaxial composite electrode. By infiltrating the Li4Ti5O12–Li0.33La0.56TiO3 ceramic pellet with a poly(ethylene oxide)-based solid electrolyte, a flat, non-porous surface that can effectively contact the separator layer is created. When integrated into an all-solid-state Li4Ti5O12–Li0.33La0.56TiO3 | Li6PS5Cl | Li13Si4 cell, this composite electrode was stably cycled for 100 cycles under 0.1 C at 80 °C with a final discharge capacity of 174.5 mAh g−1.
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Okafor, Patricia, and Jude Iroh. "Electrochemical Properties of Porous Graphene/Polyimide-Nickel Oxide Hybrid Composite Electrode Material." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030582.
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Polyimide-graphene nanosheet composite electrodes are rigid and dense and, therefore, exhibit moderate electrochemical properties. The electrochemical properties of polyimide-graphene nanosheet electrodes were remarkably improved by creating voids in the composite followed by the insertion of nickel oxide into the composites. Nickel oxide particles were electrodeposited onto the porous graphene/poly(amic acid) composite, containing poly (acrylic resin). The hybrid composite was then subjected to thermal treatment at ≥ 300 °C to simultaneously complete imidization and degrade the poly (acrylic resin). Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the eletrochemical properties of the composite electrode material. It is shown that remarkable improvement in the electrochemical behavior of the hybrid composite occurred due to the removal of poly(acrylic acid) and the insertion of NiO particles into the polyimide matrix. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the hybrid composites show distinct characteristic peaks for polyimide and NiO in the hybrid composite electrode. Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM images of the composites, show the presence of NiO aggregates in the composite material. Compared to neat graphene/polyimide composite electrode (GR/PI) composites, the specific capacitance of the hybrid composite electrode increased remarkably by over 250% due to the high interfacial surface area provided by NiO and the concomitant improvement in the electrode–electrolyte interaction.
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Won, Eun-Seo, and Jong-Won Lee. "Biphasic Solid Electrolytes with Homogeneous Li-Ion Transport Pathway Enabled By Metal-Organic Frameworks." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 55 (July 7, 2022): 2248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01552248mtgabs.
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Solid-state batteries based on nonflammable inorganic solid electrolytes provide a promising technical solution that can resolve the safety issues of current lithium-ion batteries. Biphasic solid electrolytes comprising Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet and polymer have been attracting significant interest for solid-state Li batteries because of their mechanical robustness and enhanced Li+ conductivity, compared to conventional polymer electrolytes. Furthermore, the hybridization allows for the fabrication of thin and large-area electrolyte membranes without the need for high-temperature sintering of LLZO. However, the non-uniform distribution of LLZO particles and polymer species in biphasic electrolytes may cause uneven Li+ conduction, which results in poor interfacial stability with electrodes during repeated charge–discharge cycling. In this study, we report a biphasic solid electrolyte with homogeneous Li+ transport pathway achieved by a metal–organic framework (MOF) layer. To regulate and homogenize the Li+ flux across the interface between the electrolyte and electrode, a free-standing, biphasic solid electrolyte membrane is integrated with the MOF nanoparticle layer. A mixture of plastic crystal (PC) and polymeric phase is infused into porous networks of the MOF-integrated electrolyte membrane, producing the percolating Li+ conduction pathways. The MOF-integrated electrolyte membrane is found to form the smooth and uniform interface with nanoporous channels in contact with the electrodes, effectively facilitating homogeneous Li+ transport. A solid-state battery with the MOF-integrated electrolyte membrane shows the enhanced rate-capability and cycling stability in comparison to the battery with the unmodified biphasic electrolyte. This study demonstrates that the proposed electrolyte design provides an effective approach to improving the interfacial stability of biphasic electrolytes with electrodes for long-cycling solid-state batteries. [1] H.-S. Shin, W. Jeong, M.-H. Ryu, S.W. Lee, K.-N. Jung, J.-W. Lee, Electrode-to-electrode monolithic integration for high-voltage bipolar solid-state batteries based on plastic-crystal polymer electrolyte, Chem. Eng. J, published online. [2] T. Jiang, P. He, G. Wang, Y. Shen, C.-W. Nan, L.-Z. Fan, Solvent-free synthesis of thin, flexible, nonflammable garnet-based composite solid electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium batteries, Adv. Energy Mater. 10 (2020) 1903376.
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Kimura, Yuta, Yasuhiro Domi, Hiroyuki Usui, and Hiroki Sakaguchi. "Improved Cycling Performance of Cr x V1−x Si2/Si Composite Electrode for Application to Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 010537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4c78.
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We have evaluated the anode properties of the silicide/Si composite electrodes for lithium-ion batteries and revealed that ternary silicide made by elemental substitution improved the electrochemical performance of the electrodes. In particular, a Cr0.5V0.5Si2/Si composite electrode exhibited a good cycle stability. Herein, we attempted mechanical grinding of the Cr0.5V0.5Si2/Si composite and addition of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) into the electrolyte to further improve the performance of the electrode. The electrode showed a superior cycling performance by these attempts as expected. The mechanical grinding should cause the formation of amorphous Si phase and fine dispersion of Cr0.5V0.5Si2 in the Si phase, which suppresses the pulverization of the Cr0.5V0.5Si2/Si composite particle during charge-discharge. It is considered that the addition of FEC suppresses the continuous reductive decomposition of the electrolyte, which contributes to the improvement in the cyclability.
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Tron, Artur, Raad Hamid, Ningxin Zhang, and Alexander Beutl. "Rational Optimization of Cathode Composites for Sulfide-Based All-Solid-State Batteries." Nanomaterials 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13020327.
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All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries with argyrodite solid electrolytes have been developed to attain high conductivities of 10−3 S cm−1 in studies aiming at fast ionic conductivity of electrolytes. However, no matter how high the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte, the design of the cathode composite is often the bottleneck for high performance. Thus, optimization of the composite cathode formulation is of utmost importance. Unfortunately, many reports limit their studies to only a few parameters of the whole electrode formulation. In addition, different measurement setups and testing conditions employed for all-solid-state batteries make a comparison of results from mutually independent studies quite difficult. Therefore, a detailed investigation on different key parameters for preparation of cathodes employed in all-solid-state batteries is presented here. Employing a rational approach for optimization of composite cathodes using solid sulfide electrolytes elucidated the influence of different parameters on the cycling performance. First, powder electrodes made without binders are investigated to optimize several parameters, including the active materials’ particle morphology, the nature and amount of the conductive additive, the particle size of the solid electrolyte, as well as the active material-to-solid electrolyte ratio. Finally, cast electrodes are examined to determine the influence of a binder on cycling performance.
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Kimura, Teiichi, and Takashi Goto. "Preparation of Ru-C Nano-Composite Film by MOCVD and Electrode Properties for Oxygen Gas Sensor." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 1485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.1485.
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Ru-C nano-composite films were prepared by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), and their microstructures and their electrode properties for oxygen gas sensors were investigated. Deposited films contained Ru particles of 5-20 nm in diameter dispersed in amorphous C matrix. The AC conductivities associating to the interface charge transfer between Ru-C composite electrode and YSZ electrolyte were 1000-10000 times higher than that of conventional paste-Pt electrodes. The electro-motive-force (emf) values of the oxygen gas concentration cell constructed from the nano-composite electrodes and YSZ electrolyte showed the Nernstian theoretical values at low temperatures around 500 K. The response time of the concentration cell at 500 K was 900 s.
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Wu, Zhan-Yu, Li Deng, Jun-Tao Li, Sandrine Zanna, Antoine Seyeux, Ling Huang, Shi-Gang Sun, Philippe Marcus, and Jolanta Światowska. "Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer Formation on the Si-Based Electrodes with and without Binder Studied by XPS and ToF-SIMS Analysis." Batteries 8, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8120271.
