Journal articles: 'Electrochemical apparatus'

1

Sugano, Karen, Mgcini Keith Phuthi, Pinwen Guan, Venkat Viswanathan, and Yet-Ming Chiang. "Pressure-Electrochemistry as a Pathway to Novel Metal Hydrides." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 44 (August 28, 2023): 2387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01442387mtgabs.

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We have developed a pressure-electrochemical cell apparatus to electrochemically insert hydrogen into metals at applied pressures of 1GPa. The coupling of pressure and potential (P^2) was motivated by our recent density functional theory calculations that predicted the stability of novel metal hydride phases when both pressure and potential are applied [1]. In this work, we adapted a traditional piston-cylinder pressure apparatus into a pressure-electrochemical cell by replacing the inert pressure transmitting medium with a proton-conducting liquid electrolyte (1M NaOH + polyvinyl alcohol) such that it not only provides hydrostatic pressure but also reduces into hydrogen, which is then absorbed into the metal cathode. The pressure being applied by the electrolyte was verified by measuring an increase in the electrical resistance of manganin alloy with pressure. We then electrochemically hydrogenated yttrium foil under varying pressures ranging from 0.25 to 1GPa, measuring the extent of hydrogenation post-mortem using x-ray diffraction. We find that the application of pressure suppresses hydrogen evolution, improving the current efficiency of hydrogenation of Y into YH3 from 45% at 0.25GPa to 75% at 1GPa. The development of the pressure-electrochemical apparatus unlocks a new pathway in potentially synthesizing novel metal hydrides. [1] P.-W. Guan, R. J. Hemley, V. Viswanathan, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118, e2110470118 (2021).

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Cunningham, Larry, and Henry Freiser. "Computer-controlled apparatus for interfacial electrochemical studies." Langmuir 1, no. 5 (September 1985): 537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la00065a003.

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El-Hofy, H., and J. A. McGeough. "Evaluation of an Apparatus for Electrochemical Arc Wire-Machining." Journal of Engineering for Industry 110, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3187859.

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Electrochemical Arc Machining (ECAM) combines electrochemical dissolution and electro discharge in order to achieve metal removal rates, that can be about five and fifty times greater than those of electrochemical (ECM) and electrodischarge (EDM) machining, respectively. Since ECAM has already been successfully applied to hole-drilling, for this paper the prospects for wire-machining by this process have been explored. An apparatus for wire-ECAM is described, and the results of tests performed to assess the feasibility of the technique are presented. To that end, the effects of mode of electrolyte flushing, wire erosion and machining speed on metal removal rate and accuracy are discussed.

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Chua, Chun Kiang, Zdeněk Sofer, Bahareh Khezri, Richard D. Webster, and Martin Pumera. "Ball-milled sulfur-doped graphene materials contain metallic impurities originating from ball-milling apparatus: their influence on the catalytic properties." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 27 (2016): 17875–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp03004a.

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Ball-milling apparatus is a source of metallic impurities in graphene materials. Sulfur-doped graphene obtained from zirconium dioxide-based ball-milling apparatus contains drastically lower amount of metallic impurities than that obtained from stainless-steel based ball-milling apparatus. The metallic impurities exhibit catalytic effects toward the electrochemical catalysis of hydrazine and cumene hydroperoxide.

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Leung, Lam‐Wing H., Thomas W. Gregg, and D. Wayne Goodman. "A new combined ultrahigh vacuum and electrochemical apparatus." Review of Scientific Instruments 62, no. 7 (July 1991): 1857–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142382.

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Aida, Nur, Kenji Ishibashi, Shouhei Nakamura, Soya Tsuda, and Ima Hayashi. "ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS ON OUTPUT CURRENTS OF NEUTRINO ANTINEUTRINO-SENSITIVE APPARATUS." AGRIBUSINESS JOURNAL 12, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/aj.v12i2.11866.

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We analyze the interaction of antineutrinos with water particle in electrochemical detectors. We postulate that some biological products generate a scalar auxiliary field B0 which breaks low-energy antineutrinos into boson vb and fermion v f particles. Low-energy anti neutrinos are suggested to interact with water molecules and produce output currents. We examine the output current of neutrino interactions in the electrochemical apparatus with chemical-reaction equations and half-cell model under postulated influence of weak interaction. The environmental neutrino is analysed. The output currents are treated to be generated by hydrogen ion and oxygen with the half-cell model with inclusion of weak interaction effect on hydrooxide ion recombination.

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7

Chen, Ge Hua. "Study on Stability Exponent Apparatus." Key Engineering Materials 531-532 (December 2012): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.531-532.551.

