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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrochromic application'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Campet, G., J. Portier, S. J. Wen, B. Morel, M. Bourrel, and J. M. Chabagno. "Electrochromism and Electrochromic Windows." Active and Passive Electronic Components 14, no. 4 (1992): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/17128.

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The properties of electrochromic thin film materials, i.e., those that can be reversibly colored by the passage of charge, are described. The application of some of these thin film compounds for the development of electrochromic windows is discussed.

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2

Jarosz, Tomasz, Karolina Gebka, Agnieszka Stolarczyk, and Wojciech Domagala. "Transparent to Black Electrochromism—The “Holy Grail” of Organic Optoelectronics." Polymers 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020273.

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In the rapidly developing field of conjugated polymer science, the attribute of electrochromism these materials exhibit provides for a multitude of innovative application opportunities. Featuring low electric potential driven colour change, complemented by favourable mechanical and processing properties, an array of non-emissive electrochromic device (ECD) applications lays open ahead of them. Building up from the simplest two-colour cell, multielectrochromic arrangements are being devised, taking advantage of new electrochromic materials emerging at a fast pace. The ultimate device goal encompasses full control over the intensity and spectrum of passing light, including the two extremes of complete and null transmittance. With numerous electrochromic device architectures being explored and their operating parameters constantly ameliorated to pursue this target, a summary and overview of developments in the field is presented. Discussing the attributes of reported electrochromic systems, key research points and challenges are identified, providing an outlook for this exciting topic of polymer material science.

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3

Buasri, Achanai, Duangamol Ongmali, Pongsatorn Sriboonpeng, Sarinee Prompanut, and Vorrada Loryuenyong. "Development of Transparent Electrodes Using Graphene Nano-Ink and Post-Consumer PET Bottles for Electrochromic Application." Key Engineering Materials 744 (July 2017): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.744.463.

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Electrochromism refers to the reversible change of color of thin films due to a small change in the voltage. This is important for smart windows and display applications. The color change takes place because of intercalation and deintercalation of ions, which is controlled by voltage applied between transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers. In this research, the use of graphene nano-ink and post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles as the flexible electrochromic windows was reported. PET film was coated with graphene ink by spin coating method. The sheet resistance value of PET/graphene electrode was 19 W/sq. The polypyrrole (PPy) also was electroactive and had good adhesion towards transparent substrate. Our results primarily indicated that the novel PET/graphene/PPy/graphene/PET electrochromic device offered an optical modulation, in which the color of the device switched from the black color to the yellow color under the applied potential at ± 2.0 V. The graphene in the electrochromic device demonstrated a potential for replacing indium tin oxide (ITO) in flexible electrochromic windows.

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4

Vondrák, Jiŕí, Marie Sedlaříková, Milan Vlček, Jitka Mohelníková, and Michal Macalík. "Electrochromic Glazings for Window Applications." Solid State Phenomena 113 (June 2006): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.113.507.

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Electrochromic materials have found practical applications in special devices such as: - systems with controlled transmission (surfaces with regulated radiation-electrochromic glazings), - systems with controlled reflection (electrochromic mirrors with regulated solar reflectance), and - systems with change of color contrast (special electrochromic information displays). This paper deals with electrochromic devices with a controlled transmission. Electrochromic glazings can be described as devices based on electrochromic materials that operate as reversible switching solar control shutters. These special glasses have found application not only for window glazing in hot climatic conditions but they are also recommended for buildings with large glazed shells where overheating and glare effect represent serious problem for daily service and operation.

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5

Moretti, Constance, Xuyuan Tao, Vladan Koncar, and Ludovic Koehl. "A Study on Electrical Performances and Lifetime of a Flexible Electrochromic Textile Device." Autex Research Journal 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aut-2014-0003.

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Abstract Using their ability to change their color according to an external stimulation, chromic materials can be used to form a color-changing textile. Electrochromism, more particularly, is a colour change phenomenon caused by the application of an electrical potential. A flexible textile electrochromic device composed of four layers is presented. In order to improve the lifetime of this structure, the electrical performances of the electrolyte layer are studied. A method to measure and calculate the resistance variations of the electrolyte applied on a textile cotton substrate is given. Relations between the electrical performances of the electrolyte and the electrochromic effect of the device are also highlighted.

