Academic literature on the topic 'Electrochemical techniques'

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Journal articles on the topic "Electrochemical techniques"

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Pedersen, Steen Uttrup, and Kim Daasbjerg. "ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Techniques." ChemInform 33, no. 42 (May 19, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200242297.

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Unwin, P. R., J. V. Macpherson, M. A. Beeston, N. J. Evans, D. Littlewood, and N. P. Hughes. "New Electrochemical Techniques for Probing Phase Transfer Dynamics at Dental Interfaces in Vitro." Advances in Dental Research 11, no. 4 (November 1997): 548–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374970110042401.

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Phase transfer reactions such as dissolution, precipitation, sorption, and desorption are important in a wide range of processes on dental hard tissue surfaces. An overview is provided of several new complementary electrochemical techniques which are capable of probing the dynamics of such processes at solid/liquid interfaces from millimeter- to nanometer-length scales, with a variable time resolution down to the sub-millisecond level. Techniques considered include channel flow methods with electrochemical detection, which allow reactions at solid/liquid interfaces to be studied under well-defined and calculable mass transport regimes. Scanning electrochemical microscopy allows the chemical activity of interfaces to be mapped at higher spatial and temporal resolutions. This technique, which utilizes a scanning ultramicroelectrode, has been used extensively for the study of dissolution processes of ionic crystals, as well as in imaging the action of fluid-flow-blocking agents on dentin surfaces, which act via precipitation. So that interfaces at the nanometer level can be probed, an integrated electrochemical-atomic force microscope has been developed which enables the local solution conditions to be controlled electrochemically while topographical changes are mapped simultaneously.
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Honeychurch. "Review of Electroanalytical-Based Approaches for the Determination of Benzodiazepines." Biosensors 9, no. 4 (November 2, 2019): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9040130.

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The benzodiazepine class of drugs are characterised by a readily electrochemically reducible azomethine group. A number are also substituted by other electrochemically active nitro, N-oxide, and carbonyl groups, making them readily accessible to electrochemical determination. Techniques such as polarography, voltammetry, and potentiometry have been employed for pharmaceutical and biomedical samples, requiring little sample preparation. This review describes current developments in the design and applications of electrochemical-based approaches for the determination of the benzodiazepine class of drugs form their introduction in the early 1960s to 2019. Throughout this period, state-of-the-art electroanalytical techniques have been reported for their determination. Polarography was first employed focused on mechanistic investigations. Subsequent studies showed the adsorption of many the benzodiazepines at Hg electrodes allowed for the highly sensitive technique of adsorptive stripping voltammetry to be employed. The development and introduction of other working electrode materials such as carbon led to techniques such as voltammetry to become commonly reported, and the modification of these electrodes has now become the most commonly employed approach using molecularly imprinting and nanotechnology.
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Odijk, Mathieu, and Albert van den Berg. "Nanoscale Electrochemical Sensing and Processing in Microreactors." Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 11, no. 1 (June 12, 2018): 421–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125642.

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In this review, we summarize recent advances in nanoscale electrochemistry, including the use of nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, and nanowires. Exciting developments are reported for nanoscale redox cycling devices, which can chemically amplify signal readout. We also discuss promising high-frequency techniques such as nanocapacitive CMOS sensor arrays or heterodyning. In addition, we review electrochemical microreactors for use in (drug) synthesis, biocatalysis, water treatment, or to electrochemically degrade urea for use in a portable artificial kidney. Electrochemical microreactors are also used in combination with mass spectrometry, e.g., to study the mimicry of drug metabolism or to allow electrochemical protein digestion. The review concludes with an outlook on future perspectives in both nanoscale electrochemical sensing and electrochemical microreactors. For sensors, we see a future in wearables and the Internet of Things. In microreactors, a future goal is to monitor the electrochemical conversions more precisely or ultimately in situ by combining other spectroscopic techniques.
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Bedoya-Lora, Franky E., Isaac Holmes-Gentle, and Anna Hankin. "Electrochemical techniques for photoelectrode characterisation." Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 29 (June 2021): 100463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100463.

