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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrochemical techniques'

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1

Pedersen, Steen Uttrup, and Kim Daasbjerg. "ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Techniques." ChemInform 33, no. 42 (May 19, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200242297.

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2

Unwin, P. R., J. V. Macpherson, M. A. Beeston, N. J. Evans, D. Littlewood, and N. P. Hughes. "New Electrochemical Techniques for Probing Phase Transfer Dynamics at Dental Interfaces in Vitro." Advances in Dental Research 11, no. 4 (November 1997): 548–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374970110042401.

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Phase transfer reactions such as dissolution, precipitation, sorption, and desorption are important in a wide range of processes on dental hard tissue surfaces. An overview is provided of several new complementary electrochemical techniques which are capable of probing the dynamics of such processes at solid/liquid interfaces from millimeter- to nanometer-length scales, with a variable time resolution down to the sub-millisecond level. Techniques considered include channel flow methods with electrochemical detection, which allow reactions at solid/liquid interfaces to be studied under well-defined and calculable mass transport regimes. Scanning electrochemical microscopy allows the chemical activity of interfaces to be mapped at higher spatial and temporal resolutions. This technique, which utilizes a scanning ultramicroelectrode, has been used extensively for the study of dissolution processes of ionic crystals, as well as in imaging the action of fluid-flow-blocking agents on dentin surfaces, which act via precipitation. So that interfaces at the nanometer level can be probed, an integrated electrochemical-atomic force microscope has been developed which enables the local solution conditions to be controlled electrochemically while topographical changes are mapped simultaneously.
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3

Honeychurch. "Review of Electroanalytical-Based Approaches for the Determination of Benzodiazepines." Biosensors 9, no. 4 (November 2, 2019): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9040130.

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The benzodiazepine class of drugs are characterised by a readily electrochemically reducible azomethine group. A number are also substituted by other electrochemically active nitro, N-oxide, and carbonyl groups, making them readily accessible to electrochemical determination. Techniques such as polarography, voltammetry, and potentiometry have been employed for pharmaceutical and biomedical samples, requiring little sample preparation. This review describes current developments in the design and applications of electrochemical-based approaches for the determination of the benzodiazepine class of drugs form their introduction in the early 1960s to 2019. Throughout this period, state-of-the-art electroanalytical techniques have been reported for their determination. Polarography was first employed focused on mechanistic investigations. Subsequent studies showed the adsorption of many the benzodiazepines at Hg electrodes allowed for the highly sensitive technique of adsorptive stripping voltammetry to be employed. The development and introduction of other working electrode materials such as carbon led to techniques such as voltammetry to become commonly reported, and the modification of these electrodes has now become the most commonly employed approach using molecularly imprinting and nanotechnology.
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4

Odijk, Mathieu, and Albert van den Berg. "Nanoscale Electrochemical Sensing and Processing in Microreactors." Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 11, no. 1 (June 12, 2018): 421–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125642.

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In this review, we summarize recent advances in nanoscale electrochemistry, including the use of nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, and nanowires. Exciting developments are reported for nanoscale redox cycling devices, which can chemically amplify signal readout. We also discuss promising high-frequency techniques such as nanocapacitive CMOS sensor arrays or heterodyning. In addition, we review electrochemical microreactors for use in (drug) synthesis, biocatalysis, water treatment, or to electrochemically degrade urea for use in a portable artificial kidney. Electrochemical microreactors are also used in combination with mass spectrometry, e.g., to study the mimicry of drug metabolism or to allow electrochemical protein digestion. The review concludes with an outlook on future perspectives in both nanoscale electrochemical sensing and electrochemical microreactors. For sensors, we see a future in wearables and the Internet of Things. In microreactors, a future goal is to monitor the electrochemical conversions more precisely or ultimately in situ by combining other spectroscopic techniques.
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5

Bedoya-Lora, Franky E., Isaac Holmes-Gentle, and Anna Hankin. "Electrochemical techniques for photoelectrode characterisation." Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 29 (June 2021): 100463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100463.