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6

Zhao, Lili, Junwei Kuang, Weifeng Zhuang, Jie Chao, Wenbo Liao, Xiaobo Fu, Chao Li, Lingyun Ye, and Hailu Liu. "Studies on transmittance modulation and ions transfer kinetic based on capacitive-controlled 2D V₂O₅ inverse opal film for electrochromic energy storage application." Nanotechnology 33, no. 5 (November 12, 2021): 054001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac317b.

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Abstract Two-dimensional vanadium pentoxide inverse opal (2D V2O5 IO) architecture was fabricated by polystyrene (PS) sphere template assisted electrodeposition process. In comparison to the un-templated V2O5 film, the 2D V2O5 IO film exhibited a highly ordered hexagonal close-packed bowel-like array, as well as noticeable electrochromism, such as transmittance modulation up to 42.6% at 800 nm, high coloration efficiency (28.6 cm2 · C−1), fast ions transfer kinetic (t b = 7.2 s, t c = 2.5 s). These improvements of electrochromic performance were attributed to the ordered morphology with larger surface areas, which considerably shortened the ions diffusion paths and accelerated ions migration. An electrochromic energy storage device assembled from the 2D V2O5 IO film with simultaneous electrochromic and pseudocapacitive performance could not only show transmittance modulation accompanied by multicolor variations but also powered an LCD screen and an LED bulb, demonstrating a promising potential for practical applications.

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7

Dulgerbaki, Cigdem, Aliihsan Komur, and Aysegul Uygun Oksuz. "Tungsten Oxide Nanofibers for Electrochromic Device Application." Academic Perspective Procedia 1, no. 1 (November 9, 2018): 902–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.01.01.152.

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The tungsten oxide (WO3) nanofibers were grown directly onto an ITO-coated glass via an electrospinning method for electrochromic applications. The electrochromic properties of WO3 nanofibers were investigated in the presence of different electrolytes including a series of ionic liquids and classic LiClO4-PC system. A significant optical modulation of 20.82% at 760 nm, reversible coloration with efficiency of 64.58 cm2/C and excellent cycling stability were achieved for the nanofiber electrochromic device (ECD) with ionic liquid based gel electrolyte.

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8

Chang, Chung-Chieh, Po-Wei Chi, Prem Chandan, and Chung-Kwei Lin. "Electrochemistry and Rapid Electrochromism Control of MoO3/V2O5 Hybrid Nanobilayers." Materials 12, no. 15 (August 3, 2019): 2475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152475.

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MoO3/V2O5 hybrid nanobilayers are successfully prepared by the sol–gel method with a spin- coating technique followed by heat -treatment at 350 °C in order to achieve a good crystallinity. The composition, morphology, and microstructure of the nanobilayers are characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) that revealed the a grain size of around 20–30 nm, and belonging to the monoclinic phase. The samples show good reversibility in the cyclic voltammetry studies and exhibit an excellent response to the visible transmittance. The electrochromic (EC) window displayed an optical transmittance changes (ΔT) of 22.65% and 31.4% at 550 and 700 nm, respectively, with the rapid response time of about 8.2 s for coloration and 6.3 s for bleaching. The advantages, such as large optical transmittance changes, rapid electrochromism control speed, and excellent cycle durability, demonstrated in the electrochromic cell proves the potential application of MoO3/V2O5 hybrid nanobilayers in electrochromic devices.

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9

Liu, Shu Ping, Wei Wang, Lin Lin Cui, and Hua Nan Guan. "Carbon Nanotubes-Assisted Fabrication of TiO₂ Nanocomposite Film for Optimum Electrochromic Application." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 789–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.789.

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Electrochromic composite film consisting of TiO2, chitosan (CS) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were fabricated on quartz and FTO substrates by the layer-by-layer self-assembly method (LbL). The multilayer film was characterized by UV-vis spectrum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometric (CA) and in situ spectral electrochemicalmeasurements. The composite material shows high electrochromic performance, with the optical contrast of 11.5% and coloration efficiency of 21.7 cm2/C at 800 nm. The results indicate great promise for the TiO2-based film as a potential material in electrochromic devices.

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10

Jensen, Walther, Ashley Colley, Jonna Häkkilä, Carlos Pinheiro, and Markus Löchtefeld. "TransPrint: A Method for Fabricating Flexible Transparent Free-Form Displays." Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2019 (May 30, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1340182.

