Relevant bibliographies by topics / Electrochemical energy storage and conversion

Academic literature on the topic 'Electrochemical energy storage and conversion'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Electrochemical energy storage and conversion"

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Li, Liang, Xueliang Andy Sun, Jiujun Zhang, and Jun Lu. "Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion at EEST2016." ACS Energy Letters 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2016): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00604.

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Suller Garcia, Marco Aurélio. "Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems – A Short Review." Journal of Mineral and Material Science (JMMS) 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/jmms/1041.

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Electrochemical energy production systems – including fuel cells and electrolyzers – are vital technologies to address energy security and environmental demands. Also, their combination for improved performance is essential for future commercial applications. However, their real utilization (and integration with other alternative energy sources) goes beyond efficiency; large-scale penetration of renewable energy in the existing electrical grid systems is challenging due to destabilization possibility. Thus, electrochemical energy storage systems (e.g., electrochemical supercapacitors) are necessary for managing power generation intermittency and grid reliability. Therefore, this ultra-short review provides a brief overview of some of the most promising electrochemical devices for electrochemical energy production and storage for future systems in an engagement scenario.
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Baglio, Vincenzo. "Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion and Storage Devices." Catalysts 11, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11121491.

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Liang, Xinqi, Minghua Chen, Guoxiang Pan, Jianbo Wu, and Xinhui Xia. "New carbon for electrochemical energy storage and conversion." Functional Materials Letters 12, no. 04 (August 2019): 1950049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604719500498.

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The advancement of clean electrochemical technologies is highly related to the development of novel active materials. Especially, new carbon materials are playing great roles in the electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices. Herein, we discuss the recent progress on new carbon materials from several important aspects including new mold carbon sources, novel high-efficiency puffing method, tailored carbon arrays morphologies (vertical graphene and carbon nanotubes branch), and modified heteroatom (N and S)-doped carbon materials. Our perspective may shed a light on further study on new carbon materials for applications in energy storage and conversion.
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Van Vliet, Krystyn J. "(Invited) Electrochemomechanical Coupling in Functional Oxides for Energy Conversion and Storage Devices." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01, no. 32 (April 13, 2018): 1945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-01/32/1945.

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Complex functional oxides provide key functionality for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, chiefly as the electrodes or electrolytes of solid oxide fuel cells and lithium ion batteries. For both of these applications of energy conversion and storage, the functional response depends directly on ion transport through the materials. For portable energy conversion and storage devices, there is an additional motivation for thin film forms of such materials (for smaller and lighter devices), and for electrochemical cycling (energy conversion startup-shutdown or energy storage charge-discharge cycles). It is now appreciated that there can exist strong coupling between the electrochemistry and cycling history of such oxides and the mechanical properties and deformation of such oxides under operando conditions. Here we discuss recent progress in experimental and analytical approaches to quantify such coupling between mechanics and electrochemical cycling history in select oxides used as materials in solid oxide fuel cells -- which breathe oxygen and exhibit point defect-dependent mechanical and electronic properties -- and in batteries -- which includes the solid electrolytes considered in solid-state batteries. Through the range of in situ characterization approaches that can correlate mechanics and electrochemistry at the nanoscale, we discuss how this provides new opportunities for design of both key materials and new structures for electrochemically driven devices.
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Dang, Jingshuang, and Ruyi Zhong. "Advanced Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage." Coatings 12, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070982.

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With the massive consumption of traditional fossil resources, environmental issues such as air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions have motivated a transition towards clean and sustainable energy sources capable of meeting the increasing energy demands of our modern society [...]
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Huang, Zhuojun. "Designing Polymers for Electrochemical Energy Conversion & Storage." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-01, no. 43 (May 1, 2020): 2514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-01432514mtgabs.

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Balasingam, Suresh Kannan, Karthick Sivalingam Nallathambi, Mohammed Hussain Abdul Jabbar, Ananthakumar Ramadoss, Sathish Kumar Kamaraj, and Manab Kundu. "Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (April 11, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1089842.

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Xia, Xinhui, Shenghui Shen, Xihong Lu, and Hui Xia. "Multiscale nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion." Materials Research Bulletin 96 (December 2017): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2017.09.045.

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Adhikari, Santosh, Michael K. Pagels, Jong Yeob Jeon, and Chulsung Bae. "Ionomers for electrochemical energy conversion & storage technologies." Polymer 211 (December 2020): 123080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123080.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electrochemical energy storage and conversion"

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Chandrasekaran, Rajeswari. "Modeling of electrochemical energy storage and energy conversion devices." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37292.