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The formation and evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer as a function of electrolyte and electrolyte additives has been extensively studied on simple and model pure Si thin film or Si nanowire electrodes inversely to complex composite Si-based electrodes with binders and/or conductive carbon. It has been recently demonstrated that a binder-free Si@C-network electrode had superior electrochemical properties to the Si electrode with a xanthan gum binder (Si-XG-AB), which can be principally related to a reductive decomposition of electrolytes and formation of an SEI layer. Thus, here, the Si@C-network and Si-XG-AB electrodes have been used to elucidate the mechanism of SEI formation and evolution on Si-based electrodes with and without binder induced by lithiation and delithiation applying surface analytical techniques. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight ion mass spectrometry results demonstrate that the SEI layer formed on the surface of the Si-XG-AB electrode during the discharge partially decomposes during the subsequent charging process, which results in a less stable SEI layer. Contrarily, on the surface of the Si@C-network electrode, the SEI shows less significant decomposition during the cycle, demonstrating its stability. For the Si@C-network electrode, initially, the inorganic and organic species are formed on the surface of the carbon shell and the silicon surface, respectively. These two parts of species in the SEI layer gradually grow and then fuse when the electrode is fully discharged. The behavior of the SEI layer on both electrodes corroborates with the electrochemical results.
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Wu, Xi, Xinghua Liang, Xiaofeng Zhang, Lingxiao Lan, Suo Li, and Qixin Gai. "Structural evolution of plasma sprayed amorphous Li4Ti5O12 electrode and ceramic/polymer composite electrolyte during electrochemical cycle of quasi-solid-state lithium battery." Journal of Advanced Ceramics 10, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40145-020-0447-9.
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AbstractA quasi-solid-state lithium battery is assembled by plasma sprayed amorphous Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) electrode and ceramic/polymer composite electrolyte with a little liquid electrolyte (10 µL/cm2) to provide the outstanding electrochemical stability and better normal interface contact. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) were used to analyze the structural evolution and performance of plasma sprayed amorphous LTO electrode and ceramic/polymer composite electrolyte before and after electrochemical experiments. By comparing the electrochemical performance of the amorphous LTO electrode and the traditional LTO electrode, the electrochemical behavior of different electrodes is studied. The results show that plasma spraying can prepare an amorphous LTO electrode coating of about 8 µm. After 200 electrochemical cycles, the structure of the electrode evolved, and the inside of the electrode fractured and cracks expanded, because of recrystallization at the interface between the rich fluorine compounds and the amorphous LTO electrode. Similarly, the ceramic/polymer composite electrolyte has undergone structural evolution after 200 test cycles. The electrochemical cycle results show that the cycle stability, capacity retention rate, coulomb efficiency, and internal impedance of amorphous LTO electrode are better than traditional LTO electrode. This innovative and facile quasi-solid-state strategy is aimed to promote the intrinsic safety and stability of working lithium battery, shedding light on the development of next-generation high-performance solid-state lithium batteries.
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Ata, Mustafa Sami. "New Approach for Preparation of Bi2O3-Carbon Nanotube Composites Using Celestine Blue Dispersant with High Mass Loading." International Journal of Pioneering Technology and Engineering 1, no. 01 (June 6, 2022): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.56158/jpte.2022.25.1.01.
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This paper focused on to prepare Bi2O3-multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites electrodes for supercapacitor applications with high mass loading. Nature inspired dispersing agent Celestine blue (CB), different adsorption mechanism in different materials, dispersed MWCNT and Bi2O3 and allowed to prepare homogenous electrode with high mass loading on a porous NiFoam current collector. The areal capacitance of 555 µF cm-2 was obtained from the composite electrode with 25 mg cm-2 active mass loading in 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte. Bi2O3/MWCNT/CB composited electrode testing results showed promising results for supercapacitor applications.
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Guo, Lei, Lien Zhu, Lei Ma, Jian Zhang, QiuYu Meng, Zheng Jin, Meihua Liu, and Kai Zhao. "Bead chain structure RFC/ACF by electrospinning for supercapacitors." Pigment & Resin Technology 48, no. 5 (September 2, 2019): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-08-2018-0074.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to prepare a spherical modifier-modified activated carbon fiber of high specific capacitance intended for electrode materials of supercapacitor. Design/methodology/approach In this study, phenolic-based microspheres are taken as modifiers to prepare PAN-based fiber composites by electrospinning, pre-oxidation and carbonization. Pearl-chain structures appear in RFC/ACF composites, and pure polyacrylonitrile fibers show a dense network. The shape and cross-linking degree are large. After the addition of the phenolic-based microspheres, the composite material exhibits a layered pearlite chain structure with a large porosity, and the RFC/ACF composite material is derived because of the existence of a large number of bead chain structures in the composite material. The density increases, the volume declines and the mass after being assembled into a supercapacitor as a positive electrode material decreases. The specific surface area of RFC/ACF composites is increased as compared to pure fibers. The increase in specific surface area could facilitate the diffusion of electrolyte ions in the material. Owing to the large number of bead chains, plenty of pore channels are provided for the diffusion of electrolyte ions, which is conducive to enhancing the electrochemical performance of the composite and improving the RFC/ACF composite and the specific capacitance of the material. The methods of electrochemical testing on symmetric supercapacitors (as positive electrodes) are three-electrode cyclic voltammetry, alternating current impedance and cycle stability. Findings The specific capacitance value of the composite material was found to be 389.2 F/g, and the specific capacitance of the electrode operating at a higher current density of 20 mA/cm2 was 11.87 F/g (the amount of the microsphere modifier added was 0.3 g). Using this material as a positive electrode to assemble into asymmetrical supercapacitor, after 2,000 cycles, the specific capacitance retention rate was 87.46 per cent, indicating excellent cycle stability performance. This result can be attributed to the fact that the modifier embedded in the fiber changes the porosity between the fibers, while improving the utilization of the carbon fibers and making it easier for electrolyte ions to enter the interior of the composites, thereby increasing the capacitance of the composites. Originality/value The modified PAN-based activated carbon fibers in the study had high specific surface area and significantly high specific capacitance, which makes it applicable as an efficient and environment-friendly absorbent, as well as an advanced electrode material for supercapacitor.
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Rezqita, Arlavinda, Hristina Vasilchina, Raad Hamid, Markus Sauer, Annette Foelske, Corina Täubert, and Hermann Kronberger. "Silicon/Mesoporous Carbon (Si/MC) Derived from Phenolic Resin for High Energy Anode Materials for Li-ion Batteries: Role of HF Etching and Vinylene Carbonate (VC) Additive." Batteries 5, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5010011.
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Silicon/mesoporous carbon (Si/MC) composites with optimum Si content, in which the volumetric energy density would be maximized, while volume changes would be minimized, have been developed. The composites were prepared by dispersing Si nanoparticles in a phenolic resin as a carbon source, subsequent carbonization, and etching with hydrofluoric acid (HF). Special attention was paid to understanding the role of HF etching as post-treatment to provide additional void spaces in the composites. The etching process was shown to reduce the SiO2 native layer on the Si nanoparticles, resulting in increased porosity in comparison to the non-etched composite material. For cell optimization, vinylene carbonate (VC) was employed as an electrolyte additive to build a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the electrode. The composition of the SEI layer on Si/MC electrodes, cycled with and without VC-containing electrolytes for several cycles, was then comprehensively investigated by using ex-situ XPS. The SEI layers on the electrodes working with VC-containing electrolyte were more stable than those in configurations without VC; this explains why our sample with VC exhibits lower irreversible capacity losses after several cycles. The optimized Si/MC composites exhibit a reversible capacity of ~800 mAhg−1 with an average coulombic efficiency of ~99 % over 400 cycles at C/10.
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Putsylov, I. A., M. V. Negorodov, P. D. Ivanov, V. A. Zhorin, and S. E. Smirnov. "Investigation of properties of composite electrode materials based on fluorocarbon." Perspektivnye Materialy 12 (2021): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2021-12-51-58.
