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1
Payer, Gizem, and Özgenç Ebil. "Zinc Electrode Morphology Evolution in High Energy Density Nickel-Zinc Batteries." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1280236.
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Prismatic Nickel-Zinc (NiZn) batteries with energy densities higher than 100 Wh kg−1were prepared using Zn electrodes with different initial morphologies. The effect of initial morphology of zinc electrode on battery capacity was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveal that initial morphology of zinc electrode changes drastically after a few charge/discharge cycles regardless of initial ZnO powder used. ZnO electrodes prepared using ZnO powders synthesized from ZnCl2and Zn(NO3)2lead to average battery energy densities ranging between 92 Wh kg−1and 109 Wh kg−1while using conventional ZnO powder leads to a higher energy density, 118 Wh kg−1. Average discharge capacities of zinc electrodes vary between 270 and 345 mA g−1, much lower than reported values for nano ZnO powders in literature. Higher electrode surface area or higher electrode discharge capacity does not necessarily translate to higher battery energy density.
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Kim, Ji-Hyun, Jung Eun Park, and Eun Sil Lee. "Zinc Recovery through Electrolytic Refinement Using Insoluble Ir + Sn + Ta + PdOx/Ti Cathode to Reduce Electrical Energy Use." Materials 12, no. 17 (August 29, 2019): 2779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172779.
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In this study, an alumina (Al) anode, a lead cathode, and insoluble catalytic cathodes (IrOx, PdOx, TaOx, and SnOx) were used as electrodes to enhance zinc recovery. The traditionally used iron electrode and insoluble catalytic electrodes were also used to compare the recovery yield when different types of electrodes were subjected to the same amount of energy. The lead electrode showed over 5000 Ω higher electrode resistance than did the insoluble catalytic electrode, leading to overpotential requiring higher electrical energy. As electrical energy used by the lead and the insoluble catalytic electrodes were 2498.97 and 2262.37 kwh/ton-Zn, respectively, electrical energy can be reduced by 10% when using an insoluble catalytic electrode compared to that when using a lead electrode. Using recovery time (1–4 h) and current density (100–500 A/m2) as variables, the activation, concentration polarization, and electrode resistance were measured for each condition to find the optimum condition for zinc recovery. A recovery yield of about 77% was obtained for up to 3 h of zinc recovery time at a current density of 200 A/m2, which is lower than that (about 80%) obtained at 300 A/m2. After 3 h of recovery time, electrode resistance (Zn concentration reduction, hydrogen generation on electrode surface) and overpotential increase with time decreased at a current density of 200 A/m2, leading to a significant increase in zinc recovery yield (95%).
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Kim, Ki Jae, Han Jun Leem, Jisang Yu, and Hyun-seung Kim. "Spontaneous Lithiophilic and Lithium-Ion Conductive Functional Layer Formation Enabled by Solution-Casted Zinc Nitride for Highly Stable Lithium Metal Electrode in Carbonate Electrolyte." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (February 11, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9526791.
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To improve the reversibility of the Li metal negative electrodes, the simultaneous formation of individually functionalized zinc metal and lithium nitride during the spontaneous conversion reaction of zinc nitride particle is conducted by casting of zinc nitride particles on the lithium electrode. Lithiophilic zinc metal reduces the nucleation polarization of the lithium electrode, whereas the highly ionic conductive and electronically insulating Li3N decreases the concentration polarization from the facile ion conduction and suppression of further electrolyte decomposition during Li plating and stripping. Both these sophisticated characteristics resulted in an improvement in the deposition morphology of lithium electrode, thereby enhancing the reversibility of lithium electrode. Consequently, the cycleability improvement of Li/LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 is achieved through the application of zinc nitride surface-treated lithium electrode.
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Nazri, M. A., Anis Nurashikin Nordin, L. M. Lim, M. Y. Tura Ali, Muhammad Irsyad Suhaimi, I. Mansor, R. Othman, S. R. Meskon, and Z. Samsudin. "Fabrication and characterization of printed zinc batteries." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 1173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i3.2858.
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Zinc batteries are a more sustainable alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to its components being highly recyclable. With the improvements in the screen printing technology, high quality devices can be printed with at high throughput and precision at a lower cost compared to those manufactured using lithographic techniques. In this paper we describe the fabrication and characterization of printed zinc batteries. Different binder materials such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB), were used to fabricate the electrodes. The electrodes were first evaluated using three-electrode cyclic voltammetry, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy before being fully assembled and tested using charge-discharge test and two-electrode cyclic voltammetry. The results show that the printed ZnO electrode with PVB as binder performed better than PVP-based ZnO. The XRD data prove that the electro-active materials were successfully transferred to the sample. However, based on the evaluation, the results show that the cathode electrode was dominated by the silver instead of Ni(OH)2, which leads the sample to behave like a silver-zinc battery instead of a nickel-zinc battery. Nevertheless, the printed zinc battery electrodes were successfully evaluated, and more current collector materials for cathode should be explored for printed nickel-zinc batteries.
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Park, Mijung, and Taeksoon Lee. "A Study on the Application Characteristics of the Insoluble MMO (Mixed Metal Oxide) Electrode for Energy Reduction of Zinc Electrowinning Process." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 42, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2020.42.9.424.
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Objective : The zinc electrowinning industry is one of the high energy consumption industries where energy saving is required. In the zinc electrowining process, electrode is a high energy consuming part. In order to reduce energy use in the electrolytic smelting industry, a comparative study was conducted on the current usage of Pb+Ag alloy electrode and insoluble composite metal oxide (MMO) electrode.Methods : In this study, a comparative evaluation of energy consumption was conducted between the generally used Pb+Ag alloy electrode and an insoluble MMO electrode. Aluminum was used as a reducing electrode. The actual on-site zinc electrowinning solution and ZnSO₄ simulated solution were prepared to estimate the electrode potential, voltage, zinc deposition efficiency, and lifetime characteristics under the current density of 500 A/m².Results and Discussion : The overvoltage of the insoluble MMO electrode was 28.9% lower and the voltage was 15.0% lower than that of Pb+Ag alloy electrode. The zinc deposition efficiency of the insoluble MMO electrode was higher 1.9% in the actual on-site zinc electrowinning solution and 6.3% in the simulated solution. Compared with the Pb+Ag alloy electrode in use, the insoluble composite metal oxide electrode exhibited low overvoltage, good voltage characteristics, and high current efficiency characteristics.Conclusions : When the energy consumption of the Pb+Ag alloy and the insoluble MMO electrodes was compared, The insoluble MMO electrode showed 17.0% lower energy consumption in the actual on-site zinc electrowinning solution and 23.8% lower in the ZnSO₄ simulated solution than Pb+Ag alloy electrode.
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Liang, Hong Xia, and Zhi Lin Wang. "Effect of Indium Addition on the Electrochemical Behavior of Zinc Electrodes in Concentrated Alkaline Solutions." Advanced Materials Research 721 (July 2013): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.721.95.
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The electrochemical behavior of zinc electrode with indium addition in 35%KOH(or saturated with ZnO) solutions has been investigated systematically by electrochemical methods including linear polarization, potentiostatic polarization, potentiodynamic anodic polarization, potential-time measurements at a constant current density, combining the observations of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is indicated that the indium addition makes the corrosion potential of Zn shifted positively and its corrosion current increased. Galvanostatic results showed that the addition of indium shortened the passivation time, indicating indium is an active element to the electrochemical performance of zinc alloy electrode. The potentiostatic polarization curves of the pure zinc plate and zinc-indium alloy electrodes in a 35%KOH solution saturated with ZnO indicated that the addition of indium improved the cathodic polarization of alloy electrodes and the deposition overpotential,mean while it depressed the deposition morphology of zinc on the electrode and accelerated the dendrite growth. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the addition of indium aggravated the corrosion of zinc electrode which may be responsible for the increased tendency to passivation at high current densities. It has been found that at low current densities the reaction kinetics may be increased by indium addition , which is agreement with the discharging test of actual alkaline batteries.