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TransPrint is a method for fabricating flexible, transparent free-form displays based on electrochromism. Using screen-printing or inkjet printing of electrochromic ink, plus a straightforward assembly process, TransPrint enables rapid prototyping of displays by nonexperts. The displays are nonlight-emissive and only require power to switch state and support the integration of capacitive touch sensing for interactivity. We present instructions and best practices on how to design and assemble the displays and discuss the benefits and shortcomings of the TransPrint approach. To demonstrate the broad applicability of the approach, we present six application prototypes.

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11

Li, Muyun, Haoyang Yan, Honglong Ning, Xinglin Li, Jinyao Zhong, Xiao Fu, Tian Qiu, Dongxiang Luo, Rihui Yao, and Junbiao Peng. "Application of Tungsten-Oxide-Based Electrochromic Devices for Supercapacitors." Applied System Innovation 5, no. 4 (June 23, 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi5040060.

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For making full use of the discoloration function of electrochromic (EC) devices and better show the charge and discharge states of supercapacitors (SCs), electrochromic supercapacitors (ECSCs) have attracted much attention and expectations in recent years. The research progress of tungsten-oxide-based electrochromic supercapacitors (ECSCs) in recent years is reviewed in this paper. Nanostructured tungsten oxide is widely used to facilitate ion implantation/extraction and increase the porosity of the electrode. The low-dimensional nanostructured tungsten oxide was compared in four respects: material scale, electrode life, coloring efficiency, and specific capacitance. Due to the mechanics and ductility of nano-tungsten oxide electrodes, they are very suitable for the preparation of flexible ECSCs. With the application of an organic protective layer and metal nanowire conductive electrode, the device has higher coloring efficiency and a lower activation voltage. Finally, this paper indicates that in the future, WO3-based ECSCs will develop in the direction of self-supporting power supply to meet the needs of use.

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12

Shi, Muyang, Tian Qiu, Biao Tang, Guanguang Zhang, Rihui Yao, Wei Xu, Junlong Chen, Xiao Fu, Honglong Ning, and Junbiao Peng. "Temperature-Controlled Crystal Size of Wide Band Gap Nickel Oxide and Its Application in Electrochromism." Micromachines 12, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12010080.

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Nickel oxide (NiO) is a wide band gap semiconductor material that is used as an electrochromic layer or an ion storage layer in electrochromic devices. In this work, the effect of annealing temperature on sol-gel NiO films was investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the formation of NiO via decomposition of the precursor nickel acetate occurred at about 300 °C. Meanwhile, an increase in roughness was observed by Atomic force microscope (AFM), and precipitation of a large number of crystallites was observed at 500 °C. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) showed that the NiO film obtained at such a temperature showed a degree of crystallinity. The film crystallinity and crystallite size also increased with increasing annealing temperature. An ultraviolet spectrophotometer was used to investigate the optical band gap of the colored NiO films, and it was found that the band gap increased from 3.65 eV to 3.74 eV with the increase in annealing temperature. An electrochromic test further showed that optical modulation density and coloring efficiency decreased with the increase in crystallite size. The electrochromic reaction of the nickel oxide film is more likely to occur at the crystal interface and is closely related to the change of the optical band gap. An NiO film with smaller crystallite size is more conducive to ion implantation and the films treated at 300 °C exhibit optimum electrochromic behavior.

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13

Wang, Qiyuan, Jingzhi Li, Muhong Zheng, Xie Ma, and Bin Wang. "Quality Control and Traceability Framework of Electrochromic Materials Based on Block Chain from the Perspective of Practical Application." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (August 3, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7376168.

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In recent years, the research on electrochemical devices, especially the promising electrochromic material, is gradually in a wide range of application. But there is few corresponding research about specific industrial manufacturing. The paper starts from the structure of small and medium-sized intelligent factories and designs a system framework optimized by blockchain technology. It connects the electrochromic material quality control module with the product traceability module through a blockchain-based server, which not only ensures the production quality but also effectively improves the product supply chain, which is significant for the development of the electrochromic field.