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The stability index apparatus is presented, which adopts electrochemical principle and microcontroller technology to determine the solution alkalinity of the circulating water processed by CaCO3. Base on it, this apparatus calculates the stability exponent to evaluate whether the measured water is stable, or existing the tendency of fouling or corrosion. The scaling and the corrosion of pipes and equipments are relieved by controlling the quality of the circulating water. This paper presents the new stability exponent apparatus with which the stability of the water quality can be determined accurately and provides the basis for controlling the water quality. The automatic control of water quality is realized by this apparatus with the cooperation of the dosing system, ensuring the circulating water piping to be safe and stable.

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Borkiewicz, Olaf J., Badri Shyam, Kamila M. Wiaderek, Charles Kurtz, Peter J. Chupas, and Karena W. Chapman. "The AMPIX electrochemical cell: a versatile apparatus forin situX-ray scattering and spectroscopic measurements." Journal of Applied Crystallography 45, no. 6 (November 15, 2012): 1261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889812042720.

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This article presents a versatile easy-to-use electrochemical cell suitable forin operando,in situmeasurements of battery materials during electrochemical cycling using a variety of X-ray techniques. Argonne's multi-purposein situX-ray (AMPIX) cell provides reliable electrochemical cycling over extended periods owing to the uniform stack pressure applied by rigid X-ray windows and the formation of a high-fidelity hermetic seal. The suitability of the AMPIX cell for a broad range of synchrotron-based X-ray scattering and spectroscopic measurements has been demonstrated with studies at eight Advanced Photon Source beamlines to date. Compatible techniques include pair distribution function analysis, high-resolution powder diffraction, small-angle scattering and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. These techniques probe a broad range of electronic, structural and morphological features relevant to battery materials. The AMPIX cell enables experiments providing greater insight into the complex processes that occur in operating batteries by allowing the electrochemical reactions to be probed at fine reaction intervals with greater consistency (within the charge–discharge cycle and between different methodologies) with potential for new time-dependent kinetic studies or studies of transient species. Representative X-ray and electrochemical data to demonstrate the functionality of the AMPIX cell are presented.

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Schroeder, Chelsea M., Taylor M. Koehler, Kristiane K. Ohlhorst, and Nicholas E. Leadbeater. "Real-time in situ monitoring using visible spectrophotometry as a tool for probing electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for dye decolorisation." RSC Advances 13, no. 48 (2023): 33559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra06634g.

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Shestakov, K. V., S. A. Vyazovov, S. I. Lazarev, and P. A. Khokhlov. "Modeling Kinetic and Thermal Processes in an Electrochemical Membrane Apparatus." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 57, no. 3-4 (July 2021): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-021-00925-w.

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Kasuya, Motohiro, and Kazue Kurihara. "Characterization of Ferrocene-Modified Electrode Using Electrochemical Surface Forces Apparatus." Langmuir 30, no. 24 (June 10, 2014): 7093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la5009347.

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Gu, Yingying, Rongbing Fu, Hongjiang Li, and Hui An. "A new two-dimensional experimental apparatus for electrochemical remediation processes." Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 23, no. 8 (August 2015): 1389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2015.05.011.

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Kaneto, Keiichi, Fumito Hata, and Sadahito Uto. "Estimation of ion dimension doped in conducting polymers electrochemically." MRS Advances 3, no. 27 (2018): 1543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.639.

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ABSTRACTElectroactive conducting polymers are suitable for soft actuators (artificial muscles). The actuation is induced by electrochemical oxidation of conducting polymer (film) in an electrolyte solution, due to insertion of bulky counter ions (dopant ions). The magnitude of deformation (strain) depends on the size of dopant ions and the degree of oxidation. It is worthwhile to know the relationship between the magnitudes of deformation and ion size. An electrodeposited Polypyrrole film was electrochemically cycled in aqueous electrolytes of NaCl, NaBr, NaNO3, NaBF4 and NaClO4. The strain of film during electrochemical oxidation and reduction was precisely measured using a laser displacement meter and a handmade apparatus. From the strain and electrical charges inserted in the film during oxidation, the volumes and radii of dopant ions were estimated, assuming the isotropic expansion of the film. The estimated anion radii of Cl-, Br-, NO3-, BF4- and ClO4- were 235, 246, 250, 270 and 290, respectively. The results were discussed taking the crystallographic and hydrated ion radii in literatures into consideration.

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Liang, Liang, Youxia Pang, Yong Tang, Zongming Zhu, Hao Zhang, Yan Xu, Hui Liu, and Yu Liu. "Experimental apparatus development and mechanism analysis of multiform combined wears in ships under ocean operating conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 234, no. 1 (June 8, 2019): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119855802.

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Based on the operational environment of ships in the ocean, an experimental apparatus of the combined wear for slurry erosion, cavitation erosion, and electrochemical corrosion is designed and manufactured. The apparatus has two specimen zones, and it can simultaneously conduct several specimen tests for slurry erosion, cavitation erosion with or without the application of electrochemical corrosion. The impact speed, impact angle, environmental pressure, and other parameters are adjustable. The tests of three materials Q235, DH32, and NM360 steels are completed. The results show the wear is mainly slurry erosion and cavitation erosion for ductile materials of low strength and low hardness, and it is mainly corrosion for ductile materials of high strength and high hardness. Corrosion causes more damage to materials than slurry erosion and cavitation erosion. The wear degree of materials increases with the increase of the fluid impact speed.