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With increasing interest in energy storage and conversion devices for automobile applications, the necessity to understand and predict life behavior of rechargeable batteries, PEM fuel cells and super capacitors is paramount. These electrochemical devices are most beneficial when used in hybrid configurations rather than as individual components because no single device can meet both range and power requirements to effectively replace internal combustion engines for automobile applications. A system model helps us to understand the interactions between components and enables us to determine the response of the system as a whole. However, system models that are available predict just the performance and neglect degradation. In the first part of the thesis, a framework is provided to account for the durability phenomena that are prevalent in fuel cells and batteries in a hybrid system. Toward this end, the methodology for development of surrogate models is provided, and Pt catalyst dissolution in PEMFCs is used as an example to demonstrate the approach. Surrogate models are more easily integrated into higher level system models than the detailed physics-based models. As an illustration, the effects of changes in control strategies and power management approaches in mitigating platinum instability in fuel cells are reported. A system model that includes a fuel cell stack, a storage battery, power-sharing algorithm, and dc/dc converter has been developed; and preliminary results have been presented. These results show that platinum stability can be improved with only a small impact on system efficiency. Thus, this research will elucidate the importance of degradation issues in system design and optimization as opposed to just initial performance metrics. In the second part of the thesis, modeling of silicon negative electrodes for lithium ion batteries is done at both particle level and cell level. The dependence of the open-circuit potential curve on the state of charge in lithium insertion electrodes is usually measured at equilibrium conditions. Firstly, for modeling of lithium-silicon electrodes at room temperature, the use of a pseudo-thermodynamic potential vs. composition curve based on metastable amorphous phase transitions with path dependence is proposed. Volume changes during lithium insertion/de-insertion in single silicon electrode particle under potentiodynamic control are modeled and compared with experimental data to provide justification for the same. This work stresses the need for experiments for accurate determination of transfer coefficients and the exchange current density before reasoning kinetic hysteresis for the potential gap in Li-Si system. The silicon electrode particle model enables one to analyze the influence of diffusion in the solid phase, particle size, and kinetic parameters without interference from other components in a practical porous electrode. Concentration profiles within the silicon electrode particle under galvanostatic control are investigated. Sluggish kinetics is established from cyclic voltammograms at different scan rates. Need for accurate determination of exchange current density for lithium insertion in silicon nanoparticles is discussed. This model and knowledge thereof can be used in cell-sandwich model for the design of practical lithium ion cells with composite silicon negative electrodes. Secondly, galvanostatic charge and discharge of a silicon composite electrode/separator/ lithium foil is modeled using porous electrode theory and concentrated solution theory. Porosity changes arising due to large volume changes in the silicon electrode with lithium insertion and de-insertion are included and analyzed. The concept of reservoir is introduced for lithium ion cells to accommodate the displaced electrolyte. Influence of initial porosity and thickness of the electrode on utilization at different rates is quantitatively discussed. Knowledge from these studies will guide design of better silicon negative electrodes to be used in dual lithium insertion cells for practical applications.
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Navarrete, Algaba Laura. "New electrochemical cells for energy conversion and storage." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/78458.