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Lee, Sangyup, Paul Maldonado Nogales, and Soon Ki Jeong. "Influence of Electrolyte Concentration on the Electrochemical Behavior of Copper Hexacyanoferrate as an Active Material for Zinc-Ion Batteries." Materials Science Forum 1119 (March 29, 2024): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2jsyvs.
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This study investigates the impact of electrolyte concentration on the electrochemical behavior of copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF), a promising active material for aqueous zinc-ion battery electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry, charge-discharge measurements, and X-ray diffraction analysis were employed to assess the electrochemical reactions and structural integrity of the CuHCF electrode under varying electrolyte concentrations. The results revealed a significant influence of electrolyte concentration on the electrochemical performance of the CuHCF electrode. Specifically, the charge-discharge capacity exhibited an initial increase as the electrolyte concentration increased from 1.0 to 2.0 mol dm‒3, followed by a subsequent decrease. This decrease in capacity was attributed to the occurrence of an electrode/electrolyte interfacial reaction in the low-potential region of 0.0–0.3 V, coupled with structural changes in the CuHCF active material. Notably, these findings underscore the strong correlation between the electrochemical performance of the CuHCF electrode and the hydration structure of zinc ions, as well as the pH of the electrolyte solution. Thus, optimizing the electrolyte composition holds significant potential for enhancing the performance of aqueous zinc-ion batteries employing CuHCF electrodes.
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Nor Hairin, Assayidatul Laila, Raihan Othman, Hanafi Ani Mohd, Hens Saputra, and Muhd Zu Azhan Yahya. "Evaluation of Porous Electrode Properties Using Metal-Air Electrochemical System." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 1619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1619.
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This work explores the use of metal-air electrochemical system to evaluate porous electrode properties i.e. specific surface area and pore volume density. Porous zinc electrodes are prepared from an acidic, chloride electrolytic bath of varying supporting electrolyte (NH4Cl) formulation to produce electrodeposits of distinctive properties. Nitrogen physisorption at 77 K is utilized to evaluate the specific surface area and pore volume density of the electrodes. The zinc electrodeposits prepared from all electrolytic bath formulations are then assembled into zinc-air cells as the anodic electrode and characterized according to their limiting current density and discharge capacity. It is found that the variation in limiting current density matches that of BET surface area and the trend for discharge capacity follows that of pore volume density.
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Yang, Xiao Yong, Pei Xian Zhu, and Yun Sen Si. "Preparation and Application of Lead Dioxide Electrode for Zinc Electrolysis." Advanced Materials Research 785-786 (September 2013): 1125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.785-786.1125.
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According to the process of anodic oxygen evolution in sulfate system for zinc electrolysis,Ti-base lead dioxide electrode can be prepared to use in this case.The surface characterization of the electrode was studied by Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The electrode lifetime was tested in 1mol/L H2SO4solution at 60°C,and the electro-catalytic properties was examined by polarization curves.Then these samples was enlarged and simulation test was conducted at Mengzi marriage zinc smelter in Yunnan.The results show that the electro-catalytic properties is better and the electrodes lifetime is longer compared to the traditional lead electrode.Moreover,it has a significant effect in reducing energy consumption, manufacturing cost and improving the production and grade of zinc.
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Boonpong, Rabat, Attera Worayingyong, Marisa Arunchaiya, and Atchana Wongchaisuwat. "Effect of LaCoO3 Additive on the Electrochemical Behavior of Zinc Anode in Alkaline Solution." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.596.
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The utilization of zinc anode for zinc-based battery is limited due to low cycling life, shape change and ZnO passivation on the electrode surface. The electrochemical behavior of zinc anode in the presence of the additives added to the electrodes or the electrolytes have been reported. In this work, LaCoO3 was used as an additive to improve the electrochemical properties of the zinc oxide anode. LaCoO3 synthesized by sol gel method (Schiff base complex) was added to zinc oxide powder (99.9%) with the weight ratio of 1:0.001, 1:0.002 and 1:0.003. The relative ZnO/LaCoO3 ratios were confirmed by particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE) technique.The electrochemical behavior of the ZnO/LaCoO3 electrodes in 6M KOH solution were investigated by voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The cyclic voltammogram showed that ZnO/LaCoO3 gave higher anodic current and ZnO passivation delayed. The EIS spectra showed that charge transfer resistances of the ZnO/LaCoO3 anodes due to zinc oxidation were higher than that of ZnO electrode
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Arriaga-Arjona, L., and G. Carbajal-Franco. "Zinc oxide-Iron-Aluminum nanostructured cover for photoelectrochemical water splitting." MRS Advances 2, no. 49 (2017): 2707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.534.
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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to study the viability of photocatalytic water splitting using ASTM A792 Zn-Al-Fe commercial metallic sheets as substrates for electrodeposited and corroded electrodes. The nanostructures were synthesized in two different procedures: via electrodeposition of migrating species from one electrode to another and from the remaining materials after corrosion of electrodes during electrodeposition, both procedures were done immersing the metallic electrodes in FeCl3 salts dissolved in water as cell electrolyte. The released or remaining Zinc-Aluminum-Iron can be used for the construction of nanostructures or as co-catalyst on the coating over the substrate. Actual EDS-SEM data reveals incorporation of Zinc on dendrite-like structures with traces of Al-Fe due to material release and further electrodeposition on working electrode, meanwhile, dendrite-like structures with an increased amount of Iron were obtained from the corrosion in the auxiliary electrode. Finally, samples were tested with lineal voltammetry to measure the photocurrent activity as indicator of photocatalytic viability for water splitting, obtaining an improvement of 31 mA/cm2 over natural photovoltaic current generation of substrates with higher Zinc concentrations under UV-Visible radiation.
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Fuchs, David, Christoph Müller, Falko Mahlendorf, and Harry Hoster. "Zinc Passivation in Zinc-Slurries Operated Beyond the Zincate Solubility Limit." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01118mtgabs.
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Recently, zinc-air batteries have received revived interest as one of the proposed post lithium-ion technologies. This revival is driven by the demand for safe and environmentally friendly energy storage solutions for fluctuating renewable energy. These energy storage systems need to address variable power, capacity and profitability requests. Zinc-air-flow batteries with high specific energy density, low-cost, highly available and eco-friendly active materials are suitable to fulfill these requirements. The use of a flow battery type with zinc-particles suspended in an alkaline solution (zinc-slurry) in addition to high performance oxygen-reduction electrodes enables the development of high-power zinc-air batteries. Usually, the energy density of zinc-air-flow cells is limited by the solubility of the oxidation products in the electrolyte. In our cell, the electrolyte is supersaturated with oxidation products, before finally ZnO precipitates from the electrolyte. The cell is therefore operated beyond zincate solubility limit, which allows higher specific capacities than reported in literature, even though the zincate solubility of the electrolyte is much lower than reported [1]. The flow cell has an active area of 100 cm² and incorporates a copper plate as current collector for the zinc-suspension electrode and an oxygen reduction electrode with gas-diffusion layer (supplied by Covestro). The zinc-slurry contains zinc-particles (supplied by Grillo) suspended in an alkaline solution (30 wt.-% KOH) and stabilized with polyacrylic acid. One of the main limiting factors of the specific capacity of the zinc-slurry is passivation. While the passivation of stationary electrodes in flowing or quiescent electrolytes is fairly well understood, see e. g. [2], there is no literature on the passivation behaviour of zinc-slurry electrodes. In this study we determined the starting point of ZnO precipitation and the critical factor for the passivation of these anodes by analysing cell voltage, potential of the zinc electrode and the zincate concentration in the liquid phase of the zinc-slurry. Depending on parameters like current density and additive selection, it is possible to reach specific capacities of 287 mAh/gslurry or 574 mAh/gzinc. Appleby, A.J. and M. Jacquier, The C.G.E. circulating zinc/air battery: A practical vehicle power source. Journal of Power Sources, 1976. 1(1): p. 17-34. Bockelmann, M., et al., Electrochemical characterization and mathematical modeling of zinc passivation in alkaline solutions: A review. Electrochimica Acta, 2017. 237: p. 276-298.