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15

Zhao, Yu Hua, De Cai Jin, Xiao Yi Cang, and Jie Li. "Influence of Different Anode Materials on the Treatment of Azo Dyed Wastewater by Electrochemical Method." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 3221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.3221.

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The paper aimed to compare removal effects in azo dyed wastewater by electrochemical method with different anode materials, and explored the impact of current density on the treatment effect with different electrode materials. Carbon felt, aluminum, iron were served as the anodes, graphite columns were served as cathodes of apparatus. The hydraulic retention time was 12 hours, current density is respectively 0.01, 0.024, 0.048, 0.071, 0.083 mA/cm² for the test. The results showed that the removal ratio of dye concentration had a rising trend as the current density increased. The removal ratio by the apparatus with iron anode was best, aluminum second. When the current density was 0.083 mA/㎝², the removal ratio of dye concentration was 97.63%, but the other two were only 62.01% and 29.05%. The removal of colority and COD with aluminum anode was best, when the current density was 0.048mA/㎝², the removal ratio of colority and COD was respectively 71.39% and 44.41%. Thus, the removal of dye concentration by electrochemical method with iron anode was best, while aluminium anode was good for colority and COD. The treatment of azo dye wastewater by carbon felt anode electrochemical didn’t get significant effect.

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Bechtold, T., and A. Turcanu. "Electrochemical Vat Dyeing Combination of an Electrolyzer with a Dyeing Apparatus." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 149, no. 1 (2002): D7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1424288.

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17

Osypenko, Vasyl, Oleksandr Plakhotnyi, and Oleksii Timchenko. "Principles of the express method for controlling interelectrode space condition during wire electrochemical processing." Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 9, no. 4 (July 23, 2019): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.660.

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In the practical implementation of the sequential wire electrical discharge machining – pulsed electrochemical machining (WEDM – PECM) technology and in order to perform high quality electrochemical processing, there is a need for the real-time operational control of electrical parameters of inter-electrode space and corresponding adaptive correction of amplitude-frequency power supply parameters (AFPSP). In the context presented by the authors, a mathematical apparatus and an algorithm of operational galvanostatic mode monitoring of anode dissolution using wire electrode-tool are proposed. This will allow adaptive adjustment of AFPSP to ensure controlled passage of electrochemical reactions and significantly increase process stability, dissolved surface layer thickness uniformity along entire electrode tool movement trajectory and resulting surface quality.

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18

Valentini. "Smart Electrochemical Portable Tools for Cultural Heritage Analysis: A Review." Sensors 19, no. 19 (October 4, 2019): 4303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194303.

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. Protecting Cultural Heritage (CH) from corrosion and other environmental damages, mainly involving metallic or organic layers contained in artwork, represents a major challenge for conservation scientists. Electrochemical techniques provide useful information about the deterioration effects of metallic coatings and organic layers. Recently, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has been successfully applied in the study of metallic corrosion. However, EIS has not succeeded in becoming a routine technique, due to problems regarding both instrumental apparatus (which is not ideal for in situ analysis, especially with previous cell configurations), and the difficulty with data processing. At the same time, new portable electrochemical sensors, immunosensors, and biosensors have successfully made a scientific impact, mainly with in situ diagnosis of organic components contained in CH objects. For this purpose, this review presents two sections: the first describes the analytical optimization of impedance electrochemical cell geometries that are suitable for in situ metal-coating investigation; the second reports on the assembly of small electrochemical sensors, immunosensors, and biosensors, which useful for in situ organic layer characterization. This overview summarizes the state of the art regarding the application of electrochemical techniques and small electrochemical devices as alternative tools for the understanding of CH.

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19

Wentzell, Peter D., Michael J. Hatton, Paul M. Shiundu, Ronald M. Ree, Adrian P. Wade, D. Betteridge, and Timothy J. Sly. "Computer-controlled apparatus for automated development of continuous flow methods." Journal of Automatic Chemistry 11, no. 5 (1989): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1463924689000453.

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An automated apparatus to assist in the development of analytical continuous flow methods is described. The system is capable of controlling and monitoring a variety of pumps, valves, and detectors through an IBM PC-AT compatible computer. System components consist of two types of peristaltic pumps (including a multiple pump unit), syringe pumps, electrically and pneumatically actuated valves, and an assortment of spectrophotometric and electrochemical detectors. Details of the interface circuitry are given where appropriate. To demonstrate the utility of the system, an automatically generated response surface is presented for the flow injection determination of iron(II) by its reaction with 1,10-phenanthroline.