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In this thesis different materials have been developed to use them in electrochemical cells. The electrochemical cells studied can be divided into two material big groups: solids oxides and acid salts materials. In the first group, materials to use them in electrodes for fuel cells an electrolyzer based on oxygen ion conductor electrolytes were optimized. Pertaining to this group, the influence of doping the Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-d perovskite with 3% of Y, Zr and Sc in B position (ABO3-d) was checked. That optimization could reduce the polarization resistance of electrodes and improve the stability with time. Additionally, the limiting mechanisms in the oxygen reduction reaction were determined, and the influence of CO2 containing atmospheres was checked. La2NiO4+d;, pertaining to the Ruddlesden-Popper serie, is a mixed conductor of electron and oxygen ions. This compound was doped in La position (with Nd and Pr) and in Ni position (with Co). The dopants introduced were able to produce structural change and improve the cell performance, reducing in more than one order of magnitude the La1.5Pr0.5Ni0.8Co0.2O4+d; polarization resistance respect to the reference material (La2NiO4+d). In addition, the properties of an electrode based on the pure electronic conductor, La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-d; (LSM), were optimized. The triple phase boundary was enlarged by the addition of a second phase with ionic conductivity. That strategy made possible to reduce the electrode polarization resistance. In order to improve the oxygen reduction reaction, the addition of different catalysts by infiltration was studied. The different infiltrated oxides changed the electrochemistry properties, being the praseodymium oxide the catalyst which made possible a reduction in two orders of magnitude the electrode polarization resistance respects to the composite without infiltration. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cell working in fuel cell and electrolyzer mode was improved. Concerning the materials selected to use as electrodes on proton conductor electrolytes, the efficiency of electrodes based on LSM was optimized by using a second phase with protonic conductivity (La5.5WO12-d) and varying the sintering temperature of the electrode. Finally, the catalytic activity of the cell was boosted by infiltrating samaria doped ceria nanoparticles, achieving higher power densities for the fuel cell. The materials pertaining to the Ruddlesden-Popper series and studied for ionic conductor electrolytes were also used for cathodes in proton conductor fuel cells. After checking the compatibility with the electrolyte material, the influence of different electrode sintering temperatures and air containing atmospheres (dry, H2O y D2O) on the cathode performance was studied. Finally, the electrochemical cells based on acid salts (CsH2PO4) were designed and optimized. In that way, different cell configurations were studied, enabling to obtain thin and dense electrolytes and active electrodes for the hydrogen reduction/oxidation reactions. The thickness of the electrolyte was reduced by using steel and nickel porous supports. Furthermore, an epoxy resin type was added to the electrolyte material to enhance the mechanical properties. The electrodes configuration was modified from pure electronic conductors to composite electrodes. Moreover, copper was selected as an alternative of the expensive platinum working at high operation pressures. The cells developed were able to work with high pressures and with high content of water steam in fuel cell and electrolyzer modes.
En la presente tesis doctoral se han desarrollado materiales para su uso en celdas electroquímicas. Las celdas electroquímicas estudiadas, se podrían separar en dos grandes grupos: materiales de óxido sólido y sales ácidas. En el primer grupo, se optimizaron materiales para su uso como electrodos en pilas de combustible y electrolizadores, basados en electrolitos con conducción puramente iónica. Dentro de este grupo, se comprobó la influencia de dopar la perovskita Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-d, con un 3% de Y, Zr y Sc en la posición B (ABO3-d). Esta optimización llevó a la reducción de la resistencia de polarización así como a una mejora de la estabilidad con el tiempo. Así mismo, se determinaron los mecanismos limitantes en la reacción de reducción de oxígeno, y se comprobó la influencia de la presencia de CO2 en condiciones de operación. El La2NiO4+d perteneciente a la serie de Ruddlesden-Popper, es un conductor mixto de iones oxígeno y electrones. Éste, fue dopado tanto en la posición del La (con Nd y Pr) como en la posición del Ni (con Co). Los dopantes introducidos además de producir cambios estructurales, provocaron mejoras en el rendimiento de la celda, reduciendo para alguno de ellos, como el La1.5Pr0.5Ni0.8Co0.2O4+d, en casi un orden de magnitud la resistencia de polarización del electrodo de referencia (La2NiO4+d). De la misma manera, se optimizaron las propiedades del electrodo basado en el conductor electrónico puro La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-d (LSM). La adición de una segunda fase, con conductividad iónica, permitió aumentar los puntos triples (TPB) en los que la reacción de reducción de oxígeno tiene lugar y reducir la resistencia de polarización. Con el fin de mejorar la reacción de reducción de oxígeno, se estudió la adición de nanocatalizadores mediante la técnica de infiltración. Los diferentes óxidos infiltrados produjeron el cambio de las propiedades electroquímicas del electrodo, siendo el óxido de praseodimio el catalizador que consiguió disminuir en dos órdenes de magnitud la resistencia de polarización del composite no infiltrado. De la misma manera, la mejora de la eficiencia del electrodo infiltrado con Pr, mejoró los resultados de la celda electroquímica trabajando como pila (mayores densidades de potencia) y como electrolizador (menores voltajes). En lo que respecta a los materiales seleccionados para su uso como electrodos en electrolitos con conductividad protónica, se optimizó la eficiencia del cátodo basado en LSM, mediante el uso de una segunda fase conductora protónica (La5.5WO12-d) y variando la temperatura de sinterización del electrodo. Finalmente, se mejoró la actividad catalítica mediante la infiltración de nanopartículas de ceria dopada con samario, produciendo mayores densidades de corriente de la pila de combustible. Los materiales pertenecientes a la serie de Ruddlesden-Popper y usados para cátodos en pilas iónicas, fueron empleados también para cátodos en pilas protónicas. Después de comprobar que el material electrolítico (LWO) era compatible con los compuestos de la serie de Ruddlesden-Popper, se estudió la influencia de la temperatura de sinterización de los electrodos en el rendimiento, así como de la composición de la atmosfera de aire (seca, H2O y D2O). Finalmente, se diseñó y optimizó las celdas electroquímicas basadas en sales ácidas (CsH2PO4). En este sentido, se estudiaron diferentes configuraciones de celda, que permitieran obtener un electrolito denso con el menor espesor posible y unos electrodos activos a la reacción de reducción/oxidación de hidrógeno. Se consiguió reducir el espesor del electrolito soportando la celda en discos de acero y níquel porosos. Se añadió una resina tipo epoxi al material electrolítico para aumentar sus propiedades mecánicas. De la misma manera, se cambió la configuración de los electrodos pasando por conductores electrónicos puros a electrodos compuestos por conductores
En la present tesis doctoral es van desenvolupar materials per al seu ús en cel·les electroquímiques. Les cel·les electroquímiques estudiades poden ser dividides en dos grans grups: materials d'òxid sòlid i sals àcides. En el primer grup, es van optimitzar materials per al seu ús com a elèctrodes en piles de combustible i electrolitzadors, basats en electròlits amb conducció purament iònica. Dins d'este grup, es va comprovar la influència de dopar la perovskita Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-d amb un 3% de Y, Zr i Sc en la posició B (ABO3-d;). Esta optimització va portar a la reducció de la resistència de polarització així com a una millora de l'estabilitat amb el temps. Així mateix, es van determinar els mecanismes limitants en la reacció de reducció d'oxigen, i es va comprovar la influència de la presència de CO2 en condicions d'operació. El La2NiO4+d pertanyent a la sèrie de Ruddlesden-Popper, és un conductor mixt d'ions oxigen i electrons. Este, va ser dopat tant en la posició del La (amb Nd i Pr) com en la posició del Ni (amb Co). Els dopants introduïts a més de produir canvis estructurals, van provocar millores en el rendiment de la cel·la, reduint per a algun d'ells, com el La1.5Pr0.5Ni0.8Co0.2O4+d, en quasi un ordre de magnitud la resistència de polarització de l'elèctrode de referència (La2NiO4+d). De la mateixa manera, es van optimitzar les propietats de l'elèctrode basat en el conductor electrònic pur La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-d (LSM). L'addició d'una segona fase, amb conductivitat iònica, va permetre augmentar els punts triples (TPB), en els que la reacció de reducció d'oxigen té lloc, i reduir la resistència de polarització. A fi de millorar la reacció de reducció d'oxigen, es va estudiar l'adició de nanocatalitzadors per mitjà de la tècnica d'infiltració. Els diferents òxids infiltrats van produir el canvi de les propietats electroquímiques de l'elèctrode, sent l'òxid de praseodimi el catalitzador que va aconseguir disminuir en dos ordres de magnitud la resistència de polarització del composite no infiltrat. De la mateixa manera, la millora de l'eficiència de l'elèctrode infiltrat amb Pr, va millorar els resultats de la cel·la electroquímica treballant com a pila (majors densitats de potència) i com a electrolitzador (menors voltatges). Pel que fa als materials seleccionats per al seu ús com a elèctrodes en electròlits amb conductivitat protònica, es va optimitzar l'eficiència del càtode basat en LSM, per mitjà de l'ús d'una segona fase conductora protònica (La5.5WO12-d;) i variant la temperatura de sinterització de l'elèctrode. Finalment, es va millorar l'activitat catalítica mitjançant la infiltració de nanopartícules de ceria dopada amb samari, produint majors densitats de corrent de la pila de combustible. Els materials pertanyents a la sèrie de Ruddlesden-Popper i usats per a càtodes en piles iòniques, van ser empleats també per a càtodes en piles protòniques. Després de comprovar que el material electrolític (LWO) era compatible amb els compostos de la sèrie de Ruddlesden-Popper, es va estudiar la influència de la temperatura de sinterització dels elèctrodes en el rendiment, així com de la composició de l'atmosfera d'aire (seca, H2O i D2O). Finalment, es van dissenyar i optimitzar les cel·les electroquímiques basades en sals àcides (CsH2PO4). En este sentit, es van estudiar diferents configuracions de cel·la, que permeteren obtindre un electròlit dens amb el menor espessor possible i uns elèctrodes actius a la reacció de reducció/oxidació d'hidrogen. Es va aconseguir reduir l'espessor de l'electròlit suportant la cel·la en discos d'acer i níquel porosos. Es va afegir una resina tipus epoxi al material electrolític per a augmentar les seues propietats mecàniques. De la mateixa manera, es va canviar la configuració dels elèctrodes passant per conductors electrònics purs a elèctrodes compostos per conductors protònics
Navarrete Algaba, L. (2017). New electrochemical cells for energy conversion and storage [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/78458
TESIS
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Jonas, Ncumisa Prudence. "Electrochemical energy conversion using metal hydrides hydrogen storage materials." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2992_1361369645.