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Lefdhil, Chikh, Safa Polat, and Hüseyin Zengin. "Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanorods from Zinc Borate Precursor and Characterization of Supercapacitor Properties." Nanomaterials 13, no. 17 (August 25, 2023): 2423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13172423.
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The synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) was accomplished from zinc borate (Zn3B2O6) minerals to be used as electrodes in supercapacitor applications. The concentrations of obtained zinc (Zn) metal after treatment with hydrochloric acid (HCl) were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Direct synthesis of ZnO on a nickel (Ni) foam surface was conducted by employing the hydrothermal technique using a solution with the highest Zn content. The results showed the successful synthesis of ZnO nanorods on the surface of Ni foam with an average wall size of approximately 358 nm. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) measurements revealed that the synthesized electrode exhibited battery-type charge storage characteristics, reaching a maximum specific capacitance of approximately 867 mF·cm−² at a current density of 2 mA·cm−². Additionally, the energy and power densities of the electrode at a current density of 2 mA·cm−² were calculated as 19.3 mWh·cm−² and 200 mW·cm−², respectively. These results exhibited promising performance of the single-component electrode, outperforming the existing counterparts reported in the literature.
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Tataeva, S. D., R. Z. Zeynalov, and K. E. Magomedov. "Potentiometric sensor for lead ions determination." Аналитика и контроль 25, no. 3 (2021): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2021.25.3.002.
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One of the sensitive and inexpensive methods used for the analysis of water bodies is the ionometry, the development of which is associated with the introduction of new ion-selective electrodes into the practice of potentiometric analysis. An optimized composition of the membrane for the manufacturing of a zinc-selective electrode based on polyvinyl chloride modified with 2-mercaptobenzthiazole (MPVC) is proposed with the following ratio of ingredients (in wt. %): Polyvinyl chloride - 31.7; dioctyl sebacate - 66.3; potassium tetra-p-chlorophenylborate - 0.5; MPVH - 1.5. The working range of pH was established with a minimum potential drift, which was 1.5 - 3. The slope of the electrode function was calculated as 30.1 ± 0.3 mV. According to the dependence of the electrode potential for the selected composition of the membrane on the logarithm of the zinc ion concentration, it was found that the proposed model of the electrode operates in the concentration range of 1∙10-5 - 1∙10-1 mol / L, with a detection limit of 0.65 mg / l. The stabilization time of the potential within 1 mV was 15 - 20 s. The potentiometric coefficients of the selectivity of the zinc selective electrode with respect to various ions have been determined. The conditions for the determination of zinc using the obtained sensor in alloys and wastewater were proposed. The electrode with the membrane based on polyvinyl chloride modified with 2-mercaptobenzthiazole can be used as an alternative to the industrial electrode XC-Zn-001 for the determination of zinc ions in various objects. The obtained experimental data was close in accuracy to the results obtained by the atomic absorption methods, as well as the ionometry using the industrial electrode. In conclusion, the electrode with the membrane based on polyvinyl chloride modified with 2-mercaptobenzthiazole can be used as an alternative to XC-Zn-001.
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Zhang, Chunxiao, Shenglin Yan, Jing Lin, Qing Hu, Juhua Zhong, Bo Zhang, and Zhenmin Cheng. "Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CO on Hydrophobic Zn Foam Rod in a Microchannel Electrochemical Reactor." Processes 9, no. 9 (September 5, 2021): 1592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091592.
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Due to CO2 mass transfer limitation as well as the competition of hydrogen evolution reaction in electroreduction of CO2 in the aqueous electrolyte, Zn-based electrodes normally exhibit unsatisfying selectivity for CO production, especially at high potentials. In this work, we introduced a zinc myristate (Zn [CH3(CH2)12COO]2) hydrophobic layer on the surface of zinc foam electrode by an electrodeposition method. The obtained hydrophobic zinc foam electrode showed a high Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 91.8% for CO at −1.9 V (vs. saturated calomel electrode, SCE), which was a remarkable improvement over zinc foam (FECO = 81.87%) at the same potentials. The high roughness of the hydrophobic layer has greatly increased the active surface area and CO2 mass transfer performance by providing abundant gas-liquid-solid contacting area. This work shows adding a hydrophobic layer on the surface of the catalyst is an effective way to improve the electrochemical CO2 reduction performance.
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Koirala, Kisan, Jose H. Santos, Ai Ling Tan, Mohammad A. Ali, and Aminul H. Mirza. "Chemically modified carbon paste electrode for the detection of lead, cadmium and zinc ions." Sensor Review 36, no. 4 (September 19, 2016): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-03-2016-0054.
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Purpose This paper aims to develop an inexpensive, portable, sensitive and environmentally friendly electrochemical sensor to quantify trace metals. Design/methodology/approach A sensor was constructed by modifying carbon paste electrode for the determination of lead, cadmium and zinc ions using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The modified electrode was prepared by inserting homogeneous mixture of 2-hydroxy-acetophenonethiosemicarbazone, graphite powder and mineral oil. Various important parameters controlling the performance of the sensor were investigated and optimized. Electrochemical behavior of modified electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. Findings Modified carbon pastes electrodes showed three distinct peaks at −0.50, −0.76 and −1.02 V vs silver/silver chloride corresponding to the oxidation of lead, cadmium and zinc ions at the electrode surface, respectively. The highest peak currents for all the metal ions under study were observed in the phosphate buffer solution at pH 1 with a deposition time of 70 s. The sensor exhibited linear behavior in the range of 0.25-12.5 μg mL-1 for lead and cadmium and 0.25-10.0 μg mL−1 for zinc. The limit of detection was calculated as 78.81, 96.17 and 91.88 ng mL−1 for Pb2+, Cd2+and Zn2+, respectively. The modified electrode exhibited good stability and repeatability. Originality/value A chemically modified electrode with Schiff base was applied to determine the content of cadmium, lead and zinc ions in aqueous solutions using SWASV.
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Sangun, Mustafa Kemal, and Guray Kilincceker. "Investigation of Hydrogen Production by using Zinc Coated Platinum Electrode in Phosphate Solutions." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 1 (2019): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv7i1p16-24.
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In this study, the hydrogen gas producing was investigated at 298 K with zinc coated platinum (Pt-Zn) electrode in 0.1 M NaH2PO4 solution (pH=12.3). Electrolysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization techniques were used for the production of hydrogen gas. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were used for the surface analysis of the electrodes. A practical electrocatalytic experiment was designed to examine of hydrogen production by using a Zn plated Pt electrode and the efficiency of the hydrogen gas increased by 66.66% on the surface of the zinc coated platinum electrode.
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Pankratov, I. S., and N. D. Solovieva. "Influence of cathodic introduction of chrome into zinc coating on its protective ability." Perspektivnye Materialy 4 (2024): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2024-4-77-84.