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6

Liu, Z. F., K. Morigaki, K. Hashimoto, and A. Fujishima. "New applications of electrochemical techniques." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 65, no. 1-2 (April 1992): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(92)85053-w.

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7

Zielonka, A., and H. Fauser. "Advanced Materials by Electrochemical Techniques*." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 1, no. 1 (January 1997): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.1997.1.1.195.

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8

Zielonka, A., and H. Fauser. "Advanced Materials by Electrochemical Techniques*." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 208, Part_1_2 (January 1999): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.1999.208.part_1_2.195.

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9

van der Weijde, D. H., E. P. M. van Westing, and J. H. W. de Wit. "Electrochemical techniques for delamination studies." Corrosion Science 36, no. 4 (April 1994): 643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(94)90070-1.

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10

Yin, Jian, and Peng Miao. "Apoptosis Evaluation by Electrochemical Techniques." Chemistry - An Asian Journal 11, no. 5 (November 20, 2015): 632–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.201501045.

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11

Sassa, Fumihiro, Katsuya Morimoto, Wataru Satoh, and Hiroaki Suzuki. "Electrochemical techniques for microfluidic applications." ELECTROPHORESIS 29, no. 9 (May 2008): 1787–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.200700581.

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12

Křížková, S., O. Zítka, V. Adam, M. Beklová, A. Horna, Z. Svobodová, B. Sures, L. Trnková, L. Zeman, and R. Kizek. "Possibilities of electrochemical techniques in metallothionein and lead detection in fish tissues." Czech Journal of Animal Science 52, No. 5 (January 7, 2008): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2232-cjas.

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In the present paper, we report on the use of adsorptive transfer stripping technique in connection with chronopotentiometric stripping analysis for metallothionein determination and of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry for lead detection in tissues of wild perch (<i>Perca fluviatilis</i>, <i>n</i> = 6) from the Svratka River in Brno, Czech Republic. Primarily, we determined the content of MT in tissues (muscles, gonads, liver and spleen) of perch. We measured the highest content of MT in spleen and liver (100&minus;350 ng MT per gram of fresh weight). We assume that the content of MT determined in perch tissues is probably related with the age of the fish and, therefore, with their exposition to heavy metals naturally occurring in the Svratka River. We detected a lead concentration in the tissues of one perch. It clearly follows from the results that the content of MT well correlates with the concentration of lead.
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13

Dexter, S. C., D. J. Duquette, O. W. Siebert, and H. A. Videla. "Use and Limitations of Electrochemical Techniques for Investigating Microbiological Corrosion." Corrosion 47, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3585258.

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Abstract Electrochemical techniques such as: corrosion and critical pitting potential measurements, direct current potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarization, linear polarization resistance, split-cell current measurements, electrochemical impedance, electrochemical noise, and electrical resistance probes are evaluated for use in investigating microbiologically influenced corrosion. Examples are given to illustrate the capabilities and limitations of each technique.
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14

Denuault, G. "Electrochemical techniques and sensors for ocean research." Ocean Science 5, no. 4 (December 17, 2009): 697–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-5-697-2009.

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Abstract. This paper presents a review of applications of electrochemical methods in ocean sensing. It follows the white paper presented at the OceanSensors08 workshop held at the Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung, Warnemünde, Germany, from 31 March to 4 April 2008. The principles of electrochemical techniques are briefly recalled and described. For each technique, relevant electrochemical sensors are discussed; known successful deployments of electrochemical sensors are recalled; challenges experienced when taking sensors from the research lab to the field are raised; future trends in development and applications are proposed and assessed for their potential for oceanographic applications; where possible technological readiness levels are estimated. The document is supported with references drawn from both the electrochemical and oceanographic literature.
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15

Denuault, G. "Electrochemical techniques and sensors for ocean research." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 2 (August 20, 2009): 1857–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-1857-2009.