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Metal hydrides hydrogen storage materials have the ability to reversibly absorb and release large amounts of hydrogen at low temperature and pressure. In this study, metal hydride materialsemployed as negative electrodes in Ni-MH batteries are investigated. Attention is on AB5 alloys due to their intermediate thermodynamic properties. However, AB5 alloys a have 
tendency of forming oxide film on their surface which inhibits hydrogen dissociation and penetration into interstitial sites leading to reduced capacity. To redeem this, the materials were micro-encapsulated by electroless deposition with immersion in Pd and Pt baths. PGMs were found to increase activation, electrochemical activity and H2 sorption kinetics of the MH alloys. Between the two catalysts the one which displayed better performance was chosen. The materials were characterized by X-ray difractommetry, and the alloys presented hexagonal CaCu5 &ndash
type 
structure of symmetry P6/mmm. No extra phases were found, all the modified electrodes displayed the same behavior as the parent material. No shift or change in peaks which corresponded to Pd or Pt were observed. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed surface morphology of the materials modified with Pd and Pt particles, the effect of using different reducing agents (i.e., N2H4 and NaH2PO2), and alloys functionalized with &gamma
-aminosopropyltrietheosilane solution prior to Pd deposition. From all the surface modified alloys, Pt and Pd particles were observed on the 
surface of the AB5 alloys. Surface modification without pre-functionalization had non-uniform coatings, but the prefunctionalized exhibited more uniform coatings. Energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy determined loading of the Pt and Pd on the surface of all the alloys, and the results were as follows: EDS ( Pt 13.41 and Pd 31.08wt%), AAS (Pt 0.11 and Pd 0.78wt%). Checking effect of using different reducing agents N2H4 and NaH2PO2 for electroless Pd plating the results were as follows: EDS (AB5_N2H4_Pd- 7.57 and AB5_NaH2PO2_Pd- 31.08wt%), AAS (AB5_N2H4_Pd- 11.27 and AB5_NaH2PO2_Pd- 0.78wt%). For the AB5 alloys pre-functionalized with &gamma
-APTES, the results were: EDS (10.24wt%) and AAS (0.34wt%). Electrochemical characterization was carried out by charge/discharge cycling controlled via potential to test the AB5 alloy. Overpotential for unmodified, Pt and Pd modified 
electrodes were -1.1V, -1.24V, and -1.60V, respectively. Both modified electrodes showed discharge overpotentials at lower values implying higher specific power for the battery in comparison with the unmodified electrodes. However, Pd electrode exhibited higher specific power than Pt. To check the effect of the reducing agent the results were as follows: AB5_ N2H4_Pd (0.4V) and AB5_NaH2PO2_Pd (-0.2V), sodium hypophosphite based alloy showing lower overpotential values, implying it had higher specific power than hydrazine based bath. Alloy prefunctionalized with &gamma
-APTES, the overpotential was (0.28V), which was higher than -0.2V of the alloy without pre-functionalization, which means pre-functionalization with &gamma
-APTES did not improve the performance of the alloy electrode. Polarization resistance of the electrodes was investigated with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The unmodified alloy showed high resistance of 
21.6884 while, both Pt and Pd modified electrodes exhibited decrease 14.7397 and 12.1061 respectively, showing increase in charge transfer for the modified electrodes. Investigating the effect of the reducing agent, the alloys exhibited the following results: (N2H4 97.8619 and NaH2PO2 12.1061) based bath. Alloy pre-functionalized with &gamma
-APTES displayed the 
resistance of 9.3128. Cyclic Voltammetry was also used to study the electrochemical activity of the alloy electrodes. The voltammograms obtained displayed the anodic current peak at -0.64V 
o -0.65V for the Pt and Pd modified electrodes, respectively. Furthermore, the electrode which was not coated with Pt or Pd the current peak occurred at -0.59V. The Pd and Pt coated 
alloy electrodes represented lower discharge overpotentials, which are important to improve the battery performance. Similar results were also observed with alloy electrodes Pd modified 
using N2H4 (-0.64V) and NaH2PO2 (-0.65V). For the electrode modified with and without &gamma
-APTES the over potentials were the same (-0.65V). PGM deposition has shown to significantly 
improve activation and hydrogen sorption performance and increased the electro-catalytic activity of these alloy electrodes. Modified electrodes gave better performance than the unmodified 
electrodes. As a result, Pd was chosen as the better catalyst for the modification of AB5 alloy. Based on the results, it was concluded that Pd electroless plated using NaH2PO2 reducing agent 
had better performance than electroless plating using N2H4 as the reducing agent. Alloy electrode pre-functionalized with &gamma
-APTES gave inconsistent results, and this phenomenon needs to 
be further investigated. In conclusion, the alloy modified with Pd employing NaH2PO2 based electroless plating bath exhibited consistent results, and was found to be suitable candidate for 
use in Ni-MH batteries.