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The influence of the composition of the composite electrode on its electrochemical characteristics is investigated. The optimal ratio between the components of the solid-phase cathode is established: (86 % CFx: Ag2V4O11): 7 % ECA : 7 % SPE. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of solid-phase electrodes based on fluorocarbon and composite compositions ones is carried out. It is shown that the composite electrode has an increase in the average discharge potential compared to a conventional fluorocarbon one of about 0.1 V, the specific energy increases by 11.2 %, and the specific capacity increases by 7.6 %. Models of current sources with polymer electrolyte have a flatter and longer discharge curve,as well as a smaller self-discharge during storage compared to models with liquid electrolyte. Thus, when stored for four months at a temperature of 90°C, the drop in the capacity of models of cells with polymer electrolyte was at the level of measurement error, while the drop in the capacity of models with liquid electrolyte was about 15 %. Tests of models of a video capsule of a video capsule endoscopy system with an energy drive from solid-phase cells and traditional lithium-fluorocarbon cells with a liquid electrolyte were carried out. It is established that solid-phase cells are superior in capacity and stability to known analogues with a liquid electrolyte.
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Lota, Katarzyna, Agnieszka Sierczynska, and Grzegorz Lota. "Supercapacitors Based on Nickel Oxide/Carbon Materials Composites." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/321473.
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In the thesis, the properties of nickel oxide/active carbon composites as the electrode materials for supercapacitors are discussed. Composites with a different proportion of nickel oxide/carbon materials were prepared. A nickel oxide/carbon composite was prepared by chemically precipitating nickel hydroxide on an active carbon and heating the hydroxide at 300 ∘Cin the air. Phase compositions of the products were characterized using X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The morphology of the composites was observed by SEM. The electrochemical performances of composite electrodes used in electrochemical capacitors were studied in addition to the properties of electrode consisting of separate active carbon and nickel oxide only. The electrochemical measurements were carried out using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and impedance spectroscopy. The composites were tested in 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte using two- and three-electrode Swagelok systems. The results showed that adding only a few percent of nickel oxide to active carbon provided the highest value of capacity. It is the confirmation of the fact that such an amount of nickel oxide is optimal to take advantage of both components of the composite, which additionally can be a good solution as a negative electrode in asymmetric configuration of electrode materials in an electrochemical capacitor.
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Zhu, Yachao, Khalil Rajouâ, Steven Le Vot, Olivier Fontaine, Patrice Simon, and Frédéric Favier. "MnO2-MXene Composite as Electrode for Supercapacitor." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 030524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac59f5.
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A MnO2-MXene composite material is reported, in which MnO2 particles have been grown onto Ti3C2 MXene flakes. Thanks to its interconnected structure, it can not only boost the low electrical conductivity of MnO2, but also suppress the restacking of MXene flakes. As an electrode material in a three-electrode cell, the composite showed greater capacitance and improved stability performance than raw MnO2 in both KOH and Na2SO4 aqueous electrolytes. Equipped with MnO2–MXene composite material as positive and activated carbon as negative, an asymmetric device using Na2SO4 as electrolyte displayed an energy density of 20 Wh kg−1 at 500 W kg−1 power density. On the other hand, the device operated in KOH electrolyte showed an energy density of 17 Wh kg−1 at 400 W kg−1, and 11 Wh kg−1 at 8 kW kg−1.
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Mao, Yougang, Naba K. Karan, Ravi Kumar, Russell Hopson, Pradeep R. Guduru, Brian W. Sheldon, and Li-Qiong Wang. "Effect of electrochemical cycling on microstructures of nanocomposite silicon electrodes using hyperpolarized 129Xe and 7Li NMR spectroscopy." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 40, no. 4 (July 2022): 043203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0001768.
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The microstructural stability of composite electrodes during electrochemical cycling is critically important as it dictates the performance of Li-ion batteries. The issue becomes even more important for the high capacity alloying anode such as silicon that typically exhibits dramatic lithiation–delithiation-induced volume changes. The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formed on the active electrode surface has a profound effect on the overall microstructural stability of composite electrodes. An ideal SEI layer allows Li+ ions in and out of the electrode, but is an insulator to electrons, preventing the electrolyte from being further reduced. However, the SEI layers formed during initial lithiation may experience changes or degradation with subsequent cycling, adversely affecting the electrode performance. A combination of hyperpolarized 129Xe and 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies was applied to probe the microstructures of nanocomposite silicon electrodes at various stages of the lithiation–delithiation cycle. The results obtained from this study shed light on the degradation mechanism of nanocomposite Si electrodes upon electrochemical cycling and should prove useful in the effort to design more robust electrodes in the future.
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Sun, Miao, Wei Wang, Ben Lin He, Ming Liang Sun, Fan Sun, Wei Liu, Hong Lun Ge, and Qin Jie Zhang. "Preparation and Properties of Poly-2,5-dihydroxyaniline/Activated Carbon Composite Electrode." Applied Mechanics and Materials 190-191 (July 2012): 528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.190-191.528.
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Poly-2, 5-dimethoxyaniline (PDMA) coating was successfully prepared by electrochemical method on the surface of active carbon (AC) electrodes in oxalic acid aqueous solution. The resulted coating was hydrolyzed to produce poly-2,5-dihydroxyaniline (PDHA) to enhance the capacitance of the composite electrode. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge test, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to investigate the properties of these electrodes. A comparative analysis on the electrochemical properties of bare-carbon electrode was also conducted under similar conditions. The specific capacitance of the PDHA/AC composite electrode was 947.04 F•g-1 between 0.0 and 1.0 V at a current density of 3.0 mA•cm-2 in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. The capacitance retention of composite electrode was about 89.2% during 700 charge-discharge cycles.
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Ho, M. Y., Poi Sim Khiew, D. Isa, T. K. Tan, W. S. Chiu, and C. H. Chia. "LiFePO4 - Activated Carbon Composite Electrode as Symmetrical Electrochemical Capacitor in Mild Aqueous Electrolyte." Applied Mechanics and Materials 627 (September 2014): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.627.3.
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In this study, a symmetric electrochemical capacitor has been fabricated by adopting the lithiated compound (LiFePO4)-activated carbon (AC) composite as the core electrode materials. The electrochemical performances of the prepared supercapacitor were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 1.0 M Na2SO3 solution. Experimental results reveal that the maximum specific capacitance of 112.41 F/g is obtained in 40 wt % LiFePO4 loading on AC electrode in comparison to that of pure AC electrode (76.24 F/g) in 1 M Na2SO3. The enhanced capacitive performance of the 40 wt % LiFeO4 –AC composite electrode is believed attributed to the contribution of synergistic effect of electric double layer capacitance (EDLC) on the surface of AC as well as pseudocapacitance via intercalation/extraction of Na+, SO32-and Li+ ions in LiFePO4 lattices. The composite electrodes can sustain a stable capacitive performance at least 1000 cycles with only ~5 % specific capacitance loss after 1000 cycles. Based on the findings above, 40 wt % LiFeO4 –AC composite electrodes which utilise low cost materials and environmental friendly electrolyte is worth being investigated in more details.
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Luong, Dao Thi Anh, and Quyet Huu Do. "Fabricating a flexible super capacitor prototype based on nano - composite electrode and polymer electrolyte." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i4.683.
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Super capacitor is an important device for energy storage and usage with high power and high efficiency. Commercial super capacitors are typically fabricated by using binder to attach electrode powder to the metal foil current collector. In this paper, we present a method to fabricate super capacitors using binder-free electrodes and carbon current collector to enhance the compact size, light weight and flexibility. To obtain high power and high energy density, nano composite electrode of CNTs-polyaniline was employed. The super capacitors with PVA electrolyte achieved the electrode capacitance of 170 F/g and charged voltage can be up to 1.2 volt, which is the maximum voltage achieved by aqueous PVA electrolyte.
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Siburian, Rikson, Fajar Hutagalung, Oktavian Silitonga, Suriati Paiman, Lisnawaty Simatupang, Crystina Simanjuntak, Sri Pratiwi Aritonang, et al. "The New Materials for Battery Electrode Prototypes." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020555.