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14

Jiang, Jianxia, Leiqiang Qin, Joseph Halim, Per O. Å. Persson, Lintao Hou, and Johanna Rosen. "Colorless-to-colorful switching of electrochromic MXene by reversible ion insertion." Nano Research 15, no. 4 (December 12, 2021): 3587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3913-y.

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AbstractElectrochromic (EC) materials that change color with voltage have been widely studied for use in dynamic windows. However, colorless-to-colorful switching with high contrast ratio is generically unattainable, especially for colorless-to-black electrochromic materials with an ultrahigh contrast ratio over the entire visible region. In this work, we developed Nb1.33C MXene-based dynamic windows with colorless-to-black switching of up to 75% reversible change in transmittance from 300 to 1,500 nm. By exploring the electrochromic effects of different electrolytes through in situ optical changes and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), it is found that electrochromic behavior is greatly influenced by the extent of reversible Li+ insertion/deinsertion between the two-dimensional Nb1.33C MXene nanosheets. In addition, a colorless-to-black EC device based on Nb1.33C with an overall integrated contrast ratio over 80% was successfully constructed by a solution-processable spin coating method. This work enables a simple route to fabricate MXene-based high-performance electrochromic smart windows, which is important for further expanding the application of MXenes to optoelectronic and photonic applications.

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15

Gonçalves, Alexandra, Gonçalo Gonçalves, Elvira Fortunato, António Marques, Ana Pimentel, Rodrigo Martins, Manuela A. Silva, Michael J. Smith, João Bela, and João P. Borges. "Study of Electrochromic Devices Incorporating a Polymer Gel Electrolyte Component." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.83.

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Electrochromic materials have attracted considerable attention during the last two decades as a consequence of their potential application in several different types of optical devices. Examples of these devices include intelligent windows and time labels. In this paper the authors describe results obtained with thin tungsten oxide films produced at room temperature by rf magnetron sputtering under an argon and oxygen atmosphere on transparent conductive oxide coated glass substrates. To protect the surface of the electrochromic film, prevent water absorption and obtain a good memory effect under open circuit voltages, a layer of Ta2O5 was deposited over the WO3 films. In this study, the effect of different electrolyte compositions on the open circuit memory of optical devices has been characterized. The best results were obtained for electrochromic devices with polymer gel p(TMC)3LiClO4 and p(TMC)8LiClO4 electrolytes. These prototype devices present an overall transmittance of ~75% in their bleached state and after coloration 40.5 and 52.5% respectively. These devices also show memory effect and an optical density considered satisfactory for some electrochromic applications.

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16

Feng, Tong, Huili Guo, Bingjie Zhang, Xiaojie Qu, Yan Bai, Dongbin Dang, and Weizhen Zhao. "Conducting Polyaniline/Au Nanorods Composite Film for High-Performance Electrochromic Device." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 036501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac5659.

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Conducting polymers are promising candidate materials in next-generation electrochromic applications due to their multicolour changes, flexible and large-scale production capability; however, poor cycling stability and relatively low optical modulation limit their widespread application. In this article, a simple electrochemical deposition method is used to create a polyaniline (PANI)/Au nanorods composite electrochromic film on ITO glass as an electrode. This PANI/Au nanorods composite film has better electrochromic properties than the straight PANI film. Moreover, the electrochromic device (ECD) was successfully fabricated by PANI/Au nanorods composite film as anode and poly(3,4-ethyloxylthiophene) as the cathode. This resultant device exhibits perfect electrochromic performance, including higher optical modulation (56%), a faster response time (0.6 s for bleaching and 0.9 s for colouring) and good cycling stability (sustained 85% after 6750 cycles). Notably, the geometric structure of the film is formed by the Au nanorods coated with PANI, which not only can provide transport channel and ion storage space but also improving the conductivity. In addition, the composite structure can provide larger surface area and benefit the electrolyte ions insertion and extraction from the composite electrode film. The rational design of stacking nanocomposites on electrodes may be a useful method for fabricating high-performance ECDs.

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17

Neo, Wei Teng, Qun Ye, Soo-Jin Chua, and Jianwei Xu. "Conjugated polymer-based electrochromics: materials, device fabrication and application prospects." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 31 (2016): 7364–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc01150k.

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18

Soganci, Tugba, Gülbin Kurtay, Metin Ak, and Mustafa Güllü. "Preparation of an EDOT-based polymer: optoelectronic properties and electrochromic device application." RSC Advances 5, no. 4 (2015): 2630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra13060j.