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Liu, Z. F., K. Morigaki, K. Hashimoto, and A. Fujishima. "New applications of electrochemical techniques." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 65, no. 1-2 (April 1992): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(92)85053-w.

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Zielonka, A., and H. Fauser. "Advanced Materials by Electrochemical Techniques*." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 1, no. 1 (January 1997): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.1997.1.1.195.

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Zielonka, A., and H. Fauser. "Advanced Materials by Electrochemical Techniques*." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 208, Part_1_2 (January 1999): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.1999.208.part_1_2.195.

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van der Weijde, D. H., E. P. M. van Westing, and J. H. W. de Wit. "Electrochemical techniques for delamination studies." Corrosion Science 36, no. 4 (April 1994): 643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(94)90070-1.

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Yin, Jian, and Peng Miao. "Apoptosis Evaluation by Electrochemical Techniques." Chemistry - An Asian Journal 11, no. 5 (November 20, 2015): 632–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.201501045.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electrochemical techniques"

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Mitchell-Smith, Jonathon. "Advancing electrochemical jet machining techniques." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/54833/.

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Electrochemical Jet Processing (EJP) techniques have been traditionally limited in application by the inherent geometric inflexibility and limited process precision in comparison to alternative processes. It has been stated that process resultant geometries are defined by the Gaussian in-jet energy distribution and the hydrodynamic stagnation region formed under a jet on an impinging surface. This thesis reports upon investigations and innovations designed to challenge these assumptions. EJP is an emergent manufacturing process with a unique capability of subtraction and deposition of metals within a common machine tool. EJP demonstrates advantages beyond traditional electrochemical machining and electrochemical deposition including a high degree of flexibility, simplistic and therefore low-cost plant, requiring no complex, high-cost tooling and no masking requirement to achieve high fidelity geometries. These process traits are attractive to industry but EJP has yet to find significant commercial use. Electromechanical and electrochemical innovations are presented here demonstrated by electrochemical jet machining (EJM) the subtractive mode of EJP, which allow modulation of the properties of the inter-electrode gap leading to a paradigm shift in the functionality, precision and application of EJP. Electromechanical innovations demonstrate that the Gaussian energy distribution can be modified through the articulation of the jet angle of address and modified jet nozzles to manipulate the in-jet resistance. The outcome being the capability to produce bespoke removal profiles with increased precision and flexibility of form alongside refined surface finishes. Electrochemical innovations demonstrate an increase in precision through reducing overcut and reducing the feature shoulder radius when using a modified electrolyte. When these electromechanical and electrochemical innovations are coupled together, the overcut traditionally seen to be twice the nozzle diameter is reduced by 99%. Therefore, features can be created at kerfs approaching the nozzle diameter. Alongside this, a bespoke research platform has been built and developed to exploit these findings and incorporate features such as the rotational head for constant profiling and multiplexing of electrolytes to enhance the flexibility of the process. Process enhancements developed through this thesis have allowed the manipulation of the in-jet energy density profile and dissociation of the dissolution region from hydrodynamic phenomena thus allowing surface structuring by EJP to be developed well beyond the state-of-the-art.
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Xu, Xiaoyin. "Application of electrochemical techniques to tribology." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419874.

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Martin, Rachel D. "Development and application of dynamic electrochemical techniques." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263603.

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Wolowacz, Sorrel Elizabeth. "Novel immobilisation techniques for amperometric biosensors." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319586.

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Coombs, Anthony John Martin. "Electroanalytical techniques for cases of medical interest." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.257739.

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Edwards, Martin Andrew. "Development of electrochemical probe microscopy and related techniques." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1958/.