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Abstract. This paper presents a review of applications of electrochemical methods in ocean sensing. It follows the white paper presented at the OceanSensors08 workshop held at the Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung, Warnemünde, Germany, from 31 March to 4 April 2008. The principles of electrochemical techniques are briefly recalled and described. For each technique, relevant electrochemical sensors are discussed; known successful deployments of electrochemical sensors are recalled; challenges experienced when taking sensors from the research lab to the field are raised; future trends in development and applications are proposed and assessed for their potential for oceanographic applications; where possible technological readiness levels are estimated. The document is supported with references drawn from both the electrochemical and oceanographic literature.
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16

Doménech-Carbó, Antonio, and María Teresa Doménech-Carbó. "Electroanalytical techniques in archaeological and art conservation." Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, no. 3 (February 23, 2018): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0508.

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AbstractThe application of electrochemical techniques for obtaining analytical information of interest in the fields of archaeometry, conservation and restoration of cultural heritage goods is reviewed. Focused on voltammetry of immobilised particles and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques, electrochemical measurements offer valuable information for identifying and quantifying components, tracing provenances and manufacturing techniques and provide new tools for authentication and dating.
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17

Redaelli, Elena, and Luca Bertolini. "Electrochemical repair techniques in carbonated concrete. Part I: electrochemical realkalisation." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 41, no. 7 (April 9, 2011): 817–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-011-0301-4.

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18

Ponthiaux, P., F. Wenger, D. Drees, and J. P. Celis. "Electrochemical techniques for studying tribocorrosion processes." Wear 256, no. 5 (March 2004): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(03)00556-8.

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19

Azevedo, C., P. S. A. Bezerra, F. Esteves, C. J. B. M. Joia, and O. R. Mattos. "Hydrogen permeation studied by electrochemical techniques." Electrochimica Acta 44, no. 24 (July 1999): 4431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(99)00158-9.

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20

Lantelme, Frédéric, and El-Hamid Cherrat. "Fundamental study of transient electrochemical techniques." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 297, no. 2 (January 1991): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(91)80037-q.

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21

Bond, Alan. "Electrochemical detection techniques the applied biosciences." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 261, no. 2 (April 1989): 483–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(89)85019-3.

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22

Wang, W., J. Wang, H. Xu, and X. Li. "Electrochemical techniques used in MIC studies." Materials and Corrosion 57, no. 10 (October 2006): 800–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.200503966.

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23

Trif, László, Abdul Shaban, and Judit Telegdi. "Electrochemical and surface analytical techniques applied to microbiologically influenced corrosion investigation." Corrosion Reviews 36, no. 4 (July 26, 2018): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2017-0032.

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AbstractSuitable application of techniques for detection and monitoring of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of the interactions and for selecting inhibition and control approaches. This paper presents a review of the application of electrochemical and surface analytical techniques in studying the MIC process of metals and their alloys. Conventional electrochemical techniques, such as corrosion potential (Ecorr), redox potential, dual-cell technique, polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical noise (EN) analysis, and microelectrode techniques, are discussed, with examples of their use in various MIC studies. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, which is newly used in MIC study, is also discussed. Microscopic techniques [scanning electron microscopy (SEM), environmental SEM (ESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser microscopy (CLM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), confocal Raman microscopy] and spectroscopic analytical methods [Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)] are also highlighted. This review highlights the heterogeneous characteristics of microbial consortia and use of special techniques to study their probable effects on the metal substrata. The aim of this review is to motivate using a combination of new procedures for research and practical measurement and calculation of the impact of MIC and biofilms on metals and their alloys.
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24

Sala, Mireia, and M. Carmen Gutiérrez-Bouzán. "Electrochemical Techniques in Textile Processes and Wastewater Treatment." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/629103.