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19

Oral, Ayhan, Sermet Koyuncu, and İsmet Kaya. "Polystyrene functionalized carbazole and electrochromic device application." Synthetic Metals 159, no. 15-16 (August 2009): 1620–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2009.04.026.

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20

Alfonso, Felix. "Application of Electrochromic Thin Films for Electrophysiology." Biophysical Journal 114, no. 3 (February 2018): 671a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.3617.

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21

Kang, Joo-Hee, Seung-Min Paek, Seong-Ju Hwang, and Jin-Ho Choy. "Optical iris application of electrochromic thin films." Electrochemistry Communications 10, no. 11 (November 2008): 1785–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.09.013.

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22

Cao, Jie, Xiaoyu Luo, Shenglong Zhou, Zhixin Wu, Qi Zhao, Hua Gu, Wen Wang, et al. "Isoindigo–Thiophene D–A–D–Type Conjugated Polymers: Electrosynthesis and Electrochromic Performances." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 2219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032219.

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Four novel isoindigo–thiophene D–A–D–type precursors are synthesized by Stille coupling and electrosynthesized to yield corresponding hybrid polymers with favorable electrochemical and electrochromic performances. Intrinsic structure–property relationships of precursors and corresponding polymers, including surface morphology, band gaps, electrochemical properties, and electrochromic behaviors, are systematically investigated. The resultant isoindigo–thiophene D–A–D–type polymer combines the merits of isoindigo and polythiophene, including the excellent stability of isoindigo–based polymers and the extraordinary electrochromic stability of polythiophene. The low onset oxidation potential of precursors ranges from 1.10 to 1.15 V vs. Ag/AgCl, contributing to the electrodeposition of high–quality polymer films. Further kinetic studies illustrate that isoindigo–thiophene D–A–D–type polymers possess favorable electrochromic performances, including high optical contrast (53%, 1000 nm), fast switching time (0.8 s), and high coloration efficiency (124 cm2 C−1). These features of isoindigo–thiophene D–A–D–type conjugated polymers could provide a possibility for rational design and application as electrochromic materials.

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23

Uday Kumar, K., and A. Subrahmanyam. "Electrochromic Properties of Reactive Magnetron Sputtered WO3 Thin Films Prepared by Neon as Sputter Gas." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 3724–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17519.

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Electrochromic phenomenon is an emerging technology for renewable energy applications. Several material oxides used for the electrochromic application, the tungsten oxide (WO3) has shown good coloration efficiency (CE). Present manuscript, we are reporting the results of the coloration efficiency of DC magnetron sputtered WO3 films for electrochromic applications (thicknesses 190 nm to 700 nm) with sputter gas neon at 300 K. Hydrogen and Lithium ions have been intercalated into WO3 lattice for coloration. The CE value is increasing with increase of thickness of WO3 thin films; CE for 700 nm thick films are: 87 cm2/C and 137 cm2/C for H+ and Li+ respectively. The coloration efficiency (CE) observed to be increasing with wavelength. The maximum efficiency of the hydrogen intercalated neon sputtered films achieved at 860 nm wavelength is about 129.9 cm2/C and for the lithium intercalatedWO3 films the maximum efficiency achieved at 780 nm with 238.5 cm2/C. These neon sputtered WO3 thin films show good stability of coloration efficiency even after 500 cycles of coloring and bleaching cycles. The work function of the colored and transparent states of WO3 thin films are 4.513 eV and 4.755 eV respectively. Finally we have fabricated the electrochromic device (ECD) prepared with nafion thin film as an ion conducting layer and the ECD has shown a maximum coloration efficiency (CE) of 112.1 cm2/C.

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24

Yang, Guojian, Yu-Mo Zhang, Yiru Cai, Baige Yang, Chang Gu, and Sean Xiao-An Zhang. "Advances in nanomaterials for electrochromic devices." Chemical Society Reviews 49, no. 23 (2020): 8687–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cs00317d.

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Lin, Tien-Chai, Bai-Jhong Jheng, Hui-Min Yen, and Wen-Chang Huang. "Thermal Annealing Effects of V2O5 Thin Film as an Ionic Storage Layer for Electrochromic Application." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 4598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134598.