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This thesis presents work on the development of a number of scanned electrochemical probe microscopies. Such techniques have widespread applications, from materials science to the life sciences. Advances in flexible instrumentation, coupled with the theoretical description of electrochemical systems, are central themes which allowed for the fruitful investigation of a variety of experimental systems. Theoretical descriptions of scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) were developed, particularly to investigate the effect of tip-geometry on imaging resolution. This technique has already found a number of applications in the life sciences, but image resolution has not previously been addressed adequately. Images were recorded showing tip-convolution that were in agreement with theoretical predictions. The scanning microcapillary contact method (SMCM) was developed, as a method of assessing spatial heterogeneities in electrode activity on the submicron length-scale. An electrolyte filled microcapillary containing a reference/auxiliary electrode was approached to a substrate (working) electrode surface, via piezoelectric positioners. Contact of the electrolyte meniscus with the substrate electrode was sensed by a current flowing. Electrochemical measurements were performed before the microcapillary was retracted and another point on the sample was characterised. Spatial heterogeneities in electrode activity were imaged on a sub-micron length-scale and the activity of basal plane highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was demonstrated. Tip position modulation scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM-TPM), where an ultramicroelectrode (UME) is oscillated perpendicularly to a surface and an amperometric current is recorded, was investigated experimentally and theoretically. A model including convective mass-transport was developed that gave an accurate description of the experimental situation. It was demonstrated that SECM-TPM is a potentially powerful approach for the measurement of the permeability of a sample. SECM experiments were performed investigating the growth of Ag particles at a liquid/liquid interface, which was caused through the electrodissolution of a Ag UME in an aqueous phase, and the reduction of the Ag+ ion by an electron donor in the organic phase. A model was created that allowed for the interpretation of data. Cyclic voltammetry investigations of HOPG covered with a Nafion film containing a redox mediator confirmed the activity of basal plane HOPG, as demonstrated by SMCM measurements. Nafion slowed diffusion sufficiently to allow the spatial-decoupling of surface sites with different activity.
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Taylor, Sarah Frances Rebecca. "Green catalyst preparation using electrochemical and mechanochemical techniques." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580117.

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The conventional method for synthesis of supported metal catalysts is a multi step reaction that produces large amounts of waste. The focus of this work has been to look at alternative methods of catalyst production which eliminate or lower the number of steps and therefore waste produced. The aim of the project was to synthesise supported metal catalysts by alternative (greener) techniques and then to test these catalysts alongside conventional catalysts for improved and novel activity. It was proposed that catalysts could be synthesized by a novel electrochemical route where the pure metal is electrochemically oxidized into solution to form a transient soluble complex. This complex is then reduced electrochemically/electrolessly and the metal is deposited onto a support with the ligand of the complex being recovered in solution for subsequent cycles. The development of such a system was studied for gold using ionic liquids, the stripping and depositing of gold was demonstrated using dicyanamide ligand ([DCAn but attempts to prove the recyclability of the ligand were not successful. However during these studies a set of active gold catalysts where prepared by the electroless deposition of gold from H[AuCI4].3H20 in [C4mim][NTf2] onto silica and titania. The activity of these catalysts was compared to standard wet impregnated catalysts, interestingly the preparation method was found to control the selectivity of the reaction. The standard catalysts showed activity for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol in toluene whereas the catalysts prepared by electroless deposition from ionic liquids showed Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzyl alcohol with toluene. This is the first time that heterogeneously supported gold catalysts have been found to be active in Friedel--Crafts alkylations. Ag/AI203 and PtlAI203 catalysts have been prepared by means of solvent-free mechanochemistry using a ball mill. Remarkable catalytic activity was observed using a Ag/AI203 catalyst by ball milling (Ag20) for octane-SCR, compared with a conventionally prepared Ag/AI203 catalyst (wet impregnation) the ball milled catalyst shows an increase in activity with a reduction in the light off temperature of -150°C and NOx conversion below 200°C which is the first time this has been achieved in the absence of hydrogen.
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Evans, Nicholas John. "Development of electrochemical techniques for investigating interfacial processes." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340484.

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Tan, Sze-yin. "Advanced electrochemical techniques for investigating electron transfer kinetics." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/93622/.