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The textile industry uses the electrochemical techniques both in textile processes (such as manufacturing fibers, dyeing processes, and decolorizing fabrics) and in wastewaters treatments (color removal). Electrochemical reduction reactions are mostly used in sulfur and vat dyeing, but in some cases, they are applied to effluents discoloration. However, the main applications of electrochemical treatments in the textile sector are based on oxidation reactions. Most of electrochemical oxidation processes involve indirect reactions which imply the generation of hypochlorite or hydroxyl radical in situ. These electrogenerated species are able to bleach indigo-dyed denim fabrics and to degrade dyes in wastewater in order to achieve the effluent color removal. The aim of this paper is to review the electrochemical techniques applied to textile industry. In particular, they are an efficient method to remove color of textile effluents. The reuse of the discolored effluent is possible, which implies an important saving of salt and water (i.e., by means of the “UVEC Cell”).
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25

Buleandra, Mihaela, Anton Alexandru Ciucu, and Dragos Cristian Stefanescu. "Simple Real-time Voltammetric Method for Captopril Determination in Pharmaceutical Formulation." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 10 (November 15, 2018): 2858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.10.6640.

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A novel voltammetric assay for captopril (CAP) determination by using an electrochemically pretreated pencil graphite electrode (PGE*) is presented. The electrochemical oxidation reaction of CAP was investigated with PGE* by using cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry techniques. CAP was electrochemically inactive at the non-pretreated pencil graphite electrode surface, while a sharp anodic wave with an anodic peak potential at around 200 mV resulted by using the PGE*. According to kinetic studies upon the electrode behavior, a new reaction mechanism for electrochemical oxidation of captopril is proposed. The sensor was examined as a selective, simple and precise new electrochemical disposable electrode for the determination of CAP in pharmaceutical samples in complex medical cases associated with sleep apnea, with good results.
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26

Fantin, Marco, Francesca Lorandi, Armando Gennaro, Abdirisak Isse, and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Electron Transfer Reactions in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization." Synthesis 49, no. 15 (July 4, 2017): 3311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588873.

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Electrochemistry may seem an outsider to the field of polymer science and controlled radical polymerization. Nevertheless, several electrochemical methods have been used to determine the mechanism of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), using both a thermodynamic and a kinetic approach. Indeed, electron transfer reactions involving the metal catalyst, initiator/dormant species, and propagating radicals play a crucial role in ATRP. In this mini-review, electrochemical properties of ATRP catalysts and initiators are discussed, together with the mechanism of the atom and electron transfer in ATRP.1 Introduction2 Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Properties of ATRP Catalysts3 Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Properties of Alkyl Halides and Alkyl Radicals4 Atom Transfer from an Electrochemical and Thermodynamic Standpoint5 Mechanism of Electron Transfer in ATRP6 Electroanalytical Techniques for the Kinetics of ATRP Activation7 Electrochemically Mediated ATRP8 Conclusions
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27

Cheng, Lei, Morteza Rezaei Talarposhti, Kaustubh Khedekar, Jonathan Braaton, Iryna V. Zenyuk, Nathan Craig, and Christina Johnston. "(Invited) Insights of Electrochemical Degradation Enabled By Correlated in-Situ Electrochemical Diagnostics and Spatially Resolved Diffraction Mapping." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 56 (October 9, 2022): 2165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02562165mtgabs.

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One of the top priorities of human society is addressing climate change. Clean electrochemical technology is a vital part of the transformation necessary to meet climate goals and net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050. Electrochemical technology of high interest includes water electrolysis for green hydrogen generation, fuel cells for emission free transportation, and electrochemical CO2 reduction for achieving net-zero CO2 emissions. One critical challenge for wide-scale adoption of these electrochemical technologies is the long-term device durability. Comprehensive understanding the degradation phenomenon and underlying mechanism is of critical importance for technology and product development. In this regard, in-operando and in-situ techniques, providing unique and direct insight into the degradation process in these electrochemical devices, play important roles for advancing such understanding and ultimately increasing long-term durability. Such techniques often rely on combined electrochemical diagnostics with advanced spectroscopy or other imaging capable of temporal and spatial resolution. In-operando techniques are often challenging due to the need for unique electrochemical cell configurations that fulfill the requirements of the technique while at the same time delivering electrochemical behavior similar to a commercial device. The talk will first discuss a mapping methodology based on synchrotron X-ray micro-diffraction to study the heterogeneous degradation. Information obtained from the method and examples of application to study platinum catalyst degradation in accelerated stress tests will be discussed. The utility of correlating large datasets of in-situ electrochemical diagnostics from a variety of accelerated aging tests with the spatially resolved diffraction mapping will also be presented.
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28

Garg, Mayank, Martin Christensen, Alexander Iles, Amit Sharma, Suman Singh, and Nicole Pamme. "Microfluidic-Based Electrochemical Immunosensing of Ferritin." Biosensors 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10080091.

