Relevant bibliographies by topics / Electrode

Academic literature on the topic 'Electrode'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Electrode"

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Yashiro, Yusuke, Michitaka Yamamoto, Yoshihiro Muneta, Hiroshi Sawada, Reina Nishiura, Shozo Arai, Seiichi Takamatsu, and Toshihiro Itoh. "Comparative Studies on Electrodes for Rumen Bacteria Microbial Fuel Cells." Sensors 23, no. 8 (April 21, 2023): 4162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23084162.

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Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) using rumen bacteria have been proposed as a power source for running devices inside cattle. In this study, we explored the key parameters of the conventional bamboo charcoal electrode in an attempt to improve the amount of electrical power generated by the microbial fuel cell. We evaluated the effects of the electrode’s surface area, thickness, and rumen content on power generation and determined that only the electrode’s surface area affects power generation levels. Furthermore, our observations and bacterial count on the electrode revealed that rumen bacteria concentrated on the surface of the bamboo charcoal electrode and did not penetrate the interior, explaining why only the electrode’s surface area affected power generation levels. A Copper (Cu) plate and Cu paper electrodes were also used to evaluate the effect of different electrodes on measuring the rumen bacteria MFC’s power potential, which had a temporarily higher maximum power point (MPP) compared to the bamboo charcoal electrode. However, the open circuit voltage and MPP decreased significantly over time due to the corrosion of the Cu electrodes. The MPP for the Cu plate electrode was 775 mW/m2 and the MPP for the Cu paper electrode was 1240 mW/m2, while the MPP for bamboo charcoal electrodes was only 18.7 mW/m2. In the future, rumen bacteria MFCs are expected to be used as the power supply of rumen sensors.
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Asl, Sara Nazari, Frank Ludwig, and Meinhard Schilling. "Noise properties of textile, capacitive EEG electrodes." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2015-0009.

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AbstractThe rigid surface of the conventional PCB-based capacitive electrode produces an undefined distance between the skin and the electrode surface. Therefore, the capacitance introduced by them is uncertain and can vary from electrode to electrode due to their different positions on the scalp. However, textile electrodes which use conductive fabric as electrode surfaces, are bendable over the scalp. Therefore, it provides a certain value of the capacitance which is predictable and calculable accurately if the effective distance to the scalp surface can be determined. In this paper noise characteristics of textile electrodes with different fabric sizes as electrode’s surface and capacity calculations related to each size are presented to determine the effective distances for each electrode size.
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Garba, Elhuseini, Ahmad Majdi Abdul-Rani, Nurul Azhani Yunus, Abdul Azeez Abdu Aliyu, Iqtidar Ahmed Gul, Md Al-Amin, and Ruwaida Aliyu. "A Review of Electrode Manufacturing Methods for Electrical Discharge Machining: Current Status and Future Perspectives for Surface Alloying." Machines 11, no. 9 (September 12, 2023): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11090906.

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In electrical discharge machining (EDM), the tool electrode is one of the substantial components of the system, and it ensures the success or failure of the EDM process. The electrode’s role is to conduct electrical charges and erode the workpiece to the desired shape. Different electrode materials have different impacts on machining. Certain electrode materials remove metal quickly but wear out rapidly, while others degrade slowly but the material removal is too slow. The choice of the electrode has an influence on both the mechanical properties, such as metal removal rate (MRR), wear rate, surface finish, surface modification and machinability, and the electrical properties, such as sparking initiation, time lag, gap contamination and process stability. There are factors to consider when fabricating an electrode, which include the type of workpiece materials, the metallurgical alloying of the materials, the choice of fabrication techniques, the intended use of the electrode, and material cost. Considerable challenges in EDM electrode fabrication have been reported, which include excessive tool wear for green compact electrodes, high toughness for sintered electrodes, and poor rigidity for additively manufactured electrodes. To address these issues, researchers have explored different manufacturing methods, such as casting, conventional machining, electrodeposition, powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing. In this paper, the various techniques attempted and adopted in EDM electrode manufacturing are analyzed and discussed. This paper also sought to give insight into EDM, its various forms, the dielectric fluid’s properties, EDM electrode’s size and shape, the effects of the electrode on the EDM process, material removal, electrode wear, present technologies for electrode fabrication, and the limitations of these technologies. Finally, directions for future research are highlighted.
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Zhang, Rui, Zhiqiang Tian, Wenxiong Xi, and Dongjing He. "Discharge Characteristics and System Performance of the Ablative Pulsed Plasma Thruster with Different Structural Parameters." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 9389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249389.

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Under the given initial discharge energy level, altering the electrode structural parameters of the Ablative Pulse Plasma Thruster (APPT) is an effective way to improve the performance of the thruster. The purpose of this study is to reveal the underlying mechanism of the effect of changing the electrode structure parameters on the performance of the APPT system and to offer targeted support for researchers to optimize the design of APPT structure. With rectangular and tongue-shaped electrode configurations at various electrode flare angles, electrode lengths, and electrode spacings, the discharge characteristics, propellant ablation characteristics, and thruster performance of the APPT are systematically investigated. The underlying mechanism of how changing the electrode’s configuration parameter affects the performance of the thruster is identified by fitting and predicting the parameters of the APPT discharge circuit and system performance under various operating conditions. The results show that using tongue-shaped electrodes is more effective than using rectangular electrodes in terms of enhancing the inductive gradient of the electrodes, transferring more energy to the discharge channel, and increasing the squared integral value of the discharge current. As a result, the tongue-shaped electrode APPT performs better than the APPT with rectangular electrodes, as a consequence. The thruster’s performance can be enhanced for the same electrode configuration by increasing the electrode flare angle within a certain angle range; however, the improvement is extremely limited. Additionally, in the case of small electrode spacing, increasing the electrode flare angle can enhance the thruster’s performance more effectively.
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Rashedul, Islam Md, Yan Zhang, Kebing Zhou, Guoqian Wang, Tianpeng Xi, and Lei Ji. "Influence of Different Tool Electrode Materials on Electrochemical Discharge Machining Performances." Micromachines 12, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12091077.