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Heterogenous interfacial electron transfer processes are of fundamental and applied importance to electrochemists and are extensively studied by a wide range of electrochemical techniques. This thesis focuses on the development of analysis strategies and electrochemical methodologies for more detailed quantitative investigations of electron transfer kinetics at a plethora of electrode materials, with an emphasis on carbon-based materials. Of interest are the techniques of Fourier-transformed large amplitude alternating current voltammetry (FTACV) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The complementary electrochemical techniques of FTACV and SECM are used for measurements of fast electron transfer to reveal the impact of the complex heterogeneous surface of degenerately-doped polycrystalline boron-doped diamond electrode surfaces compared to conventional electrode materials such as platinum and gold. This part of the work highlights the importance of understanding the influence of measurement technique and further demonstrates how electron transfer at semi-metallic electrodes differ from conventional metallic electrodes. The oxidation of a ferrocene-derivative at highly oriented pyrolytic graphite is used to demonstrate the effects of reversible reactant adsorption on the SECM response. The high surface area-to-solution volume ratio of nanogap SECM measurements depicts the importance of understanding the impact of such surface effects. Precise quantitative kinetic analysis requires understanding of the mass transport between the SECM probe and electrode surface. Finite element method modelling was used to extensively investigate the effects of electrode reactant processes and the results of the models shed light on important factors that need to be accounted for in quantitative analysis of nanogap voltammetric measurements. FTACV is further developed as a tool for kinetic selectivity at heterogeneous electrode surfaces. This is achieved by taking advantage of the harmonic-dependent measurement timescale of FTACV to deconvolute a dual-heterogeneity electrochemical response into its individual components. Protocols are developed for this application and demonstrated experimentally using the ruthenium hexamine and ferrocene methanol redox couples.
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Kuleshova, Jekaterina. "An investigation of electrochemical techniques in acoustic environments." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/71833/.

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A new system for the generation of hydrodynamic modulation voltammetry (HMV) is presented. This system consists of an oscillating jet produced through the mechanical vibration of a large membrane/piston. The structure of the cell is such that a relatively small vibration is transferred to a large (~ 1 m s-1) fluid flow at the jet outlet. High-speed imaging of the system shows vortex behaviour of the flow at the exit of the jet. Positioning of an electrode over the exit of this jet enables the detection of the modulated flow of liquid. The periodic character of the signal recorded at the electrode allows a “lock-in” approach to be employed. This enables discrimination of the background processes signal from the mass transport component. This is demonstrated for Fe(CN)6 3-/4- 3-/4-. Here “lock-in” to the modulated hydrodynamic signal is achieved through the deployment of bespoke software. The apparatus and procedure is shown to produce a simple and efficient way to obtain the desired signal. In addition the spatial variation of the HMV signal, phase correction and time averaged current with respect to the jet orifice is presented. The detection limit for the analysing system is shown to be 45 × 10-9 mol dm-3. The HMV method is employed to study the reduction of molecular oxygen at high surface area (HI-Pt) modified electrodes. The successful elimination of background signals is achieved for the 0.5 mm diameter nanostructured Pt electrode with roughness factor (RF) of 42.4. Employment of higher roughness factors (>50) HIPt electrodes revealed an anomalous “drop off” effect characterising these electrodes. It is demonstrated that the “drop off” is not caused by the hydrogen peroxide production at the electrode or pH change near the electrode surface. However, a clear dependence of the current deflection on the roughness factor of the electrodes is observed. The shape of the “drop off” followed the shape of the hydrogen adsorption region. It is suggested that the surface characteristics of the electrodes are important in these investigations. It is proposed here, that the capacitance of the electrode influences the HMV signal. Another type of hydrodynamic modulation method, specifically a vibrating 50 μm diameter Pt or Au wire or “tight-rope” electrode was studied. High frequency modulation (80 Hz) is employed. FFT data processing was employed to extract the desired signal from the total current. This technique was applied to study reduction of molecular oxygen at the modulated electrodes. A current “drop off” in hydride region was again observed. This is shown to be related to the uncompensated resistance of the cell. In particular, the resistance of the reference electrode is demonstrated to contribute to this effect
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Books on the topic "Electrochemical techniques"

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Robert, Baboian, and National Association of Corrosion Engineers. Unit Committee T-3L on Electrochemical and Electrical Techniques for Corrosion Measurement and Control., eds. Electrochemical techniques for corrosion engineering. Houston, Tex: National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1986.