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In this article, we present the performance of Copper (Cu)/Graphene Nano Sheets (GNS) and C—π (Graphite, GNS, and Nitrogen-doped Graphene Nano Sheets (N—GNS)) as a new battery electrode prototype. The objectives of this research are to develop a number of prototypes of the battery electrode, namely Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//C—π, and to evaluate their respective performances. The GNS, N—GNS, and primary battery electrode prototypes (Cu/GNS/Electrolyte/C—π) were synthesized by using a modified Hummers method; the N-doped sheet was obtained by doping nitrogen at room temperature and the impregnation or the composite techniques, respectively. Commercial primary battery electrodes were also used as a reference in this research. The Graphite, GNS, N—GNS, commercial primary batteries electrode, and battery electrode prototypes were analyzed using an XRD, SEM-EDX, and electrical multimeter, respectively. The research data show that the Cu particles are well deposited on the GNS and N—GNS (XRD and SEM—EDX data). The presence of the Cu metal and electrolytes (NH4Cl and MnO2) materials can increase the electrical conductivities (335.6 S cm−1) and power density versus the energy density (4640.47 W kg−1 and 2557.55 Wh kg−1) of the Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//N—GNS compared to the commercial battery (electrical conductivity (902.2 S cm−1) and power density versus the energy density (76 W kg−1 and 43.95 W kg−1). Based on all of the research data, it may be concluded that Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//N—GNS can be used as a new battery electrode prototype with better performances and electrical activities.
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Navarrete, Laura, Chung-Yul Yoo, and José Manuel Serra. "Comparative Study of Epoxy-CsH2PO4 Composite Electrolytes and Porous Metal Based Electrocatalysts for Solid Acid Electrochemical Cells." Membranes 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030196.
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Electrochemical cells based on acid salts (CsH2PO4) have attracted great interest for intermediate temperature, due to the outstanding proton conductivity of acid salts. In this work, electrodes and electrolyte were optimized following different strategies. An epoxy resin was added to the CsH2PO4 material to enhance the mechanical properties of the electrolyte, achieving good conductivity, enhanced stability, and cyclability. The electrodes configuration was modified, and Ni sponge was selected as active support. The infiltration of different oxide nanoparticles was carried out to tailor the electrodes resistance by promoting the electrocatalyst activity of electrodes. The selection of a cell supported on the electrode and the addition of an epoxy resin enables the reduction of the electrolyte thickness without damaging the mechanical stability of the thinner electrolyte.
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Kalinina, Elena, and Elena Pikalova. "Opportunities, Challenges and Prospects for Electrodeposition of Thin-Film Functional Layers in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology." Materials 14, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 5584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195584.
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Electrolytic deposition (ELD) and electrophoretic deposition (EPD) are relevant methods for creating functional layers of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). This review discusses challenges, new findings and prospects for the implementation of these methods, with the main emphasis placed on the use of the ELD method. Topical issues concerning the formation of highly active SOFC electrodes using ELD, namely, the electrochemical introduction of metal cations into a porous electrode backbone, the formation of composite electrodes, and the electrochemical synthesis of perovskite-like electrode materials are considered. The review presents examples of the ELD formation of the composite electrodes based on porous platinum and silver, which retain high catalytic activity when used in the low-temperature range (400–650 °C). The features of the ELD/EPD co-deposition in the creation of nanostructured electrode layers comprising metal cations, ceramic nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes, and the use of EPD to create oriented structures are also discussed. A separate subsection is devoted to the electrodeposition of CeO2-based film structures for barrier, protective and catalytic layers using cathodic and anodic ELD, as well as to the main research directions associated with the deposition of the SOFC electrolyte layers using the EPD method.
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Arise, Ichiro, Yuto Miyahara, Kohei Miyazaki, and Takeshi Abe. "Functional Role of Aramid Coated Separator for Dendrite Suppression in Lithium-Ion Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 010536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4b1e.
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The separator is an essential important key material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because it is in contact with the positive and negative electrodes and the electrolyte. Aramid coated separators (ACS) are widely used in automotive and consumer batteries as high-performance separators for LIBs with high safety and excellent lifetime characteristics. Although much effort has been made to improve the electrolyte composition, the lithium deposition on the surface of the graphite electrode at low temperature and the high charge rate is still an unsolved problem in LIBs. In this work, lithium metal is used as a counter electrode, and a separator was placed between lithium metal and graphite composite electrode. The lithium was deposited on the surface of the graphite composite electrode through the separator. Then, the functional role of ACS in the initial deposition process was investigated. The dendrite blocking effect of ACS was studied by the observation of dendrite growth and pulse cycle performance.
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Tsai, Hsin-Yen, Munusamy Sathish Kumar, Balaraman Vedhanarayanan, Hsin-Hui Shen, and Tsung-Wu Lin. "Urea-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent with Magnesium/Lithium Dual Ions as an Aqueous Electrolyte for High-Performance Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Devices." Batteries 9, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020069.
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A new deep eutectic solvent (DES) made from urea, magnesium chloride, lithium perchlorate and water has been developed as the electrolyte for battery-supercapacitor hybrid devices. The physicochemical characteristics of DES electrolytes and potential interactions between electrolyte components are well analyzed through electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. It has been discovered that the properties of DES electrolytes are highly dependent on the component ratio, which allows us to engineer the electrolyte to meet the requirement of the battery application. Perylene tetracarboxylic di-imide and reduced graphene oxide ha ve been combined to produce a composite (PTCDI/rGO) that has been tested as the anode in DES electrolyte. This composite shows that the capacitive contribution is greater than 90% in a low scan rate, resulting in the high rate capability. The PTCDI/rGO electrode exhibits no sign of capacity degradation and its coulombic efficiency is close to 99% after 200 cycles, which suggests excellent reversibility and stability. On the other hand, the electrochemical performance of lithium manganese oxide as the cathode material is studied in DES electrolyte, which exhibits the maximum capacity of 76.5 mAh/g at 0.03 A/g current density. After being successfully examined in terms of electrode kinetics, capacity performance, and rate capability, the anode and cathode materials are combined to construct a two-electrode system with DES electrolyte. At a current density of 0.03 A/g, this system offers 43.5 mAh/g specific capacity and displays 55.5% retention of the maximum capacity at 1 A/g. Furthermore, an energy density of 53 Wh/kg is delivered at a power density of 35 W/kg.
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Bublil, Shaul, Gayathri Peta, Hadas Alon-Yehezkel, Yuval Elias, Diana Golodnitsky, Miryam Fayena-Greenstein, and Doron Aurbach. "A Study of Composite Solid Electrolytes: The Effect of Inorganic Additives on the Polyethylene Oxide-Sodium Metal Interface." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 020504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4bf6.
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High electrolyte-electrode interface stability is essential for solid state batteries to avoid side reactions that form interphases and voids, leading to loss of contact and increased impedance. Such detrimental situations increase overvoltage, reduce cycling efficiency, and shorten battery cycle life. While composite solid electrolytes were studied extensively, the effect of inorganic additives in the polymer matrix on the electrolyte-anode interface remains unclear. Here, solid electrolyte was studied for batteries with sodium metal anode based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymeric matrix containing ceramic additive. Extensive electrochemical analyses under both AC and DC conditions were performed, and chemical reactions between sodium metal and the PEO matrix, which produce interphases at the electrode-electrolyte interface, were investigated. Addition of sodium beta aluminate in the matrix appears to mitigate these reactions, removing a major obstacle on the way to effective all-solid-state rechargeable sodium batteries.
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Zhang, Baoguo, Ling Tong, Lin Wu, Xiaoyu Yang, Zhiyuan Liao, Ao Chen, Yilai Zhou, Ying Liu, and Ya Hu. "Design of ultrafine silicon structure for lithium battery and research progress of silicon-carbon composite negative electrode materials." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2079, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2079/1/012005.