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The influence of cathodic introduction of chromium into the surface layers of a zinc coating on the change in its corrosion resistance has been determined. Electrodeposition of zinc from electrolytes of various compositions was carried out on electrodes made of St3 steel. TsO grade zinc was used as an anode. Preliminary steel electrode was preparated treating the steel surface of in the potentiostatic mode of pre-phase deposition (DPD) at a potential 50 mV more positive than the equilibrium potential of zinc (Ep) in the working electrolyte for 5 minutes. The zinc coating was applied in potentiostatic mode at a potential of –1.20 V relative to the silver chloride reference electrode. The introduction of chromium into the electrodeposited zinc coating was carried out in the potential range from –0.97 to –1.15 V from electrolytes containing trivalent chromium salt. The results of X-ray fluorescence analysis of the component composition of working electrodes after cathodic introduction of chromium, the morphology of the formed surface obtained using scanning electron microscopy, indicate the presence of chromium in the coating composition and its effect on the structure of the deposit. The corrosion resistance of modified zinc coatings by cathodic introduction of chromium at potentials of –1.05 V and –1.10 V for 5 minutes exceeds this characteristic of chromated zinc.
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Bitursyn, S. S., A. B. Bayeshov, and M. Sarbaeva. "Electrochemical Behaviour of Zink Electrode in an Neutral Environment at Polarization with Industrial Alternating Current." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.367.
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The article deals with the process of electrochemical dissolution of zinc polarization by alternating current of 50 Hz frequency in a solution of sodium sulfate. The influence of various parameters on the current efficiency of zinc dissolution was considered: the current density on the titanium and zinc electrodes, electrolyte concentration, duration of electrolysis and temperature of electrolyte. It was shown that at change of current density on the titanium electrode from 10 kA/m2 up to 70 kA/m2 current efficiency of zinc dissolution increases (55%), and further down. At change of current density of zinc electrode from 200 A/m2 to 800 A/m2, electrolysis time from 0.25 to 2.0 hours and increase of temperature from 20°C to 80°C the current efficiency of dissolution decreases and with increasing concentrations of sodium sulphate increases to 90%. Based on the results shown it is possible to create a waste-free synthesis of zinc compounds from environmental harmful residues of zinc metal by electrochemical technology.
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Cross, Nicholas R., Alana Sweeney, and Derek M. Hall. "Improving the Performance of Bimetallic Thermally Regenerative Ammonia Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 1 (October 9, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0216mtgabs.
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Greenhouse gas emissions produced during electricity generation can be reduced by increasing the energy efficiency of power generation systems. One approach to increase generation efficiency is by extracting additional electrical energy from low-grade waste heat (< 100 °C) using thermally regenerative redox flow batteries (TRABs). TRAB chemistries with the largest equilibrium potentials use two different active metals and are referred to as bimetallic TRABs (B-TRAB). In most designs, copper is the positive electrode and zinc is the negative electrode. Using thermal energy, ammonia is moved between battery electrolytes to favorably modify the cell potential of the two electrochemical steps within the cycle. A typical B-TRAB system has four steps to complete a full cycle: 1) high-voltage electrochemical discharge, 2) thermal ammonia separation, 3) low-voltage electrochemical charge, and 4) thermal ammonia separation. During step 1, copper is reduced at the positive electrode and zinc is oxidized at the negative electrode creating aqueous zinc-ammonia complexes. Next, ammonia is separated from the zinc complexes and introduced to the copper electrode electrolyte, thereby increasing the equilibrium potential of the negative electrode, and decreasing the potential of the positive electrode. This creates a smaller cell potential required for electrochemical charging during step 3. After charging, ammonia is thermally separated from the electrolyte and re-introduced to the zinc-containing electrolyte returning the system to step 1. Currently, B-TRAB designs use solid zinc and copper electrodes which lead to low coulombic efficiencies at the copper electrode. Here, we demonstrate how the B-TRAB system can be improved by the addition of ammonium bromide to the positive electrolyte stabilizing Cu(I) species and replacing copper deposition/dissolution reaction with the Cu(I, II) reaction on a carbon felt. As a result, the open circuit potential during charging can be as small as 0.8 V, and as large as 2 V for the discharge step. Polarization curves showed that peak power for the discharge cycle was 98 mW cm-2, a significant improvement over previous B-TRABs.
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Watanabe, Takaharu, Shun Fukutomi, and Kozo Taguchi. "A Dye Sensitized Solar Cell with ZnO-Coated TiO2 Electrode and Carbon Nanotubes Electrode for High Power Conversion Efficiency." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.3.
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This study examines two things about a dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) to improve power conversion efficiency. One is how to make ZnO-coated TiO2 electrode. The other is how to make carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode. First, we considered the process of making the ZnO-coated TiO2 electrode of the DSSC. This ZnO coating of the DSSC is important for the increase of power conversion efficiency. The fabrication method of the ZnO-coated TiO2 electrode was simple dip coating. This method uses the immerse of the zinc acetate dehydrate [Zn (CH3COO2)・2H2O] solution. This method can make the cheap ZnO-coated TiO2 electrode. However, this method has a slightly negative effect, which is filling in holes of the porous TiO2 layer. We tried to improve this negative effect. We changed the concentration of a zinc acetate dehydrate solution from low to high. Also, we changed the immersing time of the zinc acetate dehydrate solution. We did the control of the band gap of ZnO-coated TiO2 electrode of DSSC for increasing power conversion efficiency. Second, we substituted CNT for counter electrodes to improve the performance of DSSC. As a manufacture method of CNT electrode, we used electrophoretic deposition (EPD). After that, we baked this CNT electrode and measured its specific surface area. We tried to improve specific surface area by changing baking temperature.
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Luna, Adriel Phillip, Franz Kevin B. Manalo, and Emmanuel A. Florido. "Design and Implementation of Microbial Fuel Cell Using Carbon Paste Electrode." Key Engineering Materials 775 (August 2018): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.775.350.
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This study was conducted to design and implement microbial fuel cells (MFC) using graphite and carbon paste electrode to harness electricity from sewage water. The effect of the number of anodic graphite electrodes and concentration of zinc acetate on the voltage output was investigated. One-way ANOVA at 5% level of significance showed that there is no significant difference between the number of graphite electrodes and the voltage output of the MFC. The zinc acetate concentrations used were 0.005M, 0.01N, 0.02M, and 0.04M. Result showed that there was no significant difference using the 0.005M, 0.01M, and 0.04M zinc acetate concentration. The Tukey simultaneous comparison revealed that 0.02M MFC exhibited a significant difference in the voltage output compared to the other concentrations. The study showed that carbon paste electrodes can be utilized in MFC as an alternative to other electrodes that are commonly used.
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Luo, Cheng, Xiang Xiong, and Shi Jie Dong. "Surface Hardening of Spot-Welding Copper Alloy Electrode for Zinc Coated Steel." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 1475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.1475.
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Zinc coated steel, spot-welding electrode, titanium carbide, titanium diboride, coating. Abstract: TiC and TiB2/Ni were coated on the surface of cupper alloy electrodes used for spot-welding of zinc coated steel sheets by electrospark deposition to improve its lifespan. The coatings structure and phase compositions were characterized by SEM and XRD, and their life spans were examined by spot-welding test. The results indicate the major phases of the coatings are TiC and TiB2 respectively, and copper diffuses from the substrate into the top surface of the coatings during electrosparking, forming an atomic bonding between the coatings and the substrate. The electrodes are hardened by coatings. Though cracks exist, the coatings can segregate the steel sheets and the substrate and prevent zinc in the surface of steel sheets and copper in the substrate from alloying. The coatings also reduce the deformation of the electrode during spot-welding. As a result, the spot-welding lives of TiC and TiB2/Ni coated electrodes are prolonged significantly by one and two times respectively.
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Zhang, Ming Guo, and Nan Hai Sun. "Ag Doped Zinc Tin Oxide as Cathode for Organic Photovoltaic Cells." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 1719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.1719.