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Lazarev, S. I., S. V. Kovalev, P. A. Khokhlov, and M. I. Mikhailin. "Designing a Tubular Electrochemical Membrane Apparatus with Efficient Mixing of Solutions to be Separated and a Procedure for Calculating Such Apparatus." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 56, no. 11-12 (March 2021): 880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-021-00856-6.

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Macdonald, D. D., J. Mankowski, M. Karaminezhaad-Ranjbar, and Y. H. Hu. "Apparatus for Controlled Hydrodynamic Electrochemical and Corrosion Studies in High-Temperature Aqueous Systems." CORROSION 44, no. 3 (March 1988): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3583923.

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Abiade, Jeremiah T. "Electrochemical Polishing Technique Yields Apparatus for Manipulation of Microto Nanometer-Sized Magnetic Beads." MRS Bulletin 29, no. 11 (November 2004): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.227.

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Kwak, Juhyoun, and Allen J. Bard. "Scanning electrochemical microscopy. Apparatus and two-dimensional scans of conductive and insulating substrates." Analytical Chemistry 61, no. 17 (September 1989): 1794–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00192a003.

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Skogvold, Silje M., Øyvind Mikkelsen, Gabriel Billon, Cedric Garnier, Ludovic Lesven, and Jean-Francois Barthe. "Electrochemical properties of silver–copper alloy microelectrodes for use in voltammetric field apparatus." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 384, no. 7-8 (March 21, 2006): 1567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0334-4.

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Ioirish, A. N., E. T. Artem'ev, A. F. Mazanko, and G. G. Rekus. "ELMA-1 electrochemical apparatus for making sodium hypochlorite solutions: Use in medical institutions." Biomedical Engineering 24, no. 2 (1990): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00562876.

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Walter, G. W. "Laboratory simulation of atmospheric corrosion by SO2—I. Apparatus, electrochemical techniques, example results." Corrosion Science 32, no. 12 (January 1991): 1331–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(91)90052-q.

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Wu, Lei, Aili Ma, Lianmin Zhang, Guangming Li, Lingyue Hu, Zhengbin Wang, and Yugui Zheng. "Erosion–Corrosion Behavior of 90/10 and 70/30 Copper–Nickel Tubes in 1 wt% NaCl Solution." Metals 13, no. 2 (February 15, 2023): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020401.

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The erosion–corrosion behavior of 90/10 and 70/30 copper–nickel tubes was investigated by in situ electrochemical tests on a self-built loop apparatus and ex situ surface characterization. The corrosion product film that formed at 1.5 m/s for the 90/10 tube and at 0.5 m/s for the 70/30 tube showed the best corrosion resistance. For the 90/10 tube, a continuous film existed below 3 m/s and mainly inhibited a cathodic reaction. For the 70/30 tube, a continuous film existed in the range of 0.5–4.7 m/s and was more similar to typical passive film electrochemically, although it was cracked at 4–4.7 m/s. So, the “critical flow velocity” of the 90/10 tube was between 3 m/s and 4 m/s, and that of the 70/30 tube was beyond 4.7 m/s.

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Chen, Xiaotong, Zhenming Lu, Hongsheng Zhao, Bing Liu, Junguo Zhu, and Chunhe Tang. "The Electric Current Effect on Electrochemical Deconsolidation of Spherical Fuel Elements." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2126876.

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For High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor in China, fuel particles are bonded into spherical fuel elements by a carbonaceous matrix. For the study of fuel failure mechanism from individual fuel particles, an electrochemical deconsolidation apparatus was developed in this study to separate the particles from the carbonaceous matrix by disintegrating the matrix into fine graphite powder. The deconsolidated graphite powder and free particles were characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and ceramography. The results showed that the morphology, size distribution, and element content of deconsolidated graphite matrix and free particles were notably affected by electric current intensity. The electrochemical deconsolidation mechanism of spherical fuel element was also discussed.

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Zhang, Yang Huan, Bao Wei Li, Hui Ping Ren, Xia Li, Guo Fang Zhang, and Dong Liang Zhao. "Gaseous and Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage Kinetics of as-Spun Nanocrystalline Mg₂₀Ni_10-xCu_x (x = 0-4) Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.780.

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In order to improve the gaseous and electrochemical hydrogen storage kinetics of the Mg2Ni-type alloys, Ni in the alloy was partially substituted by element Cu. Melt-spinning technology was used for the preparation of the Mg20Ni10-xCux (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) hydrogen storage alloys. The structures of the as-cast and spun alloys are characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. The gaseous hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics of the alloys were measured by an automatically controlled Sieverts apparatus. The electrochemical hydrogen storage kinetics of the as-spun alloys is tested by an automatic galvanostatic system. The results show that all the as-spun alloys hold an entire nanocrystalline structure and are free of amorphous phase. The substitution of Cu for Ni, instead of changing the major phase Mg2Ni, leads to a visible refinement of the grains of the as-cast alloys. Furthermore, both the melt spinning treatment and Cu substitution significantly improve the gaseous and electrochemical hydrogen storage kinetics of the alloys.