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Umasankar, Yogeswaran, Kumar S. Ashok, and Chen Shen-Ming, eds. Nanostructured materials for electrochemical biosensors. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Martin, Rachel D. Development and application of dynamic electrochemical techniques. [s.l.]: typescript, 1997.

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G, Kelly R., ed. Electrochemical techniques in corrosion science and engineering. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, 2003.

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Visy, Csaba. In situ Combined Electrochemical Techniques for Conducting Polymers. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53515-9.

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1936-, Varma Ravi, Selman J. R, and Electrochemical Society, eds. Techniques for characterization of electrodes and electrochemical processes. New York: Wiley, 1991.

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Frederick, Van Staden Jacobus, and Aboul-Enein Hassan Y, eds. Electrochemical sensors in bioanalysis. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001.

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1952-, Vanýsek P., ed. Modern techniques in electroanalysis. New York: Wiley, 1996.

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D, Abruña Héctor, ed. Electrochemical interfaces: Modern techniques for in-situ interface characterization. New York: VCH Pub., 1991.

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Papavinasam, Sankara, Neal S. Berke, and Sean Brossia, eds. Advances in Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion Monitoring and Measurement. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp1506-eb.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electrochemical techniques"

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Taberna, Pierre-Louis, and Patrice Simon. "Electrochemical Techniques." In Supercapacitors, 111–30. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527646661.ch3.

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Chen, Gang, and Yuehe Lin. "Electrochemical Techniques." In Encyclopedia of Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 764–73. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5491-5_403.

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Gordon, M. H., and R. Macrae. "Electrochemical techniques." In Instrumental Analysis in the Biological Sciences, 213–36. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1521-6_13.

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Daws, Lynette C., Anne M. Andrews, and Greg A. Gerhardt. "Electrochemical Techniques." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 586–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36172-2_311.

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Fifield, F. W., and D. Kealey. "Electrochemical Techniques." In Principles and Practice of Analytical Chemistry, 223–66. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2179-2_6.

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Chen, Gang, and Yuehe Lin. "Electrochemical Techniques." In Encyclopedia of Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 1–11. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27758-0_403-5.

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Kuznetsov, S. A. "Electrochemical Techniques." In Molten Salts: From Fundamentals to Applications, 283–303. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0458-9_11.

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Weppner, Werner. "Electrochemical Measurement Techniques." In NATO ASI Series, 197–225. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0509-5_7.

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Lvov, Serguei N. "Electrochemical Techniques II." In Introduction to Electrochemical Science and Engineering, 171–202. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315296852-7.

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Lvov, Serguei N. "Electrochemical Techniques I." In Introduction to Electrochemical Science and Engineering, 121–39. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315296852-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Electrochemical techniques"

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Stefan-Cristian, Macovei, Ilas Tudor Alexandru, Drobota Mihai, and Darko Belavic. "Electrochemical techniques used to characterize electrochemical cells." In 2016 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icepe.2016.7781399.

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Zhou, Zhongbai, Zhigang Wu, Wenjun Liu, and Liangdong Feng. "Transient electrochemical multicomponent gas sensors." In International Conference on Sensors and Control Techniques (ICSC2000), edited by Desheng Jiang and Anbo Wang. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.385595.

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Pang, DaiWen, and Yuandi Zhao. "Preliminary study on electrochemical DNA biosensors." In International Conference on Sensors and Control Techniques (ICSC2000), edited by Desheng Jiang and Anbo Wang. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.385587.

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Bonifas, A. M., E. J. Taylor, and J. J. Sun. "Industrial Applications of Advanced Electrochemical Finishing Techniques." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61656.

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Faraday Technology, Inc. has developed electrochemical techniques for the edge and surface finishing of advanced materials, such as titanium alloys, stainless steels, and nickel based superalloys. This technology employs electrochemical metal removal under the influence of a bipolar, pulsed electric field to provide enhanced process control and excellent surface finishes. This process achieves high rates of metal removal in the presence of simple chemistries that are pH neutral, water based, non-toxic, and environmentally benign. This is in contrast to competing technologies that rely on electrolytes that are comprised of concentrated acids or ethylene glycol. This paper will present Faraday’s recent development efforts in a wide variety of industries, including the semiconductor, automotive, and medical industries.
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Zainuddin, Ahmad Anwar, Ahmad Fairuzabadi Mohd Mansor, Rosminazuin Ab Rahim, and Anis Nurashikin Nordin. "Optimization of printing techniques for electrochemical biosensors." In 11TH ASIAN CONFERENCE ON CHEMICAL SENSORS: (ACCS2015). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4975299.