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A thin Ag layer embedded between layers of zinc tin oxide (ZTO) are compared to cells using an indium tin oxide electrode was investigated for inverted organic bulk heterojunction solar cells employing a multilayer electrode. ZTO/Ag/ ZTO (ZAZ) electrode is the preparation at room temperature, a high transparency in the visible part of the spectrum, and a very low sheet resistance comparable to treated ITO without the need for any thermal post deposition treatment as it is necessary for ITO. The In-free ZAZ electrodes exhibit a favorable work function of 4.3 eV and are shown to allow for excellent electron extraction even without a further interlayer. This renders ZAZ a perfectly suited bottom electrode for inverted organic solar cells with simplified cell architecture.
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Zampardi, Giorgia, and Richard G. Compton. "Fast electrodeposition of zinc onto single zinc nanoparticles." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 24, no. 11-12 (March 14, 2020): 2695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04539-9.
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Abstract The zinc deposition reaction onto metallic zinc has been investigated at the single particle level through the electrode-particle collision method in neutral solutions, and in respect of its dependence on the applied potential and the ionic strength of a sulphate-containing solution. Depending on the concentration of sulphate ions in solution, different amounts of metallic zinc were deposited on the single Zn nanoparticles. Specifically, insights into the electron transfer kinetics at the single particles were obtained, indicating an electrically early reactant-like transition state, which is consistent with the rate-determining partial de-hydration/de-complexation process. Such information on the reaction kinetics at the nanoscale is of vital importance for the development of more efficient and long-lasting nanostructured Zn-based negative electrodes for Zn-ion battery applications.
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Xayyavong, Mingkhouan, Kittipong Tonmitr, Norrawit Tonmitr, and Eiji Kaneko. "The Scrutiny of the Insulation Breakdown Strength for the Nanocomposite Oxide Doped Epoxy Resin Insulator with Different Electrodes by Using Positive Impulse Voltage." Key Engineering Materials 705 (August 2016): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.705.63.
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This research presents the ratio of doping nanocomposite oxides in dielectric materials for increasing the efficiency strength and endurance voltage. Tests were conducted and analyzed the characteristics of epoxy nanozinc oxides. By using positive standard impulse voltage abilities of nanocomposite oxides were used as electrical insulators-epoxy resin doped with zinc oxides nanocomposite in ratios of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% by weight. And the design of electrodes embeds in the specimens with 4 types of electrode, as needle electrode, point electrode, spherical electrode and the partial spherical electrode. When adjusted the impulse voltage level of 75kV to the specimen immersed in transformer oil. The experiment aforementioned to investigate the ratios damages on insulator surfaces and the number of breakdowns. The microscopes with magnification levels of 20-800X were used to view the damages on insulator surfaces. Results, it was found that regarding specimens used for doping an epoxy resin with zinc oxides nanocomposite in a ratio of 5% had high withstand insulator with electrode types. The partial spherical electrode tested with positive impulse standard voltage has destructive distance lower damage than other electrode types.
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Lin, Hung-Yu, Chin-Cheng Liao, and Mu-Yi Hua. "Fabrication of Zinc Protoporphyrin-Modified Gold Electrode for Sensitive and Fast Detection of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor." Chemosensors 9, no. 2 (January 23, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9020021.
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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is directly related to cancer growth and its distant spread, and thus, it is considered a promising biomarker for diagnosis and post-treatment monitoring of patients with malignancies. Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) is a zinc-centered raw purple compound (protoporphyrin) that has unique optical and electrochemical characteristics. In this study, we used a ZnPP-modified gold electrode to generate a chemical bond with Avastin by self-assembly and fabricate a Au/ZnPP/Avastin electrode. Bovine serum protein (BSA) was added to the electrode to prevent non-specific linkage with biomolecules. The prepared Au/ZnPP/Avastin/BSA electrodes were used for the detection of VEGF by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. The optical properties of ZnPP were analyzed with an ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared spectrometer and a photoluminescence spectrometer. The structural and hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of the ZnPP-modified gold electrodes were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and contact angle gauge, respectively. VEGF was detected with the Au/ZnPP/Avastin/BSA electrodes prepared either with (w/LT) or without light treatment (w/o LT). The w/LT electrode showed a linear range and a sensitivity of 0.1 pg/mL–10 ng/mL and 6.52 μA/log(pg/mL)-cm2, respectively; the corresponding values for the w/o LT electrode were 10 pg/mL–10 ng/mL and 3.15 μA/log(pg/mL)-cm2, respectively. The w/LT electrode had good specificity for VEGF and was minimally influenced by other molecules. The excellent detection range, high sensitivity, and high selectivity for VEGF detection indicate that Au/ZnPP/Avastin electrodes have great potential for diagnostic and prognostic applications in patients with malignancies.
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Ali I . Khaleel, Khalaf F. Al-Samarrai, and Marwan A. mahmood. "Analytical Study of Zinc Sulphide Electrode Prepared from Nano material." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 21, no. 6 (February 8, 2023): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v21i6.1080.
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Zinc Sulphide nanoparticles (NPs) has been prepared from raw material by microwave method. ZnS NPs were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), The size of ZnS NPs were about (3.15nm) calculated from the Scherer formula from the most intense XRD peak, The calculated product for ZnS was about 94.4%.Zn2+-selective electrode based on poly vinyl chloride (PVC) was prepared by using ZnS Nanoparticles (NPs) powders and di-butyl phthalate, and were compared The analytical specifications of ZnS NPs and ZnS Microparticles (Non- NPs ) electrode. ZnS NPs electrode and ZnS Non- NPs electrode give linear range upon (10-5-10-2)M and (10-4-10-2)M, Nernstain slope of (30.35 mV/decade) and (30.84 mV/decade), correlation coefficient of (0.9999) and (0.9995), detection limit of (1.733x10-7)M and (2.486x10-6)M, quantitative limit of (5.77x10-7)M and (7.07x10-6)M, the response time of (9-39) second and (13-36) second, respectively. The lifetime for each electrode was 15 days. The optimum conditions for each electrode were (5-7), (20-30 ̊C) and (10-4) M for pH, temperature and concentration of filling solution respectively. The selectivity of electrodes were measured using mixed solutions method, the results showed that the selectivity coefficient values for all interferences ions are less than one.
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Senturk, Elif. "The treatment of zinc-cyanide electroplating rinse water using an electrocoagulation process." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 10 (October 22, 2013): 2220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.481.
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This paper investigates the treatment of zinc-cyanide electroplating rinse water using an electrocoagulation process (ECP). The effects of operating parameters such as electrode material, current density (2.5–40 A/m2), operating time (0–60 min), initial pH (5–12) and electrode connection mode (monopolar parallel (MP-P), monopolar series and bipolar series) on the ECP were evaluated to find the optimum operating conditions. At 20 A/m2, 60 min, the highest removal efficiencies were obtained with 85 and 99% for Fe and 64 and 33% for Al electrodes, for cyanide and zinc, respectively. The optimum operating conditions were found to be 30 A/m2 and 40 min, for the Fe electrode at the original pH (9.5) of the rinse water. Considering efficiency and economy, the MP-P connection mode was determined as the optimum connection mode.
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Andrukhiv, Anastasiya Ivanovna, and Aleksandr Andreevich Bachaev. "Influence of additive in electrolytic production of zinc electrode on its electrical characteristics." Electrochemical Energetics 13, no. 1 (2013): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1608-4039-2013-13-1-12-18.
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We have studied the influence of brighteners used in zinc electroplating on the characteristics of zinc powder, which produced in the manufacture of electrolytic zinc electrode. Their effect was determine on the cathodic process, the nature of spongy zinc deposits, corrosion of the zinc electrode and capacity characteristics with intense discharge in a nickel-zinc accumulator.