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Pezard, Julien, Véronique Soulière, Mihai Lazar, Naoufel Haddour, Francois Buret, Christophe Raynaud, and Dominique Planson. "Realization and Characterization of Carbonic Layers on 4H-SiC for Electrochemical Detections." Materials Science Forum 897 (May 2017): 739–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.897.739.

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Carbon materials are considered building blocks for most of electrochemical sensors. Their biocompatibility allows their use as transducers for biosensors. Furthermore, they can be patterned, giving interest in all-inclusive bioelectrochemical detection devices. In particular, graphene, boron doped diamond, and pyrolyzed photoresist films are suitable for this kind of application, which would give the ability to use these working electrodes within a fully designed apparatus completed by counter and reference electrode. In this paper, a pioneer work is exposed on the synthesis of these materials for use as electrochemical sensors and as transducers for biodetection of acetylcholine by adsorption of acetylthiocholinesterase. The lowest limit of detection reaches 6.98 μM, sensitivity 5.91 μA/mM, and a linear range from 6.98 μM to 0.55 mM.

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Nobata, T., M. Prosnansky, Y. Sakakibara, and S. Fukuda. "Development of a high-efficiency H2 feeder for bioremediation." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 9 (November 1, 2005): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0333.

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An electrochemical dissolved hydrogen feeder equipped with a multi-cathode system and a high-rate recirculation pump was developed in order to examine its feasibility for bioremediation. Results showed that the feeding efficiency was remarkably higher than that in former studies. The reason for the enhanced hydrogen dissolution rate was thought to be due to the large cathode area by applying multiple granular activated carbon electrodes resulting in low current density. Two mass balance equations were formulated and applied to analyze the performance of the apparatus theoretically. The hydrogen dissolution rate calculated from the equations was in fairly good agreement with observed results. It was suggested that the electrochemical H2 feeder would be a competitive alternative as a hydrogen feeding method for bioremediation.

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Maciąg, T., J. Wieczorek, and B. Węcki. "Parameters Selection for Electropolishing Process of Products Made of Copper and Its Alloys." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 1443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0223.

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AbstractElectropolishing is electrochemical method used in metal working that has a vital role in production of medical apparatus, in food or electric industry. The purpose of this paper is to determine optimal current parameters and time required for conducting electropolishing process from the perspective of changes of surface microgeometry. Furthermore, effect of different types of mechanical working used before electropolishing on final surface state was evaluated by observation in changes of topography. Research was conducted on electrolytic copper and brass. Analysis of surface geometry and its parameters (Ra, Sa) was used as criterion describing efficiency of chemical electropolishing. Results of the experiment allow for current parameter optimization of electrochemical polishing process for selected non-ferrous alloys with preliminary mechanical preparation of the surface.

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Kong, Xianfa, Junqing Guo, and Tianhe Kang. "Change of Pore-Fracture Structure of Anthracite Modified by Electrochemical Treatment Using Micro-CT." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2651424.

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The electrochemical method can strengthen gas desorption and seepage from coal. The study on change of the pore-fracture structure of coal after electrochemical modification can help to reveal the mechanism. Anthracite was modified by the electrochemical method using our own self-developed experiment apparatus. The pore-fracture structure of modified samples was measured by micro-CT. Combined with the Matlab software, its characteristics such as pore number, porosity, and average pore diameter were analyzed. The results show that (1) the number of fractures in modified coal samples increases. The shape of new fractures in samples in the anodic and cathodic zones was irregular voids and striola, respectively. The effect of electrochemical treatment on the section of samples close to the electrode is relatively obvious. (2) With increasing pore size, the number of pores in samples changes according to negative exponential rules. After electrochemical modification, the porosity of modified samples in the anodic zone increases from 11.88% to 31.65%, and the porosity of modified samples in the cathodic zone increases from 12.13% to 36.71%. (3) The main reason for the increase in the number of pores of coal samples in the anodic and cathodic zones is the treatment of electrolytic dissolution of minerals and electrophoretic migration of charged particles, respectively.

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Doherty, Walter J., Carrie L. Donley, Neal R. Armstrong, and S. Scott Saavedra. "Broadband Spectroelectrochemical Attenuated Total Reflectance Instrument for Molecular Adlayer Studies." Applied Spectroscopy 56, no. 7 (July 2002): 920–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370202760171617.

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The study of thin film molecular architectures is an increasingly important endeavor with respect to the development and characterization of materials ranging from liquid crystalline displays to receptor-based biosensors. Here we describe an apparatus capable of simultaneously acquiring broadband spectroscopic and electrochemical information on molecularly thin films deposited on a transparent electrode surface through a multiple internal reflection geometry. To demonstrate the capabilities of this system, the spectroelectrochemical behavior of a single, neutral copper phthalocyanine bilayer was evaluated.