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Aaronson, Barak D. B. "High resolution electrochemical imaging for energy conversion and storage applications." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/78415/.

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The work presented herein involves the development of the scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) platform for visualizing electrochemical and (photo)electrochemical activity of processes at electrode surfaces relevant to energy applications. The use of complementary microscopy characterization techniques such as: field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman microscopy provides a correlation between the localized (photo)electrochemical activity (obtained by SECCM) and physical properties of the investigated surfaces. SECCM studies of a polycrystalline platinum surface highlight the significant variations in electrochemical activity that can be measured at electrode surfaces due to variations in localized crystallographic orientation and the presence of grain boundaries. An ostensibly simple redox couple (Fe2+/3+) in two different acidic media on a polycrystalline platinum foil is utilized as a model system and the localized crystallographic orientation of the surface is determined by EBSD analysis. The approach is then extended to room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) to study the reduction of triiodide (I3-) to iodide (I-) on polycrystalline platinum for the application of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as a counter electrode. The coupling of illumination with high sensitivity current followers and external lock-in amplifiers to the SECCM setup is described and the resulting platform is demonstrated to allow investigation of (photo)electrochemical systems. Two examples are provided: imaging photo-anodes in DSSCs and electrodeposition and characterization of conjugated polymers on a transparent electrode for organic photovoltaic devices. Finally, photo-SECCM is used for determining structure-activity relationships for (photo)electrocatalysts of conjugated organic polymers by coupling the technique with AFM and Raman spectroscopy, suggesting the technique as a potential high throughput screening platform. The approach is exemplified by investigating poly(3-hexylthiophene) and provides not only a correlation of film morphology and photo-activity but also extracts important information on film growth and aging.
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DiLeo, Roberta A. "Nanomaterial synthesis and characterization for energy storage and conversion devices /." Online version of thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/7367.

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Sheehan, Margaret K. "Enhanced Performance in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion via Carbon-Integrated Nanostructures." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107261.

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Thesis advisor: Chia-Kuang Tsung
Electrochemical energy storage and conversion applications benefit from the integration of nanostructures into the devices, as they have many more active sites per gram which enables excellent mass utilization of the active species. By controlling the surface of fuel cell catalysts, higher activity and efficiency can be achieved as compared to the bulk counterpart, with multiple catalyst facets of varying activity and efficiency. Nanostructured electrochemical capacitors have enhanced electrolyte diffusion over the surface of the electrode, facilitating high rate capability. Nanostructured materials for energy storage and conversion devices, such as electrochemical capacitors and proton exchange membrane fuel cells, can perform even better with the incorporation of carbon. High surface area carbon can enhance the activity of electrochemical capacitors by improving the conductivity of the electrode and/or enhancing the double layer capacitance. Carbon supports for fuel cell catalysts enable proper dispersion of active material without sacrificing conductivity. The work reported in this thesis is aimed toward improving the performance of electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices through novel incorporation of carbon. Carbon was first used to enhance the performance of electrocatalysts. By wrapping fuel cell catalysts in a porous carbon shell, the activity was increased over its bare and CNT-supported counterparts. The carbon shell synthetic method reported here is a good route to the production of a conductive host for Pd electrocatalysts with good contact and in one step with the formation of the Pd nanoparticles. Carbon was also used to enhance the performance of pseudocapacitors, first by incorporating it into the precursor spray solution in the generation of mesoporous metal oxides and then as a metal-organic framework-derived carbon host with dispersed electrochemically active metal oxides. A carbon network was generated from the pyrolysis of pore directing agents during the decomposition of precursor metal nitrates in the generation of mesoporous manganese oxides in a modified spray pyrolysis approach. The addition of Super P to the precursor spray solution further enhanced the conductivity of the material, enabling the formation of high-performing pseudocapacitors. Lastly, nitrogen-doped carbon cubes produced from thermally-treated parent ZIF-8 cubes were tested as electrochemical capacitors and found to have higher specific capacitance than the nitrogen-doped carbon generated from the parent ZIF-8 rhombic dodecahedra. ZIF-67 cubes were then thermally treated to yield cubic nitrogen-doped carbon hosts for the generated cobalt nanoparticles. Once the cobalt particles were oxidized, the cobalt oxide/carbon hybrid structure exhibited the best pseudocapacitive performance of the ZIF-derived carbon materials tested, exhibiting high specific capacitance and good capacitance retention with increased scan rates and prolonged cycling. Each of the materials tested for electrochemical energy storage and conversion saw an enhancement in performance with the addition of carbon. The results reported here illustrate the importance of carbon in electrochemical cells and the importance of continuing research to modify and improve the methods for carbon production and integration
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Chemistry
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McCulloch, William David. "Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage through Solar Redox Flow and Superoxide Batteries." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524054086338847.