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Abstract As demand for high-performance electric vehicles, portable electronic equipment, and energy storage devices increases rapidly, the development of lithium-ion batteries with higher specific capacity and rate performance has become more and more urgent. As the main body of lithium storage, negative electrode materials have become the key to improving the performance of lithium batteries. The high specific capacity and low lithium insertion potential of silicon materials make them the best choice to replace traditional graphite negative electrodes. Pure silicon negative electrodes have huge volume expansion effects and SEI membranes (solid electrolyte interface) are easily damaged. Therefore, researchers have improved the performance of negative electrode materials through silicon-carbon composites. This article introduces the current design ideas of ultra-fine silicon structure for lithium batteries and the method of compounding with carbon materials, and reviews the research progress of the performance of silicon-carbon composite negative electrode materials. Ultra-fine silicon materials include disorderly dispersed ultra-fine silicon particles such as porous structures, hollow structures, and core-shell structures; and ordered ultra-fine silicon, such as silicon nanowire arrays, silicon nanotube arrays, and interconnected silicon nano-films. The article analyzes and compares the composite method of ultrafine silicon and carbon materials with different structural designs, and the effect of composite negative electrode materials on the specific capacity and cycle performance of the battery. Finally, the research direction of silicon-carbon composite negative electrode materials is prospected.
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Liang, Xinghua, Di Han, Yunting Wang, Lingxiao Lan, and Jie Mao. "Preparation and performance study of a PVDF–LATP ceramic composite polymer electrolyte membrane for solid-state batteries." RSC Advances 8, no. 71 (2018): 40498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra08436j.
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Recently, safety issues in conventional organic liquid electrolytes and the interface resistance between the electrode and electrolyte have been the most challenging barriers for the expansion of lithium batteries to a wide range of applications.
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Galloway, Thomas A., Laura Cabo-Fernandez, Iain M. Aldous, Filipe Braga, and Laurence J. Hardwick. "Shell isolated nanoparticles for enhanced Raman spectroscopy studies in lithium–oxygen cells." Faraday Discussions 205 (2017): 469–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00151g.
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A critical and detailed assessment of using Shell Isolated Nanoparticles for Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SHINERS) on different electrode substrates was carried out, providing relative enhancement factors, as well as an evaluation of the distribution of shell-isolated nanoparticles upon the electrode surfaces. The chemical makeup of surface layers formed upon lithium metal electrodes and the mechanism of the oxygen reduction reaction on carbon substrates relevant to lithium–oxygen cells are studied with the employment of the SHINERS technique. SHINERS enhanced the Raman signal at these surfaces showing a predominant Li2O based layer on lithium metal in a variety of electrolytes. The formation of LiO2and Li2O2, as well as degradation reactions forming Li2CO3, upon planar carbon electrode interfaces and upon composite carbon black electrodes were followed under potential control during the reduction of oxygen in a non-aqueous electrolyte based on dimethyl sulfoxide.
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Lee, Jong Jun, Cheol Bak, Dohwan Kim, and Yong Min Lee. "A Strategy to Suppress the Electrochemo-Mechanical Degradation in Solvent-Free Electrodes for All-Solid-State Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 64 (October 9, 2022): 2301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02642301mtgabs.
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In response to the safety concerns on highly flammable liquid electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) have emerged as promising alternatives for the next generation. The use of solid electrolytes with low flammability can provide resistance to fire/explosion incidents under abnormal conditions. In addition, it is expected that high power and high energy density can be achieved using high-voltage cathode materials due to the wide electrochemical window of solid electrolytes. Therefore, various solid electrolytes (polymer, inorganic, and composite solid electrolytes) were intensively studied. Among the solid electrolytes, sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes have attracted much attention due to their advantages. They have the highest ionic conductivity (10-2 ~ 10-3 S cm-1) at room temperature, comparable to a liquid electrolyte. Also, owing to its ductile characteristics, interfacial contact with electrode material is also good, and large-scale production is advantageous. However, there are many problems to be solved to realize ASSB with sulfide-based electrolytes. one of the main obstacles is to produce sheet-type electrodes with high active mass loading and good stability. The slurry process commonly used to manufacture sheet-type electrodes of LIBs cannot be directly applied to ASSBs because sulfide-based electrolytes exhibit high reactivity with most organic solvents. Even if the reactivity is not considered, in the slurry process, the bulk binder surrounds the electrode components and blocks the ion transfer pathway, thereby degrading the cell performance. In this regard, solvent-free processing has emerged as a novel manufacturing process to overcome these issues. It is well known that polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) can fibrillate under shear stress conditions. When PTFE is added to the electrode and stress is applied, the PTFE is thinly fibrillated within the electrode. These well-dispersed fibers bind electrode materials and form sheet-type electrode film without delamination. This novel process has little concern about reactivity as no solvent is added, and PTFE does not react with electrode components. Moreover, since the thinly fibrous binder is evenly spread throughout the electrode, a sheet-type electrode can be formed with a smaller amount than in the slurry process, and the ion transfer pathway in the electrode can be less blocked. However, solvent-free processing also has problems to be solved. The thinly fibrillated binder cannot provide sufficient adhesion strength between the electrode components. The insufficient adhesion strength of the binder cannot prevent the reduction in the contact area between the electrode and the electrolyte material due to volume expansion during the charge/discharge process, resulting in rapid performance degradation. In this work, we pre-treated PTFE to increase adhesion strength between electrode components and the cycling stability of the solvent-free electrode. When comparing the mechanical strength of solvent-free electrodes using the Surface and Interfacial Cut Analysis System (SAICAS) tool, electrodes with pre-treated PTFE had higher mechanical strength than electrodes with bare PTFE. Due to the higher mechanical strength, the pre-treated PTFE electrode had better cycling stability than the electrode with bare PTFE. This pre-treatment technology is expected to be a promising technology that can contribute to the realization of large-scale production and commercialization of ASSBs.
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Saito, Genki, and Tomohiro Akiyama. "Nanomaterial Synthesis Using Plasma Generation in Liquid." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/123696.
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Over the past few decades, the research field of nanomaterials (NMs) has developed rapidly because of the unique electrical, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties of these materials. Among the various methods available today for NM synthesis, techniques for plasma generation in liquid are relatively new. Various types of plasma such as arc discharge and glow discharge can be applied to produce metal, alloy, oxide, inorganic, carbonaceous, and composite NMs. Many experimental setups have been reported, in which various parameters such as the liquid, electrode material, electrode configuration, and electric power source are varied. By examining the various electrode configurations and power sources available in the literature, this review classifies all available plasma in liquid setups into four main groups: (i) gas discharge between an electrode and the electrolyte surface, (ii) direct discharge between two electrodes, (iii) contact discharge between an electrode and the surface of surrounding electrolyte, and (iv) radio frequency and microwave plasma in liquid. After discussion of the techniques, NMs of metal, alloy, oxide, silicon, carbon, and composite produced by techniques for plasma generation in liquid are presented, where the source materials, reaction media, and electrode configurations are discussed in detail.
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Kim, Jisu, Youn-Ji Heo, Jin-Yong Hong, and Sung-Kon Kim. "Preparation of Porous Carbon Nanofibers with Tailored Porosity for Electrochemical Capacitor Electrodes." Materials 13, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030729.
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Porous carbon electrodes that accumulate charges at the electrode/electrolyte interface have been extensively investigated for use as electrochemical capacitor (EC) electrodes because of their great attributes for driving high-performance energy storage. Here, we report porous carbon nanofibers (p-CNFs) for EC electrodes made by the formation of a composite of monodisperse silica nanoparticles and polyacrylonitrile (PAN), oxidation/carbonization of the composite, and then silica etching. The pore features are controlled by changing the weight ratio of PAN to silica nanoparticles. The electrochemical performances of p-CNF as an electrode are estimated by measuring cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge. Particularly, the p-CNF electrode shows exceptional areal capacitance (13 mF cm−2 at a current of 0.5 mA cm−2), good rate-retention capability (~98% retention of low-current capacitance), and long-term cycle stability for at least 5000 charge/discharge cycles. Based on the results, we believe that this electrode has potential for use as high-performance EC electrodes.