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Ferritin is a clinically important biomarker which reflects the state of iron in the body and is directly involved with anemia. Current methods available for ferritin estimation are generally not portable or they do not provide a fast response. To combat these issues, an attempt was made for lab-on-a-chip-based electrochemical detection of ferritin, developed with an integrated electrochemically active screen-printed electrode (SPE), combining nanotechnology, microfluidics, and electrochemistry. The SPE surface was modified with amine-functionalized graphene oxide to facilitate the binding of ferritin antibodies on the electrode surface. The functionalized SPE was embedded in the microfluidic flow cell with a simple magnetic clamping mechanism to allow continuous electrochemical detection of ferritin. Ferritin detection was accomplished via cyclic voltammetry with a dynamic linear range from 7.81 to 500 ng·mL−1 and an LOD of 0.413 ng·mL−1. The sensor performance was verified with spiked human serum samples. Furthermore, the sensor was validated by comparing its response with the response of the conventional ELISA method. The current method of microfluidic flow cell-based electrochemical ferritin detection demonstrated promising sensitivity and selectivity. This confirmed the plausibility of using the reported technique in point-of-care testing applications at a much faster rate than conventional techniques.
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29

Saleem, Muhammad Nadir, Afzal Shah, Naimat Ullah, Jan Nisar, and Faiza Jan Iftikhar. "Detection and Degradation Studies of Nile Blue Sulphate Using Electrochemical and UV-Vis Spectroscopic Techniques." Catalysts 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2023): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13010141.

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An efficient and reliable electrochemical sensing platform based on COOH-fMWCNTs modified GCE (COOH-fMWCNTs/GCE) was designed for the detection of nanomolar concentration of Nile Blue Sulphate (NBS). In comparison to the bare GCE, the electrochemical sensing scaffold considerably enhanced the peak current response of NBS dye as confirmed from the results of voltammetric investigations. The electrochemical approach of detecting NBS in the droplet of its solution dried over the surface of modified electrode validated, the role of modifier in enhancing the sensing response. Under optimized conditions, the designed electrochemical platform demonstrated a wide linearity range (0.03–10 μM) for NBS, with LOD of 1.21 nM. Moreover, COOH-fMWCNTs/GCE was found reproducible and stable as confirmed by repeatability and inter-day durability tests. The selectivity of the designed sensing matrix was ensured by anti-interference tests. The photocatalytic degradation of NBS dye was carried out by using TiO2 nanoparticles as photocatalyst in the presence of H2O2. UV-visible spectroscopic studies revealed 95% photocatalytic degradation of NBS following a pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.028 min−1. These findings were supported electrochemically by monitoring the photocatalytically degraded dye at the designed sensing platform. The color variation and final decolorization of the selected dye in water served as a visual indicator of the degradation process. To conclude, the designed sensing platform immobilized with COOH-fMWCNTs imparted improved selectivity and sensitivity to detect and to, monitor the photocatalytic degradation of NBS.
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30

Herrera, Julian Hernández, Jimmy Morales, Kevin Steven Gómez Lara, Jhon Jairo Collazos Reina, Alvaro J. Avendaño, and Andrés Dector. "UV-vis Spectroelectrochemical In situ Study During the Electrochemical Oxidation of 2-Thiazolamine and 2-Oxazolamine." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 64 (October 9, 2022): 2396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02642396mtgabs.