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Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is an emerging method for developing micro-channels in conductive or non-conductive materials. In order to machine the materials, it uses a combination of chemical and thermal energy. The tool electrode’s arrangement is crucial for channeling these energies from the tool electrode to the work material. As a consequence, tool electrode optimization and analysis are crucial for efficiently utilizing energies during ECDM and ensuring machining accuracy. The main motive of this study is to experimentally investigate the influence of different electrode materials, namely titanium alloy (TC4), stainless steel (SS304), brass, and copper–tungsten (CuW) alloys (W70Cu30, W80Cu20, W90Cu10), on electrodes’ electrical properties, and to select an appropriate electrode in the ECDM process. The material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear ratio (EWR), overcut (OC), and surface defects are the measurements considered. The electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of electrodes have been identified as analytical issues for optimal machining efficiency. Moreover, electrical conductivity has been shown to influence the MRR, whereas thermal conductivity has a greater impact on the EWR, as characterized by TC4, SS304, brass, and W80Cu20 electrodes. After that, comparison experiments with three CuW electrodes (W70Cu30, W80Cu20, and W90Cu10) are carried out, with the W70Cu30 electrode appearing to be the best in terms of the ECDM process. After reviewing the research outcomes, it was determined that the W70Cu30 electrode fits best in the ECDM process, with a 70 μg/s MRR, 8.1% EWR, and 0.05 mm OC. Therefore, the W70Cu30 electrode is discovered to have the best operational efficiency and productivity with performance measures in ECDM out of the six electrodes.
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Khan, Waris N., and Rahul Chhibber. "Experimental investigation on dissimilar weld between super duplex stainless steel 2507 and API X70 pipeline steel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 235, no. 8 (May 4, 2021): 1827–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14644207211013056.

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This work investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2507 super duplex stainless steel and API X70 high strength low alloy steel weld joint. This joint finds application in offshore hydrocarbon drilling riser and oil–gas pipelines. Coated shielded metal arc welding electrodes have been designed and extruded on 309L filler and their performance compared with a commercial austenitic electrode E309L. Filler 309L solidifies in ferrite-austenite (F-A) mode with a resultant microstructure comprising skeletal ferrites with austenite distributed in the interdendritic region. Results of tensile and impact tests indicate that weld fabricated with laboratory-developed electrodes has higher ductility and impact energy than the commercial electrode. The tensile strength and weld hardness of commercial electrodes are superior. The laboratory-made electrode’s microhardness is lower than the commercial electrodes, making the former less prone to failure. An alternative welding electrode coating composition has been suggested through this work and found to be performing satisfactorily and comparable to the commercially available electrodes.
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Tanumihardja, Esther, Douwe S. de Bruijn, Rolf H. Slaats, Wouter Olthuis, and Albert van den Berg. "Monitoring Contractile Cardiomyocytes via Impedance Using Multipurpose Thin Film Ruthenium Oxide Electrodes." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041433.

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A ruthenium oxide (RuOx) electrode was used to monitor contractile events of human pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) through electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Using RuOx electrodes presents an advantage over standard thin film Pt electrodes because the RuOx electrodes can also be used as electrochemical sensor for pH, O2, and nitric oxide, providing multisensory functionality with the same electrode. First, the EIS signal was validated in an optically transparent well-plate setup using Pt wire electrodes. This way, visual data could be recorded simultaneously. Frequency analyses of both EIS and the visual data revealed almost identical frequency components. This suggests both the EIS and visual data captured the similar events of the beating of (an area of) hPSC-CMs. Similar EIS measurement was then performed using the RuOx electrode, which yielded comparable signal and periodicity. This mode of operation adds to the versatility of the RuOx electrode’s use in in vitro studies.
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Son, Seong Ho, Do Won Chung, and Won Sik Lee. "Development of Noble Metal Oxide Electrode for Low Oxygen Evolution." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 750–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.750.

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In the electroplating and water treatment fields, as the demand and expectation on an electrode with high productivity and high efficiency are getting increased, various electrodes(DSE) with higher reactivity and durability are being developed. This study is intended to analyze the characteristics of the produced electrodes and to establish the optimum manufacturing conditions for electrode being used that we mentioned. For improving the durability, the changes of reactivity and corrosion resistance are observed as adding Tantalum and/or another components (hereafter stated as “α”) and surface treatment of substrate(Ti). As a result, increasing the amount of Iridium, the reactivity of electrode increased, and increasing amount of Tantalum, the durability of electrode increased. And thus, it is found out that Iridium and Tantalum have the opposite role each on the electrode’s reactivity and durability. And adding α and surface treatment substrate, an electrode with excellent reactivity and durability and low oxygen evolution can be manufactured. In the water treatment field like sterilizing in a swimming pool and power-plant cooling water, the high efficiency of sodium-hypochlorite generation is surely guaranteed.
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Al Hajji Safi, Maria, D. Noel Buckley, Andrea Bourke, and Robert P. Lynch. "(Invited) Relationship of Pseudo-Capacitive Current in Sulphuric Acid and Vanadium Flow Battery Reaction Kinetics at Carbon Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 59 (December 22, 2023): 2877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02592877mtgabs.