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Luo, Gang, Shi Chao Zhang, and Hua Fang. "Facile Synthesis of New Nanocomposite Based on Cobalt Oxide and Carbon Nanotubes with Excellent Electrochemical Capacitive Behavior." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 1451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.1451.
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A new two-step synthesis of composite electrode based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and cobalt oxide (Co3O4) by electrophoretic deposition of CNTs on Ni foam followed by electrodeposition of cobalt hydroxide on CNTs electrode and heat treatment to form Co3O4/CNTs composite electrode was developed. The structure and morphology of the electrodes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Their electrochemical performances were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Experimental results indicated that the nanocomposite electrodes exhibitd excellent pseudocapacitive behavior. In the potential range of 0.1- 0.45 V(vs SCE), the nanocomposite electrode showed a high specific capacitance of 867 F•g-1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte and a capacity retention of 90% after 1000 cycles at a current density of 1 A•g-1.
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Ho, Mui Yen, Poi Sim Khiew, Dino Isa, and Wee Siong Chiu. "Electrochemical studies on nanometal oxide-activated carbon composite electrodes for aqueous supercapacitors." Functional Materials Letters 07, no. 06 (December 2014): 1440012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604714400128.
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In present study, the electrochemical performance of eco-friendly and cost-effective titanium oxide ( TiO 2)-based and zinc oxide-based nanocomposite electrodes were studied in neutral aqueous Na 2 SO 3 electrolyte, respectively. The electrochemical properties of these composite electrodes were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (CD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The experimental results reveal that these two nanocomposite electrodes achieve the highest specific capacitance at fairly low oxide loading onto activated carbon (AC) electrodes, respectively. Considerable enhancement of the electrochemical properties of TiO 2/AC and ZnO /AC nanocomposite electrodes is achieved via synergistic effects contributed from the nanostructured metal oxides and the high surface area mesoporous AC. Cations and anions from metal oxides and aqueous electrolyte such as Ti 4+, Zn 2+, Na + and [Formula: see text] can occupy some pores within the high-surface-area AC electrodes, forming the electric double layer at the electrode–electrolyte interface. Additionally, both TiO 2 and ZnO nanoparticles can provide favourable surface adsorption sites for [Formula: see text] anions which subsequently facilitate the faradaic processes for pseudocapacitive effect. These two systems provide the low cost material electrodes and the low environmental impact electrolyte which offer the increased charge storage without compromising charge storage kinetics.
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Ong, Wei, Ho Mui Yen, Peck Loo Kiew, Teck Hock Lim, Khok Lun Leong, Shuan Yao Tan, and Jin Xiang Lim. "In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/MoS<sub>2</sub>/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanostructure as Composite Electrodes for Supercapacitors." Key Engineering Materials 936 (December 14, 2022): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-bb4r2i.
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In this study, a novel reduced graphene oxide, indium (III) oxide, and molybdenum disulfide (rGO/In2O3/MoS2) ternary composite for supercapacitor electrode application was developed via green hydrothermal synthesis. The topography, surface morphology, crystalline structure, phase identification and molecular structure of the composites were examined by applying Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman Spectroscopy. SEM and TEM reveal the uniform dispersion of In2O3 nanoparticles on the rGO and MoS2 sheets. EDX, XRD, and XPS analysis confirm the coexistences of rGO, In2O3, and MoS2, and hence the composite formation. The electrochemical performances of rGO/In2O3/MoS2 ternary composite were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in two-electrode configuration in 1 M sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) aqueous electrolyte. The electrochemical results show that the rGO/In2O3/MoS2 composite electrodes possess improved specific capacitance of 77 F/g at a scan rate of 25 mV/s, a modest 29% enhancement over pure In2O3 and In2O3/MoS2 binary composite.
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Brandão, Ana T. S. C., Renata Costa, A. Fernando Silva, and Carlos M. Pereira. "Hydrogen Bond Donors Influence on the Electrochemical Performance of Composite Graphene Electrodes/Deep Eutectic Solvents Interface." Electrochem 3, no. 1 (February 10, 2022): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3010009.
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The development of energy storage devices with better performance relies on the use of innovative materials and electrolytes, aiming to reduce the carbon footprint through the screening of low toxicity electrolytes and solvent-free electrode design protocols. The application of nanostructured carbon materials with high specific surface area, to prepare composite electrodes, is being considered as a promising starting point towards improving the power and energy efficiency of energy storage devices. Non-aqueous electrolytes synthesized using greener approaches with lower environmental impact make deep eutectic solvents (DES) promising alternatives for electrochemical energy storage and conversion applications. Accordingly, this work proposes a systematic study on the effect of the composition of DES containing a diol and an amide as HBD (hydrogen bond donor: 1,2-propylene glycol and urea), on the electrochemical performance of graphene and graphite composite electrodes/DES electrolyte interface. Glassy carbon (GC) was selected as the bare electrode material substrate to prepare the composite formulations since it provides an electrochemically reproducible surface. Gravimetric capacitance was measured for commercial graphene and commercial graphite/GC composite electrodes in contact with choline chloride, complexed with 1,2-propylene glycol, and urea as the HBD in 1:2 molar ratio. The electrochemical stability was followed by assessing the charge/discharge curves at 1, 2, and 4 A g−1. For comparison purposes, a parallel study was performed using commercial graphite. A four-fold increase in gravimetric capacitance was obtained when replacing commercial graphite (1.70 F g−1) by commercial graphene (6.19 F g−1) in contact with 1,2-propylene glycol-based DES. When using urea based DES no significant change in gravimetric capacitance was observed when commercial graphite is replaced by commercial graphene.
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Sutarsis and Jeng-Kuei Chang. "Improving the Electrochemical Performances of Supercapacitors through Modification of the Particle Size Distribution of the Carbon Electrode." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 927, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/927/1/012044.
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Abstract The effect of a synergetic mixture of large and small activated carbon composite particles on the performance of organic electrolyte-based EDLCs was examined in this work. Different surface areas, pore volumes, particle size distributions, and concentrations of surface functional groups were observed in bi-modal particle sizes of activated carbon composites. Using galvanostatic cycling, the cell capacitance of an activated carbon composite rose with an increase in the fraction of big particles (C8) over a wide range of rates. Due to their moderate specific surface areas, a relatively low fraction of smaller particle size, low concentration of oxygen functional groups, low contact resistance, and high ionic conductivity, the 0.25C4+0.75C8 carbon electrode composite has a high specific capacitance, high retention of high rate discharge, and long cycle life when compared to other composites and single carbon electrodes (C4, C8, and C12). The leakage current and gas evolution may be suppressed to an operating voltage of 3.0 V with an appropriate fraction of large and small particle composition on the carbon electrode, boosting the carbon cells’ reliability and stability.
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Seol, WooJun, Hyeonghun Park, Hyeong-Jin Kim, and Ji Young Jo. "Ferroelectric Polymer-Based Composite Layer Coated Zinc Ion Batteries Toward Dendrite-Free Zinc Anodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 4 (July 7, 2022): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-014563mtgabs.