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Oxazoles and thiazoles are useful organic compounds in the pharmaceutical industry and agricultural chemistry. For example, the aminothiazole heterocycle system is a useful structural element in medical chemistry and has found wide applications. [1] In previous studies, our group has reported that he electroactivity of 2-aminothiazole and 2-aminooxazole derivate resides on the primary amine group in C-2 position in thiazolic and oxazolic ring respectively and the electron donor ability is mainly governed by 2-aminothiazole and 2-aminooxazole chemistry. [2] Preliminary results, however, have not described or reported the electrochemical behavior of these heterocyclic compounds using in situ coupled techniques. One of the most interesting tools in the characterization of materials is the spectroscopy in the UV-Vis region, because it gives an idea of the compounds present. [3] This interesting technique has been coupled to electrochemicals methods, giving the possibility to in-situ information. In this work, the electrochemical oxidation of 2-Thiazolamine and 2-Oxazolamine is performed utilizing cyclic voltammetry purely electrochemical technique, coupled to UV-vis spectroscopy in situ. The UV–Vis spectra were collected simultaneously while potentiostatic electrolysis was performed. Cyclic voltammetry was carried out using a PalmSens4 potentiostat and Spectroelectrochemical experiments were performed using a quartz curvet of 1 cm path length by placing a commercial screen-printed electrode (IS-1, Italsens), which included a three-electrode configuration printed on the same strip. The preliminary results show the important information provided by UV-Visible spectroscopy coupled with electrochemical techniques. Bibliographic Yichao Wan, Jiabing Long, Han Gao, Zilong Tang, 2021, Eur. J. Med. Chem 210, 15, 112953 J A Morales-Morales, A F Villamarin, E Florez-López, J J Rios-Acevedo, 2018 Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1119 012006 Noelia González-Diéguez, Alvaro Colina, Jesús López-Palacios, and Aránzazu Heras 2012, Chem. 84, 21, 9146–9153
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31

Li, Jingkun, and Jinlong Gong. "Operando characterization techniques for electrocatalysis." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 11 (2020): 3748–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01706j.

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32

Kaya, Sariye I., Tutku C. Karabulut, Sevinç Kurbanoglu, and Sibel A. Ozkan. "Chemically Modified Electrodes in Electrochemical Drug Analysis." Current Pharmaceutical Analysis 16, no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 641–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573412915666190304140433.

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Electrode modification is a technique performed with different chemical and physical methods using various materials, such as polymers, nanomaterials and biological agents in order to enhance sensitivity, selectivity, stability and response of sensors. Modification provides the detection of small amounts of analyte in a complex media with very low limit of detection values. Electrochemical methods are well suited for drug analysis, and they are all-purpose techniques widely used in environmental studies, industrial fields, and pharmaceutical and biomedical analyses. In this review, chemically modified electrodes are discussed in terms of modification techniques and agents, and recent studies related to chemically modified electrodes in electrochemical drug analysis are summarized.
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33

Hammond, Jules L., Nello Formisano, Pedro Estrela, Sandro Carrara, and Jan Tkac. "Electrochemical biosensors and nanobiosensors." Essays in Biochemistry 60, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20150008.

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Electrochemical techniques have great promise for low-cost miniaturised easy-to-use portable devices for a wide range of applications–in particular, medical diagnosis and environmental monitoring. Different techniques can be used for biosensing, with amperometric devices taking the central role due to their widespread application in glucose monitoring. In fact, glucose biosensing takes an approximately 70% share of the biosensor market due to the need for diabetic patients to monitor their sugar levels several times a day, making it an appealing commercial market. In this review, we present the basic principles of electrochemical biosensor devices. A description of the different generations of glucose sensors is used to describe in some detail the operation of amperometric sensors and how the introduction of mediators can enhance the performance of the sensors. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a technique being increasingly used in devices due to its ability to detect variations in resistance and capacitance upon binding events. Novel advances in electrochemical sensors, due to the use of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, are presented as well as future directions that the field is taking.
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34

Seidl, L., N. Bucher, E. Chu, S. Hartung, S. Martens, O. Schneider, and U. Stimming. "Intercalation of solvated Na-ions into graphite." Energy & Environmental Science 10, no. 7 (2017): 1631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee00546f.