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Falola, Bamidele Daniel. "TRANSITION METAL COATINGS FOR ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE; ELECTROCHEMICAL AND HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1354.

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Energy storage provides sustainability when coupled with renewable but intermittent energy sources such as solar, wave and wind power, and electrochemical supercapacitors represent a new storage technology with high power and energy density. For inclusion in supercapacitors, transition metal oxide and sulfide electrodes such as RuO2, IrO2, TiS2, and MoS2 exhibit rapid faradaic electron–transfer reactions combined with low resistance. The pseudocapacitance of RuO2 is about 720 F/g, and is 100 times greater than double-layer capacitance of activated carbon electrodes. Due to the two-dimensional layered structure of MoS2, it has proven to be an excellent electrode material for electrochemical supercapacitors. Cathodic electrodeposition of MoS2 onto glassy carbon electrodes is obtained from electrolytes containing (NH4)2MoS4 and KCl. Annealing the as-deposited Mo sulfide deposit improves the capacitance by a factor of 40x, with a maximum value of 360 F/g for 50 nm thick MoS2 films. The effects of different annealing conditions were investigated by XRD, AFM and charge storage measurements. The specific capacitance measured by cyclic voltammetry is highest for MoS2 thin films annealed at 500°C for 3h and much lower for films annealed at 700°C for 1 h. Inclusion of copper as a dopant element into electrodeposited MoS2 thin films for reducing iR drop during film charge/discharge is also studied. Thin films of Cu-doped MoS2 are deposited from aqueous electrolytes containing SCN-, which acts as a complexing agent to shift the cathodic Cu deposition potential, which is much more anodic than that of MoS2. Annealed, Cu-doped MoS2 films exhibit enhanced charge storage capability about 5x higher than undoped MoS2 films. Coal combustion is currently the largest single anthropogenic source of CO2 emissions, and due to the growing concerns about climate change, several new technologies have been developed to mitigate the problem, including oxyfuel coal combustion, which makes CO2 sequestration easier. One complication of oxyfuel coal combustion is that corrosion problems can be exacerbated due to flue gas recycling, which is employed to dilute the pure O2 feed and reduce the flame temperature. Refractory metal diffusion coatings of Ti and Zr atop P91 steel were created and tested for their ability to prevent corrosion in an oxidizing atmosphere at elevated temperature. Using pack cementation, diffusion coatings of thickness approximately 12 and 20 µm are obtained for Ti and Zr, respectively. The effects of heating to 950°C for 24 hr in 5% O2 in He are studied in situ by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), and ex situ by SEM analyses and depth profiling by EDX. For Ti-coated, Zr-coated and uncoated P91 samples, extended heating in an oxidizing environment causes relatively thick oxide growth, but extensive oxygen penetration greater than 2.7 mm below the sample surface, and eventual oxide exfoliation, are observed only for the uncoated P91 sample. For the Ti- and Zr-coated samples, oxygen penetrates approximately 16 and 56 µm, respectively, below the surface. In situ TGA verifies that Ti-and Zr-coated P91 samples undergo far smaller mass changes during corrosion than uncoated samples, reaching close to steady state mass after approximately four hours.
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Kim, Il Tae. "Carbon-based magnetic nanohybrid materials for polymer composites and electrochemical energy storage and conversion." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45876.

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The role of nanohybrid materials in the fields of polymer composites and electrochemical energy systems is significant since they affect the enhanced physical properties and improved electrochemical performance, respectively. As basic nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes and graphene were utilized due to their outstanding physical properties. With these materials, hybrid nanostructures were generated through a novel synthesis method, modified sol-gel process; namely, carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-maghemite and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-maghemite nanohybrid materials were developed. In the study on polymer composities, developed CNTs-maghemite (magnetic carbon nanotbues (m-CNTs)) were readily aligned under an externally applied magnetic field, and due to the aligned features of m-CNTs in polymer matrices, it showed much enhanced anisotropic electrical and mechanical properties. In the study on electrochemical energy system (Li-ion batteries), rGO-maghemite were used as anode materials; as a result, they showed improved electrochemical performance for Li-ion batteries due to their specific morphology and characteristics.
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Lee, Seung Woo Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Design of electrode for electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices using multiwall carbon nanotubes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59878.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
All-multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) thin films are created by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of surface functionalized MWNTs. Negatively and positively charged MWNTs were prepared by surface functionalization, allowing the incorporation of MWNTs into highly tunable thin films via the LbL technique. The pH dependent surface charge on the MWNTs gives this system the unique characteristics of LbL assembly of weak polyelectrolytes, controlling thickness and morphology with assembly pH conditions. We demonstrate that these MWNT thin films have randomly oriented interpenetrating network structure with well developed nanopores using SEM, which is an ideal structure of functional materials for various applications. LbL-MWNT electrodes show high electronic conductivity in comparison with polymer composites with single wall nanotubes, and high capacitive behavior in aqueous electrolyte with precise control of capacity. Of significance, additive-free LbL-MWNT electrodes with thicknesses of several microns can deliver high energy density (200 Wh/kg) at an exceptionally high power of 100 kW/kg in lithium nonaqueous cells. Utilizing the redox reactions on the surface functional groups in a wide voltage window (1.5 - 4.5 V vs. lithium) in nonaqueous electrolytes, asymmetric electrochemical capacitors consisting of LbL-MWNT and either lithium or a lithium titanium oxide negative electrode exhibit gravimetric energy density -5 times higher than conventional electrochemical capacitors with comparable gravimetric power and cycle life. Thin-film LbL-MWNT electrodes could potentially lead to breakthrough power sources for microsystems and flexible electronic devices such as smart cards and ebook readers, while thicker LbL-MWNT electrodes could expand the application of electrochemical capacitors into heavy vehicle and industrial systems, where the ability to deliver high energy at high power will be an enabling technological development. Furthermore, nanoscale pseuduocapactive oxides and electrocatalysts were incorporated into LbL-MWNT electrodes for energy storage and conversion. Inorganic oxides such as MnO2 and RuO2 are incorporated to increase volumetric capacitance in LbLMWNT electrodes using electroless deposition and square wave pulse potential deposition methods. Preliminary results show that we can increase volumetric capacitance of LbLMWNT/ MnO2 and LbL-MWNT/RuO2 composite up to 1000 F/cm3 in aqueous electrolytes. In addition, Pt and Pt/Ru alloy electrocatalysts are introduced into LbL-MWNT electrodes using square wave pulse potential deposition, which show higher CO and methanol oxidation activities. Tailored incorporation of metal and oxide nanoparticles into LbLMWNT electrodes by square wave pulse potential opens a new strategy for novel energy storage and conversion electrodes with superior electrochemical properties.
by Seung Woo Lee.
Ph.D.
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Books on the topic "Electrochemical energy storage and conversion"