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The lithium ion batteries are dominating rechargeable battery market with advantages of long cycle life, adaptability, and high energy density; however, disadvantages including lithium resource shortage, high processing cost arising from the other battery components (Co-based cathode and electrolyte), and safety concerns due to flammable organic electrolytes and highly reactive lithium species hinder further development to grid-scale batteries. The zinc ion batteries have been proposed as an alternative for lithium ion batteries owing to suitable electrochemical properties for grid-scale batteries of large specific capacity (820 mAh/g), high volumetric capacity (5854 mAh/cm3), and low redox potential (-0.76 V). Also, zinc’s low cost, environmental abundance, inexpensive mass production, and superior safety due to usage of aqueous electrolyte make zinc ion battery extremely promising for future battery applications. Prior to the commercialization of zinc ion batteries, a detrimental issue remains with rapid degradation of battery performance mainly due to dendrite formation and additional side reactions during charging and discharging processes. The dendrite growth in association with the reduction of zinc ions during the discharging process causes lifespan shortening related to short circuit arising from separator piercing as well as a decrease of capacity via unceasing of water/electrolyte decomposition accompanied with fast electrolyte depletion. Also, parasitic side reactions between electrode and electrolyte produce hydrogen and zinc sulfate hydroxide while wasting both electrolyte and zinc electrode. These reactions involves electron consumption which severely reduce a Coulombic efficiency and prohibit us from reaching theoretically expected electrochemical performances. Several strategies have been proposed to suppress the dendrite growth and side reactions, such as interfacial electrode modification through an increase of the surface area of zinc anodes, insertion of electrolyte additive, manipulation of crystallographic orientation of electrode. Here, we propose an additional ferroelectric layer coating onto the zinc electrode for the compression of dendrite growth and the hindrance of the side reaction. Among the ferroelectric materials, we select composites consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) and barium titanate nanoparticles to take both advantages of P(VDF-TrFE) — cost-effective fabrication, compatibility with battery components, and non-toxicity and of barium titanate — lead-free inorganic ferroelectric materials with high ferroelectricity. The 800 nm-thick P(VDF-TrFE)/barium titanate nanocomposite ferroelectric layer is spin-coated onto a bare zinc electrode and works as an anode for battery operation. A coated ferroelectric layer serves as a physical barrier to block zinc corrosion and hydrogen reaction. Meanwhile, dendrite suppression achieved by ferroelectric layer resulting from the uniform electric field and additional ionic path can be attributed to longer cycle life. Therefore, we could observe about three times extended cycle life and a decrease of side reaction products (hydrogen, zinc sulfate hydroxide) to the half value or less than bare zinc electrode.
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Feller, Claudia, Stefan Furche, and Markus Eberstein. "Development and characterization of glass matrix composites as porous coating film of a solid state reference electrode." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, CICMT (September 1, 2012): 000200–000207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2012-tp46.
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For protection against leaching of the electrolyte reservoir of a solid state reference electrode a porous covering film was prepared and characterized. The porous covering film is based on a glass matrix composite and fired at 400 °C according to the thick-film-based structure of the reference electrode. Based on stability investigations on low sintering glasses in the range of pH 1.68 to pH 9.18 and in various concentrated potassium chloride solutions, a suitable zinc borate glass was selected. Using this glass and Al2O3 or ZrO2 oxide powders, various glass matrix composites were prepared and their sintering behavior was investigated in dependence on the amount of crystalline fraction up to 45 vol%. The shrinkage was measured by heating microscopy of powder compacts of cylindrical shape. In addition composite films on ZrO2 substrates screen-printed and at 400 °C fired were characterized in terms of their porosity by means of micro structural analysis and electrochemical deposition of copper. According to these investigations, suitable composites were selected as porous covering materials for the reference electrode and were tested therefore. The electrochemical characterization showed that the solid-state reference electrodes with porous covering films have a very good performance compared to conventional reference electrodes.
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Malczyk, Piotr, Marcel Mandel, Tilo Zienert, Christian Weigelt, Lutz Krüger, Jana Hubalkova, Gert Schmidt, and Christos G. Aneziris. "Electrochemical Studies of Stainless Steel and Stainless Steel-TiO2 Composite in Reference to Molten Aluminum Alloy Using a Solid-State BaCO3 Electrolyte." Materials 15, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 6723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196723.
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The influence of TiO2 addition on the high-temperature electrochemical characteristics of stainless-steel-based materials was investigated by means of differential potential measurement, electrochemical polarization and impedance spectroscopy. A new three-electrode approach was utilized which incorporated a liquid aluminum alloy AlSi7Mg0.3 as the reference electrode, barium carbonate BaCO3 as the solid-state electrolyte, and stainless steel or a stainless steel-TiO2 composite as the working electrode. The potential differences between the steel-based working electrodes and the liquid-aluminum-alloy reference electrode were measured for 85 h throughout the whole experiment, including the heating and cooling period. The experiments were performed at 850 °C. The determination of the high-temperature open circuit potential (ECorr) in reference to the liquid aluminum alloy was carried out via potentiodynamic polarization. The polarization-related changes in the impedance characteristics were evaluated by the correlation of impedance responses before and after the polarization. The addition of 40 vol% TiO2 resulted in a reduction in the potential of the steel-TiO2 composite and led to the formation of a more uniform electrode–electrolyte interface. The reaction products on the surface of the working electrodes were investigated by means of SEM/EDS and XRD. They consisted of mixed oxides within the Fe-O, Ba-Fe-O and Ba-Cr-O systems.
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Liu, Huibing, Guoxing Zhang, Dawei Li, and Junqian Zhang. "An Improved Experiment for Measuring Lithium Concentration-Dependent Material Properties of Graphite Composite Electrodes." Nanomaterials 12, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 4448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12244448.
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The in situ curvature measurement of bilayer beam electrodes is widely used to measure the lithium concentration-dependent material properties of lithium-ion battery electrodes, and further understand the mechano–electrochemical coupling behaviors during electrochemical cycling. The application of this method relies on the basic assumption that lithium is uniformly distributed along the length and thickness of the curved active composite layer. However, when the electrode undergoes large bending deformation, the distribution of lithium concentration in the electrolyte and active composite layer challenges the reliability of the experimental measurements. In this paper, an improved experiment for simultaneously measuring the partial molar volume and the elastic modulus of the graphite composite electrode is proposed. The distance between the two electrodes in the optical electrochemical cell is designed and graphite composite electrodes with four different thickness ratios are measured. The quantitative experimental data indicate that the improved experiment can better satisfy the basic assumptions. The partial molar volume and the elastic modulus of the graphite composite electrode evolve nonlinearly with the increase of lithium concentration, which are related to the phase transition of graphite and also affected by the other components in the composite active layer. This improved experiment is valuable for the reliable characterization of the Li concentration-dependent material properties in commercial electrodes, and developing next-generation lithium batteries with more stable structures and longer lifetimes.
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Dong, Xingfang. "“Polymer-in-ceramic” PEO/2D heterojunction composite electrolytes for solid-state batteries." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2393, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2393/1/012025.
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Abstract The ferroelectric spontaneous polarizability of the piezoelectric TBA+CNO− also has an enhanced effect on ion transport and electrode interface modification, and its ferroelectric spontaneous polarization field also helps to reduce the generation and growth of anode dendrites. The structural instability of LRAP electrolyte Li2.99Ba0.005OCl are maintained by forming a heterojunction structure with two-dimensional nanosheets TBA+CNO−, and the fast conduction channels of lithium ions (Li+) are established. Composite electrolytes possess Li+ conductivity σi > 10−4 S/cm at 25°C. The composite materials composed of “polymer-in-ceramic” with flexibility and mechanical strength are fabricated by the casting method. PEO-Li2.99Ba0.005OCl/TBA+CNO− shows good compatibility with lithium metal, forming a stable solid electrolyte interface. The plastic crystal electrolyte dripped on the cathode side avoids the direct contact between high-voltage cathode and electrolyte and protects PEO from being oxidized and decomposed. NCM811|Li batteries show 70.9 mAh•g−1 with capacity retention of 97.88% after 100 cycles.
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Abduali, Baeshov, Ivanov Nikolay, and Myrzabekov Begzat. "Electrochemical Behavior of Selenium as Part of Composite Electrode in Sulfuric Acid Medium." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 7, no. 3 (December 17, 2011): 1378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v7i3.2373.
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The method of productiion of the composite selenium-graphitic electrodes based on organic polymer binder was proposed. Electrochemical behavior of the elementary selenium as content of composite electrode in sulfuric acid medium was assessed. A formation of hydrogen selenide during the cathode polarization, and formation of selenite and selenate ions was shown. An influence of potential spread velocity, acid concentration, and temperature of electrolyte were evaluated. Effective activation power for cathode process was estimated using the temperature-cathodic method.