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Flow battery technologies are promising solutions to the need for electricity storage driven by the increasing demand for energy supply at the same time as the electricity grid becomes more and more dependent on renewable sources such as solar, wind and ocean energy. Vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) are perhaps the most promising of these technologies and a growing number of commercial systems are in operation worldwide. The energy efficiency of vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) largely depends upon the performance of the electrodes. Poor electrode kinetics cause large overpotentials, which reduce the voltage efficiency. They can also lead to side reactions, such as hydrogen evolution at the negative electrode and oxidation of the positive electrode, which reduce the coulombic efficiency and the overall performance and durability. There is considerable variation in the data regarding the kinetics of vanadium redox reactions at carbon electrodes. We have previously reported that cathodic treatment enhances the kinetics of the positive (VIV-VV) electrode in VFBs but inhibits the kinetics of the negative (VII-VIII) electrode, while anodic treatment inhibits the kinetics of the positive electrode but enhances the kinetics of the negative electrode1-3. We also showed that the activity of carbon-based material is strongly dependent on the surface history, in particular the most positive and the most negative potential used to treat an electrode4. In this presentation we will further investigate the effect of electrochemical treatment of the carbon surface and show the relationship between the observed pseudo-capacitive behavior and the kinetics of the different vanadium redox couples. References Bourke, M. A. Miller, R. P. Lynch, X. Gao, J. Landon, J. S. Wainright, R. F. Savinell and D. N. Buckley, J. Electrochem. Soc. 163, A5097 (2016). A. Bourke, M. A. Miller, R. P. Lynch, J. S. Wainright, R. F. Savinell and D. N. Buckley, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, A1547 (2015). M. A. Miller, A. Bourke, N. Quill, J. S. Wainright, R. P. Lynch, D. N. Buckley and R. F. Savinell, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A2095 (2016). M. Al Hajji Safi, A. Bourke, D. N. Buckley, R. P. Lynch, ECS Trans., 109, 67-84 (2022).
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Goh, Andrew, David Roberts, Jesse Wainright, Narendra Bhadra, Kevin Kilgore, Niloy Bhadra, and Tina Vrabec. "Evaluation of Activated Carbon and Platinum Black as High-Capacitance Materials for Platinum Electrodes." Sensors 22, no. 11 (June 3, 2022): 4278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114278.

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The application of direct current (DC) produces a rapid and reversible nerve conduction block. However, prolonged injection of charge through a smooth platinum electrode has been found to cause damage to nervous tissue. This damage can be mitigated by incorporating high-capacitance materials (HCM) (e.g., activated carbon or platinum black) into electrode designs. HCMs increase the storage charge capacity (i.e., “Q value”) of capacitive devices. However, consecutive use of these HCM electrodes degrades their surface. This paper evaluates activated carbon and platinum black (PtB) electrode designs in vitro to determine the design parameters which improve surface stability of the HCMs. Electrode designs with activated carbon and PtB concentrations were stressed using soak, bend and vibration testing to simulate destructive in vivo environments. A Q value decrease represented the decreased stability of the electrode–HCM interface. Soak test results supported the long-term Q value stabilization (mean = 44.3 days) of HCM electrodes, and both HCMs displayed unique Q value changes in response to soaking. HCM material choices, Carbon Ink volume, and application of Nafion™ affected an electrode’s ability to resist Q value degradation. These results will contribute to future developments of HCM electrodes designed for extended DC application for in vivo nerve conduction block.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electrode"

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Tavener, P. "Electron spectroscopy of electrode materials." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370304.

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Hoffrogge, Johannes Philipp. "A surface-electrode quadrupole guide for electrons." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-155503.

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Koep, Erik Kenneth. "A Quantitative Determination of Electrode Kinetics using Micropatterned Electrodes." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10524.

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Interfacial polarization resistances limit the performance of many thin film solid-state devices, especially at low temperatures. To improve performance, a fundamental understanding of the electrode kinetics that govern interfacial reaction rates must be developed. The goal of this work is to determine site-specific reaction mechanisms and the relative significance of various reactions in order to quantify optimum structural parameters within the cathode microstructure. Key parameters include the length of triple phase boundary (TPB), the quantity of exposed electrolyte/electrode surface, and the ratio of electrolyte to electrode material. These parameters, when studied in a specific system, can be incorporated into broader models, which will encompass the specific conductivity of each component to develop an optimized three-dimensional network. The emphasis of this work is the systematic control and manipulation of potential cathodic reaction sites in order to develop an understanding of the relative importance of specific reaction sites. Since the physical dimensions of reaction sites are relatively small, an approach has been developed that utilizes micro-fabrication (similar to that used in integrated-circuit fabrication) to produce small and highly controlled microstructures. Investigations were made into the nature and reactivity of Triple Phase Boundaries (hereafter TPB) through the use of patterned platinum electrodes since only the TPBs are active in these electrodes. After the processing details of micro-fabrication were established for the platinum electrodes, patterned Mixed-Ionic/Electronic Conducting (MIEC) electrodes were fabricated and studied using impedance spectroscopy to determine the contributions from the MIEC surface versus the TPB. Systematically changing the geometry of the MIEC electrodes (thickness and line width) allowed for the determination of the effect of ambipolar transport within the MIEC on the activity of MIEC surfaces versus the TPB. This information is critical to rational design of functionally graded electrodes (with optimal particle size, shape, porosity and conductivity). In addition to experimental studies, representative patterned electrode samples were made available for collaborative studies with surface scientists at other institutions to provide additional techniques (such as Raman Spectroscopy) on the carefully designed and controlled cathode surfaces.
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Taylor, M. E. "Substrate and electrode effects in inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235265.