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The reversible intercalation of solvated Na-ions into graphite and the concomitant formation of ternary Na–graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are studied using several in operando techniques, such as X-ray-diffraction (XRD), electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy (EC-STM) and the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique (EQCM).
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35

Huang, Xiaoping, Yufang Zhu, and Ehsan Kianfar. "Nano Biosensors: Properties, applications and electrochemical techniques." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 12 (May 2021): 1649–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.03.048.

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36

Efimov, I., M. Itagaki, Michel Keddam, R. Oltra, Hisasi Takenouti, and B. Vuillemin. "Advanced Electrochemical Techniques for Studying Repassivation Kinetics." Materials Science Forum 192-194 (August 1995): 805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.192-194.805.

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Pal, Bhupender, Amina Yasin, Rupinder Kaur, Mike Tebyetekerwa, Fatemeh Zabihi, Shengyuan Yang, Chun-Chen Yang, Zděnek Sofer, and Rajan Jose. "Understanding electrochemical capacitors with in-situ techniques." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 149 (October 2021): 111418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111418.

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Choi, H. J., and R. L. Cepulis. "Inhibitor Film Persistence Measurement by Electrochemical Techniques." SPE Production Engineering 2, no. 04 (November 1, 1987): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/13555-pa.

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Taher, A. M. "Evaluating Corrosion and Passivation by Electrochemical Techniques." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research 7, no. 2 (2016): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmerr.7.2.131-135.

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NISHIHARA, Chizuko, Hiroko KANEKO, Akira NEGISHI, Teruo HINOUE, Yoshihiro KITATSUJI, Hisao AOYAGI, Munetaka OYAMA, et al. "Fundamental techniques for electrochemical measurements (Part 1)." Review of Polarography 52, no. 1 (2006): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5189/revpolarography.52.41.

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OSAKAI, Toshiyuki, Osamu SHIRAI, Takeshi YAMADA, Ryoko SANTO, Akio ICHIMURA, and Sorin KIHARA(Editor). "Fundamental techniques for electrochemical measurements (Part 2)." Review of Polarography 52, no. 2 (2006): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5189/revpolarography.52.89.

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GERISCHER, H. "ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF PHOTOSENSITIZATION*." Photochemistry and Photobiology 16, no. 4 (January 2, 2008): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1972.tb06296.x.

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Cao, C. "On electrochemical techniques for interface inhibitor research." Corrosion Science 38, no. 12 (December 1996): 2073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-938x(96)00034-0.

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Mills, Douglas. "Application of electrochemical techniques to organic coatings." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 42, no. 4 (December 2007): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174327807x259474.

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Antal, I., M. Koneracka, V. Zavisova, M. Kubovcikova, Zh Kormosh, and P. Kopcansky. "Statins Determination: A Review of Electrochemical Techniques." Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 47, no. 6 (May 26, 2017): 474–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2017.1332973.

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Niu, Yusheng, Fengyue Sun, Yuanhong Xu, Zhichao Cong, and Erkang Wang. "Applications of electrochemical techniques in mineral analysis." Talanta 127 (September 2014): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.03.072.

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Moser, Isabella, Thomas Schalkhammer, Fritz Pittner, and Gerald Urban. "Surface techniques for an electrochemical DNA biosensor." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 12, no. 8 (July 1997): 729–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-5663(97)00040-7.

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Sadik, Omowunmi A., Austin O. Aluoch, and Ailing Zhou. "Status of biomolecular recognition using electrochemical techniques." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 24, no. 9 (May 2009): 2749–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.10.003.

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Koryta, J. "Electrochemical detection techniques in the applied biosciences." Electrochimica Acta 35, no. 8 (August 1990): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(90)90067-a.

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Gunasingham, H. "Electrochemical Detection Techniques in the Applied Biosciences." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 8, no. 10 (November 1989): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-9936(89)85079-4.

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