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Markoulidis, Todorova, Grilli, Lekakou, and Trapalis. "Composite Electrodes of Activated Carbon and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Decorated with Silver Nanoparticles for High Power Energy Storage." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 4 (November 8, 2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3040097.
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Composite materials in electrodes for energy storage devices can combine different materials of high energy density, in terms of high specific surface area and pseudocapacitance, with materials of high power density, in terms of high electrical conductivity and features lowering the contact resistance between electrode and current collector. The present study investigates composite coatings as electrodes for supercapacitors with organic electrolyte 1.5 M TEABF4 in acetonitrile. The composite coatings contain high surface area activated carbon (AC) with only 0.15 wt% multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) which, dispersed to their percolation limit, offer high conductivity. The focus of the investigations is on the decoration of MWCNTs with silver nanoparticles, where smaller Ag crystallites of 16.7 nm grew on carboxylic group-functionalized MWCNTs, MWCNT–COOH, against 27–32 nm Ag crystallites grown on unfunctionalized MWCNTs. All Ag-decorated MWCNTs eliminate the contact resistance between the composite electrode and the current collector that exists when undecorated MWCNTs are used in the composite electrodes. Ag-decorated MWCNT–COOH tripled the power density and Ag-decorated MWCNT additive doubled the power density and increased the maximum energy density by 6%, due to pseudocapacitance of Ag, compared to composite electrodes with undecorated MWCNTs.
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Mosiałek, M., M. Dudek, and J. Wojewoda-Budka. "Composite La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3/Ag Cathode For SoFCs With Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 Electrolyte / Kompozytowa Katoda La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3/Ag Do Stało-Tlenkowych Ogniw Paliwowych Z Elektrolitem Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0185-2.
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Influence of the short time external polarization of silver electrode contacted Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 electrolyte was studied. Silver is moving along the Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 surface during the -0.5 V cathodic polarization at 600°C. It caused both the increase of the electrode - electrolyte contact area and the triple phase boundary length but also decrease of electrolyte and polarization resistances. Deposit of silver oxide was found at the place where the electrode polarized at the potential of 0.5 V contacted the electrolyte and around. The decrease of electrolyte and polarization resistance was smaller but more stable in this case. Composite cathodes were obtained on Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 electrolyte with the double step sintering procedure. Silver introduced into a La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3 cathode improved a performance of a La0.6Sr0:4Co0.8Fe0.2O3|Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9|Ni cell by 33%.
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Sedlmeier, Christian, Carina Schramm, Robin Schuster, Lennart Reuter, and Hubert Andreas Gasteiger. "A Micro-Reference Electrode for Impedance and Potential Measurements in All-Solid-State Battery Pouch Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012207mtgabs.
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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful and versatile tool to investigate interfaces in batteries. In order to disentangle the anode and cathode contributions from the full-cell impedance, a reference electrode (RE) is required. In the field of batteries based on liquid electrolytes, the concept of a RE has become a widespread tool for the EIS analysis of small-scale cells [1]. However, there are only very few reports on the use of a three-electrode setup with a reference electrode for all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) [2,3], which is due to the complexity of integrating a RE with a suitable geometry in the typical ASSB test cells that are based on a compressed electrolyte pellet (further on referred to as bulk-type ASSB cells), since for artifact-free single-electrode impedance spectra, the RE should be placed between the electrodes and should be thin compared to the thickness of the pellet. In contrast to the widely used bulk-type ASSB cells, a recently available alternative construction is offered by the use of free-standing separator sheets based on a solid electrolyte / polymer binder composite (further on referred to as sheet-type ASSB cells),[4,5] in which case a micro-RE can be placed between two separator sheets, in analogy to the micro-RE concept used with batteries based on liquid electrolytes [1]. In this study, we use sheet-type separators based on a composite consisting of Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl) solid electrolyte and a hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) binder to build ASSB pouch cells that include a gold wire micro-RE (µ-GWRE). We show that upon in-situ lithiation of the µ-GWRE a stable reference potential is obtained and that artifact-free single-electrode impedance spectra can be obtained, analogous to what we had found previously for a µ-GWRE in a lithium ion battery with liquid electrolyte.[1] Figure 1 shows both half-cell impedance spectra of an InLi | separator sheet | Li cell. The sum of both half-cell impedances (blue) is identical to the full-cell impedance (green) and now impedance loops or other common artefacts are observed for the InLi (black) and the Li (red) electrodes, indicating the viability of this setup to determine single-electrode impedances. Since the InLi electrode is commonly used as counter electrode (CE) for ASSB testing cells, we will also use this setup to investigate the potential stability of InLi alloys and their impedance evolution upon lithiation and delithiation. Acknowledgements: This work was carried out as part of the research project “Industrialisierbarkeit Festkörperelektrolytzellen”, funded by the Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs, Regional Development and Energy. References: [1] Solchenbach, D. Pritzl, E. J. Y. Kong, J. Landesfeind and H. A. Gasteiger, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163 (10) A2265-A2272 (2016). [2] Dougas, Y. Dupraz, E. Quemin, T. Koc, and J.-M. Tarascon, J. Electrochem. Soc., 168 (9), 090508 (2021). [3] J. Nam, K. H. Park, D. Y. Oh, W. H. An and Y. S. Jung, J. Mater. Chem., 6, 14867-14875 (2018). [4] Riphaus, P. Strobl, B. Stiaszny, T. Zinkevich, M. Yavuz, J. Schnell, S. Indris, H. A. Gasteiger and S. Sedlmaier, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165 (16) A3993-A3999 (2018). [5] Sakuda, K. Kuratani, M. Yamamoto, M. Takahasi, T. Takeuchi and H. Kobayashi, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164 (12) A2474-A2478 (2017). Figure 1: Impedance Spectra of an InLi | separator sheet | Li pouch cell (4 cm2 electrode area) with a µ-GWRE recorded at open circuit voltage (OCV) with a voltage amplitude of 10 mV between 100 kHz and 100 mHz. The half-cell impedance spectra of the InLi working electrode (WE) and of the Li counter electrode (CE) are displayed in black and red, respectively. The sum of the individual half-cell impedance spectra (blue) matches with the full-cell impedance spectrum (green). The separator sheet is a » 400 µm thick composite of LPSCl and HNBR and no impedance loops are observed, demonstrating the successful implementation of the RE. Figure 1
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Jia, Junyao, Zhuoqun Tang, Zixing Guo, Haiyao Xu, Huijie Hu, and Sa Li. "A 3D composite lithium metal anode with pre-fabricated LiZn via reactive wetting." Chemical Communications 56, no. 30 (2020): 4248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc00514b.
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Li@NFZO, a 3D composite anode, obtained by heat-treatment and reactive wetting reinforces the electrode/electrolyte interface stability and prolongs the full-cell cycling life under lean electrolyte conditions.
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Morimoto, Hideyuki, Kenji Kurita, Tetsuya Matsuda, and Shinichi Tobishima. "Novel High-Rate Lithium Intercalation Electrode Materials Prepared by LiOH Solution Treatment of TiO2/Carbon Composites." Key Engineering Materials 350 (October 2007): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.350.199.
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Anatase-type TiO2-based oxide gel /carbon composites were treated chemically with LiOH aqueous solution at 60 °C. The crystalline phase of treated powder was examined by powder x-ray diffraction using CuKα radiation. The main diffraction peaks may be detected as belonging to cubic LiTiO2. High-rate lithium intercalation properties of the samples were estimated in nonaqueous electrolyte including lithium ions. The composite electrodes exhibited high coulombic efficiency over 90% at first cycle and high capacities over 200 mAh g-1 after 200 cycle at large charge-discharge current density of 5.0 mA cm-2 (3.7 A g-1). The composite materials are one of the promising candidates as electrode materials for energy storage devices, such as hybrid capacitor, that require high-power operations.