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Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy is a powerful and versatile technique for obtaining vibrational densities of states of amorphous materials and adsorbed molecules. The experimental device, or tunnel junction, consists of two metal electrodes separated by a thin (2nm) layer of the material under study. This thesis looks at features in the tunnelling spectrum due to electrode phonons, and also at the effects of substrate roughness on the spectrum. Two coupled linear chains are used to model the vibrational behaviour of joined lattices in order to consider the penetration of phonons of one material into the other; penetration does not occur unless the two chains have very similar properties. Work with Al-I-Al-Pb tunnel junctions confirms the model results, as no sign is seen of lead phonon peaks in the tunnelling spectrum. However, other workers have seen lead peaks in Al-I-Ag-Pb junctions, and invoked phonon penetration in explanation. Microscopic examination of similarly prepared silver films reveals that they are pinholed; and this, it is argued, gives rise to the lead peaks. Results are presented on the magnitudes of electrode phonon structure in tunnelling spectra, and models for the occurrence of these features are reviewed. It is argued, from comparison of the experimental data with bulk self energies from superconducting tunnelling, that the electron-phonon coupling responsible is characteristic of the bulk metal; interaction does not take place in the barrier. This is consistent with the linear chain model. The effects of roughening tunnel junctions with calcium fluoride substrates are studied. Little change is noted with undoped junctions, but investigation of formate-doped junctions confirms the loss in dopant peak intensity seen by other workers and some variation is noticed in the rate of loss of intensity between C-H and CO2 modes. The mechanism which best explains these observations is that roughening encourages penetration of the organic layer by atoms of the top electrode metal.
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Aixill, W. Joanne. "Electrode processes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9578fd22-42fe-41cc-9d92-96f8272956d8.

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The work presented in this thesis first characterises a high speed channel flow cell and then applies the system to the electro-reduction of nitromethane in aqueous solution. Potential step transient measurements are carried out with the current-time transients simulated using a model based on the absence of axial diffusion. The excellent agreement between theory and experiment confirms the proposed mass transport model and further demonstrates that the combination of current-time transients recorded using the high speed channel flow cell and numerical simulations provide a powerful tool to access homogeneous rate constants of the order 1 x 106s̄¹. The high speed channel flow cell is then used in combination with a range of complementary electrochemical techniques, numerical modelling, in-situ ESR, single crystal experiments and kinetic isotope measurements to infer a mechanistic scheme for the complex electro-reduction pathway of nitromethane in aqueous solution. Platinum, gold, mercury/copper and mercury/gold electrodes are investigated enabling the most conclusive description of the reduction mechanism to date. The reaction pathway is shown to follow an ECEEE type process with the chemical step proceeding at the electrode surface. The heterogeneous rate constant, khet, describing the chemical step is calculated for each electrode surface. For platinum in the pH range 7.0 - 9.0 this value is 0.3 ± 0.06 cm s̄¹. For mercury/copper it is 0.18 cm s̄¹, for gold/mercury it is 0.06 cm s̄¹ and for Au it is 0.095 cm s̄¹. Consideration of these values shows a surprising independence of the heterogeneous rate constant on the chemical identity of the surface with all of the values being similar to within less than an order of magnitude. The reason for the apparent paradox of the observed surface indifference of the chemical reaction step is explained by a homogeneous H transfer from the carbon to the oxygen of the nitromethane radical anion, formed form the initial electron transfer step, occurring in the layer of solution immediately adjacent to the electrode solution as shown in the scheme below. The resulting species, •CH2 N(OH))ˉ then undergoes a rapid irreversible adsorption to the electrode surface and subsequent transformation to the final product the hydroxylamine, CH3NHOH. It is proposed that if the energy barrier to the adsorption of •CH2 N(OH))ˉ is less than that required for the H atom transfer then the reaction rate will be insensitive to the adsorption step and hence the chemical identity of the electrode. This introduces the concept of a whole new electrochemical process: the surface indifferent electrocatalytic reaction.
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Seon, Hongsun 1965. "Electrode erosion and arc stability in transferred arcs with graphite electrodes." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=108637.

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Arc stability and erosion behavior were studied on a hollow graphite DC cathode in an argon atmosphere at atmospheric pressure. It was found that the arc stability is associated with the electron emission mode transition of the cathode operation. Estimation of current densities, SEM pictures, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of total voltage, and measurement of cathode surface temperature supported this. Stable arcs are in the thermionic emission regime while unstable arcs in the thermofield emission regime. Higher argon gas flow rate is believed to cause the shift of the mode from the thermofield emission to the thermionic emission by increasing the arc root temperature through steepening the thermal gradient at the arc root and increasing ionization phenomena inside the arc. Sharp cathode tip geometry usually leads to the thermionic emission while a rounded tip geometry encourages the thermofield emission. For the unstable arcs, the high voltage fluctuation resulted from the jumping of the arc root between different cathode spots and changes in the arc length. In the stable arcs, however, the voltage was almost constant because of the absence of arc jumping. The standard deviation of the voltage was used as the arc stability indicator and was less than 3 V for the stable arc in this transferred arc system.
The erosion rate of the cathode in this work ranged from 0.41 to 2.61 mug/C. At 150 A runs the arc stability strongly influenced the erosion rate; as the arc stability increased, the erosion rate decreased. Higher currents runs (300 and 400 A), however, showed the opposite trend because of the carbon vapor redeposition. The total erosion rates of 150 A runs were separated into the stable (Es) and the unstable (Eu) erosion rate. The Eu was more than 3 times higher in this work. It is believed that the thermofield emission of the unstable arcs produced more erosion because of the higher local heat flux to the cathode spots.
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Gardel, Emily Jeanette. "Microbe-electrode interactions: The chemico-physical environment and electron transfer." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11185.

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This thesis presents studies that examine microbial extracellular electron transfer that an emphasis characterizing how environmental conditions influence electron flux between microbes and a solid-phase electron donor or acceptor. I used bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), fluorescence and electron microscopy, chemical measurements, 16S rRNA analysis, and qRT-PCR to study these relationships among chemical, physical and biological parameters and processes.
Engineering and Applied Sciences
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Euler, Luisa. "Impedance and Stimulation Comfort of Knitted Electrodes for Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) : Influence of electrode construction and pressure application to the electrode." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23896.