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Popat, Yaksh, David P. Trudgeon, Xiaohong Li, Peter Connor, Arunchander Asokan, and Matthew E. Suss. "Electrochemical Testing of Carbon Materials as Bromine Electrodes for the Hydrogen-Bromine Redox Flow Battery." Batteries 8, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100166.
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Hydrogen-bromine (H2-Br2) redox flow batteries (RFBs) have gained a lot of interest due to their advantages in mitigating the performance shortcomings of conventional zinc-bromine and vanadium flow batteries. Various carbon materials have been tested in H2-Br2 RFBs as bromine electrodes. However, a comparative study among the different carbon materials has not been reported in the literature. This work reports, for the first time, an evaluation of carbon papers, felt and cloth in a three-electrode half-cell setup as potential bromine electrodes, in pristine and thermally treated state. A systematic evaluation was performed by comparing the surface morphologies, kinetic parameters, polarisation curves and stability tests of different carbon electrodes. Thermally treated graphite felt electrode demonstrated the best electrochemical performance as bromine electrode owing to its improved surface area, hydrophilicity and intrinsic activity. Further in-depth studies will shed important insights, which will help understand the electrode characteristics for future bromine battery design. The current study will assist in evaluating the performance of upcoming novel electrode materials in a three-electrode assembly.
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Quan, Le Hong, Nguyen Van Chi, Mai Van Minh, Nong Quoc Quang, and Dong Van Kien. "The study of the electrochemical properties of zinc-rich coating on the base of water sodium silicate." Practice of Anticorrosive Protection 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31615/j.corros.prot.2019.94.4-6.
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The study examines the electrochemical properties of a coating based on water sodium silicate and pure zinc dust (ZSC, working title - TTL-VN) using the Electrochemical Impedance Spectra (EIS) with AutoLAB PGSTAT204N. The system consists of three electrodes: Ag/AgCl (SCE) reference electrode in 3 M solution of KCl, auxiliary electrode Pt (8x8 mm) and working electrodes (carbon steel with surface treatment up to Sa 2.5) for determination of corrosion potential (Ecorr) and calculation of equivalent electric circuits used for explanation of impedance measurement results. It was shown that electrochemical method is effective for study of corrosion characteristics of ZSC on steel. We proposed an interpretation of the deterioration over time of the ability of zinc particles in paint to provide cathodic protection for carbon steel. The results show that the value of Ecorr is between -0,9 and -1,1 V / SCE for ten days of diving. This means that there is an electrical contact between the zinc particles, which provides good cathodic protection for the steel substrate and most of the zinc particles were involved in the osmosis process. The good characteristics of the TTL-VN coating during immersion in a 3,5% NaCl solution can also be explained by the preservation of corrosive zinc products in the coating, which allows the creation of random barrier properties.
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Sun, Nan Hai. "Ta Doped Zinc Oxide as a New Anode for Photovoltaic Solar Cells." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.186.
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The preparation and characteristics of ZnO(Zinc oxide) co-sputtered TaO (Ta oxide) electrodes(ZTO) grown on glass substrates using a specially designed composite target for use in organic solar cells are described. It was found that both the electrical and optical properties of the ZTO films were critically dependent on the Ar/O2 flow ratio and sputtering power. In addition, all ZTO electrodes show amorphous structure regardless of the Ar/O2 flow ratio, due to the low substrate temperature. We obtained the ZTO electrode with sheet resistance of 30 Ohm/square and average optical transmittance of 80% in room temperature. The conversion power efficiency by using ZTO electrode at optimized conditions is 2.6 %.
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Liu, Hung-Chuan, Hsiao-Wen Zan, Olivier Soppera, Yi Zhang, and Bo-Ru Yang. "Simple silver nanowire patterning using a DUV lamp direct write with sol–gel IZO capping." RSC Advances 7, no. 53 (2017): 33091–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra04982j.
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We develop a method to pattern silver nanowire (AgNW) electrode by using DUV lamp to directly write on indium–zinc-oxide capped AgNW. The patterned electrodes keep good conducting property on flexible polyimide substrate after 1000-times bending.
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MINAMI, Hisashi, Kiyonori MASUI, Hidekazu TSUKAHARA, and Hideki HAGINO. "Micro-EDM with Zinc Electrode." Proceedings of The Manufacturing & Machine Tool Conference 2004.5 (2004): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemmt.2004.5.297.
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McLarnon, Frank R., and Elton J. Cairns. "The Secondary Alkaline Zinc Electrode." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 138, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2085653.
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Dai, Jinhong, Jian Wang, Xianhua Hou, Qiang Ru, Qingyu He, Pattarachai Srimuk, Volker Presser, and Fuming Chen. "Dual‐Zinc Electrode Electrochemical Desalination." ChemSusChem 13, no. 10 (March 19, 2020): 2792–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202000188.
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LaBrecque, Douglas, and William Daily. "Assessment of measurement errors for galvanic-resistivity electrodes of different composition." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 2 (March 2008): F55—F64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2823457.
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This research provides an empirical study of electrodes used to measure galvanic resistivity. The central element of this work is an estimation of errors in resistivity measurements that arise because of the type of electrode material used. Fourteen types of electrodes were tested including metal electrodes, metal-salt-compound (nonpolarizing) electrodes, and one nonmetal electrode, under conditions that are typical of those encountered during geophysical surveys. Measurement errors for resistance and chargeability were estimated using the reciprocity of data from an array of electrodes such as might be used for electric-resistance tomography. The same error analysis was applied to data from a network of high-precision resistors to separate instrument errors from electrode errors. Significant differences were observed in errors produced by different electrode materials. We conclude that the choice of electrode is very important for resistivity or chargeability surveys. Iron, steel (including rebar), lead, and phosphor bronze produced the smallest errors in resistance and chargeability. Aluminum, magnesium, titanium, copper, and zinc produced the largest errors. Stainless steel (alloy 316), tin, and brass performed reasonably well, as did carbon, which was the only nonmetal tested.
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Standing, Rhys David, Christian James Laycock, Richard M. Dinsdale, Gareth Lloyd, and Alan J. Guwy. "The Use of Zinc-Bromine Battery Technology to Remove and Recover Zinc from Scrap and Waste Steel Resources." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024531mtgabs.