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Cao, Sheng Xian, Jia Ou, Yan Hui Zhang, Yang Liu, and Jia Wei Sun. "Study on Microbial Adsorption on Material Surface Based on Dynamic-static Method." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1018–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1018.

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The dynamic-static method is used for study on the formation of the biofilm on pipe surface and the relationship between the biofilm and the induction time of the biofouling. The biofilm of slime forming bacteria on the surface of the copper electrodes is characterized by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) on the static experimental apparatus. Meanwhile, the induction period of biofouling is detected by Biofouling Dynamic Simulation System (BDSS). The experimental results, which associate with the biofouling resistance by the time, are shown that the maximum value of the biofilm thickness calculated is about 3.5μm by the electrochemical parameters fitted by the compute. These can indicate that the static biofilms measured has a strict correspondence with the dynamic biofouling resistance, which is a new method for studying on the mechanism of biofouling.

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Scharli, M. "Apparatus for combined electrochemical, optical and ESR studies on conducting polymers under controlled atmosphere." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 20, no. 11 (November 1987): 1377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/20/11/014.

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Potucek, Rudolf K., Alykhan Sumar, Petr Vanýsek, and Viola I. Birss. "Data correction technique for using common electrochemical apparatus for the measurement of crystal impedance." Electrochimica Acta 52, no. 28 (November 2007): 8031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.06.081.

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Evseev, A. K., O. A. Levina, S. S. Petrikov, A. V. Pinchuk, B. I. Leonov, N. E. Benyaev, I. V. Goroncharovskaya, Z. G. Marutyan, D. E. Lazovsky, and M. M. Goldin. "An Electrochemical Apparatus for Determination of the Redox Potential of Blood Plasma and Serum." Biomedical Engineering 50, no. 1 (May 2016): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10527-016-9585-3.

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Kovalenko, Anna V., and Anna V. Ovsyannikova. "Mathematical modelling of salt ion transfer in the three-dimensional desalting channel of an electrodialysis apparatus." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Mathematics and Informatics, no. 2 (August 3, 2022): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6508-2022-2-70-81.

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A new 3D model of 1:1 salt ion transfer in the desalting channel of an electrodialysis apparatus is presented and investigated in this paper. For the first time a three-dimensional mathematical model of salt ion transfer in the desalting channel taking into account the electroconvection based on the system of Nernst – Planck, Poisson and Navier – Stokes equations with the electric force and the natural boundary conditions is proposed. To solve the boundary value problem, the finite element method is used in the cross-platform numerical analysis software COMSOL Multiphysics in combination with the method of successive approximations, when the electrochemical and hydrodynamic parts of the problem are solved one by one on the current layer. In turn, the electrochemical and hydrodynamic parts of the problem are solved by Newton’s method. As a result of numerical analysis, the fundamental regularities of salt ion transfer in a three-dimensional channel, the emergence and development of electroconvective vortices, including the discovery of new three-dimensional spiral forms of salt ions, are established for the first time. It is shown that electroconvective vortices exist in the form of clusters, within which vortex bifurcations can occur. Thus, the currently existing simplified view of the structure of electroconvective vortices is clarified and developed.

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Averbukh, Moshe, and Svetlana Lugovskoy. "Theoretical Description of Carbon Felt Electrical Properties Affected by Compression." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 4030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9194030.

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Electro-conductive carbon felt (CF) material is composed by bonding together different lengths of carbon filaments resulting in a porous structure with a significant internal surface that facilitates enhanced electrochemical reactions. Owing to its excellent electrical properties, CF is found in numerous electrochemical applications, such as electrodes in redox flow batteries, fuel cells, and electrochemical desalination apparatus. CF electro-conductivity mostly arises from the close contact between the surface of two electrodes and the long carbon fibers located between them. Electrical conductivity can be improved by a moderate pressing of the CF between conducting electrodes. There exist large amounts of experimental data regarding CF electro-conductivity. However, there is a lack of analytical theoretical models explaining the CF electrical characteristics and the effects of compression. Moreover, CF electrodes in electrochemical cells are immersed in different electrolytes that affect the interconnections of fibers and their contacts with electrodes, which in turn influence conductivity. In this paper, we investigated both the role of CF compression, as well as the impact of electrolyte characteristics on electro-conductivity. The article presents results of measurements, mathematical analysis of CF electrical properties, and a theoretical analytical explanation of the CF electrical conductivity which was done by a stochastic description of carbon filaments disposition inside a CF frame.

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Xu, Yunze, Liang Liu, Qipiao Zhou, Xiaona Wang, Mike Yongjun Tan, and Yi Huang. "An Overview of Major Experimental Methods and Apparatus for Measuring and Investigating Erosion-Corrosion of Ferrous-Based Steels." Metals 10, no. 2 (January 25, 2020): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10020180.