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Brusic, Vlasta. "Use of Electrochemical Techniques in CMP Process Evaluation." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-64134.

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With the maturing of Chemical Mechanical Polishing Technology, there are many novel, imaginative and challenging applications awaiting its use. Polishing of metals such as tungsten, aluminum, and copper, has been extended to magnetic materials, noble metals, and others, often in the form of alloys of complicated compositions. As metal CMP can also be defined as corrosion enhanced by wear, electrochemical techniques remain a very practical probe into the behavior of metals in novel solutions, under a variety of conditions relevant to polishing. They can be used as a first step approach to determine if the metals will be reactive in selected slurry, what are the predominant reactions and their rate determining steps. This paper will describe several examples, mostly from new applications based on the noble metals, as well as some very practical alloys.
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Yan, Heqing, Yourong Wang, Juntao Lu, and E'fong Wang. "Solid polymer electrolyte-based electrochemical O2 and CO sensors." In International Conference on Sensors and Control Techniques (ICSC2000), edited by Desheng Jiang and Anbo Wang. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.385588.

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Caldora, Federico Cesar, Juan Pedro Rossi, and Adolfo Pellicano. "Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion Assessment in Oil Production Systems." In SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Corrosion. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/87569-ms.

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Nakaoka, N. "Electronic States Origin of Electrochemical Capacitances of Nanostructures." In SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY/SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED TECHNIQUES: 12th International Conference STM'03. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1639775.

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Alva, Shridhara, Kenneth A. Marx, Lynne A. Samuelson, Jayant Kumar, Sukant K. Tripathy, and David L. Kaplan. "Novel immobilization techniques in the fabrication of efficient electrochemical biosensors." In 1996 Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, edited by Andrew Crowson. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.232136.

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Reports on the topic "Electrochemical techniques"

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Roy, Ajit. Galvanic corrosion testing using electrochemical and immersion techniques. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2647.

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Bruce W. Bussert, John A. Crowley, Kenneth J. Kimball, and Brian J. Lashway. The Use of Electrochemical Techniques to Characterize Wet Steam Environments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821376.

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Hu, Hongqiang, Claire Xiong, Mike Hurley, and Ju Li. Establishing New Capability of High Temperature Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Techniques for Equilibrium and Kinetic Experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1468632.

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Firsich, D. Electrochemical techniques for the analysis of corrosion in stainless steel components. 303 stainless steel in contact with TATB. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5334364.

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Glasscott, Matthew, Johanna Jernberg, Erik Alberts, and Lee Moores. Toward the electrochemical detection of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43826.

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Analytical methods to rapidly detect explosive compounds with high precision are paramount for applications ranging from national security to environmental remediation. This report demonstrates two proof-of-concept electroanalytical methods for the quantification of 2,4-dinitroanisol (DNAN) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). For the first time, DNAN reduction was analyzed and compared at a bare graphitic carbon electrode, a polyaniline-modified (PANI) electrode, and a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrode utilizing PANI to explore the effect of surface-area and preconcentration affinity on the analytical response. Since some explosive compounds such as PETN are not appreciably soluble in water (<10 μg/L), necessitating a different solvent system to permit direct detection via electrochemical reduction. A 1,2-dichloroethane system was explored as a possibility by generating a liquid-liquid extraction-based sensor exploiting the immiscibility of 1,2-dichloroethane and water. The reduction process was explored using a scan rate analysis to extract a diffusion coefficient of 6.67 x 10⁻⁶ cm/s, in agreement with literature values for similarly structured nitrate esters. Once further refined, these techniques may be extended to other explosives and combined with portable electrochemical hardware to bring real-time chemical information to soldiers and citizens alike.
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DeMuth, Scott, and C. Scherer. SAFEGUARDS PERFORMANCE MODELING - Development of Advanced Safeguards by Design (SBD) Analyses Techniques for an Electrochemical Reprocessing Facility, and Comparison with past Similar Efforts for Aqueous Reprocessing. Interim status report for FY 2009. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1551006.