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A vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) thin film with thermal annealing as an ionic storage layer for electrochromic devices is presented in our study. The V2O5 thin film was deposited on an ITO glass substrate by an RF magnetron sputtering. The electrochromic properties of the film were evaluated after various thermal annealing temperatures. The structural analysis of the film was observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The structure of the V2O5 thin film transformed from an amorphous to polycrystalline structure with directions of (110) and (020) after 400 °C thermal annealing. The electrochromic properties of the film improved compared with the unannealed V2O5 thin film. We obtained a charge capacity of 97.9 mC/cm2 with a transparent difference ΔT value of 31% and coloration efficiency of 6.3 cm2/C after 400 °C thermal annealing. The improvement was due to the polycrystalline orthorhombic structure formation of V2O5 film by the rearrangement of atoms from thermal energy. Its laminate structure facilitates Li+ ion intercalation and increases charge capacity and transparent difference.

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26

Zhou, Junling, Youxiu Wei, Gui Luo, Jianming Zheng, and Chunye Xu. "Electrochromic properties of vertically aligned Ni-doped WO3 nanostructure films and their application in complementary electrochromic devices." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 8 (2016): 1613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc03750f.

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27

Raphael, E., C. O. Avellaneda, M. A. Aegerter, M. M. Silva, and A. Pawlicka. "Agar-Based Gel Electrolyte for Electrochromic Device Application." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 554, no. 1 (March 2012): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2012.634349.

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28

Soganci, Tugba, Metin Ak, Seyda Ocal, and Mehmet Karakus. "Ferrocenyldithiophosphonate Containing Conducting Polymers and Theirs Electrochromic Application." Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 25, no. 5 (March 5, 2015): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10904-015-0202-9.

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29

Tanaka, Satomi, Yuichi Watanabe, Takeshi Nagashima, and Norihisa Kobayashi. "Phthalate-derivative/TiO2-modified electrode for electrochromic application." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 93, no. 12 (December 2009): 2098–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2009.02.022.

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30

Sun, De-Long, Bo-Wen Zhao, Jing-Bing Liu, Hao Wang, and Hui Yan. "Application of nickel oxide nanoparticles in electrochromic materials." Ionics 23, no. 6 (January 12, 2017): 1509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-017-1974-4.

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31

Mezhuev, Y. O., M. I. Shtilman, and Yu V. Korshak. "Application of polyaniline and polypyrrole in electronics." Plasticheskie massy, no. 7-8 (September 17, 2020): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2020-7-8-28-31.

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Aspects of application of nitrogen-containing polyconjugated systems in electronics are considered. It is shown that the use of polyaniline and polypyrrole in the manufacture of structural elements of current sources and supercapacitors has significant prospects for increasing the eﬃciency of these devices. The fundamental possibility of using polyaniline in the creation of electrochromic displays and photovoltaic cells is shown.

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32

Jamdegni, Monika, and Amarjeet Kaur. "Review—Polymeric/Small Organic Molecules-Based Electrochromic Devices: How Far Toward Realization." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 030541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac5c04.

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Electrochromic devices have emerged as new age technology devices due their low power consumption, eye friendly working modes and simple structure with easily adjustable features. Such devices have a vast application prospect in areas like energy efficient building architecture, flexible displays, next generation smart wearable, satellite thermal control, etc. Organic electrochromic material offers several advantages like rich color, stretchable and flexible architecture, facile synthesis and easy modification of optical properties. However, there are certain technical issues like cyclic stability, durability, uniform color performance, etc., which are still to be resolved before large scale commercialization of the organic electrochromic devices. In recent years, various research teams are making efforts in developing new methods and technologies to overcome such issues. In this review, we have summarized these innovative efforts taken in the last decade. This review can help researchers to analyse and compare different techniques adopted towards improving the performance of organic electrochromic devices.

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Zhang, Leipeng, Bo Wang, Xiaobai Li, Gaoping Xu, Shuliang Dou, Xiang Zhang, Xi Chen, Jiupeng Zhao, Ke Zhang, and Yao Li. "Further understanding of the mechanisms of electrochromic devices with variable infrared emissivity based on polyaniline conducting polymers." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 32 (2019): 9878–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc02126d.