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ZBBs have a high open circuit voltage (1.82 V), a high theoretical energy (> 400 W h-1 kg-1) and high demonstrated power densities (> 100 mW cm-2). Typically, ZBBs adopt a redox flow design involving the use of a Nafion membrane to separate aqueous zinc bromide anolyte and catholyte solutions [1]. In this study, the use of a membrane-free non-flow design was investigated for the purposes of recovering zinc from scrap and waste steel resources [2]. The rationale for this work stems from the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the iron and steel industry, which accounts for between 4-7 % of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions globally [3]. Blast furnace technology is likely to account for most stainless steel production in the coming decades, and therefore a transition to low-carbon and green steel production will require increased steel recycling rates and significantly improved waste and scrap management. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a zinc-bromine battery has been investigated for the recovery of materials rather than energy storage. Galvanization of steel is required to prevent rusting and degradation and involves coating the surface of steel in a protective layer of zinc. Galvanization processes account for over 50 % of global zinc consumption and by 2050 the demand for zinc will be 2.7 times greater than that of 2012 [4]. In order to enable recycling of scrap steel directly into blast furnaces, zinc is removed and recovered via mineral acid leaching. This method of recovery has a high zinc extraction efficiency but creates problematic waste streams and has poor energetic efficiency. In this work, the use of a membrane-free zinc-bromine battery has been studied for the purposes of extracting zinc from steel substrates and subsequently re-electroplating onto a conventional carbon foam electrode. The electrical performance of the cell was characterised by charge-discharge profiles and I-V curves. Zinc removal and recovery onto electrodes was characterised using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The work successfully demonstrates that ZBB technology could enable efficient and clean recovery of zinc from metal and waste substrates including scrap steel, slurries generated from basic oxygen steelmaking processes, and secondary vent dust from the primary steelmaking off gas streams. The cell studied in this work enabled dipping of zinc-containing steel substrates directly into the electrolyte solution without disassembly of the battery housing. In addition, the design involved the use of low-cost materials and reagents and potentially offers low balance-of-plant costs. The results show that zinc could be removed from steel surfaces during cell discharge with greater than 99.9 % yield. The Figure shows the extracted zinc could subsequently be re-electroplated onto a standard carbon foam electrode upon re-charging the cell. When a 0.5 V cut-off voltage was used upon discharge, the zinc was recovered selectively from the steel (see Fig. (a)); the surface elemental composition of the carbon electrode measured by EDS after charging was: carbon (26.79 wt%), oxygen (18.06 wt%), zinc (30.03 wt%) and bromine (25.11 wt%). Using a lower cut-off voltage (0.2 V) resulted in the co-extraction of iron from the substrate as well as zinc (see Fig. (b)); in this case, the elemental composition of the carbon electrode after charging was: carbon (27.53 wt%), oxygen (22.65 wt%), iron (4.72 wt%), zinc (24.44 wt%) and bromine (20.65 wt%). Provided a cut-off voltage of no less than 0.5 V was used for discharging, high purity zinc was recovered, and the cell showed good initial durability, with 30 cycles of charge-discharge demonstrated in this work. [1] S. Suresh, M. Ulaganathan, N. Venkatesan, P. Periasamy, P. Ragupathy, High performance zinc-bromine redox flow batteries: Role of various carbon felts and cell configurations. J. Energy Storage, 2018. 20: pp. 134-139. [2] S. Biswas, A. Senju, R. Mohr, T. Hodson, N. Karthikeyan, K. Knehr, A.G. Hsieh, X. Yang, B.E. Koel, D.A. Steingart, Minimal architecture zinc-bromine battery for low-cost electrochemical storage. Energy Environ. Sci., 2017. 10: pp. 114-120. [3] Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap: Towards More Sustainable Steelmaking, Energy Technology Perspectives, International Energy Agency, IEA Publications, Paris, 2020. https://www.iea.org/reports/iron-and-steel-technology-roadmap [accessed 12 April 2022]. [4] K.S. Ng, I. Head, G.C. Premier, K. Scott. E. Yu, J. Lloyd, J. Sadhukhan. A multilevel sustainability analysis of zinc recovery from wastes. Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 2016. 113: pp. 88-105. Figure. SEM images showing the carbon foam zinc electrodes after charging the cell. (a) is an electrode when a discharge cut-off voltage of 0.5 V was used, (b) is an electrode when a discharge cut-off voltage of 0.2 V was used. Figure 1
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Kolesnikov, Alexander V., and Egor I. Ageenko. "Features of the discharge of zinc in the background solution of sodium sulphate under stirring conditions." Kondensirovannye sredy i mezhfaznye granitsy = Condensed Matter and Interphases 23, no. 2 (June 4, 2021): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2021.23/3434.
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The production technology of hydrometallurgical zinc uses various surfactants to thicken pulps, stabilise the electrolysis process, and obtain high-quality cathode deposits. Numerous researches were conducted to study the cathodic and anodic processes in a wide range of the composition of aqueous solutions using various solid electrodes in the absence of intense stirring of the electrolyte and with a high contribution of the migration component of the discharge of metals. This approach to the study of the surfactants’ influence rarely provided a high degree of statistical reliability in observing the effect of differently charged surfactants on electrode processes, which is of great importance in the hydrometallurgical production of zinc. In this work, the task was to practically eliminate the contribution of the migration component due to the followingfactors: conducting electrolysis in a background solution of sodium sulphate, organising electrolyte stirring, performing calculations of current densities at the beginning of electrolysis, and establishing polarisation curves at an increased potential sweep rate from 20 to 100 mV/s. This approach provided a greater degree of statistical reliability in presenting the mechanism of the effect of additions of cationic and anionic surfactants during the stage of zinc discharge on a solid electrode, which was the purpose of the article.Electrolysis was conducted in the potential range from -1050 to -1250 mV relative to the silver chloride electrode (AgCl/Ag) in the presence of a background sodium sulphate solution (0.5 M of Na2SO4 solution) containing 0.005, 0.0125, and 0.025 M ZnSO4 with the introduction of high-molecular surfactants: cationic and anionic coagulants (flocculants) and foaming agents (lignosulphonate – LSTP).During the electrolysis in a background solution of sodium sulphate with stirring, it was found that the process of discharge of zinc ions on a solid electrode occurs in a mixed-kinetic mode. It was shown that positively charged additives, such as lignosulphonate and cationic coagulant (flocculant) Besfloc K6645, have a negative effect on the dynamics of zinc cation discharge, while negatively charged Besfloc K4034 has practically no effect. The approach proposed in this work allows evaluating the influence of additions of cationic and anionic surfactants on the stage of zinc discharge on a solid electrode, which was the practical and scientific value of this work
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Cui, Jiayao, Hyun-Joong Chung, and Douglas G. Ivey. "Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Zinc-Air Batteries Operating at Low Temperatures." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-013458mtgabs.
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Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) have gained much attention from researchers in recent years, partly due to their high theoretical energy density as well as improved safety and the abundance of zinc relative to lithium in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) in ZABs can act as a separator and, therefore, can reduce the effect of dendrite formation at the zinc electrode. The temperature of many areas in Canada can be extremely low (less than -30oC) in the winter and many batteries do not work well at such low temperatures, mainly due to reduced rates for the electrochemical reactions in the battery. The objective of this work is to develop a GPE for ZABs using in-situ fabrication. The use of in-situ gelation can reduce the contact resistance between the GPE and the electrodes, thereby improving ion transport between the electrolyte and electrodes. The GPEs in this work are fabricated using poly(acrylic acid), crosslinked with KOH and a final immersion step in a mixture of additives. The additives are utilized to improve the performance of ZABs at low temperatures. As a redox mediator, KI can change the traditional oxygen evolution reaction in ZABs to a more thermodynamically favored reaction. ZnO is used to improve the cyclability of ZABs, whereas ethylene glycol is used to reduce the effect of hydrogel evolution at the zinc electrode.
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YAMASHITA, Tsugito, and Noboru HAGA. "Electrode reactions of zinc deposition in various zinc electrolytes." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 40, no. 2 (1989): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.40.343.
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Muñoz-Noval, Álvaro, Kazuhiro Fukami, Akira Koyama, Takuya Kuruma, and Shinjiro Hayakawa. "In situ semi-quantitative analysis of zinc dissolution within nanoporous silicon by X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy employing an X-ray compatible cell." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518014789.
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The in situ study of the discharge process in a zinc-based half-cell employing a porous electrode as a structural scaffold is reported. The in situ characterization has been performed by synchrotron X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy and, for this purpose, an inexpensive, simple and versatile electrochemical cell compatible with X-ray experiments has been designed and described. The experimental results reported here have been employed to semi-quantify the dissolved and undissolved zinc species during the discharge, allowing the cell feasibility to be tested and to better understand the functioning of the zinc half-cell based on porous electrodes.
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Xu, Rui Dong, Jun Li Wang, and Jian Feng Zhou. "Research of Thermodynamics and Properties of Pb/WC-Zro2 Inert Electrodes Used in Zinc Electrodeposition." Advanced Materials Research 136 (October 2010): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.136.43.