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This paper firstly provides an overview of major efforts made over the past several decades on developing the test apparatus for the study of erosion-corrosion of ferrous-based steels. The merits and the application range of the set-ups, i.e., rotating disc/cylinder electrode system, slurry jet impingement rig, and test flow loop, are introduced. Secondly, the advantages and limitations of both non-electrochemical and electrochemical methods used for the measurement of erosion-corrosion are presented. Thereafter, the interaction between erosion and corrosion using a cyclic erosion-corrosion method was introduced. The synergy between erosion and corrosion for the steels under the passive state were analyzed on the basis of the breakdown and restoration of the passive film. In addition, the difference between the obtained erosion-enhanced corrosion and the corrosion-enhanced erosion using different experimental methods for steels under active corrosion was discussed. Finally, the interaction between the localized corrosion and erosion was studied through the dynamic change of the local current distribution revealed by the wire beam electrode.

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Kim, Myung-Sung, Taehyun Lee, Yeonhong Son, Junesung Park, Minsung Kim, Hyeonjun Eun, Jong-Won Park, and Yongjin Kim. "Metallic Material Evaluation of Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tank for Marine Application Using a Tensile Cryostat for 20 K and Electrochemical Cell." Processes 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 2401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112401.

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A series of material tests were performed on cryogenic metallic materials meant for liquid hydrogen storage tanks using a 20 K tensile cryostat and an electrochemical hydrogen-charging apparatus. Mechanical evaluation of the electrochemically hydrogen-charged specimens was performed in a tensile cryostat using helium gas at ambient temperature and cryogenic temperature (20 K). The tensile cryostat was equipped with a vacuum jacket and a G-M cryocooler with gaseous helium. Furthermore, the cathodic electrolysis cell used for charging the specimens was adopted for internal hydrogen conditions with a reflux condenser and heating mantle to increase hydrogen diffusivity. The target materials were austenite stainless steel and aluminum alloy, which are suitable for liquefied natural gas and gaseous hydrogen environments. No significant change in the yield strength and flow stress of the hydrogen-charged specimen up to 20% strain was observed. However, changes in tensile strength and elongation were observed thereafter. Electrochemical hydrogen charging of stainless steel leads to a high concentration of hydrogen on the surface of the specimen. The resulting surface cracks reduced the flow stress. The 20 K tensile test showed discontinuous yielding in the austenitic stainless steel with an abrupt increase in temperature. The mechanical performance of the aluminum alloys improved in terms of strength and elongation. Changes in the mechanical performance and relative area reduction were observed for all the metallic materials at 300 K and 20 K.

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Garrick, Taylor R., Jing Gao, and Brian Koch. "Modeling Electrochemical Transport within a Three-Electrode System Towards Fast Charge Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 28 (October 9, 2022): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02281077mtgabs.

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In support of GM's traction battery efforts, we derive and implement a method to describe the electrochemical performance of a battery cell through the combination of a modified Newman Pseudo 2-Dimensional model and a three-electrode experimental apparatus. To assess the capability of the method, we compare model results with experimental data for a lithiated graphite and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide system. The model is applied to simulate the electrochemical and transport processes within the battery cell to predict the negative electrode potential and positive electrode potential with respect to a lithium iron phosphate reference electrode, as well as the terminal voltage. We extend this discussion to cover applicability to fast charge considerations to avoid lithium plating at the anode during a fast charge event. References: 1. Taylor R. Garrick, Jing Gao, Xingyi Yang, and Brian J. Koch. 2021 J. Electrochem. Soc. 168 010530

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Yousefi, Fatemeh, Ahmad Movahedpour, Zahra Shabaninejad, Younes Ghasemi, Shahram Rabbani, Ali Sobnani-Nasab, Soheila Mohammadi, et al. "Electrochemical-Based Biosensors: New Diagnosis Platforms for Cardiovascular Disease." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 15 (June 2, 2020): 2550–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666191024114207.

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One of the major reasons for mortality throughout the world is cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, bio-markers of cardiovascular disease are of high importance to diagnose and manage procedure. Detecting biomarkers provided a promising procedure in developing bio-sensors. Fast, selective, portable, accurate, inexpensive, and sensitive biomarker sensing instruments will be necessary for detecting and predicting diseases. One of the cardiac biomarkers may be ordered as C-reactive proteins, lipoprotein-linked phospho-lipase, troponin I or T, myoglobin, interleukin-6, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, LDL and myeloperoxidase. The biomarkers are applied to anticipate cardio-vascular illnesses. Initial diagnoses of these diseases are possible by several techniques; however, they are laborious and need costly apparatus. Current researches designed various bio-sensors for resolving the respective issues. Electrochemical instruments and the proposed bio-sensors are preferred over other methods due to its inexpensiveness, mobility, reliability, repeatability. The present review comprehensively dealt with detecting biomarkers of cardiovascular disease through electro-chemical techniques.