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Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a modality of electrotherapy which is aiming to restore and improve muscle function by injecting small levels of current into the muscle using different types of electrodes. Advantages are seen in using textile electrodes which can be integrated into wearables. Previous research has been done for the development of textile stimulation electrodes. However, the focus has not been on the electrode construction itself. Therefore, the influence of electrode construction parameters of knitted electrodes as well as of the electrode condition, i.e. wet or dry, on the skin-electrode impedance and on the perceived stimulation comfort were analysed. Further, the application of pressure to the electrode was investigated. It was found that the electrode condition is the most important parameter for the electrode performance as a wet electrode showed a lower impedance and an improved stimulation comfort with a better skin contact. Followed by this, the pressure was the second most important factor, especially for dry electrodes. A higher pressure reduced the skin-electrode impedance and improved the skin contact in dry condition. Nevertheless, dry electrodes with a high applied pressure still performed worse than wet electrodes. Regarding the electrode design, the most important factor was the electrode size. A bigger size reduced the impedance. Nevertheless, for the application in NMES, a smaller electrode size is to be preferred as it improved the stimulation selectivity and thus, a lower NMES level was required to induce a plantarflexion without affecting the stimulation comfort. The other investigated construction parameters (binding, yarn density, shape) only showed minor influences on the electrode performance. Therefore, the possibilities of applying pressure to the electrode to improve the performance of dry textile electrodes should be further investigated.
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Brosel, Oliu Sergi. "Interdigitated electrode arrays (idea) impedimetric transducers for bacterial biosensing applications." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666603.

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La tecnologia dels biosensors, basada en dispositius analítics que combinen un bioreceptor amb una unitat de transducció, s’ha aplicat en nombroses àrees de recerca per a la detecció de diferents analits d’interès. Els bacteris, especialment els bacteris patògens, són agents biològics importants per ser detectats en diversos camps com el diagnòstic clínic, la indústria alimentària o la qualitat de l’aigua per prevenir malalties en els éssers humans. No obstant això, els bacteris també es poden utilitzar en un ampli ventall d’aplicacions; per exemple, com a indicadors biològics per determinar la toxicitat de diversos compostos. En aquesta tesi es proposa l’ús de transductors impedimètrics basats en elèctrodes de tipus interdigitat (interdigitated electrode arrays, IDEA de les sigles en anglès) com a instrument per al desenvolupament d’aplicacions biosensores bacterianes. L’espectroscòpia electroquímica d’impedància és una tècnica àmpliament estudiada per caracteritzar biosistemes perquè permet monitoritzar els fenòmens que tenen lloc a la superfície dels elèctrodes. Aquesta tècnica no requereix marcadors en el procés de transducció i pot ser usada en un mode d’operació sense marcatge addicional; així se simplifiquen els assajos de biomonitoratge. Entre els diferents tipus de transductors impedimètrics, els elèctrodes de tipus interdigitat són realment avantatjosos en termes de miniaturització, d’obtenció d’una resposta ràpida i estable o d’increment en la relació senyal-soroll. La utilització dels dispositius IDEA com a base de transducció per a un biosensor permet reduir el temps i cost per assaig. A més a més, en aquest treball es detalla i demostra l’aplicabilitat dels IDEA tridimensionals (3D-IDEA), en els quals els dígits dels elèctrodes estan separats per barreres aïllants, que permeten millorar la sensibilitat en el registre de canvis superficials si els comparem amb els IDEA convencionals per a la detecció de bactèries. Els objectius d’aquest treball són l’elaboració i la validació d’estratègies de biodetecció, estables i reproduïbles, utilitzant IDEA i 3D-IDEA per a la identificació de bacteris com a analit d’interès o bé com a element de sensat. En el primer cas, s’ha dut a terme la detecció de bacteris o endotoxines bacterianes en mostres líquides, mentre que en el segon s’ha desenvolupat un biosensor del tipus microbià. Per tal de dur-ho a terme, els dispositius IDEA s’han (bio)funcionalitzat mitjançant diverses metodologies per desenvolupar en quatre aplicacions.
Biosensor technology, consisting of analytical devices that conjugate a bioreceptor with a transducer unit, has been applied in numerous research areas for the detection of different analytes of interest. Bacteria, especially pathogenic bacteria, are important targets to be sensed and identified in many fields, like clinical diagnosis, food industry or water safety, to prevent a great number of diseases in humans. However, bacteria can be employed in a wide range of beneficial applications, such as their use as biological indicators to determine the toxicity of various compounds. In this thesis, the use of impedimetric transducers based on interdigitated electrode arrays (IDEA) has been proposed as a tool for the development of bacterial biosensing applications. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy is a widely studied technique to characterize biosystems because it allows to monitor electrical events occurring on the surface of electrodes. This technique does not require additional markers for the transduction and can be used in a label-free operation mode and hence simplifying the biosensing assays. Among different types of impedimetric transducers interdigitated electrodes arrays are really advantageous in terms of easy-miniaturization, fast establishment of the steady-state signal response and increased signal-to-noise ratio. The utilization of IDEA devices as a base of a biosensor transducer permits reducing the time and cost per assay. In addition, the applicability of three-dimensional IDEA (3D-IDEA) is described and demonstrated, in which the electrode digits are separated by insulating barriers, to improve the sensitivity for the registration of superficial parameters compared with standard IDEA for bacteria sensing. The main aim of this work is the elaboration and testing of robust and reproducible biosensing strategies using IDEA and 3D-IDEA impedance transducers with bacteria, as an analyte target or as a sensing element. In the first case, the detection of bacteria or bacterial endotoxins in liquid samples may be performed and, in the second one, novel microbial-based biosensors may be developed. To this end, IDEA devices have been (bio)functionalized using various grafting schemes for their use in four different applications.
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Eklund, John C. "Electrode reaction dynamics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297021.