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Lin, Changjian. An electrochemical technique for rapidly evaluating protective coatings on metals. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1253.

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Wolfenstine, J., D. Tran, K. Zhou, and J. Sakamoto. Thermoelectric Properties of Cobalt Triantimonide (CoSb3) Prepared by an Electrochemical Technique. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada517673.

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Korzan, Margaret Antonia. Application of a passive electrochemical noise technique to localized corrosion of candidate radioactive waste container materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/671864.

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Delwiche, Michael, Boaz Zion, Robert BonDurant, Judith Rishpon, Ephraim Maltz, and Miriam Rosenberg. Biosensors for On-Line Measurement of Reproductive Hormones and Milk Proteins to Improve Dairy Herd Management. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573998.bard.

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The original objectives of this research project were to: (1) develop immunoassays, photometric sensors, and electrochemical sensors for real-time measurement of progesterone and estradiol in milk, (2) develop biosensors for measurement of caseins in milk, and (3) integrate and adapt these sensor technologies to create an automated electronic sensing system for operation in dairy parlors during milking. The overall direction of research was not changed, although the work was expanded to include other milk components such as urea and lactose. A second generation biosensor for on-line measurement of bovine progesterone was designed and tested. Anti-progesterone antibody was coated on small disks of nitrocellulose membrane, which were inserted in the reaction chamber prior to testing, and a real-time assay was developed. The biosensor was designed using micropumps and valves under computer control, and assayed fluid volumes on the order of 1 ml. An automated sampler was designed to draw a test volume of milk from the long milk tube using a 4-way pinch valve. The system could execute a measurement cycle in about 10 min. Progesterone could be measured at concentrations low enough to distinguish luteal-phase from follicular-phase cows. The potential of the sensor to detect actual ovulatory events was compared with standard methods of estrus detection, including human observation and an activity monitor. The biosensor correctly identified all ovulatory events during its testperiod, but the variability at low progesterone concentrations triggered some false positives. Direct on-line measurement and intelligent interpretation of reproductive hormone profiles offers the potential for substantial improvement in reproductive management. A simple potentiometric method for measurement of milk protein was developed and tested. The method was based on the fact that proteins bind iodine. When proteins are added to a solution of the redox couple iodine/iodide (I-I2), the concentration of free iodine is changed and, as a consequence, the potential between two electrodes immersed in the solution is changed. The method worked well with analytical casein solutions and accurately measured concentrations of analytical caseins added to fresh milk. When tested with actual milk samples, the correlation between the sensor readings and the reference lab results (of both total proteins and casein content) was inferior to that of analytical casein. A number of different technologies were explored for the analysis of milk urea, and a manometric technique was selected for the final design. In the new sensor, urea in the sample was hydrolyzed to ammonium and carbonate by the enzyme urease, and subsequent shaking of the sample with citric acid in a sealed cell allowed urea to be estimated as a change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The pressure change in the cell was measured with a miniature piezoresistive pressure sensor, and effects of background dissolved gases and vapor pressures were corrected for by repeating the measurement of pressure developed in the sample without the addition of urease. Results were accurate in the physiological range of milk, the assay was faster than the typical milking period, and no toxic reagents were required. A sampling device was designed and built to passively draw milk from the long milk tube in the parlor. An electrochemical sensor for lactose was developed starting with a three-cascaded-enzyme sensor, evolving into two enzymes and CO2[Fe (CN)6] as a mediator, and then into a microflow injection system using poly-osmium modified screen-printed electrodes. The sensor was designed to serve multiple milking positions, using a manifold valve, a sampling valve, and two pumps. Disposable screen-printed electrodes with enzymatic membranes were used. The sensor was optimized for electrode coating components, flow rate, pH, and sample size, and the results correlated well (r2= 0.967) with known lactose concentrations.
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