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Ma, Sheng Qian, and Man Hong Fan. "The Detection System of Adaptive Electrochemical Micro Electric Current." Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (March 2013): 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.304.

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The existing micro current detecting apparatus is of large size and is manual controlled. When the detected currents sensitivity is higher, however, stability will be worse. In order to solve this problem, an adaptive detection system is proposed in this paper. The system designed a micro current signal detection circuit based on OK6410 embedded with development board. The Weak current signal is collected with the high precision ADC. Automatic adjustment circuit gain is from 1 to 10000. Spectrometer wavelength size is changed in real-time. Current resolution can reach nA. The experimental results show that this system can collect the micro current effectively. The main characteristics of the system are simple circuit structure, small volume, high degree of automation, and strong reliability, and it greatly improves the anti-interference performance of the circuit. The system can not only be applied in electrochemical current detection, but also be widely used in weak signal detection.

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Di, Yu Xian, Xin Hua Ji, Ming Hu, Yu Wen Qin, and Jin Long Chen. "Residual Stress Measurement of Porous Silicon Thin Film by Substrate Curvature Method." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.223.

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Extensive research has been done on porous silicon (PS) and its applications in optoelectronics since the discovery of its light emitting properties. Porous silicon technology is also used for silicon micro machining. However, porous films can be seriously strained and this often causes mechanical curling, fracture and device failures. In the present study an optical apparatus based on substrate curvature method was developed for intrinsic stress measurement of thin films, which offered a lot of advantages as overall field, non-contact, high precision, nondestructive, easy operation and quick response. Using the apparatus, the residual stress in porous silicon layers prepared by electrochemical etching was obtained. The residual stresses in the films were determined by measuring the curvature of the Si substrate before and after etching. It is found that the residual tensile stress tends to increase with the porosity increasing and the doping concentration of the silicon wafer increasing. The results show that there is a deep connection between the microstructure PS and the residual stress distribution.

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Ye, Hong, Xiao Bin Zhang, Xia Chang, and Rui Chen. "Microstructures and Properties of Laser Al Alloying on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 867–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.867.

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In order to improve corrosion and wear resistance of magnesium alloy, Al coating was prepared on the AZ31 magnesium alloy by the thermal spraying, then the Al-rich layer was obtained by using a CO2 laser re-melting. The microstructures and phases of the alloying layer were analyzed by canning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction apparatus (XRD). The mechanical properties were investigated by using hardness measurement and ring-on-flat apparatus. The corrosion behaviour was investigated in 3.5% (mass fraction) NaCl solution by electrochemical measurements. The results show that there are several different microstructures in the alloying layer, such as columnar, snowflake and network structure; the alloying layer consist of Mg2Al3, Mg17Al12 and α-Mg phases. The microhardness of alloy layer is about 170HV, higher than that of the AZ31 matrix (about 50HV). The wear tests show that the wear resistance of alloying layer is considerably improved comparing with the matrix. The potentiodynamic polarization results indicate that the corrosion resistance by laser alloying is enhanced.

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Kotibhaskar, Nikhil, Noah Greenberg, Sainath Motlakunta, Chung-You Shih, and Rajibul Islam. "Fast and high-yield fabrication of axially symmetric ion-trap needle electrodes via two step electrochemical etching." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 033201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0108425.

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Despite the progress in building sophisticated microfabricated ion traps, Paul traps employing needle electrodes retain their significance due to the simplicity of fabrication while producing high-quality systems suitable for quantum information processing, atomic clocks, etc. For low noise operations such as minimizing “excess micromotion,” needles should be geometrically straight and aligned precisely with respect to each other. Self-terminated electrochemical etching, previously employed for fabricating ion-trap needle electrodes, employs a sensitive and time-consuming technique, resulting in a low success rate of usable electrodes. Here, we demonstrate an etching technique for the quick fabrication of straight and symmetric needles with a high success rate and a simple apparatus with reduced sensitivity to alignment imperfections. The novelty of our technique comes from using a two-step approach employing turbulent etching for fast shaping and slow etching/polishing for subsequent surface finish and tip cleaning. Using this technique, needle electrodes for an ion trap can be fabricated within a day, significantly reducing the setup time for a new apparatus. The needles fabricated via this technique have been used in our ion trap to achieve trapping lifetimes of several months.

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Park, Jong Ho, Jung Jin Park, O. Ok Park, Chang-Soo Jin, and Jung Hoon Yang. "Highly accurate apparatus for electrochemical characterization of the felt electrodes used in redox flow batteries." Journal of Power Sources 310 (April 2016): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.02.005.

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Barril, S., N. Debaud, S. Mischler, and D. Landolt. "A tribo-electrochemical apparatus for in vitro investigation of fretting–corrosion of metallic implant materials." Wear 252, no. 9-10 (May 2002): 744–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(02)00027-3.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrochemical apparatus'

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