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Books on the topic "Electrode"

1

Compton, R. G. Electrode potentials. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Electrode dynamics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Tiwari, Ashutosh, Filiz Kuralay, and Lokman Uzun, eds. Advanced Electrode Materials. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119242659.

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G, Compton R., ed. Electrode kinetics: Reactions. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.

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Seo, Masahiro. Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Properties of Solid Electrode Surfaces. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7277-7.

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Electrode Corporation, Chardon, Ohio. Atlanta, Ga.?]: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1994.

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H, Berns Darren, Heberlein J, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Arc electrode interaction study. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health., ed. Electrode Corporation, Chardon, Ohio. [Atlanta, Ga.?]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1994.

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D, Burns David, Heberlein J, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Arc electrode interaction study. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Hine, Fumio. Electrode Processes and Electrochemical Engineering. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0109-8.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electrode"

1

Schimanek, Robert, Muhammed Aydemir, Alexander Müller, and Franz Dietrich. "Flow Modeling for Vacuum Pressure-Based Handling of Porous Electrodes of Lithium-Ion Batteries." In Annals of Scientific Society for Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotics 2022, 305–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10071-0_25.

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AbstractIn lithium-ion battery (LIB) production, limp electrodes are handled gently by vacuum-pressure based handling and transport systems, which generate a fluid flow that propagates through the porous electrode coating during handling. To investigate the limits and material-damaging behavior of vacuum pressure-based handling, it is required to understand how process parameters and electrode qualities affect fluid flow. Questions on how fluid flow reduces electrode quality are insufficiently addressed or modeled. Modeling the electrode and handling system interaction requires knowledge of the effective surface geometry and the volumetric flow rate caused by the pressure difference. In this article, flow through porous electrode coatings during handling is modeled. Experiments demonstrate a flow behavior according to the generalized Darcy’s law. Thus, using Darcy’s law, modeling fluid flow through the electrode improves the exploration of the limits and design of vacuum pressure-based handling and transport of electrodes in LIB production.
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Gooch, Jan W. "Electrode." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 259. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_4275.

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Gao, Ping, and Rudolf Holze. "Electrode." In Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry, 668–70. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_435.

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Lenarz, T., R. D. Battmer, J. E. Goldring, J. Neuburger, J. Kuzma, and G. Reuter. "New Electrode Concepts (Modiolus-Hugging Electrodes)." In Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 347–53. Basel: KARGER, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000059209.

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Johnson, Lee J., and Dean A. Scribner. "Electrode Architecture." In Visual Prosthesis and Ophthalmic Devices, 121–33. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-449-0_9.

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Floresco, Stan, Robert Kessler, Ronald L. Cowan, Robert Kessler, Ronald L. Cowan, Mark Slifstein, Andrea Cipriani, et al. "Reference Electrode." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 1144. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_608.

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Rieger, Philip H. "Electrode Potentials." In Electrochemistry, 1–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0691-7_1.

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Inzelt, György. "Electrode Potentials." In Handbook of Reference Electrodes, 1–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36188-3_1.

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Hammou, Abdelkader, and Samuel Georges. "Electrode reactions." In Solid-State Electrochemistry, 171–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39659-6_4.

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Comte, P. "Electrode Technology." In Presurgical Evaluation of Epileptics, 109–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71103-9_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Electrode"

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Gao, Feng, Jianmin Qu, and Matthew Yao. "Conducting Properties of a Contact Between Open-End Carbon Nanotube and Various Electrodes." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11117.

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The carbon nanotube (CNT) is becoming a promising candidate as electrical interconnects in nanoscale electronics. This paper reports the electronic structure and the electrical conducting properties at the interface between an open-end single wall CNT (SWCNT) and various metal electrodes, such as Al, Au, Cu, and Pd. A simulation cell consisting of an SWCNT with each end connected to the metal electrode was constructed. A voltage bias is prescribed between the left- and right-electrodes to compute the electronic conductance. Due to the electronic structure, the electron density and local density of states (LDOS) are calculated to reveal the interaction behavior at the interfaces. The first-principle quantum mechanical density functional and non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) approaches are adopted to compute the transport coefficient. After that, the voltage-current relation is calculated using the Landauer-Buttiker formalism. The results show that electrons are conducted through the electrode/CNT/electrode two-probe system. The contact electronic resistance is calculated by averaging the values in the low voltage bias regime (0.0–0.1 V), in which the voltage–current relationship is found to be linear. And the electrical contact conductance of electrode/CNT/electrode system show the electrode-type dependent, however, the amplitude for different electrodes is of the same order.
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Enikov, Eniko T., Carlos Gamez, Shezaan Kanjiyani, Mahdi Ganji, and Joshua Gill. "Flexible Electrode Structures for Thermo-Tunneling Applications." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62903.

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Combined thermionic emission and tunneling of hot electrons (thermo-tunneling) has emerged as a potential new solid-state cooling technology. Practical implementation of thermo-tunneling, however, requires the formation of a nanometer-sized gap spanning macroscopically significant surfaces. Thermo-tunneling of hot electrons across a few-nanometer gap has application to vacuum electronics, flat panel displays, and holds great potential in thermo-electric cooling and energy generation. Development of new thermo-tunneling applications requires creation of a stable nanometer gap between two surfaces. This presentation is focused on our effort to investigate the feasibility of creating such gaps using distributed electro-magnetic forces arising in thin-film flexible structures. Early efforts based on rigid electrodes showed that the effective tunneling approaches 400 square-micrometers, which albeit small, could lead to useful practical systems. In this presentation, we report a theoretical and experimental investigation of a thin-electrode system which could lead to further increase on the effective tunneling area. The device under study consists of a thin membrane collector electrode (anode) suspended over the emitting electrode (cathode). The structure is placed in a vacuum enclosure with an externally generated magnetic field perpendicular to the current flow in the membrane. The resulting Lorentz force is then directed upwards, separating the two surfaces. A mathematical model of the steady-state operation of the device is presented along with predictions of the contact area and tunneling current. Essential output parameters of the model include a central contact area measured by its length (delta) and the thermo-tunneling current. Both parameters are determined as a function of the externally applied external potential and magnetic field. Numerical solutions of the model show two possible operating modes: (1) symmetric deformation with negligibly small current; and (2) asymmetric mode where the B-field controls the current and contact area.
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Wu, J. W. "Electro-optic measurement of the electric-field distributions in coplanar-electrode poled polymers." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.9.