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This research is to fabricate a Pb/WC-ZrO2 inert electrode used in zinc electrodeposition. First, the potential-pH diagram of Pb-H2O system was constructed and the thermodynamic stable region was calibrated in the diagram. On the basis, the co-deposition of Pb, WC and ZrO2 particles from fluorboric acid solutions was realized on the surface of Pb-4wt%Sb substrate. The results show that deposition amounts of ZrO2 and WC particles in the inert electrodes increase with increasing ZrO2 concentrations in the bath, WC particle is easier to deposit into the inert electrodes than ZrO2 particle. The distribution of WC and ZrO2 particles as the second phase within metal matrix Pb is very uniform. Compared with Pb-1wt%Ag alloy electrode, Pb/9.91wt%WC-3.62wt%ZrO2 inert electrode possesses better catalytic activity of oxygen evolution.
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Shavkunov, Sergey P., and Irina P. Sidorova. "Activation of carbon electrode with zinc compounds." Вестник Пермского университета. Серия «Химия» = Bulletin of Perm University. CHEMISTRY 13, no. 2 (2023): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2223-1838-2023-2-101-108.
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The process of cathodic polarization of a carbon electrode in an aqueous solution of zinc chloride with a concentration of 0,5 mmol/l in the potential range from equilibrium to –1,6 V was studied. It was found that staged reduction of zinc ions occurs in this region. At the initial moment after the completion of polarization, the potential of the carbon electrode was –1,2 V, later it increased to 0,8 V under the condition of stabilization in the electrolyte solution, and up to 1 V when the electrode was exposed to air for 15 min after polarization (then it was returned to aqueous electrolyte solution, where the potential increase occurred). To explain the potential shift phenomenon, a reaction scheme was proposed, where one of the stages is the formation of zinc peroxide on the surface of the working electrode. The carbon electrode modified with zinc in the course of further studies showed good reproducibility of electrochemical properties, which are proved by the cyclic current-voltage characteristics of cathodic and anode processes.
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Emelda, Ochieng Phyllis, Michira Immaculate Nyambura, Milua Masikini, and Emmanuel Iwuoha. "Biosynthesised Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Ethanol Chemical Sensor." Journal of Nano Research 59 (August 2019): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.59.94.
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Nanoparticles are considered unique sensing material as they are small and deliver sensitivity as low as parts per billion compared to their bulk counterparts used in the conventional devices. Zinc Oxide (ZnONPs) nanoparticles are considered one of the promising sensing materials due to their high surface-to-volume ratio compared to other conventional sensing materials. They have been found useful for sensing of hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide, ammonia and ethanol. Ethanol sensing forms a platform for monitoring various processes in medical and food industries. Herein, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Spathodea campanulata plant extract as reducing and stabilizing agent. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were used to fine tuning a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for ethanol sensing. Ethanol sensing capability of the modified GCE electrode was gauged upon its amperometric responses to different ethanol concentrations. The high surface to volume ratio of the nanoparticles greatly enhanced peak currents of the modified electrodes leading to signal towards ethanol detection.
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Yang, Hanbin, Xinqiang Zhu, Enhui Zhu, Gaobo Lou, Yatao Wu, Yingzhuo Lu, Hanyu Wang, et al. "Electrochemically Stable Cobalt–Zinc Mixed Oxide/Hydroxide Hierarchical Porous Film Electrode for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitor." Nanomaterials 9, no. 3 (March 3, 2019): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9030345.
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Construction of electrochemically stable positive materials is still a key challenge to accomplish high rate performance and long cycling life of asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs). Herein, a novel cobalt–zinc mixed oxide/hydroxide (CoZn-MOH) hierarchical porous film electrode was facilely fabricated based on a cobalt–zinc-based metal–organic framework for excellent utilization in ASC. The as-constructed hierarchical porous film supported on conductive Ni foam possesses a rough surface and abundant macropores and mesopores, which allow fast electron transport, better exposure of electrochemically active sites, and facile electrolyte access and ion diffusion. Owing to these structural merits in collaboration, the CoZn-MOH electrode prepared with a zinc feeding ratio up to 45% at 110 min of heating time (CoZn-MOH-45-110) exhibited a high specific capacitance of 380.4 F·g−1, remarkable rate capability (83.6% retention after 20-fold current increase), and outstanding cycling performances (96.5% retention after 10,000 cycles), which exceed the performances of similar active electrodes. Moreover, an ASC based on this CoZn-MOH-45-110 electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance of 158.8 F·g−1, an impressive energy density of 45.8 Wh·kg−1, superior rate capability (83.1% retention after 50-fold current increase), and satisfactory cycling stability (87.9% capacitance retention after 12,000 cycles).
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Wang, Hua Qing, Rui Li, and Cheng Xuan Xiang. "Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticle by Solid State Reaction and its Influence on Zinc Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 567 (September 2012): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.567.25.
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Nanosized ZnO was prepared successfully by solid phase coordination chemistry reaction and characterized by XRD and TEM techniques. The results of CV testing indicated that the peak shapes in CV diagrams were differed for the three electrodes when the scan rate was 1 mV s-1. The mixture electrode (sample D) that nanosized ZnO additives were 50% exhibited remarkable cyclic reversibility. The results indicated that the optimum ratio of ZnO additives were 50% by means of constant current charge-discharge. The rechargeability of the Zn electrode could be improved. But the nanosized ZnO were more effective in modifying Zn electrode than the common ZnO particles. Its discharge capacity at 25th and 30th charge-discharge cycle achieves 220 mAh g-1and 198 mAh g-1, respectively.
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Vasantharaghavan, Vanitha, and Ravichandran Cingaram. "Voltammetry Determination of Cefotaxime on Zinc Oxide Nanorod Modified Electrode." Current Pharmaceutical Analysis 17, no. 1 (November 23, 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573412915666190716140230.
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Background: The Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) was modified with zinc oxide nanoparticles to enhance the electrocatalytic activity of the redox behavior of cefotaxime ion. ATOMIC Force Microscopy (AFM) photographic studies showed the nanorod like structure of the zinc oxide, which was coated uniformly on the electrode surface. Methods: The zinc oxide nanorod modified electrode was used as novel voltammetric determination of cefotaxime. The results of voltammetric behavior are satisfactory in the electro oxidation of cefotaxime, and exhibit considerable improvement compared to glassy carbon electrode. Results: Under the optimized experimental conditions, the ZnO nanorod modified electrode exhibit better linear dynamic range from 300 ppb to 700 ppb with lower limit of detection 200 ppb for the stripping voltammetric determination of cefotaxime. Conclusion: The pharmaceutical and clinical formulation of cefotaxime was successfully applied for accurate determination of trace amounts on ZnO nanomateials modified electrode.
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de la Garza, Maribel, Patricia del C. Zambrano, Martha Patrizia Guerrero-Mata, Tamás Réti, Mihály Réger, Imre Felde, and Rafael Colás. "Diffusion in Electrodes Used for Resistance Spot Welding of Galvannealed Steel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 300–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.300.
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A study was carried out on Zr-Cr bearing copper electrodes used for resistance spot welding of galvannealed steel strips. One electrode exhibited a series of well-defined layers in which Zn diffused to form β- and γ-brasses; an external layer containing iron was detected in this electrode. Another electrode that exhibited a high degree of damage did not exhibited continuous Zn-diffusion layers in all places, moreover, the Fe-containing layer was either removed, or had it grown to a high extent in some places; the occurrence of Cu-rich particles embedded within the Fe containing layer was observed. Multiple cracks were observed within the γ brass layer in both electrodes. The difference in the observed behaviour of the electrodes can be attributed to a difference in the characteristics of the galvannealed coating of the strips, as the first electrode was used to weld strips in which the layer corresponding to the phase was well developed, whereas the second electrode was used to weld strips with only an incipient layer. It can be concluded that growth of the phase changes the thermophysical properties of the zinc coating, affecting the temperature profile during spot welding.