1

Shi, Yixiang, Ningsheng Cai, Tianyu Cao, and Jiujun Zhang. High-Temperature Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage. Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018. | Series: Electrochemical energy store & conversion: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22506.

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Liu, Ru-Shi, Lei Zhang, Xueliang Sun, Hansan Liu, and Jiujun Zhang, eds. Electrochemical Technologies for Energy Storage and Conversion. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527639496.

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Manthiram, Arumugam, Prashant N. Kumta, S. K. Sundaram, and Gerbrand Ceder, eds. Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage. 735 Ceramic Place, Westerville, Ohio 43081: The American Ceramic Society, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118370858.

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Hou, Junbo. Advanced Electrochemical Materials in Energy Conversion and Storage. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003133971.

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Franco, Alejandro A., Marie Liesse Doublet, and Wolfgang G. Bessler, eds. Physical Multiscale Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Electrochemical Devices for Energy Conversion and Storage. London: Springer London, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5677-2.

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Arumugam, Manthiram, American Chemical Society, American Ceramic Society Meeting, and American Ceramic Society Meeting, eds. Materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage: Papers from the Electrochemical Materials, Processes, and Devices symposium at the 102nd Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, held April 29-May 3, 2000, in St. Louis, Missouri, and the Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Symposium at the 103rd Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, held April 22-25, 2001, in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. Westerville, Ohio: The American Ceramic Society, 2002.

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Tarascon, Jean-Marie, and Patrice Simon. Electrochemical Energy Storage. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118998151.

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8

Eichel, Rüdiger-A., ed. Electrochemical Energy Storage. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26130-6.

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Soni, Amit, Dharmendra Tripathi, Jagrati Sahariya, and Kamal Nayan Sharma. Energy Conversion and Green Energy Storage. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003258209.

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European, Symposium on Electrical Engineering (3rd 1994 Nancy France). Electrochemical engineering and energy. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electrochemical energy storage and conversion"

1

Yu, Aiping, Aaron Davies, and Zhongwei Chen. "Electrochemical Supercapacitors." In Electrochemical Technologies for Energy Storage and Conversion, 317–82. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527639496.ch8.

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Bockris, John O’M, and Shahed U. M. Khan. "Electrochemical Conversion and Storage of Energy." In Surface Electrochemistry, 861–925. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3040-4_9.

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Chen, Zhongwei, Fathy M. Hassan, and Aiping Yu. "Electrochemical Engineering Fundamentals." In Electrochemical Technologies for Energy Storage and Conversion, 45–68. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527639496.ch2.

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Chouhan, Neelu, and Ru-Shi Liu. "Electrochemical Technologies for Energy Storage and Conversion." In Electrochemical Technologies for Energy Storage and Conversion, 1–43. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527639496.ch1.

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Cucinotta, Clotilde S., and Monica Kosa. "Electrochemical Interfaces for Energy Storage and Conversion." In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, 1–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6178-0_100941-1.

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Lavacchi, Alessandro, Hamish Miller, and Francesco Vizza. "Electrochemical Devices for Energy Conversion and Storage." In Nanostructure Science and Technology, 63–89. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8059-5_3.

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Cucinotta, Clotilde S., and Monica Kosa. "Electrochemical Interfaces for Energy Storage and Conversion." In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, 983–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9780-1_100941.

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Bagotsky, V. S. "Electrochemical Systems in Energy Conversion and Storage." In Electrochemistry in Research and Development, 55–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5098-9_9.

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Millet, Pierre. "Hydrogen Compression, Purification, and Storage." In Electrochemical Technologies for Energy Storage and Conversion, 425–62. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527639496.ch10.