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In electro-optic thin film samples, two configurations of electrodes are commonly adopted for the electric field poling, parallel and coplanar. In the parallel-plate configuration, electro-optic (EO) polymer is sandwiched between two thin electrode plates on top of a substrate. Because the size of electrodes is larger than the polymer thin film thickness, the electric field distribution is almost uniform inside the polymer film between the top and bottom electrodes. In the coplanar electrode structure, two thin separate electrodes with a narrow gap in between them are deposited on top of substrate, and EO polymer film is spin coated. Here the film covers both electrodes and the dc poling and EO effect measuring fields pass through and above the film making the electric field distribution complicated. Furthermore the electric field lines have different shapes for different thickness of thin films, since the dielectric constant of polymer films is different from that of the air.
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Wang, Hai-bo, Joon-wan Kim, Shinichi Yokota, and Kazuya Edamura. "Performance Evaluation of a Triangular-Prism-Slit Electrode Pair as an Electro-Conjugate Fluid Jet Generator." In ASME 2011 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference and Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2011-6077.

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Electro-conjugate fluid (ECF) is a dielectric and functional fluid, which generates a powerful jet when electrodes inserted into it are subjected to a constant voltage of less than one thousand volts. As one essential research field on ECF, researchers have been conducting the study on electrodes. Several structures, e.g. planar parallel rod-like electrode array, ring-needle electrode pair and triangular-prism-slit (TPS) electrode pair, were proposed. Among them, the TPS electrode structure is often thought as the most promising candidate for future ECF applications thanks to its great merits of combining easy fabrication and relatively high performance. In this paper, in order to evaluate performance of the TPS electrode pair, a novel modular ECF-jet generator capable of independently adjusting alignment and gap of each electrode is designed. By utilizing it, the relationship between output pressure and parameters of the TPS electrode pair, including thickness, slit width, tip angle, electrode gap and alignment, are obtained.
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Goundar, Jowesh Avisheik, Qiao Xiangyu, Ken Suzuki, and Hideo Miura. "Improvement in Photosensitivity of Dumbbell-Shaped Graphene Nanoribbon Structures by Using Asymmetric Metallization Technique." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69917.

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Abstract The existence of Schottky barrier between the semiconductive graphene nanoribbon (GNR) and the metallic electrodes at its both ends causes a major hurdle in the development of GNR based devices. Here, a dumbbell-shape GNR structure was proposed to solve the problem. This structure consisted of a semiconductive GNR and wide metallic GNR at both ends. The ohmic contact between the wide metallic GNR and metallic electrode was easily achieved. Furthermore, an effective mechanism to enhance electronic band properties of the dumbbell-shape GNR structure by using asymmetric metallization technique is employed. To achieve this, two different metallic electrodes were introduced, Platinum (Pt) and Titanium (Ti), at each end of the GNR channel to break the symmetry in the Schottky barrier at both ends. The asymmetric difference in the Schottky barrier at the electrode/GNR interface at each ends allows for an efficient directional flow of electrons, effectively separating the photo-generated carriers. The individual contributions at each electrode/GNR interface were summed up resulting in a larger absolute photo-induced current. The electron transfer characteristics of the DS-GNR-FET was studied under an irradiation of a light source with a wavelength of 632.8-nm at room temperature. The developed 70-nm DSGNR-FET showed a significantly larger and enhanced photosensitivity of about 1.6 × 107 A/W.m2 as compared to the device fabricated with identical metallic electrodes as the source and drain electrodes.
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Nelson, Robert L., James G. Grote, Joseph W. Haus, and Brad Birchfield. "Embedded electrode electro-optic composite materials." In SPIE Optics + Photonics, edited by Graeme Dewar, Martin W. McCall, Mikhail A. Noginov, and Nikolay I. Zheludev. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.682488.

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Jibhakate, Piyush D., and George J. Nelson. "Fabrication and Characterization of Nanostructured Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67873.

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Li-ion batteries have emerged as a leading energy storage technology for several applications including portable electronics devices and electric vehicles. Rigorous efforts are made to develop these batteries with higher energy density, higher power density, and better cycling stability while reducing cost and environmental impact. To better understand how electrode microstructure contributes to the electrode performance, the spinel LiMn2O4 (LMO) cathode material was prepared using a template-assisted sol-gel synthesis method. This method involves soaking of polycarbonate template membranes in the precursor solution followed by drying, to remove the solvent. The dried templates containing precursor materials were etched in an oxygen plasma to remove the template, and the nanostructured electrode formed was then calcined to convert these nanostructures to spinel LiMn2O4. Simultaneously, powdered LMO was prepared using the same synthesis procedure, but without the aid of a template to control electrode morphology. A series of tests were performed to study the effect of processing conditions on the structure and morphology of the nanostructured electrodes. The resulting electrodes were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) in support of efforts to understand the effects of process parameters on the electrochemical performance of the electrode. The template assisted synthesis approach yielded an electrode of well-defined nanotubules. Extending the template soaking time was found to provide better definition of individual tubule structures. Increasing calcination temperature was found to create a better defined spinel structure for the LMO. These observations provide insight into process parameters relevant to electrode preparation and substrate selection when producing nanostructured electrodes using template-assisted methods.
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Lai, Chien-Hsun, and Yuan-Fang Chou. "Surface Acoustic Waves in Piezoelectric Half Space With Periodic Surface Electrodes." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12127.