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Shaplov, Alexander S., Denis O. Ponkratov, Pierre-Henri Aubert, Elena I. Lozinskaya, Cédric Plesse, Frédéric Vidal, and Yakov S. Vygodskii. "A first truly all-solid state organic electrochromic device based on polymeric ionic liquids." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 24 (2014): 3191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc49876j.

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Zhao, Xin, Xiang Zhang, Zhiwei Yin, Wenjie Li, Changpeng Yang, Wenhai Sun, Hulin Zhang, and Yao Li. "Enhanced Electrochromic Performance of All-Solid-State Electrochromic Device Based on W-Doped NiO Films." Coatings 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020118.

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Electrochromic materials have attracted much attention due to their promising applications in smart windows and thermal control. However, NiO is a weak point for a complementary ECD and needs to be improved due to its low optical modulation and charge density. In this work, the W-doped NiO films are designed and prepared by RF magnetron co-sputtering to improve the performance of the NiO. The results shows that the optical modulation of the W-NiO (52.7%) is significantly improved compared with pure NiO (33.8%), which can be assigned to the increase in lattice boundaries due to the W doping. The response time of W-NiO is 8.8 s for coloring and 7.2 s for bleaching, which is similar to that of NiO film. The all-solid-state electrochromic devices (ECDs) that employed W-NiO as a complementary layer are prepared and exhibit a high-transmittance modulation of 48.5% in wavelengths of 450–850 nm and an emittance modulation of 0.28 in 2.5–25 μm, showing great application potential in the field of smart windows and spacecraft thermal control devices. The strategy of preparing NiO doped by W indicates an innovative direction to obtain ECDs with high performance.

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Guzel, Merve, Tugba Soganci, Rukiye Ayranci, and Metin Ak. "Smart windows application of carbazole and triazine based star shaped architecture." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 31 (2016): 21659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp02611g.

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Triazine-based, star shape and electroactive monomer was successfully synthesized and electropolymerized. The polymer showed superior optoelectronic and thermal properties. Due to the fact that the redox color characteristics of the polymer are indispensable for smart windows, PTCZ-based electrochromic device was constructed.

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Yao, Yu, Dandan Sang, Liangrui Zou, Qinglin Wang, and Cailong Liu. "A Review on the Properties and Applications of WO3 Nanostructure−Based Optical and Electronic Devices." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 22, 2021): 2136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082136.

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Tungsten oxide (WO3) is a wide band gap semiconductor with unintentionally n−doping performance, excellent conductivity, and high electron hall mobility, which is considered as a candidate material for application in optoelectronics. Several reviews on WO3 and its derivatives for various applications dealing with electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, hybrid photocatalysts, electrochemical energy storage, and gas sensors have appeared recently. Moreover, the nanostructured transition metal oxides have attracted considerable attention in the past decade because of their unique chemical, photochromic, and physical properties leading to numerous other potential applications. Owing to their distinctive photoluminescence (PL), electrochromic and electrical properties, WO3 nanostructure−based optical and electronic devices application have attracted a wide range of research interests. This review mainly focuses on the up−to−date progress in different advanced strategies from fundamental analysis to improve WO3 optoelectric, electrochromic, and photochromic properties in the development of tungsten oxide−based advanced devices for optical and electronic applications including photodetectors, light−emitting diodes (LED), PL properties, electrical properties, and optical information storage. This review on the prior findings of WO3−related optical and electrical devices, as well as concluding remarks and forecasts will help researchers to advance the field of optoelectric applications of nanostructured transition metal oxides.

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Bini, Kim, Petri Murto, Sait Elmas, Mats R. Andersson, and Ergang Wang. "Broad spectrum absorption and low-voltage electrochromic operation from indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene-based copolymers." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 16 (2019): 2004–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py01787e.

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Yu, Hongtao, Shan Shao, Lijia Yan, Hong Meng, Yaowu He, Chao Yao, Panpan Xu, Xiaotao Zhang, Wenping Hu, and Wei Huang. "Side-chain engineering of green color electrochromic polymer materials: toward adaptive camouflage application." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 12 (2016): 2269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc00197a.

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The synthesised electrochromic polymers can exhibit a vegetable-green color at lower applied voltages and a soil-brown color in the oxidized-state, excellent solubility, superhydrophobicity, strong absorption, very fast switching times, and high stability.