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Mbam, Sylvester M., Raphael M. Obodo, Assumpta C. Nwanya, A. B. C. Ekwealor, Ishaq Ahmad, and Fabian I. Ezema. "Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Graphene." In Electrode Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion, 263–77. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003145585-11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Electrochemical energy storage and conversion"

1

Hill, Davion, Yumei Zhai, Arun Agarwal, Edward Rode, Francois Ayello, and Narasi Sridhar. "Energy Storage Via Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 Into Specialty Chemicals." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54048.

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There is significant interest in technologies that reduce or mitigate greenhouse gases in the atmosphere because of their contribution to climate change. In addition, concerns for energy security are linked to political, environmental, and economic factors that threaten supply of hydrocarbon sources for fuels and the petrochemical feedstock that support the production of plastics, fertilizers, and chemical supply chains. With these climate and energy security concerns, there is a need for technologies that can economically address both issues. In addition, with increased integration of renewable energy systems into the grid, there are major concerns about grid instability and the need for energy storage. Significant research is being done on both topics, but there is a need to more efficiently transmit and use energy (which is the focus of the Smart Grid initiatives) as well as store energy for future use. Electrochemical conversion of CO2 to useful products will be discussed including analyses of the energy and carbon balances required for the process, the value of the end use chemicals as energy storage media, and the energy density of the end use chemicals compared to other energy storage technologies.
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Shao, Mingfei, Jingbin Han, Jingwen Zhao, Min Wei, David G. Evans, and Xue Duan. "Layered Double Hydroxide Materials Used in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion." In Photonics for Energy. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pfe.2015.pt3f.4.

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Ding, Liang-Xin, Qi Li, An-Liang Wang, Rui Guo, Xue-Feng Lu, Han Xu, Gao-Ren Li, and Ye-Xiang Tong. "Design and synthesis of composite nanomaterials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage." In Nanophotonics, Nanoelectronics and Nanosensor. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/n3.2013.nsa3a.44.

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Capo-Misut, Ruben, Raul Santiago Munoz-Aguilar, Joan Rocabert, Jose Ignacio Candela, and Pedro Rodriguez. "Control of energy storage system integrating electrochemical batteries and SC for grid-connected applications." In 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce.2016.7854966.

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Panda, Manas Ranjan, Anish Raj K., Ananta Sarkar, Qiaoliang Bao, and Sagar Mitra. "Electrochemical investigation of MoTe2/rGO composite materials for sodium-ion battery application." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOMATERIALS FOR ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE APPLICATIONS: NECSA 2018. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5035235.

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Chavda, Arvind, Biren Patel, Priyanka Marathey Indrajit Mukhopadhyay, and Abhijit Ray. "Synthesis and characterization of spray deposited CZTS thin films for photo-electrochemical application." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOMATERIALS FOR ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE APPLICATIONS: NECSA 2018. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5035246.

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Manzhos, Sergei. "Effects of aggregate state in atomistic modeling of materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices (Conference Presentation)." In Energy Harvesting and Storage: Materials, Devices, and Applications X, edited by Achyut K. Dutta and Palani Balaya. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2556164.

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Sangeeta, Shruti Agnihotri, Anil Arya, and A. L. Sharma. "Improved electrochemical performance of the Cr doped cathode materials for energy storage/conversion devices." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICC 2015): Proceeding of International Conference on Condensed Matter and Applied Physics. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4946431.

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Orel, Boris, U. L. Stangar, and F. Svegl. "Electrochemical and structural properties of SnO2 and Sb:SnO2 transparent electrodes with mixed electronically conductive and ion-storage characteristics." In Optical Materials Technology for Energy Efficiency and Solar Energy Conversion XIII, edited by Volker Wittwer, Claes G. Granqvist, and Carl M. Lampert. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.185424.

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Kumar, Vijay, and C. R. Mariappan. "Electrochemical performance of spinel-type Ni doped ZnCo2O4 mesoporous rods as an electrode for supercapacitors." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOMATERIALS FOR ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE APPLICATIONS: NECSA 2018. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5035232.

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Reports on the topic "Electrochemical energy storage and conversion"

1

Sariciftci, Niyazi Serdar. CO2 Recycling: The Conversion of Renewable Energy into Chemical Fuels. AsiaChem Magazine, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51167/acm00011.

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We want to bring the idea of conversion of CO2 into synthetic fuels (CO2 recycling) into attention, as a possible approach for transportable storage of renewable energy. Recycling of CO2 by homogeneous and/or heterogeneous catalytic approaches have been investigated with increasing emphasis within the scientific community. In the last decades, especially using organic and bioorganic systems towards CO2 reduction has attracted great interest. Chemical, electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and bioelectrochemical approaches are discussed vividly as new routes towards the conversion of CO2 into synthetic fuels and/or useful chemicals in the recent literature. Here we want to especially emphasize the new developments in bio-electrocatalysis with some recent examples.
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2

Farmand, Maryam. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Characterization of Electrochemical Processes in Renewable Energy Storage and Conversion Devices. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1341608.

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3

Author, Not Given. Electrochemical Energy Storage Technical Team Roadmap. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1220126.

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4

Cairns, E. J. Energy Conversion and Storage Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7148265.

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5

Atanassov, Plamen. Materials for Energy Conversion: Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1349091.

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6

Kinoshita, Kim, ed. Technology Base Research Project for electrochemical energy storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6014352.

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Greenbaum, Steven G. SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF MATERIALS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1150847.

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Kinoshita, K., ed. Technology Base Research Project for electrochemical energy storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6265242.

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9

Kinoshita, Kim. Technology Base Research Project for electrochemical energy storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5428337.

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Durstock, Michael F. Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion Devices. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada515951.

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