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Surface acoustic waves of piezoelectric half space with periodic surface electrodes are investigated. Since the boundary has periodic character, Bloch’s theorem and plane wave expansion method are employed in the analysis. Modeling the periodic electrode’s mechanical effects and electric boundary conditions of short grating and open grating are major tasks. Verification is performed on a 128°YX-LiNbO3 substrate covered by aluminum electrodes. Cases of different electrode aspect ratios are also investigated. Comparisons of dispersion curves corresponding to different boundary conditions are given. The effect of electrode aspect ratio on band gap width is obvious. The developed solution scheme finds the dispersion relations and propagation modes very efficiently and accurately.
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Ye, F. X., A. Ohmori, and C. J. Li. "The Photoresponse and Donor Concentration of Plasma Sprayed TiO2 and TiO2-ZnO Electrodes." In ITSC2004, edited by Basil R. Marple and Christian Moreau. ASM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2004p0922.

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Abstract The photoelectrochemical characteristics of plasma sprayed porous TiO2, TiO2-5%ZnO and TiO2-10%ZnO electrodes in 0.1N NaOH solution were studied through a three-electrode cell system. The microstructure, morphology and composition of the electrodes were analyzed using electron probe surface roughness analyzer (ERA-8800FE), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the sprayed electrodes had a porous microstructure, which was affected by the plasma spraying parameters and composition of the powders. TiO2-ZnO electrodes consisted of anatase TiO2, rutile TiO2 and Zn2Ti3O8 phase. The photoresponse characteristics of the plasma sprayed electrodes were comparable to that of single crystal TiO2, but the breakdown voltage was approximate to 0.5V (vs. SCE). The short-circuit photocurrent density increased with a decrease of donor concentration, which was calculated according to Garner-Bulter model. For the lowest donor concentration of a TiO2-5%ZnO electrode prepared under the arc current of 600A, the short-circuit photocurrent density was approximately 0.4mA/cm2 higher than that of the TiO2 electrodes under 30mW/cm2 xenon light irradiation. The photocurrent density increased linearly with light intensity.
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Samiei, Ehsan, and Mina Hoorfar. "Modifying Electrode Geometry for Unequal Droplet Splitting in Digital Microfluidics." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-66844.

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In the present study, unequal droplet splitting is performed simply by modifying the electrode geometry: an electrode is divided into four small squares or four narrow sub-electrodes which are surrounded by regular spatial electrodes. Two possible configurations are studied for the narrower modified electrodes in which the narrow sub-electrodes are i) parallel, and ii) perpendicular to the flow direction. By actuating one (or more) sub-electrodes on one side and a spatial electrode on the other side of the droplet reproducible unequal splitting was achieved without a need for a complicated control system. In addition to reproducibility, the proposed approach offers a great deal of flexibility by splitting the droplet (or dispense a droplet) to different volumes based on the number of the actuated sub-electrodes.
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Reports on the topic "Electrode"

1

Weaver, R., and J. Ogborn. CGX-00-005 Cellulosic-Covered Electrode Storage - Influence on Welding Performance and Weld Properties. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011816.

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Cellulosic-covered electrodes have been used for shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) circumferential welding of line pipe over many decades. They are characterized by electrode coverings containing organic matter. Unlike low hydrogen SMAW electrodes that achieve optimum results at low covering moisture levels, cellulosic-covered electrodes require much higher covering moisture levels for proper operation. For example, pipe welders have been known to deliberately expose electrodes to the weather, or even dip them in water prior to use. There are suggestions that high incidents of hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) might be associated with low moisture levels in the cellulosic-covered electrodes used. This suggests further that storage and handling practices based on conventional wisdom in the field may not be sufficient as the industry transitions to more demanding applications and higher-strength materials. Consequently, this work was undertaken to develop more definitive information on the performance of cellulosic-covered electrodes for three purposes: � determine the influence of various storage and handling practices on electrode covering moisture, � determine the influence of covering moisture on electrode operability, weld metal chemical composition, and weld hardness, and � develop more definitive guidelines for cellulosic-covered electrode storage and handling practice. Three different E8010 type electrodes (one E8018-G and two E8018-P1) were subjected to various storage conditions - temperatures from -40�C (-40�F) to 66�C (150�F), and time periods up to 196 hours. As the temperature increased there was a tendency for lower electrode covering moisture levels with corresponding increases in weld metal alloy content (particularly Mn, Si, and Ti), increased weld hardness, increased weld strength, and higher tendency to HAC. Variations in electrode operation were also noted.
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Blum, L. Structured Electrode Interfaces. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada222763.

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Wang, Chunsheng, and Yujie Zhu. Novel Electro-Analytical Tools for Phase-Transformation Electrode Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada517245.

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Tobin J. Marks, R.P.H. Chang, Tom Mason, Ken Poeppelmeier, and Arthur J. Freeman. ENGINEERED ELECTRODES AND ELECTRODE-ORGANIC INTERFACES FOR HIGH-EFFICIENCY ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/940916.

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Pintauro, Peter. Fuel Cell Membrane Electrode Assemblies with Ultra-Low Pt Nanofiber Electrodes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2331465.

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Bond, Daniel R. Molecular Basis for Electron Flow Within Metal-and Electrode-Reducing Biofilms. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1332121.

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Fischer, A., and H. Wendt. Electrode porosity and effective electrocatalyst activity in electrode-membrane-assemblies (MEAs) of PEMFCs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/460297.

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Ervin, Matthew H., Benjamin S. Miller, and Brendan Hanrahan. SWCNT Supercapacitor Electrode Fabrication Methods. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada538479.

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Dunn, Bruce. Vanadium Oxide Aerogel Electrode Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada389142.

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Ho, I.-Pin. Instrumentation for Multi-Electrode Voltammetry. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1140.

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