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Wu, Tzi-Yi, and Yuh-Shan Su. "Electrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of 1,4-benzodioxan-Based Electrochromic Polymer and Its Application in Electrochromic Devices." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 162, no. 10 (2015): G103—G112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0381510jes.

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Ivanova, T., K. A. Gesheva, G. Popkirov, M. Ganchev, and E. Tzvetkova. "Electrochromic properties of atmospheric CVD MoO3 and MoO3–WO3 films and their application in electrochromic devices." Materials Science and Engineering: B 119, no. 3 (June 2005): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2004.12.084.

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Nie, Guangming, Liangjie Zhou, Qingfu Guo, and Shusheng Zhang. "A new electrochromic material from an indole derivative and its application in high-quality electrochromic devices." Electrochemistry Communications 12, no. 1 (January 2010): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2009.11.013.

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Lee, Hyun Joo, Chanyong Lee, Juhee Song, Yong Ju Yun, Yongseok Jun, and Chil Seong Ah. "Electrochromic devices based on ultraviolet-cured poly(methyl methacrylate) gel electrolytes and their utilisation in smart window applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 26 (2020): 8747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc00420k.

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Wang, Wei-qi, Xiu-li Wang, Xin-hui Xia, Zhu-jun Yao, Yu Zhong, and Jiang-ping Tu. "Enhanced electrochromic and energy storage performance in mesoporous WO3 film and its application in a bi-functional smart window." Nanoscale 10, no. 17 (2018): 8162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr00790j.

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Yao, Wenqian, Peipei Liu, Congcong Liu, Jingkun Xu, Kaiwen Lin, Huan Kang, Meng Li, Xiaoqi Lan, and Fengxing Jiang. "Flexible conjugated polyfurans for bifunctional electrochromic energy storage application." Chemical Engineering Journal 428 (January 2022): 131125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131125.

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Li, Hua, Zijuan Tang, Yuwei Liu, Jacques Robichaud, Jian Liang, Weihui Jiang, and Yahia Djaoued. "Two-Dimensional V2O5 Inverse Opal: Fabrication and Electrochromic Application." Materials 15, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 2904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15082904.

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The open-layered structure of Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) has triggered significant interest in exploring its energy-related application as lithium (Li) intercalation cathode material. Various methods are extensively studied to improve the Li diffusion using thin films or nanoarchitecture. In this work, high-quality two-dimensional (2D) inverse opal α-V2O5 films were synthesized via a modified ‘dynamic hard template’ infiltration strategy using sacrificial polystyrene spheres (PS, a diameter of 530 nm) photonic crystal as a template. The new material exhibited an excellent porous array with featured structural colors in a large area. The electrochromic behavior was explored by combining bandgap and electrochemical characterization. On the one hand, the intercalation/deintercalation of Li+ played an important role in the bandgap (Eg), and thereafter on the visible range transmittance through changing the film’s stoichiometry and the valence of vanadium ions. On the other hand, the asymmetry of the lattice due to the disordered distribution of Li+ within the V2O5 interlayer and/or the formation of an irreversible phase explained the change in transmittance with voltage.

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Liu, Jian, Mei Li, Jingchuan Wu, Yuchen Shi, Jianming Zheng, and Chunye Xu. "Electrochromic polymer achieving synchronous electrofluorochromic switching for optoelectronic application." Organic Electronics 51 (December 2017): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2017.09.022.

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Neto, M. J., F. Sentanin, J. M. S. S. Esperança, M. J. Medeiros, A. Pawlicka, V. de Zea Bermudez, and M. M. Silva. "Gellan gum—Ionic liquid membranes for electrochromic device application." Solid State Ionics 274 (June 2015): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2015.02.011.

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Rodrigues, L. C., P. C. Barbosa, M. M. Silva, M. J. Smith, A. Gonçalves, and E. Fortunato. "Application of hybrid materials in solid-state electrochromic devices." Optical Materials 31, no. 10 (August 2009): 1467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2009.02.004.

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Kharade, Rohini R., S. P. Patil, R. M. Mane, P. S. Patil, and P. N. Bhosale. "Synthesis and electrochromic application of surfactants tailored WO3 nanostructures." Optical Materials 34, no. 1 (November 2011): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2011.09.005.

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